LABORATORY REPORT

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (EP 110)

NUMBER OF EXPERIMENT: 6

EXPERIMENT TITLE: BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

LAB SESSION/GROUP NUMBER: TUESDAY

STUDENT NAME: LORNA AHLAAMI RAMZAN

STUDENT ID: 1001851777

TUTOR’S NAME: MS NOOR A’SHIQIN BINTI JAAFAR @ MUSTAFA

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 27 / 6 / 2019 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 4 / 7 / 2019

UCSI UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

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No. Table of Content Page

1. Objective 3

2. Introduction 3

3. Material and Apparatus 4

4. Procedure 5

5. Result 5

6. Discussion 6-7

7. Conclusion 7

8. References 7

9. Appendix i

10. Rubric Form ii

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Experiment 4: Bernoulli’s theorem

Objective
 To introduce the basic usage of hydraulic bench.

 To record the differential pressure drop along a venturI meter.

 To determine and compare the value of manometric head coefficient c mh by theoretical and
experimental.

Introduction

Bernoulli's Principle is a physical principle formulated that states that "as the speed of
a moving fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. Bernoulli's principle is
named after the Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli . Bernoulli's principle states that for an in
viscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in
pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. Bernoulli's principle is named after the
Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli who published his principle in his book Hydrodynamica in
1738.( Wikipedia, 2013)
Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of
energy. Bernoulli’s Principle can be demonstrated by the Bernoulli equation. The Bernoulli
equation is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation. As a fluid
passes through a pipe that narrows or widens, the velocity and pressure of the fluid vary. As
the pipe narrows, the fluid flows more quickly. Surprisingly, Bernoulli's Principle tells that as
the fluid flows more quickly through the narrow sections, the pressure actually decreases
rather than increases. Bernoulli's principle can be explained in terms of the law of
conservation of energy. As a fluid moves from a wider pipe into a narrower pipe or a
constriction, a corresponding volume must move a greater distance forward in the narrower
pipe and thus have a greater speed.
Meanwhile, Continuity equation is about in physics is an equation that describes the
transport of a conserved quantity. Continuity equations are a stronger, local form
of conservation laws. (Wikipedia, 2013).
However, Bernoulli’s Principle can only be applied under certain conditions. The
conditions to which Bernoulli’s equation applies are the fluid must be frictionless (in viscid)
and of constant density; the flow must be steady , continuous, incompressible, non-viscous

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 fluid flow, the total energy or total head remains constant at all the section along the fluid
flow provided there is no loss or addition of energy.

Materials
In order to complete the demonstration of Bernoulli’s theorem, several apparatus are needed.
They are as follows:
1. Pad of Manometer tubes

2. Venturi tube

3. Air bleed screw

4. Water inlet

5. Pump and Pump switch

6. Stopwatch

7. Water hosts and tubes

8. Water tank equipped with valves, Control Valve and measuring tube

9. Hypodermic tube

10. Hydraulic Bench

11. Union

12. Air Bleed Screw

13. Discharge water

14. Sump tank

15. Volumetric Tank

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 Air Bleed Screw
aa
Manometer tubes

Venturi tube
Hypodermic Tube

Water Inlet

Discharge Valve

Sump Tank
Control valve

Pump
Hydraulic Bench

Pump Switch Volumetric Tank

Water
Measurement Tube

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Procedure
General safety steps for hydraulic work bench
1. The Hydraulics Bench is factory tested before delivery.
2. Place or position the Hydraulics Bench near a 13 amp electrical power point and water supply point
with ample space around for students to perform the experiments.
3. Connect a water hose to the water supply source and place the other end into the sump tank
underneath the Hydraulics Bench.
4. Open the water supply for water to fill the sump tank up to three-quarter full.
5. Plug in the electrical supply.
6. The hydraulics bench is ready to use.
7. Make sure that the sump tank is filled with at least three quarter full.
8. Make sure that flow control valve and overflow valve is fully open.
9. Plug in the electrical supply and switch on the power.
10. Slowly close the overflow valve until a comfortable flow rate. Then seal the exit of water with
rubber slot.
11. Read on the volumetric meter at the right hand side of the hydraulic bench to find the water flow
rate which you set just now.
12. Set the flow rate to 6 gpm by turning the over flow valve, which is locate above the water pump.

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13. Press the valve which is locate at the top right corner of the Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus to
relief the trapped air and allow the water level rise to a readable level.
14. Make sure no air bubble in the manometer tube and wait until the water is stabilized.
15. Record these values and tabulate the value. Repeat for 6, 5 and 4 g.p.m.

Details for the venturi pipe are shown in the figure below where the diameters of each tapping
section are shown in the table below.

