Global Competitiveness Report

The Global
Competitiveness Report
2009–2010
Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum

World Economic Forum
Geneva, Switzerland 2009
Professor Klaus Schwab

World Economic Forum
Editor
The Global
Competitiveness Report
2009–2010
Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin

Columbia University
Chief Advisor of the Global Competitiveness Network
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report World Economic Forum
2009–2010 is published by the World Geneva
Economic Forum within the framework of the
Global Competitiveness Network. Copyright © 2009
by the World Economic Forum
Professor Klaus Schwab All rights reserved. No part of this publication

Executive Chairman may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
Chief Advisor of the Global Competitiveness
or otherwise without the prior permission of
Network
the World Economic Forum.
Robert Greenhill
ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-25-8
Chief Business Officer
ISBN-10: 92-95044-25-8
GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS NETWORK

This book is printed on paper suitable for
Jennifer Blanke, Director, Senior Economist, recycling and made from fully managed and
Head of Global Competitiveness Network sustained forest sources.
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Director,
Senior Economist Printed and bound in Switzerland by SRO-Kundig.
Irene Mia, Director, Senior Economist
Thierry Geiger, Associate Director,
Economist, Global Leadership Fellow
Ciara Browne, Associate Director
Pearl Samandari, Community Manager
Eva Trujillo Herrera, Research Assistant
Carissa Sahli, Coordinator
We thank Hope Steele for her superb editing

work and Neil Weinberg for his excellent
graphic design and layout. We are grateful to
Joelle Latina for her invaluable research
assistance.
The terms country and nation as used in this

report do not in all cases refer to a territorial
entity that is a state as understood by inter-
national law and practice. The terms cover
well-defined, geographically self-contained
economic areas that may not be states but
for which statistical data are maintained on
a separate and independent basis.

Contents
Partner Institutes v Part 2: Data Presentation 59
Preface xi 2.1 Country/Economy Profiles 61

by Klaus Schwab How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles ...............................63
List of Countries/Economies .........................................................65
Country/Economy Profiles .............................................................66
Part 1: Measuring Competitiveness 1 2.2 Data Tables 333

How to Read the Data Tables......................................................335
Index of Data Tables ....................................................................337
1.1 The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010: 3 Data Tables ..................................................................................339
Contributing to Long-Term Prosperity amid the
Global Economic Crisis
by Xavier Sala-i-Martin, Jennifer Blanke, Margareta Drzeniek Technical Notes and Sources 473
Hanouz, Thierry Geiger, and Irene Mia
About the Authors 477

1.2 The Executive Opinion Survey: 49
Capturing the Views of the Business Community
by Ciara Browne and Thierry Geiger Acknowledgments 479

Preface
Preface
KLAUS SCHWAB
Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum
This year’s Global Competitiveness Report is published Tourism Competitiveness Report, as well as various regional
against the backdrop of the deepest global economic and country studies.
slowdown in generations.What began as a financial cri- The Global Competitiveness Report could not have
sis in a handful of industrialized economies continues to been put together without the thought leadership of
spill over into the real economy, engendering massive Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin, at Columbia University,
contractions in consumer demand, rising unemploy- who has provided ongoing intellectual support of our
ment, and mounting protectionist pressures worldwide. competitiveness research. Appreciation also goes to
Developing countries have not been spared from its Robert Greenhill, Chief Business Officer at the Forum,
fallout; many are now facing slumping demand for their and Jennifer Blanke, Head of the Global Competitiveness
export products along with falling commodity prices, Network, as well as team members Ciara Browne,
significant reductions in foreign investment and remit- Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz,Thierry Geiger, Irene Mia,
tances, and a more general liquidity shortage.The strong Carissa Sahli, Pearl Samandari, and Eva Trujillo Herrera.
interdependence among the worlds’ economies makes We thank the Africa Commission and FedEx, our part-
this a truly global economic crisis in every sense. ners in this Report, for their support in this important
Policymakers are presently struggling with ways venture. In addition, this Report would have not been
of managing these new economic challenges while possible without the hard work and enthusiasm of our
preparing their economies to perform well in a future network of over 150 Partner Institutes worldwide who xi
economic landscape characterized by growing uncer- carry out the Executive Opinion Survey, which provides
tainty. In a difficult global economic environment, it is the basis of this Report. Finally, we would like to convey
more important than ever for countries to put into place our sincere gratitude to all the business executives
strong fundamentals underpinning economic growth and around the world who took the time to participate in
development.The World Economic Forum has, for the our Executive Opinion Survey and whose valuable
past 30 years, played a facilitating role in this process by input made the publication of this Report possible.
providing detailed assessments of the productive potential
of nations worldwide.The Report is a contribution to
enhancing the understanding of the key factors deter-
mining economic growth and to explaining why some
countries are more successful than others in raising
income levels and opportunities for their respective
populations; hence it offers policymakers and business
leaders an important tool in the formulation of
improved economic policies and institutional reforms.
This year’s Report features a total of 133 economies,
thus providing the most comprehensive assessment of its
kind.The Report contains a detailed profile for each of the
economies featured in the study as well as an extensive
section of data tables with global rankings covering over
100 indicators.
This Report remains the flagship publication within
the Forum’s Global Competitiveness Network, which
produces a number of research studies that truly mirror
the increased integration and complexity of the world
economy. Concurrent complementary publications
include The Financial Development Report,The Global
Enabling Trade Report,The Global Gender Gap Report,The
Global Information Technology Report, and The Travel &

Part 1
Measuring Competitiveness

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010
CHAPTER 1.1 The global economy continues to weather the most
difficult climate in generations.What began as a financial
crisis in the United States and the United Kingdom
The Global Competitiveness quickly turned into the largest global recession in
Index 2009–2010: Contributing decades.World GDP is expected to contract by a record

2.5 percent in 2009 as the financial crisis continues to
to Long-Term Prosperity amid spill over into the real economy,1 engendering massive
declines in consumer demand, rising unemployment,
the Global Economic Crisis and mounting protectionist pressures worldwide.
Although the developing world at first seemed to be
spared from the fallout of this crisis, many countries are
XAVIER SALA-I-MARTIN
now facing slumping demand for their export products;
JENNIFER BLANKE
this decline is coupled with falling commodity prices
MARGARETA DRZENIEK HANOUZ and significant reductions in foreign investment and
THIERRY GEIGER remittances. Moreover, a global liquidity shortage has
IRENE MIA negatively impacted access to finance for companies and
World Economic Forum governments alike.
In this context, policymakers are being confronted
with new economic management challenges. All over
the world governments have taken an active stance in
addressing the crisis and the ensuing recession. Banks
have been bailed out or nationalized on an unprece-
dented scale to buffer the immediate impact of the
financial system’s collapse.These emergency measures
have been complemented by large stimulus packages
and countercyclical policies intended to support the
economy and facilitate recovery.These developments 3
have led observers to question the prevailing paradigm
regarding the optimal level of state involvement in the
economy.
Today’s difficult economic environment under-
scores the importance of not losing sight of long-term
competitiveness fundamentals amid short-term urgencies.
Competitive economies are those that have in place factors
driving the productivity enhancements on which their
present and future prosperity is built. A competitiveness-
supporting economic environment can help national
economies to weather business cycle downturns and
ensure that the mechanisms enabling solid economic
performance going into the future are in place.
For the past three decades, the World Economic
Forum’s annual competitiveness reports have examined
the many factors enabling national economies to achieve
sustained economic growth and long-term prosperity.
Our goal over the years has been to provide bench-
marking tools for business leaders and policymakers to
identify obstacles to improved competitiveness, thus
stimulating discussion on strategies to overcome them.
In the current challenging economic environment, our
work serves as a critical reminder of the importance of
taking into account the consequences of our present
actions on future prosperity.
Since 2005, the World Economic Forum has based its
competitiveness analysis on the Global Competitiveness
Index (GCI), a highly comprehensive index, which cap-
tures the microeconomic and macroeconomic foundations
of national competitiveness.

We define competitiveness as the set of institutions, apparent during the current crisis, given the increasingly
policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of direct role played by the state in the economy of many
a country. The level of productivity, in turn, sets the sus- countries.
tainable level of prosperity that can be earned by an The quality of institutions has a strong bearing on
economy. In other words, more-competitive economies competitiveness and growth.4 It influences investment
tend to be able to produce higher levels of income for decisions and the organization of production and plays a
their citizens.The productivity level also determines the central role in the ways in which societies distribute the
rates of return obtained by investments in an economy. benefits and bear the costs of development strategies and
Because the rates of return are the fundamental drivers policies. For example, owners of land, corporate shares,
of the growth rates of the economy, a more-competitive or intellectual property are unwilling to invest in the
economy is one that is likely to grow faster in the medi- improvement and upkeep of their property if their rights
um to long run. as owners are insecure.5
The concept of competitiveness thus involves static The role of institutions goes beyond the legal
and dynamic components: although the productivity of framework. Government attitudes toward markets and
a country clearly determines its ability to sustain its level freedoms, and the efficiency of its operations, are also
of income, it is also one of the central determinants of very important: excessive bureaucracy and red tape,6
the returns to investment, which is one of the key fac- overregulation, corruption, dishonesty in dealing with
tors explaining an economy’s growth potential. public contracts, lack of transparency and trustworthi-
ness, and the political dependence of the judicial system
impose significant economic costs to businesses and slow
The 12 pillars of competitiveness the process of economic development.7 Proper manage-
The determinants of competitiveness are many and ment of the public finances is also critical to ensuring
complex. Economists have long tried to understand trust in the national business environment.We include
what determines the wealth of nations.This attempt indicators capturing the quality of government manage-
has ranged from Adam Smith’s focus on specialization ment of the public finances to complement the meas-
and the division of labor to neoclassical economists’ ures of macroeconomic stability captured by pillar 3
4 emphasis on investment in physical capital and infra- below.
structure and, more recently, to interest in other Although the economic literature has mainly focused
mechanisms such as education and training, techno- on public institutions, private institutions are also an
logical progress (whether created within the country important element in the process of wealth creation.
or adopted from abroad),2 macroeconomic stability, The recent global financial crisis, along with numerous
good governance, the rule of law, transparent and well- corporate scandals, has highlighted the relevance of
functioning institutions, firm sophistication, demand accounting and reporting standards and transparency for
conditions, market size, and many others. Each of these preventing fraud and mismanagement, ensuring good
conjectures rests on solid theoretical foundations.The governance, and maintaining investor and consumer
central point, however, is that they are not mutually confidence. An economy is well served by businesses
exclusive—two or more of them could be true at the that are run honestly, where managers abide by strong
same time. Hundreds of econometric studies show that ethical practices in their dealings with the government,
many of these conjectures are, in fact, simultaneously other firms, and the public.8 Private-sector transparency
true.3 This also can partly explain why, despite the present is indispensable to business, and can be brought about
global economic crisis, we do not necessarily see large through the use of standards as well as auditing and
swings in comp-etitiveness rankings, particularly among accounting practices that ensure access to information
countries that have already put into place many of the in a timely manner.9
elements driving productivity.
The GCI captures this open-ended dimension Second pillar: Infrastructure
by providing a weighted average of many different Extensive and efficient infrastructure is an essential driver
components, each of which reflects one aspect of the of competitiveness. It is critical for ensuring the effective
complex concept that we call competitiveness.We functioning of the economy, as it is an important factor
group all these components into 12 pillars of determining the location of economic activity and the
competitiveness: kinds of activities or sectors that can develop in a partic-
ular economy.Well-developed infrastructure reduces the
First pillar: Institutions effect of distance between regions, with the result of
The institutional environment is determined by the truly integrating the national market and connecting it
legal and administrative framework within which at low cost to markets in other countries and regions.
individuals, firms, and governments interact to generate In addition, the quality and extensiveness of infrastruc-
income and wealth in the economy.The importance of ture networks significantly impact economic growth and
a solid institutional environment has become even more reduce income inequalities and poverty in a variety of

ways.10 In this regard, a well-developed transport and received little formal education can carry out only simple
communications infrastructure network is a prerequisite manual work and find it much more difficult to adapt to
for the ability of less-developed communities to connect more advanced production processes and techniques. Lack
to core economic activities and basic services. of basic education can therefore become a constraint on
Effective modes of transport for goods, people, and business development, with firms finding it difficult to
services—such as quality roads, railroads, ports, and air move up the value chain by producing more-sophisticated
transport—enable entrepreneurs to get their goods and or value-intensive products.
services to market in a secure and timely manner, and For the longer term, it will be essential to avoid sig-
facilitate the movement of workers to the most suitable nificant reductions in resource allocation to these critical
jobs. Economies also depend on electricity supplies that areas, given that government budgets in many countries
are free of interruptions and shortages so that businesses will need to be cut to reduce public debt brought about
and factories can work unimpeded. Finally, a solid and by the present stimulus spending.
extensive telecommunications network allows for a rapid
and free flow of information, which increases overall Fifth pillar: Higher education and training
economic efficiency by helping to ensure that businesses Quality higher education and training is crucial for
can communicate, and that decisions made by economic economies that want to move up the value chain beyond
actors take into account all available relevant informa- simple production processes and products.13 In particu-
tion.This is an area where the crisis may prove to have lar, today’s globalizing economy requires economies to
positive longer-term effects, given the central role of nurture pools of well-educated workers who are able to
infrastructure development in many of the national adapt rapidly to their changing environment.This pillar
stimulus packages in countries such as the United States measures secondary and tertiary enrollment rates as well
and China. as the quality of education as assessed by the business
community.The extent of staff training is also taken into
Third pillar: Macroeconomic stability consideration because of the importance of vocational
The stability of the macroeconomic environment is and continuous on-the-job training—which is neglected
important for business and, therefore, is important for in many economies—for ensuring a constant upgrading
the overall competitiveness of a country.11 Although it is of workers’ skills to the changing needs of the evolving 5
certainly true that macroeconomic stability alone cannot economy.
increase the productivity of a nation, it is also recognized
that macroeconomic disarray harms the economy.The Sixth pillar: Goods market efficiency
government cannot provide services efficiently if it Countries with efficient goods markets are well posi-
has to make high-interest payments on its past debts. tioned to produce the right mix of products and services
Running fiscal deficits limits the government’s future given supply-and-demand conditions, as well as to ensure
ability to react to business cycles. Firms cannot operate that these goods can be most effectively traded in the
efficiently when inflation rates are out of hand. In sum, economy. Healthy market competition, both domestic
the economy cannot grow in a sustainable manner unless and foreign, is important in driving market efficiency
the macro environment is stable. It is important to note and thus business productivity, by ensuring that the
that this pillar focuses only on macroeconomic stability, most efficient firms, producing goods demanded by the
so it does not directly take into account the way in market, are those that thrive.The best possible environ-
which public accounts are managed by the government. ment for the exchange of goods requires a minimum of
This qualitative dimension is captured in the public impediments to business activity through government
institutions subpillar described above. intervention. For example, competitiveness is hindered by
distortionary or burdensome taxes and by restrictive and
Fourth pillar: Health and primary education discriminatory rules on foreign direct investment (FDI)—
A healthy workforce is vital to a country’s competi- limiting foreign ownership—as well as on international
tiveness and productivity.Workers who are ill cannot trade.The economic slowdown, with the consequent
function to their potential and will be less productive. drop in trade and rise in unemployment, has increased the
Poor health leads to significant costs to business, as pressure on governments to adopt measures to protect
sick workers are often absent or operate at lower levels domestic firms and jobs.Yet limiting global trade would
of efficiency. Investment in the provision of health not only amplify the current downturn, but in the
services is thus critical for clear economic, as well as longer term it would also reduce growth—in particular
moral, considerations.12 in developing countries.
In addition to health, this pillar takes into account Market efficiency also depends on demand conditions
the quantity and quality of basic education received by such as customer orientation and buyer sophistication.
the population, which is increasingly important in For cultural reasons, customers in some countries may
today’s economy. Basic education increases the efficiency be more demanding than in others.This can create an
of each individual worker. Moreover, workers who have important competitive advantage, as it forces companies

to be more innovative and customer oriented and thus essential components of economies’ overall level of
imposes the discipline necessary for efficiency to be technological readiness.
achieved in the market. In this context, whether the technology used has
or has not been developed within national borders is
Seventh pillar: Labor market efficiency irrelevant for its effect on competitiveness.The central
The efficiency and flexibility of the labor market are point is that the firms operating in the country have
critical for ensuring that workers are allocated to their access to advanced products and blueprints and the
most efficient use in the economy and provided with ability to use them. Among the main sources of foreign
incentives to give their best effort in their jobs. Labor technology, FDI often plays a key role. In this respect,
markets must therefore have the flexibility to shift work- it is particularly worrisome that, after four years of solid
ers from one economic activity to another rapidly and growth resulting in a record global FDI stock of US$1.9
at low cost, and to allow for wage fluctuations without trillion in 2007, FDI has declined by an estimated 15
much social disruption.14 Efficient labor markets must percent in 2008 with further deterioration expected for
also ensure a clear relationship between worker incen- 2009, especially for developing countries.This develop-
tives and their efforts, as well as the best use of available ment is due to shortages in finance and a more risk-
talent—which includes equity in the business environ- averse attitude of businesses.18
ment between women and men.15 It is important to note that, in this context, the level
of technology available to firms in a country needs to
Eighth pillar: Financial market sophistication be distinguished from the country’s ability to innovate
The present economic crisis has highlighted the central and expand the frontiers of knowledge.That is why we
role of a sound and well-functioning financial sector separate technological readiness from innovation, which
for economic activity. An efficient financial sector allo- is captured in the 12th pillar below.
cates the resources saved by a nation’s citizens as well
as those entering the economy from abroad to their Tenth pillar: Market size
most productive uses. It channels resources to those The size of the market affects productivity because
entrepreneurial or investment projects with the highest large markets allow firms to exploit economies of scale.
6 expected rates of return, rather than to the politically Traditionally, the markets available to firms have been
connected. A thorough and proper assessment of risk is constrained by national borders. In the era of globaliza-
therefore a key ingredient. Business investment is critical tion, international markets have become a substitute for
to productivity.Therefore economies require sophisticat- domestic markets, especially for small countries.There
ed financial markets that can make capital available for is vast empirical evidence showing that trade openness
private-sector investment from such sources as loans is positively associated with growth. Even if some recent
from a sound banking sector, well-regulated securities research casts doubts on the robustness of this relation-
exchanges, venture capital, and other financial products. ship, the general sense is that trade has a positive effect
This has been once again underscored by the liquidity on growth, especially for countries with small domestic
crunch experienced by businesses and the public sector markets.19
in developing and developed countries in recent times. Thus, exports can be thought of as a substitute for
In order to fulfill all those functions, the banking sector domestic demand in determining the size of the market
needs to be trustworthy and transparent, and—as has for the firms of a country.20 In today’s highly interdepend-
been made so clear recently—financial markets need ent world, recovery from the present downturn will
appropriate regulation to protect investors and other require that countries increase the amount of goods that
actors in the economy at large. they purchase from each other, thus spurring demand.
Further lowering barriers to trade would support this
Ninth pillar: Technological readiness process.
This pillar measures the agility with which an econ- By including both domestic and foreign markets
omy adopts existing technologies to enhance the in our measure of market size, we give credit to export-
productivity of its industries.16 In today’s globalized driven economies and geographic areas (such as the
world, technology has increasingly become an important European Union) that are broken into many countries
element for firms to compete and prosper. In particular, but have one common market.
information and communication technologies (ICT)
have evolved into the “general purpose technology” Eleventh pillar: Business sophistication
of our time,17 given the critical spillovers to the other Business sophistication is conducive to higher efficiency
economic sectors and their role as efficient infrastructure in the production of goods and services.This leads, in
for commercial transactions.Therefore ICT access turn, to increased productivity, thus enhancing a nation’s
(including the presence of an ICT-friendly regulatory competitiveness. Business sophistication concerns the
framework) and usage are included in the pillar as quality of a country’s overall business networks as well
as the quality of individual firms’ operations and

