The Microbial World
Question
Define microbes/microorganisms
Types of microbes (smallest to
largest)
Marine and freshwater
microorganisms function to...
Soil microbes function to....
What is photosynthesis?
Humans and many other animals
depend on microbes for...
Medical commercial application of
microorganisms..
Military application of
microorganisms in WWI...
Food industry applications of
microorganisms....
Pathogenic
Genus (plural: genera)
Specific epithet (species)
Staphlo-
coccus
aureus
Escherichia coli is named after
Bacteria (singular: bacterium)
Prokaryotes
Flagella
Archaea
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles halo = salt; philic
= loving
Extreme thermophiles therm = heat
Fungi (singular: fungus)
Protozoa
Algae (singular: alga)
Viruses
Helminths
Cell theory
Spontaneous generation
Francesco Redi set out to disprove
what
Answer
A living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Viruses, bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa, helminths (early stages)
form the basis of the food chain in oceans, lakes, and rivers
break down wastes and incorporate nitrogen gas from the air into organic
compounds, thereby recycling chemical elements between the soil, water, life,
and air.
a food and oxygen-generating process that is critical to life on Earth.
digestion in the intestines and for synthesis of some vitamins like vitamin B for
metabolism and vitamin K for blood clotting.
vitamins, organic acids, enzymes, alcohols, and many drugs.
acetone helped to make cordite (a smokeless form of gunpowder) which played
a significant role in determining the outcome of WWI)
producing vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, alcoholic beverages, green olives, soy
sauce, buttermilk, cheese, yogurt, and bread.
disease-producing
the first name used in scientific nomenclature assigned to each organism. It is
always capitalized.
the second name used in scientific nomenclature assigned to each organism. It
is not capitalized.
describes the clustered arrangement of the cells
indicates shape spherical or ovoid
Latin for golden, the color of many colonies of this bacterium.
Honors Theodor Escherich whom discovered this bacteria. The specific epithet,
coli, reminds us that E. coli live in the colon, or large intestines.
relatively simple, single-celled (unicellular) organisms. Cell wall contains a
protein-carbohydrate complex called peptidoglycan; their genetic material is
not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane.
Greek for prenucleus. Include both bacteria and archaea
appendages that allow many bacteria to "swim"
Consist of prokaryotic cells, if they have cell walls, the walls lack peptidoglycan;
found in extreme environments. Consist of Methanogens, Halophiles, and
Thermophiles
one of three archaea that live in extreme environments; they produce methane
as a waste product from respiration. Not known to cause disease in humans.
one of three archaea that live in extreme salty environments such as the Great
Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. Not known to cause disease in humans.
one of three archaea that live in extreme hot sulfurous water, such as hot
springs at Yellowstone National Park. Not known to cause disease in humans.
eukaryotic (contain distinct nucleus containing DNA), surrounded by nuclear
membrane. May be unicellular or multicellular. Cell walls are composed
primarily of chitin; can reproduce sexually or asexually.
unicellular eukaryotic microbes; reproduce sexually or asexually
photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and
asexual reproductive forms.
smallest form of microbes; most can only be seen with an electron microscope;
they are acellular; can only reproduce by using the cellular machinery of other
organisms. Thus they are considered living when they multiply within the cells
they infect.
parasitic worms (flatworms and roundworms); during some stage in their life
cycle, they are microscopic in size.
all living things are composed of cells
a belief that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
spontaneous generation; using a controlled experiment.
Biogenesis the claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells
Aseptic techniques technique that prevents contamination by unwanted microorganisms
Fermentation microorganisms called yeasts convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air;
discovered by Pasteur
Pasteurization the process of heating solution enough to kill most of the bacteria that causes
spoilage and disease
Germ theory of disease the theory that microorganisms might cause disease
Koch’s postulates "set of rules"; which organisms cause which diseases
Immunity protection from disease provided by vaccination or previous infection
Chemotherapy the treatment of disease by using chemical substances
Antibiotics chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other
microorganisms
Synthetic drugs chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory
Bacteriology the study of bacteria; includes Gram Positive (Staph, Strep, Bacillus,) Gram neg
(E.coli, Salmonella,) Mycobacteria (TB and leprosy,) Spirochetes (Syphilis, Lyme
disease,) and others (Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma)
Mycology the study of fungi; includes the study of Fungi, Yeast (single cell), and Multi-
cellular (mushrooms and molds.) Used in medicine, agricultural, and ecological
branches.
Parasitology the study of protozoa and parasitic worms; Protozoans (Amoebas, Ciliates, and
Flageliates) and Helminths (flatworms and roundworms.)
Virology the study of viruses; Includes Acellular, DNA Viruses (Herpes, Pox viruses,) RNA
Viruses (Polio, rabies, influenza,) and Prions (Mad Cow disease)
Genomics the study of all of an organism’s genes
Immunology the study of immunity; Humoral (antibodies) and Cellular (Cytotoxic and killer
cells)
Recombinant DNA a form of artificial DNA that is created by combining sequences that would not
normally occur together through the process of gene splicing; it can be used to
mass produce desired proteins.
Microbial genetics studies the mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits
Microbial biology studies how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA
directs the synthesis of proteins
Bioremediation the process of using microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes produced
by various industrial processes.
Biotechnology the practical application of using microorganisms commercial to produce
common foods and chemicals
Gene therapy inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in human cells
Normal microbiota normal flora, cause no harm and in some cases can be beneficial
What does EID stand for? emerging infectious diseases; examples include: bird flu ('05), monkeypox ('03),
SARS ('03), West Nile Fever ('01), Mad Cow Disease('96, Ebola (95),...HIV-AIDS
('78-'79)
Obtaining a pure culture of organism Koch's postulates
is the first step of which process
Agar a gelatinous substance derived from a polysaccharide that accumulates in the
cell walls of agarophyte red algae
Chitin a polysaccharide found in the outer skeleton of insects, crabs, shrimps, and
lobsters
Define transformation the process in which genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as
"naked" DNA solution.
What are Biofilms aggregated bacteria adhering to each other and to a solid surface
5 Disciplines of Microbiology 1. Virology 2. Bacteriology 3. Mycology 4.Parisitology and 5. Immunology
Prions are Infectious agent consisting of a self-replicating protein; an "infectious protein"