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1. Experimental (Reading of venturi meter)

Q Manometer reading, h (mmHg)

(gpm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 3400 3386.4 2910.4 1822.4 2584 2924 3114.4 3155.2
4 3440.8 3427.2 3128 2434.4 2896.8 3114.4 3223.3 3250.4
3 3440.8 3427.2 3264 2869.6 3128 3236.8 3298 3304.8

2. Theoretical ( Tapping No. and its properties)

Tapping No. Diameter, d (m) Area, A (m2)

1 0.026 0.000531
2 0.023 0.000415
3 0.018 0.000254
4 0.016 0.000201
5 0.019 0.000284
6 0.022 0.000380
7 0.025 0.000291
8 0.026 0.000531

3. Max Velocity ( Tapping 4 as reference to calculate each velocity)

gpm (Q) Velocity

V V2/2g
5 24875.6219 31539070.56
4 1990.4975 20185005.16
3 14925.8731 11354065.4

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Discussion

In this experiment, the objectives of this experiment are to learn the distillation set up and to
determine the compounds in the miscible mixture. With the application of the simple distillation
we can separate two compounds from a mixture due to the different chemical properties of each
compound.

Based on everyday life event, Although water were brought to a boil many times, the temperature
of pure boiling water does not change as it distills. This is why vigorous boiling does not cook
food any faster than a slow gentle boil. The observation that the boiling point of a pure material
does not change during the course of distillation is an important property of a pure material. The
boiling point and boiling point range have been used as criteria in confirming both the identity
and purity of a substance. For example, if synthesized an unknown liquid that boiled at 120-122
°C, this value could be used to confirm what the compounds are and was reasonably pure. Of
course, additional criteria must also be satisfied before the identity and purity of the liquid are
known with certainty. In general, a boiling point range of 1-2 °C is usually taken as an indication
of a pure material. In this experiment we used both of these properties to identity an unknown
liquid.

But occasionally, mixtures of liquids called azeotropes can be encountered that mimic the boiling
behavior of pure liquids. These mixtures when present at specific concentrations usually distill at
a constant boiling temperature and can not be separated by distillation. Examples of such
mixtures are 95% ethanol-5% water (bp 78.1 °C), 20% acetone-80% chloroform (bp 64.7 °C),
74.1% benzene, 7.4% water, 18.5 % ethanol (bp 64.9). The azeotropic composition sometimes
boils lower the than boiling point of its components and sometimes higher. Mixtures of these
substances at compositions other than those given above behave as mixtures. So that’s why the
simple distillation need to be exclusively for miscible mixture.

Miscibility is the property of two substances to mix in all proportions that is, to fully dissolve in
each other at any concentration, forming a homogeneous solution. Water and ethanol, for
example, are miscible because they mix in all proportions. By contrast, substances are said to be
immiscible if there are certain proportions in which the mixture does not form a solution. For
example, oil is not soluble in water, so these two solvents are immiscible, while butanone (methyl
ethyl ketone) is significantly soluble in water, these two solvents are also immiscible because
they are not soluble in all proportions.

Based on the result, the compounds found in the mixture are isopropyl alcohol and water. As
there are two boiling point from the result which are 84 °C and 100 °C respectively. From the
physical properties, there are strong smell lingered from the first solution obtained from the
distillation. The procedure is to collect the solution when the temperature maintained for a while,
this shows it is the boiling points of the compound in the mixture. The collection should be
stopped when the temperature continue to increase again. Thus, the collection volume of
isopropyl alcohol are 51 mL which shows that 51% of isopropyl alcohol were missed in the
solution and 49% which by 49 mL for water.

Limitation of experiment

Although the boiling point for the isopropyl alcohol is supposed to be 82.5 °C, the boiling point
obtained is 84 °C. this may be due to reading error. Reading error is the difference between the
value the user reads from the instrument and the true indication. This can be caused by parallax

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(looking at the scale under an angle) or from the limited resolution (estimate of the location of the
pointer between two scale lines). With liquid in glass thermometers and other liquid level
measurements there is also the meniscus which limits how precisely you can estimate the
alignment of the level with the scale graduations. If the pointer of an instrument is not quite stable
or vibrates, this can also be a source of reading errors. The possible magnitudes of all such
reading errors should be evaluated and included in the uncertainty of measurement. The true
indication of the instrument itself also has errors, associated with the accuracy of the measuring
instrument and there can be several more sources of error. All these are evaluated and combined
to get the estimated uncertainty of the measurement.

Conclusion

Distillation is a very effective method of separating the constituent parts of a mixture. In this
experiment isopropyl alcohol was distilled first because of its lower boiling point. Simple
distillation can be used to separate components of a mixture that have a large difference in their
boiling point. Thus, the components in the mixture are isopropyl alcohol and water with a 51 mL
and 49 mL volume respectively.

References

 Andrzej Gorak Eva Sorensen, (2014) Distillation fundamental and principles. Academic
Press. (first edition)
 Henry Z. Kister, (1992) Distillation Design. McGraw-Hill (first edition)

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