strategies. It is particularly important for countries world without institutions (1st pillar) that guarantee
at an advanced stage of development, when the more intellectual property rights, cannot be performed in
basic sources of productivity improvements have been countries with a poorly educated and poorly trained
exhausted to a large extent.The quality of a country’s labor force (5th pillar), and is more difficult in
business networks and supporting industries, which economies with inefficient markets (6th, 7th, and 8th
we capture by using indicators of the quantity and pillars) or without extensive and efficient infrastructure
quality of local suppliers and the extent of their inter- (2nd pillar). Although the actual construction of the
action, is important for a variety of reasons.When Index will involve the aggregation of the 12 pillars into
companies and suppliers from a particular sector are a single index, measures are reported for the 12 pillars
interconnected in geographically proximate groups separately because offering a more disaggregated analysis
(“clusters”), efficiency is heightened, greater opportun- can be more useful to countries and practitioners: such
ities for innovation are created, and barriers to entry an analysis gets closer to the actual areas in which a
for new firms are reduced. Individual firms’ operations particular country needs to improve.
and strategies (branding, marketing, the presence of a Appendix A describes the exact composition of the
value chain, and the production of unique and sophisti- GCI and technical details of its construction.
cated products) all lead to sophisticated and modern To discern the extent to which the global recession
business processes. is affecting the longer-term competitiveness of countries,
the World Economic Forum carried out a survey of
Twelfth pillar: Innovation selected experts.The results of this survey are described
The final pillar of competitiveness is innovation. Although in Box 1.
substantial gains can be obtained by improving institu-
tions, building infrastructure, reducing macroeconomic
instability, or improving human capital, all these factors Stages of development and the weighted Index
eventually seem to run into diminishing returns.The It is clear that different pillars affect different countries
same is true for the efficiency of the labor, financial, differently: the best way for Burkina Faso to improve
and goods markets. In the long run, standards of living its competitiveness is not the same as the best way for
can be expanded only with innovation. Innovation is Switzerland.This is because Burkina Faso and Switzerland 7
particularly important for economies as they approach are in different stages of development: as countries move
the frontiers of knowledge and the possibility of inte- along the development path, wages tend to increase and,
grating and adapting exogenous technologies tends to in order to sustain this higher income, labor productivity
disappear.21 must improve.22
Although less-advanced countries can still improve According to the GCI, in the first stage, the
their productivity by adopting existing technologies or economy is factor-driven and countries compete based
making incremental improvements in other areas, for on their factor endowments: primarily unskilled labor
those that have reached the innovation-driven stage and natural resources. Companies compete on the basis
of development, this is no longer sufficient to increase of price and sell basic products or commodities, with
productivity. Firms in these countries must design and their low productivity reflected in low wages. Main-
develop cutting-edge products and processes to maintain taining competitiveness at this stage of development
a competitive edge.This requires an environment that is hinges primarily on well-functioning public and private
conducive to innovative activity, supported by both the institutions (pillar 1), well-developed infrastructure (pillar
public and the private sectors. In particular, this means 2), a stable macroeconomic framework (pillar 3), and a
sufficient investment in research and development healthy and literate workforce (pillar 4).
(R&D) especially by the private sector, the presence of As wages rise with advancing development,
high-quality scientific research institutions, extensive countries move into the efficiency-driven stage of develop-
collaboration in research between universities and indus- ment, when they must begin to develop more efficient
try, and the protection of intellectual property. In this production processes and increase product quality. At
time of crisis, it will be important to resist pressures to this point, competitiveness is increasingly driven by
cut back on the R&D spending both at the private and higher education and training (pillar 5), efficient goods
public levels that will be so critical for sustainable markets (pillar 6), well-functioning labor markets (pillar
growth going into the future. 7), sophisticated financial markets (pillar 8), a large
domestic and/or foreign market (pillar 10), and the
The interrelation of the 12 pillars ability to harness the benefits of existing technologies
Although the 12 pillars of competitiveness are described (pillar 9).
separately, this should not obscure the fact that they Finally, as countries move into the innovation-driven
are not independent: not only are they related to each stage, they are able to sustain higher wages and the
other, but they tend to reinforce each other. For associated standard of living only if their businesses are
example, innovation (12th pillar) is not possible in a able to compete with new and unique products. At this

Figure 1: The 12 pillars of competitiveness
Basic requirements
• Institutions Key for
• Infrastructure factor-driven
• Macroeconomic stability economies
• Health and primary education
Efficiency enhancers
• Higher education and training
• Goods market efficiency Key for
• Labor market efficiency efficiency-driven
• Financial market sophistication economies
• Technological readiness
• Market size
Innovation and sophistication factors Key for

• Business sophistication innovation-driven
• Innovation economies
stage, companies must compete through innovation Table 1: Weights of the three main subindexes at each
(pillar 12), producing new and different goods using stage of development
the most sophisticated production processes (pillar 11).
Factor- Efficiency- Innovation-
The concept of stages of development is integrated into driven driven driven
Subindex stage (%) stage (%) stage (%)
the Index by attributing higher relative weights to those
Basic requirements 60 40 20
pillars that are relatively more relevant for a country
Efficiency enhancers 35 50 50
given its particular stage of development.That is,
Innovation and sophistication factors 5 10 30
although all 12 pillars matter to a certain extent for
all countries, the relative importance of each one
depends on a country’s particular stage of development. To obtain the precise weights, a maximum likeli-
To take this into account, the pillars are organized into hood regression of GDP per capita was run against each
three subindexes, each critical to a particular stage of subindex for past years, allowing for different coeffi-
development. cients for each stage of development.23 The rounding
The basic requirements subindex groups those of these econometric estimates led to the choice of
pillars most critical for countries in the factor-driven weights displayed in Table 1.
stage.The efficiency enhancers subindex includes those
pillars critical for countries in the efficiency-driven
stage. And the innovation and sophistication factors subindex Implementation of stages of development: Smooth
transitions
includes the pillars critical to countries in the innova-
Countries are allocated to stages of development based
tion-driven stage.The three subindexes are shown in
on two criteria.The first is the level of GDP per capita
Figure 1.
at market exchange rates.This widely available measure
The specific weights we attribute to each subindex
is used as a proxy for wages, as internationally compar-
in every stage of development are shown in Table 1.
able data for the latter are not available for all countries
covered.The precise thresholds are shown in Table 2. A
second criterion measures the extent to which countries
are factor driven.We proxy this by the share of exports
of mineral goods in total exports (goods and services)

Box 1: An expert assessment of national competitiveness prospects
The concept of competitiveness captures the medium- to long- year, continuing to build on an upward trend started in 2007 and
term productivity and growth prospects of national economies. narrowing the competitiveness gap vis-à-vis fellow BRIC
In other words, although business cycle movements affect economies India and China. Indeed, all countries in the slightly
countries’ short-term growth prospects, as witnessed in the positive or no impact groups at the top of the figure either
present economic downturn, they should have no impact on improve in rank (India, China, Australia, Canada, and Norway),
competitiveness assessments unless they have longer-term or remain stable (Hong Kong). The remaining BRIC economy,
consequences for the competitiveness drivers discussed in Russia, lost 12 places in the GCI assessment; it is also rated
this chapter. as one of the countries most likely to be negatively affected by
In order to get a sense of the extent to which the global the global crisis. The recession is expected to be particularly
recession is affecting the longer-term competitiveness of harmful for the competitiveness of Iceland and Spain, the two
countries, the World Economic Forum carried out a survey of countries receiving the lowest average scores in the sample,
selected leading macro and business economists from the both of which also drop in the GCI ranking this year. Yet, for a
Forum’s economy-related Global Agenda Councils,1 along with handful of countries, the GCI and the economists’ assessment
four international associations of business economists.2 A total diverges. This is particularly noticeable within the “negative”
of 16 leading economists were surveyed. The survey is intended category for Argentina, Hungary, Italy, and Japan, although
to complement the analysis of the Global Competitiveness Index the improvements in the GCR ranking since last year remain
(GCI) by providing the insight of experts on the matter. somewhat small in all cases.
Respondents were asked to rate the degree to which Another important characteristic of the survey results is
they believe the present global recession will have a positive or the great variation in responses concerning the likely impact
negative impact, on a scale of 1 (negative) to 7 (positive), on of the global recession on each country. The blue bars in the
selected countries, with 4 (the central value) indicating that figure show the range of the lowest and highest responses. The
the recession will have no impact. They were also asked to country engendering the greatest agreement, Switzerland, still
describe the mechanisms by which the recession would have includes assessments that range from 2 (negative) to 4 (no
positive or negative impacts on countries. The 37 countries impact). The largest variations are for Latin American countries:
included were those ranked in the top 20 of last year’s GCI, and the results for Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela range from the
other key regional economies. worst possible value (1) to the second-to-highest possible value 9
Figure 1 shows the average score for each economy (6).This demonstrates the extent of uncertainty even among
covered by the exercise (shown by a white dot), as well as expert economists on the longer-term impacts of the crisis.
the spread in scores (the highest and lowest scores given, When asked to describe their reasons for pessimism and
shown by the blue line). Economies have been grouped in a optimism for the longer-term outlook, the experts highlighted a
number of different clusters according to the perceived impact number of factors that could have either positive or negative
of the crisis on their competitiveness perspective (ranging impacts on longer-term competitiveness. The reasons for pes-
from slightly positive to negative). In addition, the last columns simism were related primarily to concerns about excessive gov-
display each country’s GCI rank for this year, as well as ernment intervention and lack of access to credit. Specific-ally,
changes to the competitiveness rankings since last year for experts mentioned enhanced government intervention com-
every economy considered (improvements are indicated by an bined with blurred boundaries among institutions and
upward arrow, declines are represented by downward arrows, rules; the non-optimal allocation of resources to education
and sideways arrows indicate no change). and transportation infrastructure through stimulus packages;
The first point to note about the survey results shown in massive debts accrued, especially in the West, likely prompting
the figure is that the average assessments are skewed down- either sharp public-sector spending cuts or tax increases; the
ward, with only five economies above the “no impact” value of push for harsher financial regulations that would further hinder
4. In other words, of all countries considered, the experts on allocation of credit and risk new business investment; and
average believe that only Brazil, India, and China (the three more general difficulties in obtaining capital for pro-growth
largest BRIC economies), along with Australia and Canada, investment.
are likely to see their competitiveness improving slightly as a On the other hand, a number of positive implications for
consequence of the global recession. A further two economies longer-term competitiveness potential were also noted by the
are expected, on average, to see no impact on their competi- experts. These include the possible reorientation of export-led
tiveness from the recession (Norway and Hong Kong). For the economies to domestic demand and neutral exchange rates;
remaining 30 economies covered, the average assessment increased awareness of the need of investment in pro-growth
ranges from slightly negative to negative. areas, notably education; lagging institutions brought into inter-
Taking into account the general downward bias of the national compliance; a rethinking of the US dollar’s impact and
results, the average responses to the survey are broadly in of the consequences of focusing only on the US markets for
line with the changes in the GCI rankings since last year, with many exporters; enhanced incentives to clean up non-competi-
some exceptions. In particular, Brazil—perceived by the experts tive enterprises and all sectors that had been kept alive during
as the country that will likely see its competitiveness most the boom period; and a potential push to fix long- overdue
favorably affected by the crisis—improved 8 places since last structural problems.
(Cont’d.)

Box 1: An expert assessment of national competitiveness prospects (cont’d.)
Figure 1: Survey of experts results and GCI variation (2009–2010)
GCI
Country/Economy 1 4 7 Impact Rank Change
Brazil 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 8
India 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 1
SLIGHTLY
POSITIVE
China 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 1
Australia 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 3
Canada 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 1
Norway 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 1
NONE
Hong Kong SAR 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." . . . .—
Singapore 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 2
Finland 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." . . . .—
Indonesia 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 1
Saudi Arabia 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .# . . . . 1
Denmark 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .# . . . . 2
Taiwan, China 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 5
Netherlands 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .# . . . . 2
Switzerland 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 1
Korea, Rep. 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .# . . . . 6
SLIGHTLY NEGATIVE
Sweden 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." . . . .—
Egypt 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 7
Turkey 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 2
United Arab Emirates 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 8
South Africa 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." . . . .—
Austria 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .# . . . . 3
10 Belgium 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 1
France 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." . . . .—
Germany 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." . . . .—
Mexico 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." . . . .—
United States 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .# . . . . 1
Poland 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 7
Italy 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 1
Hungary 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 4
Russian Federation 63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .# . . . 12
NEGATIVE
United Kingdom 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .# . . . . 1
Argentina 85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 3
Japan 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .! . . . . 1
Venezuela 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .# . . . . 8
Spain 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .# . . . . 4
Iceland 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .# . . . . 6
Note: " indicates that there has been no change since last year; !indicates a positive change; # indicates a negative change.
The data also reveal a difference in the level of pessimism The results of the survey highlight the extent to which
or optimism of the macroeconomists, who constitute the aca- competitiveness is a complex phenomenon that is difficult to
demic respondents, compared with the business economists, quantify precisely. Importantly, the potential positive effects
who are practitioners involved in business activities. As Table of the crisis described by the experts underline the ways in
1 shows, the business economists remain measurably more which countries now have an opportunity to implement reforms
pessimistic than the academic economists about the impact that will place them on a stronger footing to ride out the next
of the present crisis on longer-term national competitiveness. economic crisis and to ensure strong competitiveness going
Specifically, while the macroeconomists are on average more forward.
optimistic about the impact on the competitiveness outlook
for 25 countries, the business economists are more optimistic
in only 7 cases. The two groups share the same opinion on
average in 5 cases.
(Cont’d.)

Box 1: An expert assessment of national competitiveness prospects (cont’d.)
Table 1: Comparison of responses from business economists and macroeconomists
Business Macro-
Country/Economy economists economists Difference
Austria 2.83 3.57 –0.74

Belgium 3.00 3.43 –0.43
Denmark 3.43 3.71 –0.29
Finland 3.71 3.57 0.14
France 3.13 3.29 –0.16
Germany 3.13 3.29 –0.16
Hungary 2.29 3.29 –1.00
Iceland 1.57 2.43 –0.86
Italy 2.63 3.00 –0.38
Netherlands 3.63 3.43 0.20
Norway 4.00 4.00 0.00
Poland 2.57 3.43 –0.86
Russia 2.56 3.00 –0.44
Spain 2.00 2.71 –0.71
Sweden 3.00 3.71 –0.71
Switzerland 3.43 3.43 0.00
Turkey 3.00 3.57 –0.57
United Kingdom 2.50 3.00 –0.50
Argentina 2.25 3.33 –1.08
Brazil 4.50 4.33 0.17
Canada 3.88 4.33 –0.46
Mexico 2.56 3.83 –1.28
United States 2.89 3.29 –0.40
Venezuela 2.50 2.83 –0.33
Australia 4.38 4.14 0.23
China 4.33 4.29 0.05
Hong Kong SAR 4.00 4.00 0.00
11
India 4.50 4.29 0.21
Indonesia 3.43 3.86 –0.43
Japan 2.29 3.14 –0.86
Korea, Rep. 3.43 3.43 0.00
Singapore 3.86 4.00 –0.14
Taiwan, China 3.57 3.57 0.00
Egypt 3.17 3.50 –0.33
Saudi Arabia 3.33 3.83 –0.50
South Africa 3.33 3.17 0.17
United Arab Emirates 3.00 3.67 –0.67
Notes
1 More information on the Global Agenda Councils can be found at http://www.weforum.org/en/about/GlobalAgendaCouncils/index.htm.
2 The groups surveyed are the Conference of Business Economists, the National Business Economic Issues Council, the European Council of
Economists, and the Harvard Industrial Economists Group.
and assume that countries that export more than 70 Countries falling in between two of the three stages
percent of mineral products (measured using a five-year are considered to be “in transition.” For these countries,
average) are to a large extent factor driven.24 the weights change smoothly as a country develops,
reflecting the smooth transition from one stage of devel-
opment to another. By introducing this type of transi-
Table 2: Income thresholds for establishing stages of tion between stages into the model—that is, by placing
development increasingly more weight on those areas that are becoming
more important for the country’s competitiveness as it
Stage of development GDP per capita (in US$)
develops—the Index can gradually “penalize” those
Stage 1: Factor driven < 2,000 countries that are not preparing for the next stage.The
Transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2 2,000–3,000 classification of countries into stages of development is
Stage 2: Efficiency driven 3,000–9,000
shown in Table 3.
Transition from Stage 2 to Stage 3 9,000–17,000
Stage 3: Innovation driven > 17,000

Table 3: List of countries/economies at each stage of development
Stage 1 Transition from 1 to 2 Stage 2 Transition from 2 to 3 Stage 3
Bangladesh Algeria Albania Bahrain Australia

Benin Azerbaijan Argentina Barbados Austria
Bolivia Botswana Armenia Chile Belgium
Burkina Faso Brunei Darussalam Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Canada
Burundi Egypt Brazil Hungary Cyprus
Cambodia Georgia Bulgaria Latvia Czech Republic
Cameroon Guatemala China Lithuania Denmark
Chad Indonesia Colombia Mexico Estonia
Côte d’Ivoire Jamaica Costa Rica Oman Finland
Ethiopia Kazakhstan Dominican Republic Poland France
Gambia, The Kuwait Ecuador Romania Germany
Ghana Libya El Salvador Russian Federation Greece
Guyana Morocco Jordan Turkey Hong Kong SAR
Honduras Paraguay Macedonia, FYR Uruguay Iceland
India Qatar Malaysia Ireland
Kenya Saudi Arabia Mauritius Israel
Kyrgyz Republic Syria Montenegro Italy
Lesotho Venezuela Namibia Japan
Madagascar Panama Korea, Rep.
Malawi Peru Luxembourg
Mali Serbia Malta
Mauritania South Africa Netherlands
Mongolia Suriname New Zealand
Mozambique Thailand Norway
Nepal Tunisia Portugal
Nicaragua Ukraine Puerto Rico
Nigeria Singapore
Pakistan Slovak Republic
Philippines Slovenia
Senegal Spain
12 Sri Lanka Sweden
Tajikistan Switzerland
Tanzania Taiwan, China
Timor-Leste Trinidad and Tobago
Uganda United Arab Emirates
Vietnam United Kingdom
Zambia United States
Zimbabwe
Country coverage America and the Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific,
One country covered last year, Moldova, is not covered Middle East and North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa.
this year because of a lack of Survey data.This has led The reader should note that, as in any benchmarking
to a decrease in country coverage to a total of 133 exercise of this nature, the data are necessarily subject to
economies this year. a time lag and do not fully capture economic circum-
stances at the time of publication. However, this does not
significantly hinder our ability to assess competitiveness,
The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010 rankings given its medium- to long-term nature.
The detailed rankings from this year’s GCI are shown
in Tables 4 through 8. As Table 4 shows, all of the coun-
tries in the top 10 remain the same as last year, with Top 10
some shifts in rank.The following sections discuss the The GCI results for the top 10 countries show a meas-
findings of the GCI 2009–2010 for the top performers urable decline in average score since last year, dropping
globally, as well as for a number of selected economies from 5.51 out of a possible maximum score of 7 last
in each of the five following regions: Europe, Latin year to 5.45 this year. In other words, it appears that in

Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010 rankings and 2008–2009 comparisons
GCI 2009–2010 GCI 2008–2009 GCI 2009–2010 GCI 2008–2009

Country/Economy Rank Score Rank* Country/Economy Rank Score Rank*
Switzerland 1 5.60 2 Colombia 69 4.05 74

United States 2 5.59 1 Egypt 70 4.04 81
Singapore 3 5.55 5 Greece 71 4.04 67
Sweden 4 5.51 4 Croatia 72 4.03 61
Denmark 5 5.46 3 Morocco 73 4.03 73
Finland 6 5.43 6 Namibia 74 4.03 80
Germany 7 5.37 7 Vietnam 75 4.03 70
Japan 8 5.37 9 Bulgaria 76 4.02 76
Canada 9 5.33 10 El Salvador 77 4.02 79
Netherlands 10 5.32 8 Peru 78 4.01 83
Hong Kong SAR 11 5.22 11 Sri Lanka 79 4.01 77
Taiwan, China 12 5.20 17 Guatemala 80 3.96 84
United Kingdom 13 5.19 12 Gambia, The 81 3.96 87
Norway 14 5.17 15 Ukraine 82 3.95 72
Australia 15 5.15 18 Algeria 83 3.95 99
France 16 5.13 16 Macedonia, FYR 84 3.95 89
Austria 17 5.13 14 Argentina 85 3.91 88
Belgium 18 5.09 19 Trinidad and Tobago 86 3.91 92
Korea, Rep. 19 5.00 13 Philippines 87 3.90 71
New Zealand 20 4.98 24 Libya 88 3.90 91
Luxembourg 21 4.96 25 Honduras 89 3.86 82
Qatar 22 4.95 26 Georgia 90 3.81 90
United Arab Emirates 23 4.92 31 Jamaica 91 3.81 86
Malaysia 24 4.87 21 Senegal 92 3.78 96
Ireland 25 4.84 22 Serbia 93 3.77 85
Iceland 26 4.80 20 Syria 94 3.76 78
Israel 27 4.80 23 Dominican Republic 95 3.75 98
Saudi Arabia 28 4.75 27 Albania 96 3.72 108
China 29 4.74 30 Armenia 97 3.71 97 13
Chile 30 4.70 28 Kenya 98 3.67 93
Czech Republic 31 4.67 33 Nigeria 99 3.65 94
Brunei Darussalam 32 4.64 39 Tanzania 100 3.59 113
Spain 33 4.59 29 Pakistan 101 3.58 101
Cyprus 34 4.57 40 Suriname 102 3.57 103
Estonia 35 4.56 32 Benin 103 3.56 106
Thailand 36 4.56 34 Guyana 104 3.56 115
Slovenia 37 4.55 42 Ecuador 105 3.56 104
Bahrain 38 4.54 37 Bangladesh 106 3.55 111
Kuwait 39 4.53 35 Lesotho 107 3.54 123
Tunisia 40 4.50 36 Uganda 108 3.53 128
Oman 41 4.49 38 Bosnia and Herzegovina 109 3.53 107
Puerto Rico 42 4.48 41 Cambodia 110 3.51 109
Portugal 43 4.40 43 Cameroon 111 3.50 114
Barbados 44 4.35 47 Zambia 112 3.50 112
South Africa 45 4.34 45 Venezuela 113 3.48 105
Poland 46 4.33 53 Ghana 114 3.45 102
Slovak Republic 47 4.31 46 Nicaragua 115 3.44 120
Italy 48 4.31 49 Côte d’Ivoire 116 3.43 110
India 49 4.30 50 Mongolia 117 3.43 100
Jordan 50 4.30 48 Ethiopia 118 3.43 121
Azerbaijan 51 4.30 69 Malawi 119 3.42 119
Malta 52 4.30 52 Bolivia 120 3.42 118
Lithuania 53 4.30 44 Madagascar 121 3.42 125
Indonesia 54 4.26 55 Tajikistan 122 3.38 116
Costa Rica 55 4.25 59 Kyrgyz Republic 123 3.36 122
Brazil 56 4.23 64 Paraguay 124 3.35 124
Mauritius 57 4.22 57 Nepal 125 3.34 126
Hungary 58 4.22 62 Timor-Leste 126 3.26 129
Panama 59 4.21 58 Mauritania 127 3.25 131
Mexico 60 4.19 60 Burkina Faso 128 3.23 127
Turkey 61 4.16 63 Mozambique 129 3.22 130
Montenegro 62 4.16 65 Mali 130 3.22 117
Russian Federation 63 4.15 51 Chad 131 2.87 134
Romania 64 4.11 68 Zimbabwe 132 2.77 133
Uruguay 65 4.10 75 Burundi 133 2.58 132
Botswana 66 4.08 56
*The 2008–2009 rank is out of 134 countries. One country covered last year,
Kazakhstan 67 4.08 66
Moldova, had to be excluded this year for lack of Survey data.
Latvia 68 4.06 54
(Cont’d.)

Table 5: The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010
SUBINDEXES
OVERALL INDEX Basic requirements Efficiency enhancers Innovation factors
Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Switzerland 1 5.60 3 5.98 3 5.39 3 5.68

United States 2 5.59 28 5.23 1 5.66 1 5.71
Singapore 3 5.55 2 5.99 2 5.61 10 5.15
Sweden 4 5.51 5 5.96 7 5.31 4 5.53
Denmark 5 5.46 4 5.98 6 5.36 7 5.28
Finland 6 5.43 1 6.04 12 5.17 6 5.47
Germany 7 5.37 8 5.85 14 5.12 5 5.47
Japan 8 5.37 27 5.27 11 5.21 2 5.70
Canada 9 5.33 10 5.74 4 5.39 12 4.96
Netherlands 10 5.32 12 5.71 10 5.26 9 5.17
Hong Kong SAR 11 5.22 6 5.90 5 5.37 23 4.53
Taiwan, China 12 5.20 18 5.47 17 5.06 8 5.25
United Kingdom 13 5.19 26 5.29 8 5.31 14 4.92
Norway 14 5.17 11 5.73 13 5.14 18 4.83
Australia 15 5.15 14 5.63 9 5.29 21 4.61
France 16 5.13 15 5.60 16 5.08 15 4.90
Austria 17 5.13 13 5.70 19 4.98 11 5.00
Belgium 18 5.09 20 5.43 18 5.04 13 4.95
Korea, Rep. 19 5.00 23 5.40 20 4.92 16 4.88
New Zealand 20 4.98 16 5.58 15 5.11 27 4.37
Luxembourg 21 4.96 7 5.85 23 4.84 22 4.58
Qatar 22 4.95 17 5.57 28 4.67 36 4.10
United Arab Emirates 23 4.92 9 5.75 21 4.89 25 4.41
Malaysia 24 4.87 33 5.12 25 4.76 24 4.43
Ireland 25 4.84 37 5.06 22 4.87 20 4.63
Iceland 26 4.80 24 5.36 30 4.64 19 4.70
Israel 27 4.80 42 4.88 26 4.72 17 4.87
Saudi Arabia 28 4.75 30 5.17 38 4.49 33 4.15
14 China 29 4.74 36 5.09 32 4.56 29 4.23
Chile 30 4.70 32 5.14 33 4.55 43 3.96
Czech Republic 31 4.67 45 4.78 24 4.78 26 4.40
Brunei Darussalam 32 4.64 19 5.44 76 3.94 81 3.42
Spain 33 4.59 38 5.06 29 4.66 35 4.14
Cyprus 34 4.57 21 5.43 41 4.45 32 4.18
Estonia 35 4.56 34 5.10 27 4.69 42 3.98
Thailand 36 4.56 43 4.86 40 4.46 47 3.83
Slovenia 37 4.55 29 5.18 37 4.49 30 4.23
Bahrain 38 4.54 22 5.41 44 4.39 60 3.69
Kuwait 39 4.53 40 5.02 63 4.08 64 3.62
Tunisia 40 4.50 35 5.09 56 4.14 45 3.94
Oman 41 4.49 25 5.30 53 4.18 52 3.75
Puerto Rico 42 4.48 44 4.84 36 4.50 31 4.21
Portugal 43 4.40 39 5.05 43 4.40 41 3.98
Barbados 44 4.35 31 5.16 60 4.11 49 3.81
South Africa 45 4.34 77 4.26 39 4.47 39 4.05
Poland 46 4.33 71 4.30 31 4.56 46 3.84
Slovak Republic 47 4.31 54 4.61 34 4.55 57 3.71
Italy 48 4.31 67 4.38 46 4.37 34 4.15
India 49 4.30 79 4.18 35 4.52 28 4.24
Jordan 50 4.30 46 4.74 66 4.06 51 3.79
Azerbaijan 51 4.30 50 4.63 71 4.03 56 3.71
Malta 52 4.30 41 4.97 48 4.31 48 3.83
Lithuania 53 4.30 47 4.68 47 4.33 53 3.75
Indonesia 54 4.26 70 4.30 50 4.24 40 4.03
Costa Rica 55 4.25 62 4.44 58 4.13 37 4.08
Brazil 56 4.23 91 4.04 42 4.41 38 4.08
Mauritius 57 4.22 51 4.63 72 4.01 65 3.59
Hungary 58 4.22 58 4.48 45 4.38 61 3.67
Panama 59 4.21 55 4.54 70 4.04 54 3.73
Mexico 60 4.19 59 4.47 55 4.15 67 3.57
Turkey 61 4.16 69 4.34 54 4.16 58 3.70
Montenegro 62 4.16 65 4.43 65 4.06 68 3.56
Russian Federation 63 4.15 64 4.43 52 4.20 73 3.47
Romania 64 4.11 86 4.10 49 4.25 75 3.44
Uruguay 65 4.10 49 4.64 82 3.86 77 3.44
Botswana 66 4.08 63 4.43 87 3.77 92 3.25
Kazakhstan 67 4.08 74 4.27 69 4.04 78 3.43
(Cont’d.)

Table 5: The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010 (cont’d.)
SUBINDEXES
OVERALL INDEX Basic requirements Efficiency enhancers Innovation factors
Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Latvia 68 4.06 60 4.45 51 4.21 86 3.36

Colombia 69 4.05 83 4.12 64 4.07 62 3.67
Egypt 70 4.04 78 4.21 80 3.87 71 3.51
Greece 71 4.04 56 4.49 57 4.13 66 3.59
Croatia 72 4.03 52 4.62 67 4.05 72 3.49
Morocco 73 4.03 57 4.49 91 3.71 88 3.35
Namibia 74 4.03 53 4.61 90 3.72 91 3.26
Vietnam 75 4.03 92 4.02 61 4.08 55 3.72
Bulgaria 76 4.02 80 4.13 62 4.08 89 3.29
El Salvador 77 4.02 66 4.39 83 3.85 87 3.36
Peru 78 4.01 88 4.06 59 4.11 85 3.37
Sri Lanka 79 4.01 89 4.05 74 3.95 44 3.95
Guatemala 80 3.96 82 4.13 81 3.86 63 3.66
Gambia, The 81 3.96 76 4.26 101 3.49 69 3.55
Ukraine 82 3.95 94 3.96 68 4.05 80 3.42
Algeria 83 3.95 61 4.44 117 3.29 122 2.88
Macedonia, FYR 84 3.95 73 4.27 85 3.83 93 3.23
Argentina 85 3.91 84 4.11 84 3.84 76 3.44
Trinidad and Tobago 86 3.91 48 4.67 79 3.90 79 3.42
Philippines 87 3.90 95 3.94 78 3.91 74 3.45
Libya 88 3.90 68 4.38 110 3.36 111 3.04
Honduras 89 3.86 87 4.10 95 3.54 96 3.21
Georgia 90 3.81 85 4.10 89 3.73 117 2.94
Jamaica 91 3.81 101 3.74 73 3.95 83 3.39
Senegal 92 3.78 96 3.93 96 3.54 59 3.69
Serbia 93 3.77 97 3.90 86 3.77 94 3.21
Syria 94 3.76 72 4.30 112 3.35 100 3.17
Dominican Republic 95 3.75 98 3.82 88 3.77 82 3.41
Albania 96 3.72 90 4.04 93 3.63 121 2.90 15
Armenia 97 3.71 81 4.13 99 3.51 112 3.03
Kenya 98 3.67 120 3.49 75 3.94 50 3.80
Nigeria 99 3.65 118 3.51 77 3.91 70 3.53
Tanzania 100 3.59 103 3.71 104 3.45 95 3.21
Pakistan 101 3.58 114 3.53 92 3.69 84 3.39
Suriname 102 3.57 75 4.26 126 3.14 118 2.94
Benin 103 3.56 99 3.78 121 3.25 104 3.12
Guyana 104 3.56 105 3.69 107 3.40 110 3.06
Ecuador 105 3.56 93 4.00 113 3.34 123 2.88
Bangladesh 106 3.55 108 3.60 97 3.54 114 3.00
Lesotho 107 3.54 102 3.71 116 3.31 101 3.16
Uganda 108 3.53 110 3.58 102 3.49 103 3.14
Bosnia and Herzegovina 109 3.53 100 3.74 100 3.50 127 2.80
Cambodia 110 3.51 112 3.55 103 3.49 107 3.08
Cameroon 111 3.50 107 3.68 119 3.27 106 3.11
Zambia 112 3.50 117 3.51 98 3.52 90 3.26
Venezuela 113 3.48 104 3.70 108 3.38 130 2.76
Ghana 114 3.45 127 3.40 94 3.58 108 3.08
Nicaragua 115 3.44 113 3.54 114 3.32 116 2.96
Côte d’Ivoire 116 3.43 121 3.49 109 3.38 98 3.20
Mongolia 117 3.43 123 3.48 106 3.42 120 2.93
Ethiopia 118 3.43 111 3.56 120 3.26 115 2.98
Malawi 119 3.42 124 3.43 105 3.43 97 3.21
Bolivia 120 3.42 106 3.68 128 3.08 133 2.63
Madagascar 121 3.42 115 3.52 118 3.28 99 3.20
Tajikistan 122 3.38 116 3.51 123 3.22 109 3.06
Kyrgyz Republic 123 3.36 126 3.40 111 3.36 128 2.80
Paraguay 124 3.35 122 3.49 115 3.32 131 2.70
Nepal 125 3.34 119 3.50 125 3.15 129 2.77
Timor-Leste 126 3.26 109 3.60 132 2.78 132 2.68
Mauritania 127 3.25 125 3.43 129 3.01 125 2.83
Burkina Faso 128 3.23 130 3.25 122 3.22 105 3.12
Mozambique 129 3.22 129 3.26 124 3.19 113 3.00
Mali 130 3.22 128 3.30 127 3.09 102 3.14
Chad 131 2.87 131 2.92 131 2.81 126 2.81
Zimbabwe 132 2.77 132 2.71 130 2.87 124 2.86
Burundi 133 2.58 133 2.49 133 2.68 119 2.94

Table 6: The Global Competitiveness Index: Basic requirements
PILLARS
3. Macroeconomic 4. Health and
BASIC REQUIREMENTS 1. Institutions 2. Infrastructure stability primary education
Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Albania 90 4.04 87 3.62 104 2.84 95 4.24 66 5.48

Algeria 61 4.44 115 3.20 99 2.91 2 6.39 77 5.28
Argentina 84 4.11 126 2.94 88 3.11 48 4.87 59 5.54
Armenia 81 4.13 95 3.49 81 3.25 53 4.78 97 5.00
Australia 14 5.63 12 5.60 25 5.19 18 5.56 16 6.18
Austria 13 5.70 14 5.55 9 5.89 37 5.22 18 6.14
Azerbaijan 50 4.63 55 4.15 58 4.03 27 5.30 96 5.04
Bahrain 22 5.41 30 4.88 27 4.96 5 5.97 37 5.83
Bangladesh 108 3.60 122 3.09 126 2.39 84 4.45 105 4.49
Barbados 31 5.16 20 5.18 21 5.37 115 3.80 9 6.28
Belgium 20 5.43 24 4.98 18 5.58 56 4.74 3 6.43
Benin 99 3.78 79 3.72 117 2.58 54 4.77 111 4.06
Bolivia 106 3.68 132 2.50 122 2.47 60 4.70 94 5.05
Bosnia and Herzegovina 100 3.74 128 2.89 128 2.18 69 4.61 75 5.29
Botswana 63 4.43 29 4.89 61 3.93 41 5.06 118 3.85
Brazil 91 4.04 93 3.50 74 3.50 109 3.93 79 5.24
Brunei Darussalam 19 5.44 36 4.78 41 4.55 1 6.64 42 5.78
Bulgaria 80 4.13 116 3.19 102 2.88 45 4.93 58 5.54
Burkina Faso 130 3.25 71 3.82 115 2.60 118 3.60 130 2.97
Burundi 133 2.49 129 2.75 125 2.41 132 1.05 121 3.74
Cambodia 112 3.55 92 3.51 95 2.94 122 3.40 107 4.36
Cameroon 107 3.68 112 3.24 121 2.49 34 5.24 122 3.74
Canada 10 5.74 17 5.50 7 5.93 31 5.24 7 6.30
Chad 131 2.92 131 2.71 133 1.90 82 4.50 133 2.55
Chile 32 5.14 35 4.78 30 4.93 19 5.48 69 5.38
China 36 5.09 48 4.39 46 4.31 8 5.93 45 5.72
Colombia 83 4.12 101 3.37 83 3.20 72 4.59 72 5.34
16 Costa Rica 62 4.44 47 4.42 82 3.24 101 4.11 29 5.97
Côte d’Ivoire 121 3.49 127 2.91 73 3.54 89 4.43 128 3.08
Croatia 52 4.62 85 3.65 49 4.26 50 4.83 44 5.72
Cyprus 21 5.43 22 5.03 24 5.22 39 5.15 5 6.32
Czech Republic 45 4.78 62 3.93 48 4.27 43 4.99 33 5.94
Denmark 4 5.98 3 6.08 12 5.83 14 5.71 6 6.31
Dominican Republic 98 3.82 117 3.19 85 3.16 94 4.28 103 4.65
Ecuador 93 4.00 125 2.97 100 2.91 44 4.99 89 5.14
Egypt 78 4.21 56 4.13 55 4.07 120 3.46 84 5.20
El Salvador 66 4.39 91 3.52 51 4.20 61 4.68 86 5.17
Estonia 34 5.10 31 4.85 34 4.67 47 4.90 28 5.98
Ethiopia 111 3.56 75 3.78 96 2.94 116 3.76 120 3.78
Finland 1 6.04 4 6.05 10 5.87 12 5.78 1 6.46
France 15 5.60 26 4.95 3 6.52 58 4.72 11 6.22
Gambia, The 76 4.26 27 4.91 60 3.95 92 4.32 117 3.86
Georgia 85 4.10 72 3.82 72 3.60 117 3.73 78 5.26
Germany 8 5.85 16 5.50 1 6.59 30 5.28 24 6.01
Ghana 127 3.40 68 3.87 87 3.14 129 2.68 115 3.93
Greece 56 4.49 70 3.83 47 4.31 103 4.02 41 5.81
Guatemala 82 4.13 108 3.26 68 3.78 88 4.43 95 5.04
Guyana 105 3.69 103 3.32 91 3.03 127 3.00 67 5.41
Honduras 87 4.10 99 3.37 77 3.39 85 4.44 85 5.18
Hong Kong SAR 6 5.90 11 5.62 2 6.54 16 5.67 43 5.76
Hungary 58 4.48 76 3.77 57 4.04 83 4.50 53 5.59
Iceland 24 5.36 13 5.58 11 5.85 119 3.57 2 6.45
India 79 4.18 54 4.21 76 3.47 96 4.23 101 4.82
Indonesia 70 4.30 58 4.00 84 3.20 52 4.82 82 5.20
Ireland 37 5.06 19 5.21 52 4.19 65 4.63 10 6.23
Israel 42 4.88 39 4.64 44 4.42 67 4.62 39 5.82
Italy 67 4.38 97 3.44 59 3.99 102 4.11 26 5.99
Jamaica 101 3.74 82 3.70 67 3.84 131 2.25 88 5.14
Japan 27 5.27 28 4.90 13 5.83 97 4.22 19 6.13
Jordan 46 4.74 25 4.97 42 4.45 105 3.97 57 5.56
Kazakhstan 74 4.27 86 3.64 75 3.49 59 4.71 80 5.22
Kenya 120 3.49 107 3.27 92 3.01 121 3.43 110 4.26
Korea, Rep. 23 5.40 53 4.23 17 5.60 11 5.80 27 5.99
Kuwait 40 5.02 51 4.31 50 4.23 3 6.23 73 5.33
Kyrgyz Republic 126 3.40 124 2.98 124 2.41 125 3.25 98 4.98
Latvia 60 4.45 65 3.91 56 4.04 99 4.20 50 5.66
Lesotho 102 3.71 89 3.54 114 2.62 29 5.29 127 3.37
(Cont’d.)

Table 6: The Global Competitiveness Index: Basic requirements (cont’d.)
PILLARS
3. Macroeconomic 4. Health and
BASIC REQUIREMENTS 1. Institutions 2. Infrastructure stability primary education
Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Libya 68 4.38 67 3.88 105 2.83 4 6.19 104 4.61

Lithuania 47 4.68 59 4.00 43 4.44 57 4.72 55 5.57
Luxembourg 7 5.85 6 5.88 19 5.56 6 5.95 25 6.01
Macedonia, FYR 73 4.27 83 3.69 90 3.05 49 4.84 60 5.52
Madagascar 115 3.52 111 3.24 113 2.63 123 3.38 102 4.82
Malawi 124 3.43 50 4.32 112 2.63 126 3.17 124 3.61
Malaysia 33 5.12 43 4.53 26 5.05 42 5.00 34 5.90
Mali 128 3.30 88 3.55 108 2.73 110 3.91 129 2.99
Malta 41 4.97 33 4.82 38 4.60 81 4.52 32 5.94
Mauritania 125 3.43 100 3.37 118 2.57 113 3.84 114 3.95
Mauritius 51 4.63 41 4.59 53 4.16 98 4.21 56 5.56
Mexico 59 4.47 98 3.40 69 3.69 28 5.29 65 5.48
Mongolia 123 3.48 121 3.09 132 1.98 108 3.95 100 4.91
Montenegro 65 4.43 52 4.28 93 3.00 70 4.61 40 5.81
Morocco 57 4.49 64 3.92 70 3.62 32 5.24 87 5.17
Mozambique 129 3.26 105 3.30 116 2.59 100 4.18 131 2.97
Namibia 53 4.61 37 4.77 32 4.77 66 4.62 109 4.28
Nepal 119 3.50 123 3.07 131 2.03 86 4.44 106 4.45
Netherlands 12 5.71 10 5.66 15 5.74 38 5.21 14 6.22
New Zealand 16 5.58 5 6.03 35 4.64 33 5.24 4 6.43
Nicaragua 113 3.54 119 3.12 120 2.52 124 3.33 83 5.20
Nigeria 118 3.51 102 3.34 127 2.29 20 5.43 132 2.96
Norway 11 5.73 7 5.88 28 4.95 7 5.94 17 6.16
Oman 25 5.30 18 5.38 29 4.93 10 5.82 92 5.08
Pakistan 114 3.53 104 3.31 89 3.06 114 3.81 113 3.95
Panama 55 4.54 69 3.85 65 3.88 46 4.92 64 5.50
Paraguay 122 3.49 130 2.71 129 2.13 107 3.95 90 5.14
Peru 88 4.06 90 3.52 97 2.91 63 4.66 91 5.14 17
Philippines 95 3.94 113 3.24 98 2.91 76 4.54 93 5.07
Poland 71 4.30 66 3.90 103 2.88 74 4.56 35 5.88
Portugal 39 5.05 44 4.49 23 5.23 79 4.52 31 5.95
Puerto Rico 44 4.84 42 4.58 33 4.69 87 4.44 49 5.67
Qatar 17 5.57 9 5.69 39 4.58 13 5.73 8 6.30
Romania 86 4.10 84 3.68 110 2.67 75 4.55 63 5.50
Russian Federation 64 4.43 114 3.23 71 3.62 36 5.24 51 5.65
Saudi Arabia 30 5.17 32 4.84 36 4.63 9 5.86 71 5.37
Senegal 96 3.93 77 3.75 80 3.25 90 4.39 108 4.33
Serbia 97 3.90 110 3.24 107 2.75 111 3.88 46 5.71
Singapore 2 5.99 1 6.15 4 6.35 35 5.24 13 6.22
Slovak Republic 54 4.61 78 3.74 63 3.89 40 5.14 48 5.68
Slovenia 29 5.18 46 4.47 31 4.84 26 5.32 22 6.10
South Africa 77 4.26 45 4.47 45 4.33 68 4.62 125 3.60
Spain 38 5.06 49 4.38 22 5.36 62 4.68 38 5.82
Sri Lanka 89 4.05 73 3.80 64 3.88 128 2.83 47 5.69
Suriname 75 4.26 94 3.50 86 3.15 51 4.82 54 5.58
Sweden 5 5.96 2 6.10 14 5.82 15 5.70 12 6.22
Switzerland 3 5.98 8 5.85 5 6.35 17 5.63 21 6.10
Syria 72 4.30 57 4.04 79 3.28 80 4.52 70 5.38
Taiwan, China 18 5.47 37 4.73 16 5.60 25 5.34 15 6.20
Tajikistan 116 3.51 81 3.71 109 2.73 130 2.63 99 4.97
Tanzania 103 3.71 74 3.80 123 2.45 77 4.54 112 4.03
Thailand 43 4.86 60 3.98 40 4.57 22 5.37 61 5.52
Timor-Leste 109 3.60 109 3.24 130 2.04 21 5.41 123 3.69
Trinidad and Tobago 48 4.67 80 3.72 54 4.09 23 5.35 62 5.50
Tunisia 35 5.09 23 5.02 37 4.62 55 4.77 30 5.95
Turkey 69 4.34 96 3.49 62 3.92 64 4.66 74 5.32
Uganda 110 3.58 106 3.29 119 2.54 73 4.59 116 3.93
Ukraine 94 3.96 120 3.10 78 3.39 106 3.96 68 5.41
United Arab Emirates 9 5.75 15 5.52 6 5.98 24 5.35 20 6.13
United Kingdom 26 5.29 21 5.07 20 5.43 71 4.60 23 6.07
United States 28 5.23 34 4.81 8 5.92 93 4.31 36 5.88
Uruguay 49 4.64 40 4.60 66 3.86 78 4.53 52 5.60
Venezuela 104 3.70 133 2.39 106 2.80 91 4.38 81 5.22
Vietnam 92 4.02 63 3.93 94 3.00 112 3.86 76 5.28
Zambia 117 3.51 61 3.94 111 2.63 104 4.00 126 3.44
Zimbabwe 132 2.71 118 3.14 101 2.89 133 1.00 119 3.80

Table 7: The Global Competitiveness Index: Efficiency enhancers
PILLARS
EFFICIENCY 5. Higher education 6. Goods market 7. Labor market 8. Financial market 9. Technological 10. Market
ENHANCERS and training efficiency efficiency sophistication readiness size
Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Albania 93 3.63 90 3.55 97 3.89 65 4.41 90 3.93 89 3.19 106 2.82

Algeria 117 3.29 102 3.30 126 3.36 127 3.45 132 2.79 123 2.56 51 4.27
Argentina 84 3.84 55 4.20 124 3.47 123 3.59 116 3.37 68 3.54 23 4.87
Armenia 99 3.51 96 3.46 116 3.65 47 4.61 97 3.79 105 2.86 109 2.69
Australia 9 5.29 14 5.33 9 5.20 9 5.20 4 5.51 20 5.39 19 5.10
Austria 19 4.98 17 5.19 11 5.14 34 4.71 27 4.85 19 5.39 33 4.62
Azerbaijan 71 4.03 72 3.88 71 4.16 13 5.07 66 4.23 75 3.41 78 3.39
Bahrain 44 4.39 48 4.37 22 4.96 35 4.71 30 4.78 35 4.57 97 2.95
Bangladesh 97 3.54 129 2.57 102 3.82 112 3.89 71 4.18 125 2.45 48 4.32
Barbados 60 4.11 26 4.91 72 4.12 48 4.58 38 4.67 41 4.44 126 1.92
Belgium 18 5.04 8 5.52 13 5.11 44 4.66 25 4.86 22 5.26 25 4.83
Benin 121 3.25 115 2.97 103 3.82 87 4.18 108 3.53 117 2.63 122 2.40
Bolivia 128 3.08 93 3.51 131 3.03 131 3.15 121 3.20 128 2.34 87 3.24
Bosnia and Herzegovina 100 3.50 86 3.68 125 3.37 94 4.10 104 3.66 95 3.00 90 3.19
Botswana 87 3.77 94 3.51 79 4.05 58 4.47 47 4.53 92 3.16 98 2.93
Brazil 42 4.41 58 4.14 99 3.87 80 4.27 51 4.47 46 4.06 10 5.63
Brunei Darussalam 76 3.94 62 4.06 100 3.87 10 5.17 68 4.21 60 3.77 115 2.56
Bulgaria 62 4.08 60 4.11 81 4.02 54 4.51 76 4.09 56 3.82 58 3.94
Burkina Faso 122 3.22 127 2.62 98 3.88 60 4.45 117 3.31 122 2.56 119 2.50
Burundi 133 2.68 131 2.51 129 3.21 101 4.05 133 2.68 129 2.31 132 1.32
Cambodia 103 3.49 122 2.78 85 4.00 52 4.53 94 3.85 113 2.66 92 3.10
Cameroon 119 3.27 119 2.82 118 3.63 104 4.03 120 3.24 111 2.68 89 3.19
Canada 4 5.39 9 5.50 16 5.08 7 5.40 11 5.25 11 5.63 14 5.47
Chad 131 2.81 133 2.23 133 2.88 102 4.05 131 2.79 127 2.39 116 2.54
Chile 33 4.55 45 4.40 26 4.83 41 4.69 32 4.72 42 4.28 44 4.39
China 32 4.56 61 4.09 42 4.47 32 4.74 81 4.05 79 3.38 2 6.63
Colombia 64 4.07 71 3.89 88 3.98 78 4.29 78 4.09 66 3.57 31 4.63
Costa Rica 58 4.13 44 4.42 47 4.42 36 4.71 79 4.08 62 3.72 77 3.41
18
Côte d’Ivoire 109 3.38 112 3.13 115 3.67 105 4.00 113 3.43 97 2.95 95 3.07
Croatia 67 4.05 56 4.20 94 3.92 92 4.12 77 4.09 43 4.22 65 3.76
Cyprus 41 4.45 28 4.81 24 4.87 46 4.62 18 5.00 38 4.50 99 2.92
Czech Republic 24 4.78 24 5.05 27 4.82 20 4.88 42 4.64 30 4.75 40 4.51
Denmark 6 5.36 2 5.90 7 5.21 5 5.53 8 5.31 4 5.92 49 4.32
Dominican Republic 88 3.77 89 3.56 89 3.98 73 4.32 105 3.64 72 3.47 68 3.64
Ecuador 113 3.34 103 3.25 127 3.32 130 3.26 114 3.41 102 2.90 60 3.87
Egypt 80 3.87 88 3.62 87 3.99 126 3.46 84 4.01 82 3.35 26 4.81
El Salvador 83 3.85 95 3.48 50 4.40 68 4.36 70 4.18 81 3.36 80 3.32
Estonia 27 4.69 21 5.11 28 4.81 21 4.86 29 4.82 16 5.49 94 3.08
Ethiopia 120 3.26 125 2.67 106 3.77 69 4.34 127 3.05 131 2.29 76 3.44
Finland 12 5.17 1 5.97 19 4.98 23 4.85 7 5.33 10 5.64 53 4.23
France 16 5.08 15 5.30 25 4.86 67 4.39 21 4.95 24 5.24 8 5.78
Gambia, The 101 3.49 100 3.36 60 4.25 26 4.82 91 3.92 90 3.18 131 1.41
Georgia 89 3.73 84 3.70 74 4.09 17 4.94 95 3.84 100 2.92 101 2.89
Germany 14 5.12 22 5.07 18 5.01 70 4.33 36 4.68 12 5.63 5 6.02
Ghana 94 3.58 108 3.20 91 3.94 100 4.06 59 4.35 112 2.68 86 3.25
Greece 57 4.13 43 4.43 75 4.09 116 3.80 83 4.02 53 3.86 34 4.59
Guatemala 81 3.86 101 3.34 52 4.34 88 4.17 67 4.23 70 3.53 71 3.57
Guyana 107 3.40 78 3.81 96 3.91 99 4.06 101 3.72 94 3.12 129 1.78
Honduras 95 3.54 106 3.22 80 4.03 121 3.65 89 3.94 93 3.13 84 3.26
Hong Kong SAR 5 5.37 31 4.74 2 5.54 4 5.59 1 5.95 9 5.68 27 4.73
Hungary 45 4.38 35 4.63 64 4.22 63 4.43 69 4.20 40 4.44 45 4.35
Iceland 30 4.64 4 5.65 31 4.72 6 5.43 85 3.99 14 5.57 120 2.49
India 35 4.52 66 3.96 48 4.42 83 4.23 16 5.10 83 3.33 4 6.07
Indonesia 50 4.24 69 3.91 41 4.49 75 4.30 61 4.30 88 3.20 16 5.21
Ireland 22 4.87 20 5.12 15 5.09 22 4.86 45 4.60 21 5.27 52 4.26
Israel 26 4.72 36 4.60 49 4.40 28 4.78 15 5.14 26 5.11 50 4.28
Italy 46 4.37 49 4.35 65 4.22 117 3.74 100 3.76 39 4.50 9 5.67
Jamaica 73 3.95 77 3.83 69 4.18 72 4.33 46 4.58 50 3.90 100 2.90
Japan 11 5.21 23 5.06 17 5.06 12 5.10 40 4.65 25 5.23 3 6.17
Jordan 66 4.06 42 4.45 43 4.46 106 3.97 52 4.45 61 3.75 82 3.27
Kazakhstan 69 4.04 59 4.13 84 4.00 18 4.93 111 3.48 69 3.53 55 4.17
Kenya 75 3.94 85 3.69 73 4.09 40 4.69 37 4.67 96 2.99 74 3.50
Korea, Rep. 20 4.92 16 5.24 36 4.64 84 4.22 58 4.36 15 5.50 12 5.56
Kuwait 63 4.08 82 3.72 63 4.24 59 4.47 63 4.25 49 3.94 61 3.84
Kyrgyz Republic 111 3.36 87 3.64 120 3.61 76 4.30 109 3.53 124 2.50 112 2.61
Latvia 51 4.21 34 4.66 57 4.29 37 4.70 60 4.32 47 4.00 83 3.27
Lesotho 116 3.31 105 3.23 82 4.01 64 4.41 102 3.71 116 2.64 127 1.85
(Cont’d.)

Table 7: The Global Competitiveness Index: Efficiency enhancers (cont’d.)
PILLARS
EFFICIENCY 5. Higher education 6. Goods market 7. Labor market 8. Financial market 9. Technological 10. Market
ENHANCERS and training efficiency efficiency sophistication readiness size
Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Libya 110 3.36 75 3.84 119 3.61 132 3.11 122 3.14 98 2.94 73 3.53
Lithuania 47 4.33 30 4.76 59 4.26 45 4.64 72 4.16 36 4.54 69 3.63
Luxembourg 23 4.84 39 4.51 3 5.38 42 4.67 9 5.31 5 5.91 85 3.25
Macedonia, FYR 85 3.83 70 3.90 76 4.07 86 4.18 75 4.10 52 3.87 103 2.85
Madagascar 118 3.28 117 2.88 93 3.92 66 4.41 125 3.06 114 2.66 108 2.75
Malawi 105 3.43 120 2.78 86 3.99 55 4.48 55 4.40 126 2.44 118 2.51
Malaysia 25 4.76 41 4.49 30 4.77 31 4.74 6 5.38 37 4.51 28 4.70
Mali 127 3.09 126 2.66 113 3.69 114 3.84 124 3.08 110 2.70 114 2.57
Malta 48 4.31 37 4.59 40 4.53 93 4.11 13 5.16 27 5.07 121 2.41
Mauritania 129 3.01 132 2.41 111 3.70 95 4.08 129 2.97 106 2.81 125 2.08
Mauritius 72 4.01 79 3.79 37 4.62 74 4.32 26 4.86 57 3.80 110 2.69
Mexico 55 4.15 74 3.86 90 3.97 115 3.82 73 4.12 71 3.53 11 5.57
Mongolia 106 3.42 91 3.55 107 3.75 39 4.69 115 3.38 107 2.79 123 2.34
Montenegro 65 4.06 57 4.19 58 4.27 53 4.52 17 5.01 45 4.15 124 2.24
Morocco 91 3.71 99 3.40 68 4.19 129 3.42 96 3.81 76 3.41 56 4.06
Mozambique 124 3.19 130 2.54 121 3.59 109 3.94 118 3.29 99 2.92 104 2.84
Namibia 90 3.72 110 3.18 77 4.07 57 4.48 31 4.74 86 3.26 113 2.57
Nepal 125 3.15 124 2.69 117 3.64 122 3.61 99 3.76 132 2.21 96 2.99
Netherlands 10 5.26 10 5.49 6 5.24 27 4.81 23 4.90 2 6.02 18 5.12
New Zealand 15 5.11 11 5.49 8 5.20 11 5.12 3 5.69 23 5.24 59 3.89
Nicaragua 114 3.32 109 3.19 110 3.72 96 4.08 107 3.55 119 2.62 107 2.78
Nigeria 77 3.91 113 3.03 62 4.24 61 4.44 57 4.37 101 2.91 42 4.49
Norway 13 5.14 12 5.48 23 4.95 15 4.99 10 5.29 7 5.81 47 4.35
Oman 53 4.18 67 3.93 33 4.66 33 4.73 43 4.63 64 3.69 75 3.46
Pakistan 92 3.69 118 2.86 83 4.00 124 3.52 64 4.25 104 2.87 30 4.67
Panama 70 4.04 80 3.76 54 4.33 89 4.16 22 4.95 59 3.79 81 3.27
Paraguay 115 3.32 121 2.78 105 3.78 118 3.74 103 3.68 103 2.88 93 3.08
Peru 59 4.11 81 3.75 66 4.21 77 4.30 39 4.66 77 3.39 46 4.35
19
Philippines 78 3.91 68 3.92 95 3.92 113 3.89 93 3.85 84 3.32 35 4.57
Poland 31 4.56 27 4.82 53 4.34 50 4.54 44 4.61 48 3.97 20 5.07
Portugal 43 4.40 38 4.58 51 4.39 103 4.04 62 4.26 31 4.73 43 4.40
Puerto Rico 36 4.50 40 4.50 34 4.66 51 4.53 19 4.97 34 4.57 62 3.79
Qatar 28 4.67 25 4.93 21 4.96 14 5.04 35 4.69 28 4.81 70 3.61
Romania 49 4.25 52 4.30 61 4.24 79 4.29 56 4.40 58 3.79 41 4.49
Russian Federation 52 4.20 51 4.30 108 3.75 43 4.67 119 3.27 74 3.45 7 5.78
Saudi Arabia 38 4.49 53 4.29 29 4.79 71 4.33 53 4.44 44 4.18 22 4.88
Senegal 96 3.54 98 3.41 55 4.31 110 3.93 110 3.52 87 3.22 105 2.84
Serbia 86 3.77 76 3.83 112 3.70 85 4.18 92 3.87 78 3.38 67 3.69
Singapore 2 5.61 5 5.62 1 5.77 1 5.91 2 5.91 6 5.90 39 4.53
Slovak Republic 34 4.55 47 4.37 32 4.67 29 4.78 28 4.82 33 4.61 57 4.05
Slovenia 37 4.49 19 5.16 38 4.60 56 4.48 48 4.49 32 4.67 72 3.56
South Africa 39 4.47 65 4.00 35 4.65 90 4.15 5 5.43 65 3.69 24 4.86
Spain 29 4.66 33 4.69 46 4.45 97 4.08 50 4.47 29 4.77 13 5.52
Sri Lanka 74 3.95 64 4.01 45 4.45 111 3.93 65 4.25 85 3.28 63 3.76
Suriname 126 3.14 97 3.43 123 3.51 108 3.95 112 3.48 115 2.65 128 1.80
Sweden 7 5.31 3 5.76 4 5.27 19 4.91 12 5.17 1 6.15 32 4.63
Switzerland 3 5.39 6 5.60 5 5.24 2 5.78 14 5.15 3 6.01 36 4.56
Syria 112 3.35 104 3.24 101 3.83 128 3.43 123 3.10 108 2.75 64 3.76
Taiwan, China 17 5.06 13 5.43 14 5.10 24 4.85 54 4.40 18 5.43 17 5.16
Tajikistan 123 3.22 107 3.21 122 3.57 62 4.43 128 2.99 121 2.57 117 2.54
Tanzania 104 3.45 128 2.58 104 3.79 82 4.24 74 4.10 120 2.61 79 3.36
Thailand 40 4.46 54 4.27 44 4.46 25 4.83 49 4.49 63 3.71 21 5.01
Timor-Leste 132 2.78 116 2.89 128 3.30 91 4.15 130 2.83 133 2.19 133 1.30
Trinidad and Tobago 79 3.90 63 4.05 92 3.93 81 4.27 34 4.70 67 3.55 102 2.87
Tunisia 56 4.14 32 4.70 39 4.57 98 4.07 87 3.97 55 3.82 66 3.69
Turkey 54 4.16 73 3.88 56 4.30 120 3.65 80 4.06 54 3.83 15 5.22
Uganda 102 3.49 123 2.76 114 3.68 30 4.76 86 3.98 118 2.62 91 3.12
Ukraine 68 4.05 46 4.38 109 3.74 49 4.57 106 3.56 80 3.37 29 4.67
United Arab Emirates 21 4.89 29 4.80 10 5.19 16 4.96 33 4.72 17 5.44 54 4.22
United Kingdom 8 5.31 18 5.17 20 4.97 8 5.22 24 4.87 8 5.79 6 5.82
United States 1 5.66 7 5.57 12 5.13 3 5.76 20 4.96 13 5.61 1 6.93
Uruguay 82 3.86 50 4.31 78 4.06 119 3.72 88 3.96 51 3.88 88 3.23
Venezuela 108 3.38 83 3.71 132 2.88 133 2.91 126 3.06 91 3.16 37 4.55
Vietnam 61 4.08 92 3.54 67 4.20 38 4.70 82 4.05 73 3.45 38 4.55
Zambia 98 3.52 114 2.97 70 4.17 107 3.96 41 4.65 109 2.74 111 2.62
Zimbabwe 130 2.87 111 3.16 130 3.08 125 3.47 98 3.79 130 2.29 130 1.42

Table 8: The Global Competitiveness Index: Innovation and sophistication factors
PILLARS PILLARS
INNOVATION AND INNOVATION AND
SOPHISTICATION 11. Business 12. SOPHISTICATION 11. Business 12.
FACTORS sophistication Innovation FACTORS sophistication Innovation
Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Albania 121 2.90 109 3.37 126 2.43 Libya 111 3.04 111 3.35 106 2.73
Algeria 122 2.88 128 3.13 114 2.64 Lithuania 53 3.75 56 4.22 58 3.28
Argentina 76 3.44 73 3.94 86 2.95 Luxembourg 22 4.58 22 4.85 21 4.31
Armenia 112 3.03 112 3.35 108 2.71 Macedonia, FYR 93 3.23 96 3.56 92 2.89
Australia 21 4.61 26 4.79 20 4.43 Madagascar 99 3.20 103 3.44 84 2.95
Austria 11 5.00 7 5.54 19 4.46 Malawi 97 3.21 99 3.52 94 2.89
Azerbaijan 56 3.71 74 3.90 42 3.53 Malaysia 24 4.43 24 4.80 24 4.06
Bahrain 60 3.69 61 4.15 60 3.22 Mali 102 3.14 116 3.30 81 2.97
Bangladesh 114 3.00 100 3.47 122 2.52 Malta 48 3.83 46 4.33 53 3.33
Barbados 49 3.81 58 4.20 47 3.43 Mauritania 125 2.83 125 3.21 125 2.46
Belgium 13 4.95 11 5.28 14 4.62 Mauritius 65 3.59 55 4.23 85 2.95
Benin 104 3.12 114 3.32 89 2.92 Mexico 67 3.57 62 4.15 78 2.99
Bolivia 133 2.63 131 3.04 132 2.23 Mongolia 120 2.93 130 3.05 101 2.80
Bosnia and Herzegovina 127 2.80 117 3.29 131 2.32 Montenegro 68 3.56 80 3.82 56 3.29
Botswana 92 3.25 107 3.41 71 3.10 Morocco 88 3.35 78 3.83 96 2.88
Brazil 38 4.08 32 4.64 43 3.52 Mozambique 113 3.00 124 3.23 105 2.76
Brunei Darussalam 81 3.42 77 3.84 75 3.00 Namibia 91 3.26 86 3.75 103 2.78
Bulgaria 89 3.29 89 3.68 91 2.90 Nepal 129 2.77 126 3.21 130 2.34
Burkina Faso 105 3.12 123 3.23 76 3.00 Netherlands 9 5.17 6 5.54 13 4.79
Burundi 119 2.94 119 3.27 116 2.61 New Zealand 27 4.37 34 4.64 23 4.10
Cambodia 107 3.08 101 3.45 107 2.72 Nicaragua 116 2.96 110 3.35 117 2.57
Cameroon 106 3.11 106 3.42 102 2.80 Nigeria 70 3.53 69 4.00 73 3.06
Canada 12 4.96 17 5.12 12 4.80 Norway 18 4.83 16 5.12 17 4.53
Chad 126 2.81 129 3.06 120 2.55 Oman 52 3.75 57 4.21 55 3.30
Chile 43 3.96 39 4.52 49 3.41 Pakistan 84 3.39 81 3.80 79 2.98
China 29 4.23 38 4.54 26 3.93 Panama 54 3.73 45 4.33 66 3.12
Colombia 62 3.67 60 4.17 63 3.17 Paraguay 131 2.70 120 3.27 133 2.14
Costa Rica 37 4.08 41 4.48 34 3.68 Peru 85 3.37 68 4.02 109 2.71
20
Côte d’Ivoire 98 3.20 92 3.63 104 2.77 Philippines 74 3.45 65 4.06 99 2.84
Croatia 72 3.49 84 3.76 61 3.22 Poland 46 3.84 44 4.35 52 3.33
Cyprus 32 4.18 31 4.67 35 3.68 Portugal 41 3.98 53 4.28 33 3.69
Czech Republic 26 4.40 25 4.80 25 4.01 Puerto Rico 31 4.21 29 4.72 31 3.70
Denmark 7 5.28 8 5.51 10 5.04 Qatar 36 4.10 37 4.55 36 3.65
Dominican Republic 82 3.41 71 3.98 100 2.84 Romania 75 3.44 83 3.79 70 3.10
Ecuador 123 2.88 105 3.42 129 2.34 Russian Federation 73 3.47 95 3.59 51 3.35
Egypt 71 3.51 72 3.98 74 3.03 Saudi Arabia 33 4.15 35 4.61 32 3.70
El Salvador 87 3.36 63 4.07 113 2.64 Senegal 59 3.69 64 4.07 54 3.31
Estonia 42 3.98 48 4.31 37 3.64 Serbia 94 3.21 102 3.45 80 2.98
Ethiopia 115 2.98 118 3.28 112 2.69 Singapore 10 5.15 14 5.20 8 5.09
Finland 6 5.47 9 5.40 3 5.53 Slovak Republic 57 3.71 51 4.29 68 3.12
France 15 4.90 10 5.30 18 4.50 Slovenia 30 4.23 33 4.64 29 3.83
Gambia, The 69 3.55 67 4.03 72 3.06 South Africa 39 4.05 36 4.57 41 3.54
Georgia 117 2.94 113 3.33 119 2.56 Spain 35 4.14 28 4.74 40 3.55
Germany 5 5.47 2 5.82 7 5.11 Sri Lanka 44 3.95 42 4.47 46 3.43
Ghana 108 3.08 98 3.52 115 2.63 Suriname 118 2.94 115 3.31 118 2.57
Greece 66 3.59 66 4.04 65 3.14 Sweden 4 5.53 4 5.66 5 5.39
Guatemala 63 3.66 47 4.32 77 2.99 Switzerland 3 5.68 3 5.81 2 5.56
Guyana 110 3.06 94 3.60 121 2.52 Syria 100 3.17 90 3.64 110 2.71
Honduras 96 3.21 87 3.72 111 2.70 Taiwan, China 8 5.25 13 5.22 6 5.28
Hong Kong SAR 23 4.53 15 5.19 28 3.86 Tajikistan 109 3.06 122 3.25 97 2.87
Hungary 61 3.67 76 3.89 45 3.45 Tanzania 95 3.21 97 3.53 93 2.89
Iceland 19 4.70 23 4.85 16 4.55 Thailand 47 3.83 43 4.37 57 3.29
India 28 4.24 27 4.76 30 3.73 Timor-Leste 132 2.68 133 2.97 127 2.40
Indonesia 40 4.03 40 4.49 39 3.57 Trinidad and Tobago 79 3.42 75 3.90 87 2.95
Ireland 20 4.63 18 4.97 22 4.29 Tunisia 45 3.94 54 4.24 38 3.64
Israel 17 4.87 30 4.67 9 5.06 Turkey 58 3.70 52 4.28 69 3.11
Italy 34 4.15 20 4.92 50 3.38 Uganda 103 3.14 108 3.41 98 2.86
Jamaica 83 3.39 79 3.82 82 2.96 Ukraine 80 3.42 91 3.63 62 3.21
Japan 2 5.70 1 5.89 4 5.51 United Arab Emirates 25 4.41 19 4.96 27 3.87
Jordan 51 3.79 49 4.30 59 3.27 United Kingdom 14 4.92 12 5.24 15 4.60
Kazakhstan 78 3.43 88 3.70 64 3.15 United States 1 5.71 5 5.65 1 5.77
Kenya 50 3.80 59 4.18 48 3.41 Uruguay 77 3.44 85 3.76 67 3.12
Korea, Rep. 16 4.88 21 4.91 11 4.84 Venezuela 130 2.76 132 3.01 123 2.51
Kuwait 64 3.62 50 4.29 83 2.96 Vietnam 55 3.72 70 4.00 44 3.45
Kyrgyz Republic 128 2.80 127 3.21 128 2.40 Zambia 90 3.26 93 3.62 90 2.91
Latvia 86 3.36 82 3.79 88 2.94 Zimbabwe 124 2.86 121 3.25 124 2.48
Lesotho 101 3.16 104 3.43 95 2.88
(Cont’d.)

the context of the present recession, the competitiveness a number of escalating weaknesses have taken their toll
performance of top-performing countries on average on the US ranking this year.
has declined.This implies that in many cases countries The United States is home to highly sophisticated
that improve in the rankings do so by maintaining a and innovative companies operating in very efficient
performance across the various indicators similar to that factor markets.The country is also endowed with an
of past years. excellent university system that collaborates strongly
The countries that constitute the top 10 remain with the business sector in R&D. Combined with the
the same as last year, with some changes in rank among scale opportunities afforded by the sheer size of its
them. Switzerland overtakes the United States this year domestic economy—the largest in the world by far—
as the world’s most competitive economy.This is explained these qualities continue to make the United States very
by the fact that Switzerland’s performance has remained competitive. Labor markets are ranked 3rd, characterized
relatively stable, whereas the United States has seen a by the ease and affordability of hiring workers and sig-
weakening across a number of areas, as discussed below. nificant wage flexibility.The country’s goods markets
Switzerland’s economy continues to be characterized (12th) are also characterized by low levels of distortion
by an excellent capacity for innovation and a very within the context of a very competitive environment.
sophisticated business culture, ranked 3rd for its business Although the country is very competitive overall,
sophistication and 2nd for its innovation capacity.The there are some weaknesses in particular areas that have
country is characterized by high spending on R&D. deepened since our last assessment. Some aspects of
Switzerland’s scientific research institutions are among the institutional environment could be strengthened,
the world’s best, and the strong collaboration between with particular concerns on the part of the business
the academic and business sectors ensures that much community about the government’s ability to maintain
of this research is translated into marketable products arms-length relationships with the private sector (48th),
and processes, reinforced by strong intellectual property and in the perception that the government spends its
protection.This strong innovative capacity is captured resources wastefully (68th).There is also increasing
by the high rate of patenting (148.27 per million inhab- concern related to the functioning of private institu-
itants) in the country, for which Switzerland ranks 7th tions, with a measurable weakening of the assessment
worldwide on a per capita basis. of auditing and reporting standards (down from 20th 21
Switzerland’s public institutions are rated among last year to 39th this year), perhaps not unexpected in
the most effective and transparent in the world (7th), the context of recent turmoil and scandals within the
ensuring a level playing field and enhancing business financial sector in particular. More generally, given that
confidence; these include an independent judiciary, a the financial crisis originated in large part in the United
strong rule of law, and a highly accountable public sector. States, it is hardly surprising that there has been a weak-
Competitiveness is also buttressed by excellent infra- ening of the assessment of its financial market sophisti-
structure (5th) and a well-functioning goods market cation, dropping from 9th last year to 20th overall this
(5th), as well as a labor market that is among the most year in that pillar.
efficient in the world (2nd, just behind Singapore). And The country’s greatest overall weakness continues
Switzerland’s macroeconomic environment, although to be related to its macroeconomic stability, where
weakening somewhat since last year, continues to be it ranks 93rd, down from 66th last year.The United
assessed as stable compared in particular with the United States has built up large macroeconomic imbalances
States and many European neighbors (ranked 17th). over recent years. Repeated fiscal deficits have led
On the other hand, the university enrollment rate to burgeoning levels of public indebtedness, which
of 47 percent continues to lag behind many other are presently being exacerbated by significant stimulus
high-innovation countries, placing the country 46th on spending. For more analysis of the competitiveness
this indicator. Although gaps are currently being filled of the United States, see Box 2.
through immigration, efforts should be made to boost Singapore moves up two ranks to 3rd place,
higher education attainment to ensure sufficient national remaining the highest-ranked country from Asia.The
talent. Financial markets have also weakened somewhat, country’s institutions continue to be ranked as the best
reflecting in particular difficulties in the national bank- in the world; at a time when confidence in governments
ing sector. However, this has been muted compared in many countries has diminished, they are assessed
with many other countries. even more strongly than in past years. Singapore places
After several years at the top of the rankings, the 1st for the efficiency of its goods and labor markets and
United States falls one place and is ranked 2nd this 2nd for its financial market sophistication, ensuring the
year.The country continues to be endowed with many proper allocation of these factors to their best use.
structural features that make its economy extremely Singapore also has world-class infrastructure (ranked
productive and that place it on a strong footing to ride 4th), leading the world in the quality of its roads, ports,
out business cycle shifts and economic shocks. However, and air transport facilities. In addition, the country’s
competitiveness is propped up by a strong focus on

Box 2: Is the United States losing its competitive edge?
After several years at the top of the rankings, the United States high attainment rates of tertiary education, and excellent on-the-
has fallen to 2nd place in the Global Competitiveness Index job training that fosters the ability of workers and businesses to
(GCI), outflanked by Switzerland this year. The efficiency of adapt rapidly to a changing environment. Further, the overall high
its goods and labor markets; the sophistication of its business levels of sophistication of the business community (ranked 8th)
culture; and the impressive capacity for technological innovation ensure that much of this innovation is translated into productive
of its companies, supported by high levels of collaboration with business activity.
universities in research, continue to constitute competitive While strengths in the technological and market efficiency
strengths. These factors remain a driving force behind US pro- areas explain the country’s overall high rank, the US economy
ductivity, and will support recovery from the current recession. has increasingly suffered from weaknesses in other areas, and
However, a number of weaknesses particularly related to public this has pushed its GCI score downward this year. Most notably,
and private institutions, as well as continuing burgeoning over the past few years—and particularly this year—there is a
macroeconomic imbalances, have somewhat eroded the much weaker assessment of the country’s financial markets,
country’s overall competitiveness potential over the past years. including the soundness of banks, much in line with the evolv-
These weaknesses, which some observers consider to be the ing situation in the country and recent bank failures and
root cause of the financial crisis, have been further emphasized bailouts. Access to finance through various channels has
by the present fall in the US ranking, as the loss of confidence become measurably more difficult, and the assessment of bank
in financial markets has now been added to the list of chal- solvency has dropped from a rank of 40 last year all the way
lenges to be addressed. down to 106th this year (on a par with countries such as Albania
The United States has highly efficient goods and labor and Mali).
markets, ensuring an optimal allocation of these resources. Related to this issue, there is also a strong sense that
Its goods markets in particular, characterized by low levels of there has not been enough accountability among the country’s
distortion in an environment of open competition across virtually private institutions, and that accounting and auditing standards
all markets, are assessed as the most efficient in the world, have not been up to scratch.
ensuring a large selection of quality goods at low prices, Macroeconomic imbalances also continue to afflict the
supplied in a timely manner. Its labor markets are very flexible United States. Indeed, recent stimulus spending, while meant
22 and efficient, with high rates of job creation and low rates of to head off an even more protracted recession, is increasing
unemployment, against a background of wage flexibility and the debt burden that will be borne by future generations.
considerable ease for hiring and firing at the firm level. Indeed, According to the latest estimates published by the International
while the flexibility of US labor markets has allowed for rapidly Monetary Fund (IMF), the fiscal deficit in 2009 is projected
rising unemployment since the onslaught of the economic crisis, to exceed 13 percent of GDP, the ninth year in a row that the
these same flexible labor markets are expected to encourage federal budget will have shown a deficit. The IMF also projects
firms to hire more rapidly once the crisis subsides. deficits at least through 2010, despite the government’s pledges
The level of innovation in the United States is second to to rein in spending after the crisis. In the meantime, the impact
none (1st in the innovation pillar). The country is endowed with of this deficit spending on public debt is alarming, with debt
top-notch scientific institutions (ranked 2nd) and companies rising sharply from 63 percent of GDP in 2000 to a projected 87
that spend heavily on R&D (ranked 5th). Businesses and univer- percent of GDP in 2009 and expected to continue to rise in
sities collaborate heavily in research, spawning centers coming years. With the many long-term claims on the budget—
of innovation, as confirmed by its 1st place in the variable such as defense, pensions, and other social payments (including
assessing this dimension. It is therefore not surprising that the healthcare)—the prospects for sustained fiscal adjustment do
United States ranks 1st worldwide in patent registrations. This not seem bright. It is clear that in order to ensure rising
culture of innovation is buttressed by a number of other critical prosperity for future generations, the United States must get
factors, such as strong intellectual property protection, very its macro house in order rapidly once the crisis subsides.
education, providing highly skilled individuals for the ings in a number of individual areas. For example, they
workforce. In order to strengthen its competitiveness are all ranked among the top 15 countries with regard
further, Singapore could encourage even stronger adop- to macroeconomic stability, all running healthy budget
tion of the latest technologies—especially broadband surpluses through 2008, with low levels of public
Internet—as well as the innovative capacity of its com- indebtedness, high national savings, and narrow interest
panies. rate spreads.The three countries have among the best-
The Nordic members of the European Union functioning and most transparent institutions in the
continue to hold privileged positions in the rankings. world, ranked behind only Singapore on this pillar, as in
Sweden, Finland, and Denmark hold the 4th past years. Finland, Denmark, and Sweden also continue
through the 6th places.They continue to lead the rank- to occupy the top three positions in the higher educa-

tion and training pillar, the result of a strong focus on 132nd rank, or second to last on this indicator). Japan’s
education over recent decades.This has provided the rise in the rankings can in large part be traced to the
workforce with the skills needed to adapt rapidly to a fact that its main areas of weakness, linked to macro-
changing environment and has laid the ground for their economic instability and questions about the soundness
high levels of technological adoption and innovation, of its banks, for example, have now become concerns
which is crucial for countries at their advanced stage for many other countries.
of economic development. Notably, amid the economic Canada moves up one more place this year to
and financial crisis, all three countries’ financial markets 9th, having joined the top 10 last year. Canada benefits
continue to receive high scores, with Finland and from excellent transport and telephony infrastructure
Denmark ranked 7th and 8th, respectively, and Sweden (7th for the infrastructure pillar), highly efficient markets,
close behind at 12th. particularly labor and financial markets (ranked 7th and
A marked difference among these three Nordic 11th, respectively), and well-functioning and transparent
countries relates to labor market flexibility. Denmark institutions (17th). In addition, the country has been
continues to distinguish itself as having one of the most successful in nurturing its human resources: it is ranked
flexible and efficient labor markets internationally 7th for health and primary education and 9th for higher
(ranked 5th). In Finland and Sweden, however—as in a education and training.This has paved the way for the
number of other European countries—companies have country’s workforce to adopt the latest technologies for
less flexibility in setting wages, and firing and therefore productivity enhancements (ranked 11th). Further, at a
hiring workers is deemed expensive, although coopera- time when many industrialized and developing countries
tion in labor-employer relations is good in all three alike are struggling with macroeconomic instability,
countries. Canada has improved in this area since last year, rising
Germany remains stable at 7th place.The country from 43rd to 31st. Continuing to reduce the debt level
is ranked 1st for the quality of its infrastructure, a posi- will be important for ensuring the Canadian govern-
tion it has held for some time, with particularly good ment’s ability to meet its future liabilities and grow
marks for its transport and telephony infrastructure. Its sustainably into the future.
goods market is assessed as being efficient (18th), with a The Netherlands drops two places to 10th place,
high level of competition among companies (21st).The rounding out the top 10.The country’s companies 23
financial market also continues to receive relatively good are highly sophisticated (ranked 6th on the business
marks, although the ranking has dropped in this area from sophistication pillar) and are among the most aggressive
19th to 36th, with rising concerns about the soundness internationally in absorbing new technologies (ranked
of banks and more difficult access to capital for business 2nd for their technological readiness, just behind
development. Germany has very sophisticated businesses, Sweden). Business activity is buttressed by an excellent
ranked 2nd, just behind Japan.These attributes allow educational system and efficient factor markets, especially
Germany to benefit greatly from its significant market goods markets, which are ranked 6th overall.The
size (5th). On the other hand, Germany’s labor market Netherlands is also characterized by a comparatively
remains very rigid (124th for the labor market flexibility stable macroeconomic environment, improving on a
subpillar), where a lack of flexibility in wage determin- relative basis compared with last year.The drop in the
ation and the high cost of firing provide a hindrance rankings can be traced mainly to a weaker assessment
to job creation. of its financial markets, which have dropped from 11th
Japan moves up one place to 8th overall, mainly to 23rd overall, linked, as in many countries, to concerns
by maintaining its performance compared with last year, about the solvency of the banking sector and more
while other countries in the top 10 have weakened. difficult access to credit.
Japan continues to enjoy a major competitive edge in the
areas of business sophistication and innovation, ranked
1st and 4th, respectively, in these two pillars.The country Europe
benefits from the strong availability of scientists and Since last year, several European countries have seen a
engineers and high company spending on R&D (2nd weakening of their performance. However, Europe con-
on both indicators), as well as a capacity for innovation tinues to feature prominently among the most competitive
that is second to none. Indeed, in terms of innovation regions in the world. Six European countries are among
output this pays off with a rate of patenting per capita the top 10, and 12 are among the top 20, as follows:
(263.35 per million inhabitants) that is 2nd worldwide. Switzerland (1st), Sweden (4th), Denmark (5th), Finland
The country’s overall competitive performance, however, (6th), Germany (7th), the Netherlands (10th), the
continues to be dragged down by its macroeconomic United Kingdom (13th), Norway (14th), France (16th),
weaknesses, with high budget deficits over several years Austria (17th), Belgium (18th), and Luxembourg (21st).
(ranked 115th in 2008), which have led to the buildup After having fallen three positions in the last edition,
of one of the highest public debt levels in the world the United Kingdom loses another place to settle at
(196.29 percent of GDP in 2008, corresponding to a 13th this year.The country benefits from clear strengths

such as the efficiency of its labor market (8th), standing in term debt and a run on deposits—and the consequent
contrast to the rigidity of many other European Union takeover by the government of their domestic operations
(EU) countries.The United Kingdom is also harnessing took a significant toll on the public finances.The public
the latest technologies for productivity improvements: it debt spiraled from 24.26 percent in 2007 to 93.21 per-
is ranked 8th on the technological readiness pillar.The cent of GDP in 2008.
country continues to have sophisticated and innovative Nevertheless, the sound competitiveness fundamentals
businesses, characteristics that are important for spurring displayed by the country in key areas will, it is hoped,
productivity enhancements.The drop in rank is largely ease the recovery and allow the Icelandic economy to
attributable to a weakening of the assessment of the bounce back more rapidly.Toward that end, Iceland can
country’s financial market, which has slipped from 5th count on a top-notch educational system at all levels (2nd
to 24th place since last year, based on rising concerns in and 4th in the health and primary education and higher
the business sector about the soundness of banks (126th) education and training pillars, respectively) coupled with
on the back of several banking-sector bankruptcies and a rather sophisticated business sector (23rd) displaying
bailouts. In this context it is not surprising that a signifi- high levels of technological readiness (14th) and innova-
cant and growing weakness remains the United tion (16th). An extremely flexible labor market (6th),
Kingdom’s macroeconomic instability (71st, down 13 efficient infrastructure (11th), and well-functioning insti-
places since last year), with low national savings, an tutions (13th) complete the picture.
exploding public-sector deficit (related in large part to Spain has dropped four ranks this year to reach
recent efforts to bail out the financial sector), and conse- 33rd place. Spain’s competitiveness performance continues
quential public indebtedness. to be boosted by the large market (13th) available to
France is ranked 16th in this year’s GCI, with a its national companies, strong technological adoption
stable performance compared with last year and demon- (29th in the technological readiness pillar), first-class
strating a number of competitive strengths.The country’s infrastructure (22nd), and good-quality higher education
infrastructure is among the best in the world (ranked 3rd), and training (33rd). On a more negative note, its institu-
with outstanding transport links, energy infrastructure, tional environment (49th) could be strengthened to fur-
and communications.The health of the workforce and ther buttress its economic potential. In addition, there
24 the quality and quantity of education provision are has been a measurable weakening of the country’s
other clear strengths (ranked 11th for health and pri- macroeconomic stability since last year, dropping from
mary education and 15th for higher education and 30th to 62nd place, with the government now running
training), providing the economy with a healthy and budget deficits and contributing to the already large
educated workforce. In addition, the sophistication of debt burden. And the greatest area of concern remains
its business culture (10th in the business sophistication the highly inflexible labor market (122nd), which dis-
pillar) and its leadership in the area of innovation (18th courages job creation, a matter of particular concern
in the innovation pillar) are important attributes that given the recently rising unemployment in the coun-
have helped to boost the country’s growth potential. try—at 19 percent, it is the highest in the euro zone. It
On the other hand, a number of weaknesses are is especially interesting to note that the Spanish financial
hindering the country from unleashing its full competi- sector pillar has fallen 14 positions to rank 50th.This is
tive potential. Macroeconomic stability, while improved interesting because Spain’s financial sector was praised
from last year (up to 58th from 65th), still raises alarm by world leaders during the 2008 G-20 summit, right
bells for the future: the government budget deficit and before the construction companies went bankrupt as a
the related public-sector debt ratio remain large, and result of the explosion of the housing bubble, causing a
the national savings rate, while growing, still remains sizeable hole in the balance sheets of its main financial
somewhat low by international standards. Finally, France’s institutions.
labor market flexibility continues to be ranked very low Italy moves up by one place this year to 48th
(115th) because of the rigidity of wage determination place, remaining nevertheless the lowest-ranked G-7
and the strict rules on firing and hiring, as well as the member country.The country continues to do well in
poor labor-employer relations in the country. It is clear more complex areas measured by the GCI, particularly
that structural reforms in this area, long mooted, are the sophistication of its businesses environment. Italy is
overdue. ranked 20th for its business sophistication, producing
Not surprisingly, given the near economic collapse goods high on the value chain using the latest produc-
suffered by the country in the autumn of 2008,25 tion processes (14th), also thanks to strong business
Iceland drops six places to 26th position, mainly because clusters (3rd). Italy also benefits from its large market
of a sharp deterioration in the macroeconomic environ- size—the 9th largest in the world—which allows for
ment (from 56th to 119th) and a much poorer assessment significant scale economies. However, Italy’s overall
of the country’s financial market sophistication (from competitiveness performance continues to be held back
20th to 85th). Indeed, the bankruptcy of the three main by some critical structural weaknesses in the economy.
banks—following their inability to re-finance short- The labor market remains among the most rigid in the

world, with Italy ranked 117th out of 133 countries for
its labor market efficiency, creating a large hindrance to Box 3: Eastern Europe: The road to recovery
job creation. Another problematic area is its weak public
finances and extremely high levels of public indebted- After years of buoyant growth, falling unemployment, and
ness (it is ranked 128th on this indicator—even lower rapidly rising living standards following their accession to
than last year). Other institutional weaknesses include the European Union (EU) in 2004, the countries of Eastern
high levels of corruption and organized crime and a Europe have been hit hard by the global economic downturn.
perceived lack of independence within the judicial In 2009, the region is expected to contract by 4.9 percent on
system, which increase business costs and undermine average—more than Asia or Latin America.1 Rapid integra-
tion with the global economy sustained growth in Eastern
investor confidence, with Italy ranked 97th overall for
Europe over recent years but has also made the region more
its institutional environment.
vulnerable to contagion during the economic crisis that is
Among the 12 countries that have joined the now having dramatic consequences in some countries.2
European Union since 2004, the Czech Republic Over the past two decades, countries have deregulated,
takes the lead at 31st position. Although the country privatized, and stabilized their economies and opened their
continues to face difficulties with respect to macroeco- markets—including their financial sectors—to trade and
nomic stability (43rd) and the quality of infrastructure investment. The relative stability that was associated with
(48th), consistent improvements across all dimensions fixed exchange rates,3 along with EU membership, gave rise to
of the institutional environment (up 10 places, from high inflows of lending as well as direct and portfolio invest-
72nd to 62nd), improved efficiency of markets (27th), ment from European countries.4 These, in turn, accelerated
and advances in technological readiness (30th) have credit growth and imports. By early 2008, it became apparent
contributed to this rise in the rankings. Slovenia that the region had overheated. Massive capital inflows were
necessary to finance balance-of-payment deficits.
(ranked 37th) follows closely behind, having improved
Given this high dependence on outside finance, it is
by five places. Slovenia benefits from world-class health
not surprising that Eastern European countries were heavily
and educational systems, good infrastructure, and affected when liquidity dried up in the Fall of 2008. The second
impressive innovative capacity. In addition, the country’s wave of contagion, and the steep drop in global demand—
macroeconomic stability has improved (up from 33rd to especially in the European Union, which remains the main
26th rank this year), advancing its overall competitive- export destination for these countries—further drove them 25
ness outlook. into recession. Yet countries were affected to different
Among the Baltic economies, Estonia at 35th degrees, depending on their initial conditions and govern-
loses some ground for the second year in a row, largely ment policies.5 Open economies that were highly exposed to
because of a deteriorating macroeconomic environment foreign currency borrowing and that ran large current
following the economic crisis. Nevertheless, the country account deficits, such as the Baltic States, were hardest hit.
continues to be characterized by efficient institutions, While these are expected to register negative double-digit
growth rates in 2009, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and the
well-functioning markets, and strong uptake of new
Czech Republic will suffer from much milder recessions (see
technologies. Similarly, Latvia and Lithuania are
Table 1). These countries are weathering the crisis better for
down 14 and 9 places to 68th and 53rd, respectively. various reasons. They were less leveraged, were members
The largest improvement among the new EU of the euro zone, were less dependent on exports, benefited
members is registered by Poland, up seven places from stimulus packages of EU countries, or experienced a
to 46th rank this year. Poland benefits from its strong combination of these factors.6
educational system and large market size, and has seen
measurable improvements in the quality of its public Table 1: Growth projections for Eastern European
institutions, with greater confidence in the efficiency countries
and honesty of the country’s public servants. EU
Country Projected growth for 2009
membership and buoyant growth over past years have
Lithuania –10.0
provided an incentive and the means for conducting
Latvia –12.0
reforms. Although the macroeconomic stability pillar has Estonia –10.0
registered a significant drop in rankings this year (from Hungary –3.3
50th to 74th) because of the financial crisis, the years up Poland –0.7
to 2007 have seen a streamlining of fiscal and monetary Czech Republic –3.5
policies.This, along with prudent regulation of financial Slovak Republic –2.1
markets and the large size of the domestic market, has Slovenia –2.7
Romania –4.7
helped Poland to weather the effects of the current
Bulgaria –2.0
global downturn and become one of the most econom-
ically stable countries in the region.26 For more analysis Source: IMF 2009a.
of the 12 recent EU accession countries, see Box 3. (Cont’d.)

Azerbaijan moves up an impressive 18 places to
rank 51st this year, with measurable improvements across

Box 3: Eastern Europe: The road to recovery (cont’d.)
The steep downturn necessitated immediate action to access to loans (3.42 vs. 3.62). There is also scope for strengthen-
stabilize the economies. The IMF has bailed out Hungary, Latvia, ing financial supervision in some countries, for example through
and Romania, and granted a flexible credit line, which is a new stricter capital requirements for weaker banks and putting in
preventive facility, to Poland. The European Union and the place forward-looking provisioning measures for loan losses.9
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Among other factors, physical infrastructure remains a
as well as a few Western European governments, have also major weakness that, if adequately addressed, would signifi-
jumped in to support the banking sector. Yet the present situation cantly contribute to raising the competitive performance of
also provides an opportunity to strengthen economic fundamen- many of these countries. On average, the new EU members
tals and overall competitiveness in order to put growth on a achieve a score of 4.04 compared with 5.46 for the established
sustainable footing and prevent future crises. In this context, EU countries, with only air transport infrastructure performing
the GCI results provide interesting insight into the region’s somewhat better. Also, many countries are transitioning toward
strengths and weaknesses and the necessary steps to be taken. the most advanced stage of development, so that business
Much progress in upgrading competitiveness has been sophistication and innovative capacity, which remain far below
achieved in the course of the transition to market economies EU15 levels, will become increasingly more important in order
and EU accession. In many Eastern European countries, labor to sustain the productivity gains achieved over the past years.
markets are more flexible and efficient than they are in the On all these counts, advances will not only facilitate
EU15, in particular with respect to regulations related to hiring recovery over the next few years, but will further solidify the
and firing, the flexibility of wage determination, the relationship region’s competitive position going into the future. But to do this,
between pay and productivity, and the participation of women in countries must seize this opportunity to put their economies on
the workforce. Similarly, tax rates tend to be lower and govern- a more sustainable footing despite major short-term challenges.
ment regulation is less pervasive than in the EU15. Accession
to the European Monetary Union or the prospect thereof helped
discipline fiscal and monetary policy, reducing budget deficits Notes
and inflation rates. While this relative flexibility and stability will 1 The Economist 2009a and IMF 2009a.
provide advantages on the way to recovery, the GCI points to 2 For example, Latvia has experienced social unrest as a result of
26 other areas that will need to be addressed on a priority basis the crisis.
in the region. 3 Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria have fixed exchange rates.
Most of all, the countries’ institutional environments will
4 Combined with fixed exchange rates, this has led to inflation in
need to be strengthened. Much progress has been achieved many countries.
since the early days of transition, but even regional best per-
5 See IMF 2009b for more details.
former in this area Estonia, ranked 31st, does not reach the
average level of the EU15 with respect to the quality of public 6 Measures implemented by some EU countries to support automo-
tive industries had significant spillover effects on some countries
institutions; other relatively advanced countries from the region, in the region such as Poland, Slovenia, and the Czech Republic.
such as the Czech Republic (66th) or Slovenia (43rd), lag behind
7 See Drzeniek Hanouz et al. 2008.
by an even wider margin. In most countries, governments are
considered inefficient (3.42 vs. 4.21 for the EU15, on a scale of 8 Many Western European Banks acquired the newly privatized
banks in Eastern European countries.
1 to 7), corruption is rampant (3.68 vs. 5.31 for the EU15), and
public trust in politicians is low (2.54 vs. 4.13 for the EU15). A 9 See C̆ihák and Mitra 2009 for a discussion of financial sector
reform in the region. According to the GCI results, the soundness
similar gap can be observed with respect to the functioning of of the banking sector is approximately at the level of Western
private institutions (4.44 vs. 5.39 in the EU15). Stronger private Europe; however, this is the result of the relatively more critical
and public institutions would ultimately reduce vulnerability assessment of this indicator in the EU15 in 2009.
related to greater integration with the global economy.

The present crisis has also highlighted weaknesses in
the countries’ financial sectors. Over the past decade, the
sophistication of the financial sector as well as the stability of
the banking systems in Eastern Europe converged toward EU15
levels.7 This was attributable to, among other factors, foreign
direct investment from Western European banks (including the
associated transfer of know-how),8 as well as fairly solid finan-
cial policy frameworks. Because of this relative strength, no
systemic failures of banking systems have been observed to
date, despite significant pressures. Yet the risks remain high
and a significant gap vis-à-vis the “old Europe” remains visible
with respect to financial markets sophistication (4.50 vs. 5.81
for the EU15); the ease of access to finance through the local
equity market (3.74 vs. 4.12); and also, to a lesser degree,

many aspects of the Index.The country is characterized
by strong and improving macroeconomic stability, moving Box 4: The competitiveness of the BRICs amid the
up 18 spots to 27th place this year, with high national global economic crisis
savings, a large budget surplus, and low and shrinking
government debt, although high inflation does raise some Although the present major economic crisis began in the
concerns.There have also been measurable improvements advanced economies, it rapidly spilled over to the developing
in the efficiency of the country’s markets, especially world through the contagion mechanisms of reductions in
labor and goods markets. Labor markets are ranked a trade, foreign direct investment, remittances, and other
high 13th (up from 34th last year), characterized by types of financing. Although GDP growth rates in emerging
markets have not fallen as much as they have in advanced
high and improving flexibility (for example, the country
economies,1 the notion that the developing world would be
improved from 70th to 4th position in the rigidity of
only marginally affected by the crisis, having decoupled from
employment index).Within goods markets (up 18 places, the business cycle of industrialized economies, has not held
from 89th to 71st), it has become much easier and less true.
expensive to start a business: the number of procedures However, it is important to note that the crisis has
required more than halved from 13 to 6, and the time not affected developing countries in a homogenous way—
required has been reduced from 30 to 16 days. Indeed, some economies are showing a higher resilience and even
the country is one of the ten biggest improvers in the managing to enhance their competitiveness in the midst of
World Bank’s Doing Business 2009 report. the global downturn. As discussed in the chapter, those
Turkey moves up two places to 61st this year, with countries that are more competitive are better placed to
a stable performance overall.Turkey continues to benefit weather such economic storms as the present one.
from its large market, which is characterized by strong The experience of the four large emerging market BRIC
economies is illustrative of this point. Within this group,
competition (26th) and reasonably sophisticated business
Brazil, China, and India have continued to improve on their
practices (52nd). Compared with other countries,Turkey
competitiveness fundamentals, posting strong showings in
has also seen an improvement in its macroeconomic sta- the most recent GCI results. All three countries improved
bility, moving up from 79th to 64th this year, although their ranks, with China and India each improving by one
this is mainly because of other countries’ weakening place and Brazil by a remarkable eight places, as shown in
rather than particular improvements in Turkey’s fiscal Table 1. This was also mirrored in the results of the expert 27
and monetary policies. On the other hand, some more survey discussed in Box 1, which rated these same three
basic issues must still be tackled, such as upgrading the countries among those on which the global recession will
quality of infrastructure, now ranked 62nd (especially probably have a mildly positive effect on their longer-term
ports and the electricity supply), improving the human competitiveness.
resources base through better primary education and On the other hand, Russia collapsed by 12 places, losing
better healthcare (74th), addressing the inefficiencies in significant ground in general competitiveness, with a notable
deterioration in financial market efficiency, an area one
the labor market (120th), and reinforcing the efficiency
would expect to reflect some effects of the financial crisis.
and transparency of public institutions.
The expert survey of Box 1 is also in line with this decline,
Russia falls 12 places this year to 63rd, the only with experts on average expecting Russia’s competitiveness
BRIC economy to see a decline in performance. Russia’s to be negatively effected in the longer-term by the crisis.
main strengths are its large market size and reasonable What is causing this divergence in performance?
macroeconomic stability (although this has been partly
the result of windfall oil revenues and might not prove
sustainable in the longer term). However, to improve
Table 1: Comparison of GCI 2009 and 2008 for BRIC
its competitiveness further, the country must tackle a countries
number of structural weaknesses. Of major concern are GCI GCI Change
Country 2008–2009 2009–2010 in rank
a perceived lack of government efficiency (110th), little Brazil 64 56 8
judicial independence in meting out justice (116th), a lack China 30 29 1
of property rights (119th), and more general concerns India 50 49 1
about government favoritism in its dealings with the Russian Federation 51 63 –12
private sector. Private institutions also get poor marks,
with corporate ethics in the country placing Russia
110th overall on this indicator.The drop in overall rank
is mainly attributable to a weaker assessment of the
functioning of factor markets, with, in particular, goods
markets (ranked 108th) and financial markets (ranked
119th) getting poor marks. For a comparative analysis
(Cont’d.)
of the competitiveness of the four BRIC economies, see
Box 4.

Box 4: The competitiveness of the BRICs amid the global economic crisis (cont’d.)
Figure 1: Comparison of GCI scores for the four BRIC economies, and the 133 country sample average
7
Brazil India GCI average
China Russian Federation
Score
1
1. Institutions
2. Infrastructure
3. Macroeconomic
stability
4. Health and
primary education
5. Higher education
and training
6. Goods market
efficiency
7. Labor market
efficiency
8. Financial market
sophistication
9. Technological
readiness
10. Market size
11. Business
sophistication
12. Innovation
28
Figure 1 shows the score (on a scale of 1–7) of each of the Russia is less sheltered from price and demand shocks than the
four BRICs, each represented by a colored dot, in the 12 pillars others, given the structure of its output. The country not only
of the GCI. In addition, the gray bars indicate the average score exports a large proportion of its GDP (although somewhat less
of the 133 countries included this year. than China), but its exports also are dominated by oil and gas
The figure shows that all of the BRICs do better than the (65 percent of total exports in 2007), which partly explains its
world average in specific areas.2 For example, with regard to less positive performance vis-à-vis the external shocks caused
human resources, all four countries are near or above the aver- by the crisis. In contrast, Brazil, China, and India have benefited
age country score for health and primary education and higher from their more diversified production and export structures,
education and training, as well as for labor market efficiency with companies operating higher on the value chain and suc-
(with India lagging a bit compared with the others). There are cessfully exporting value-added products to international mar-
also some areas in which particular countries perform compar- kets. Indeed, as shown in the figure, Russia is the laggard in the
atively well, such as China in the areas of infrastructure and business sophistication pillar.
macroeconomic stability, India for financial market sophistica- The difference in performance between Brazil, China, and
tion, and Brazil with respect to technological readiness. India on the one hand, and Russia on the other, is also marked in
The BRICs also benefit significantly from the economies a few other key areas measured by the GCI. Financial markets
of scale afforded by their large markets, scoring well ahead of are more highly developed in the former three countries, with
the overall GCI average country score. China, India, Russia, and especially India but also Brazil above the GCR average and
Brazil boast the 2nd, 4th, 8th, and 9th largest domestic markets China close to it, and with Russia lagging well behind. Their
in the world, respectively. This has provided a buffer in the face comparatively developed financial markets, combined with
of the economic crisis because they depend less on exports sound macroeconomic fundamentals—particularly in China and
than the average developing country: the sheer size of BRIC Brazil—might also help to explain why the three have not been
economies means that their companies can rely on millions of affected as strongly by the financial crisis as Russia.
domestic customers when foreign demand declines. Finally, we come to the more complex areas measured by
A distinction emerges with Russia with regard to the size the GCI, namely innovation and business sophistication—areas
and structure of the export component of the market size pillar: on which these countries will need to focus increasingly as they
(Cont’d.)

Box 4: The competitiveness of the BRICs amid the global economic crisis (cont’d.)
Figure 2: Comparison of BRIC and OECD average scores across the 12 pillars of the GCI
Institutions
7
Innovation Infrastructure
6
5
Business Macroeconomic
4
sophistication stability
3
2
Health and
Market size 1 primary
education
Technological Higher education

readiness and training
Financial market Goods market

sophistication efficiency
Labor market efficiency
BRICs OECD
29
move up the development ladder. In both these areas, Brazil, Notes

China, and India again outperform Russia and are assessed as 1 According to International Monetary Fund estimates (IMF 2009a),
while GDP growth will be negative in 2009 for advanced
above the overall country average, while Russia remains below
economies (with a 2 percent contraction), it will significantly slow
average in both pillars. down but still reach 3.3 percent in emerging and developing
The above factors demonstrate how Brazil, China, and economies. This represents a downturn similar in proportion to
the one suffered by developed economies when one takes into
India confronted the crisis from a stronger competitiveness
account the higher trend growth rates experienced by the region
footing than Russia. Indeed, their competitiveness has improved in past cycles.
markedly in recent years, be it through enhanced macroeco-
2 The world average is useful for comparing the BRICs’ performance
nomic stability, improved business environments, and/or more with that of countries at all stages of economic development.
competitive productive sectors, and this has been of great However, it is important to keep in mind that strong performance
vis-à-vis the world average, which includes several low-income and
benefit through the recent difficulties.
less-developed economies, can cloud weaknesses in the individual
Yet, although it is important to give credit to these BRICs when held to a more stringent benchmark. For example, as
economies for the strides they have made toward stronger discussed in the chapter, improving the educational system remains
a significant challenge for Brazil, and financial market development
competitiveness underpinnings, one should not forget the signif-
is a priority for China. A comparison with the OECD average, as
icant remaining challenges ahead in building better institutional shown in Figure 2, is much more useful for this purpose.
frameworks, strengthening human and hard infrastructure, and
enhancing market efficiency as well as further developing their
innovation capacity. The relatively rosy outlook in relation to
most of the world should not be a reason for complacency, but
rather a powerful incentive to push through the necessary
reforms and policies that would fully unleash their enormous
competitive potential. Indeed, the comparison of the BRICs with
the OECD average, shown across the 12 pillars in Figure 2,
demonstrates the efforts still needed across most areas.

The remaining countries from the region place work.Taiwan now gets fully rewarded for its outstanding
below Russia. Kazakhstan, as it struggles with the con- capacity to innovate (6th). In effect, for countries in the
sequences of the economic crisis, drops one position to third stage, the innovation pillar accounts for 15 percent
67th place and Ukraine drops by 10 spots to 82nd. of the overall GCI score. On a more negative note, we
With a steep fall in demand for export products, a observe a generalized weakening of the macroeconomic
devaluation of the currency, and a near breakdown of situation (25th, down seven places): inflation, interest
the financial system, Ukraine faces daunting challenges rate spreads, and public debt were all on the rise in
in the short term. Nonetheless, past reform efforts will 2008, and the government posted a small budget deficit.
have to continue, in particular aiming at upgrading the Provided macroeconomic fundamentals are kept in check,
institutional environment (120th), strengthening finan- and if Taiwan can improve on its institutional framework
cial markets (106th), and rendering goods markets more (38th) and the efficiency of its financial market (54th)—
efficient (109th).The regional ranking closes with by far its two weakest spots—the competitiveness landscape
Tajikistan at 122nd and the Kyrgyz Republic at will be even brighter in the years to come.
123rd. Australia improves by three positions to rank 15th
overall. Its performance remains very much in line with
that of last year, the only notable improvement coming
Asia and the Pacific from the macroeconomic environment (18th, up 10
Behind the two regional economies in the top 10, positions). In 2008, Australia managed to balance its
Singapore and Japan, the other countries from Asia budget and reduce its public debt to 14 percent of
and the Pacific span the entire GCI ranking, with GDP—the second lowest among OECD countries after
Timor-Leste (126th) closing the regional ranking. It is Luxembourg. Australia also has improved its showing in
thus the region with the largest spread in performances, the financial markets pillar by two places (4th world-
perhaps not surprising given that it hosts almost two wide), with its score decreasing less than that of other
thirds of the world’s population, with a great diversity large economies.The trustworthiness and confidence
among individual countries. Sparsely inhabited Mongolia in the banking system remain essentially intact (4th).
stands in contrast to countries such as Bangladesh, one Australia remains a prime location for doing business with
30 of the world’s most densely populated countries, and to efficient goods markets and flexible labor markets (both
small, urban Singapore; high-tech Taiwan and innovation- ranked 9th), and excellent public (14th) and private
driven Korea are grouped together in the region with (9th) institutions.To progress even further, the country
oil-rich Brunei.This significant economic, geographical, will need to improve on several measures of business
and cultural diversity is reflected in the variations in the sophistication (26th) and strengthen its innovation
competitiveness landscape. capacity (20th). Most importantly, there is a need to
Hong Kong SAR retains its 11th position, and upgrade infrastructure (25th), particularly ports (50th).
features in the top 10 in five of the 12 GCI pillars. It Infrastructure is a keystone of Australia’s economy given
continues to top the financial market pillar, although its large land mass, remoteness, and trade profile—the
its score and lead are eroding. It places no lower than country is one of the world’s biggest commodity
8th in all indicators but one. Even though the crisis hit exporters. By the government’s own account, deficient
the country hard—the Hang Seng Index lost over 60 port infrastructure represents a bottleneck in the export
percent within six months from its peak in November process, resulting in delays and contractual issues, and
2008—Hong Kong undoubtedly remains one of the ultimately hurting Australia’s competitiveness.27
world’s major financial centers, and continues to lure Korea falls six places to 19th position.The decline
both investors and companies.This is partly because of is attributable to deteriorations in three categories that
its close links with mainland China’s financial market. were already of concern. First, the country ranks 118th
More generally, Hong Kong offers one of the world’s with respect to labor market flexibility.The business
most business-friendly environments.The territory community’s discontent about the difficulty of hiring
has improved its marks in the infrastructure pillar, now and firing employees (108th) is particularly pronounced
placing second only to Germany. Finally, the quality of and mirrored by Korea’s low rank in the World Bank’s
public institutions (10th overall), and in particular the Doing Business rigidity of employment index (92nd).
efficiency of the government (2nd), continues to be This leads companies to resort extensively to temporary
praised by business leaders. employment, thus creating precarious working condi-
Taiwan is up five places to 12th position overall, tions and giving rise to tensions—Korea ranks third to
thanks to a combination of small improvements in the last for the quality of relations between employers and
areas of institutions (38th), infrastructure (16th), and workers.A major labor law reform bill aimed at increasing
education (15th). Above all,Taiwan’s significant progres- flexibility while providing a better safety net exists, but it
sion owes to the fact that the island has now entered has yet to be approved by the parliament.28 A second
the third and most advanced stage of development as area of concern is the financial market, particularly the
defined by the Global Competitiveness Index frame- banking sector. Despite the waves of consolidation and

restructuring the sector has undergone since 1997, banks dimensions it scores high, particularly in those factors at
are still very much seen as unsound (90th).Third, Korea the top end of the value chain, namely business sophisti-
ranks a low 53rd with respect to the quality of its insti- cation (24th) and innovation (24th). Expectations are
tutions. Survey data show a general dissatisfaction with high for a country that averaged an impressive 7 percent
the government, as reflected in the mediocre level of growth per year between 1990 and 2000 and a healthy
trust in politicians (67th), the perceived opacity of policy- 5 percent since then. Mirroring this economic success,
making (100th), and the burden of red tape (98th). Malaysia has featured prominently in the competitiveness
Yet Korea continues to be characterized by a number rankings ever since its first inclusion in 1994. Indeed, it
of strengths, which drive its overall productivity and remains the most competitive Stage 2 (efficiency-driven)
keep it placed in the top 20 of the rankings. Specifically, country.To maintain its competitive edge, Malaysia now
Korea has world-class infrastructure (17th), strong needs to prepare its conversion into a knowledge-based,
macroeconomic stability (11th), and an excellent higher innovation-driven economy. Improving both the quantity
educational system (16th), while it remains one of the and quality of higher education (41st) and boosting
world’s innovation powerhouses (11th in the innovation technological readiness (37th), particularly ICT penetra-
pillar). tion, would serve this effort well.
New Zealand (20th) advances four ranks and joins Up one position from last year, China consolidates
the top 20. It is the only country within the top 20 to its presence in the top 30. At 29th, it outperforms the
improve its score year on year (4.9 to 5.0), an increase other BRIC economies, ahead of the closest contender,
attributable to a number of small improvements across India, by 20 positions.The country’s very high growth
the board.The country maintains or improves its rank- rates in recent years have moved China from Stage 1 to
ing in no less than 85 indicators out of the 113 that Stage 2, as measured by the GCI, in just three years.This
compose the GCI. Public institutions are assessed very rapid progression is posing new challenges to China. As
well, placing New Zealand in 5th position worldwide, the country moves up the development ladder, its com-
behind only Singapore and three Nordic countries.The petitive edge can no longer be based on the use of cheap
incidence of corruption is minimal by all measures. And factors of production alone and increasingly must be
when it comes to private institutions, New Zealand is based on efficiency improvements.This will pose chal-
second to none. It ranks 1st with respect to corporate lenges for the country to achieve the minimum growth 31
ethics, the strength of auditing standards, and protection rate—8 percent by the government’s own estimates—
of shareholders; and 2nd for the efficiency of corporate necessary to prevent any rise in unemployment and
boards. Overall, the environment is extremely conducive avoid social unrest.30 The GCI captures a number of
to business, supported by efficient goods (8th, up nine these efficiency-enabling factors and reveals that China
places) and labor (11th) markets, and by one of the still presents some shortcomings—in particular with
soundest financial systems in the world (3rd).Yet the respect to financial market sophistication (81st) and
country is not immune to the crisis, which has been technological readiness (79th), and, to a lesser extent,
aggravated by its large current account deficit, the high higher education (61st). A number of measures also
level of household indebtedness, and the fall in com- reveal the relative rigidity of the labor market. But
modity prices. After 10 years of uninterrupted growth, China can already rely on a relatively sophisticated
New Zealand will experience a mild recession in 2009. business environment (38th, up five) and its capacity
Furthermore, very much like neighboring Australia, to innovate (26th, up two) to move up the value chain.
New Zealand’s infrastructure is in need of upgrading, In addition, China’s enviable fiscal situation allows the
as reflected in the country’s 35th rank in this area—its government to stimulate internal demand, invest in
lowest for any of the 12 pillars, after market size. In this infrastructure, and pursue economic reforms.These
light, within the government’s stimulus plan, investment combined strengths provide the basis for China’s overall
in infrastructure projects and incentives to boost innova- strong position in the GCI ranking.31
tion capacity would be expected to improve the country’s Following last year’s first inclusion, Brunei
competitiveness going into the future.29 Darussalam leaps seven places to 32nd.The sultanate
Malaysia (24th) drops three positions, essentially as continues to do relatively well in all the categories that
the result of a much poorer assessment of its institutional matter the most given its stage of development, namely
framework. In this area, every indicator has been exhibit- institutions (36th, up five), infrastructure (41st, down
ing a downward trend since 2007, causing Malaysia to two), health and primary education (42nd, up five), and
tumble from 17th to 43rd position in this dimension in macroeconomic stability (1st).32 Brunei tops this latter
just two years. Security is of particular concern (85th, category thanks to a hefty budget surplus equivalent to
down 25 ranks). According to the business community, one third of its GDP (4th highest), high savings (2nd),
the potential of terrorism (97th) and crime (95th) both and controlled inflation (2.7 percent, 6th lowest).Yet the
impose significant business costs. Also of concern is the challenges inherent in diversifying away from oil and gas
budget deficit, which increased in 2008, amounting to are enormous.The overall environment is generally not
almost 5 percent of Malaysia’s GDP.Yet in most other conducive to doing business.The goods market does not

function efficiently (100th); in particular, the level of fairly well functioning institutions (54th), bustling finan-
competition is disturbingly low (106th). Furthermore, cial markets (16th), and a sound banking sector (25th)
higher education, technological readiness (60th), business supported by a vast domestic market (4th largest in PPP
sophistication (77th), financial markets, and innovation terms). On the other hand, the country underperforms
(75th) all exhibit major shortcomings. Addressing and on some of the basic determinants of competitiveness,
overcoming these challenges is a condition that must be namely health and primary education (101st), macro-
met to further widen the economic base beyond oil and economic stability (96th)—though improving—and
gas, which together account for half of Brunei’s GDP. infrastructure (76th). In addition, penetration rates for
Once a member of the top 30, Thailand (36th) mobile telephony (116th), the Internet (104th), and
drops for the second year in a row.The global downturn personal computers (96th) remain among the lowest
added to Thailand’s severe political turmoil and social in the world, while inefficiencies in the labor market
unrest with grim consequences for the country’s economy, (83rd) prevent an optimal allocation of human capital.
which is expected to shrink between 3 and 4 percent in Improvements in these areas would place India on a
2009—the first contraction since the Asian Financial stronger growth trajectory going into the future.
Crisis of the late 1990s.The government coalition is Moving up one place, the assessment of Indonesia
now faced with the double challenge of jumpstarting (54th) is very much in line with that of the previous
the economy and restoring political stability.The coun- three years.Three areas—among the most important
try’s competitiveness inevitably suffers from protracted given Indonesia’s current stage of development—are
instability. Unsurprisingly, the quality of public institu- of particular concern. First, infrastructure is in need
tions continues to deteriorate. Ranked 63rd in this of upgrading (84th), in particular with respect to ports
category,Thailand has dropped 20 places over the past (95th) and roads (94th). Second, several indicators reveal
three years. Insufficient protection of property rights the poor level of public health: tuberculosis and malaria
(75th) and security (85th) are of particular concern to incidence are among the highest in the world, while
the business community.With respect to public health infant mortality remains high.The third area of concern
(78th), HIV/AIDS, which afflicts 1.4 percent of the relates to technological readiness (88th). ICT penetra-
adult population; tuberculosis (142 cases per 100,000 tion rates remain low by all measures and have been
32 population); and malaria (400 cases per 100,000 popula- improving more slowly than in other countries. Indeed,
tion) are all major concerns.Thailand’s technological related to this last area, Indonesia is now in transition
readiness (63rd) is also lagging. Although mobile teleph- between being a factor-driven economy and becoming
ony penetration is among the densest in the world at an efficiency-driven one.The country’s competitiveness
124 mobile subscriptions per 100 population, the use will therefore increasingly be driven by such efficiency-
of the Internet (21 users per 100) and computers (6 per enhancing factors. On a more positive note, similar to
100) remains scarce. Looking at the most positive aspects the situation in India, Indonesia ranks higher in more
of Thailand’s performance, the macroeconomic situation complex factors such as business sophistication (40th)
(22nd) improved slightly between 2007 and 2008.The and innovation (39th).This certainly bodes well for the
efficiency of the labor market (25th) constitutes another future, but does not reduce the urgency of making
strength. Finally, the sheer size of its domestic (22nd) improvements in the other priority areas highlighted
and foreign (18th) markets is a source of economies above.
of scale. Vietnam is down five positions to 75th. Although
India is up one position at 49th. India’s GDP has the country improves in most of the categories of the
grown 6.6 percent per year on average since 1991, when Index, the considerable worsening of its macroeconomic
many economic reforms began in earnest, yet its GDP situation—dropping from 70th to 112th place—weighs
per capita remains just above US$1,000—a third and a heavily on its economy and competitiveness. A widening
tenth, respectively, of those in China and Russia. A wide trade deficit, an overheating economy, and a global rise
gap also remains between rural India and its thriving in commodity prices caused inflation to shoot up to 23
economic and technological hubs. India hosts some of percent in 2008.This in turn triggered a crisis of confi-
the best universities in the world, and a number of Indian dence, big swings in interest rates, and a sharp fall of the
corporate giants have become major global players or dong, the local currency. It is crucial for monetary
even leaders in their fields. At the same time, some 42 authorities and the government to bring inflation back
percent of the population lives on less than $1.25 a day under control and restore macroeconomic stability so
(in PPP international dollars), more than twice China’s that Vietnam can reap the benefits of the efforts and
equivalent figure. Mirroring this dichotomy, India’s successes achieved in other areas.
competitive performance continues to exhibit a rather Sri Lanka is at 79th, down two places, and the gap
reversed development pattern. It ranks an outstanding with the other countries of the region is widening. Like
28th in the most complex areas measured by the last year, Pakistan ranks 101st. Still at an early stage of
business sophistication and innovation subindex, ahead development, the country fails to improve significantly
of several advanced economies.The country also boasts on any of the basic determinants of its competitiveness,

namely institutions (104th), infrastructure (89th), macro- times of high commodity prices, Chile is now, more
economic stability (114th), and basic (128th) and higher than any other economy in the region, able to stimulate
education (118th).To make things worse, the threat of the economy in the current slowdown with a compre-
terrorism bears heavily on the business community. hensive stimulus package.The package involves fiscal
Bangladesh inches up five ranks to place 106th, while measures worth US$4 billion; an extra US$1 billion to
Cambodia drops one rank to 110th. Mongolia falls to finance the National Copper Corporation of Chile
117th place, whereas Nepal (125th, up one) and Timor- (CODELCO)’s investment activities; and US$700 mil-
Leste (126th, up three) improve their performance lion for infrastructure projects, temporary tax cuts for
slightly but remain among the world’s least competitive small enterprises, and benefits for the poor, among other
nations. things.34
Besides sound macroeconomic fundamentals (19th),
Chile’s performance in the GCI is especially boosted
Latin America and the Caribbean by efficient and transparent institutions (35th); highly
The competitiveness landscape described by the GCI developed infrastructure (30th); and well-functioning
this year for Latin America and the Caribbean is fairly goods (26th), labor (41st), and financial (32nd) markets—
encouraging. A number of countries—among them the latter displaying the largest pension industry in the
Uruguay (up 10 places), Brazil (up 8 places),Trinidad region. Completing the picture, Chile also boasts a
and Tobago (up 6 places), Colombia and Peru (both up sophisticated business sector (39th), effectively absorbing
5 places), and Costa Rica (up 4 places)—are realizing technology and knowledge coming from abroad, notably
important advances in the midst of a major external through FDI (21st for FDI and technology transfer).The
shock on export demand and financing availability, main area requiring improvement for Chile going for-
brought about by the current global economic crisis ward remains the unsatisfactory quality of its educational
and lower commodity prices.This reflects the rather system, notwithstanding increasing investment in educa-
strong footing of most of the countries in the region tion and rising educational attainment rates. Despite a
that enables them to weather the crisis, thanks to the slight improvement in both cases, primary and higher
sounder macroeconomic fundamentals achieved in education continue to be assessed fairly poorly at 96th
recent years. Most notable among these are reduced and 45th ranks, respectively, pointing to the need for 33
debt levels and increased foreign currency reserves. further upgrading if Chile is to catch up with best prac-
Indeed, although average GDP for the region is tice countries and establish an innovation-conducive
expected to contract by 1.9 percent in 2009, it is environment.
projected to start growing again in 2010 at 3.1 percent— Fairly stable at 42nd, Puerto Rico follows Chile as
a higher rate than the projected average world growth the second-most competitive economy in Latin America
rate in that year of just 1.9 percent. Furthermore, several and the Caribbean. Among the island’s main competitive
economies are still expected to grow moderately in advantages are its sound innovation and sophistication
2009: growth estimates include Panama (2.5 percent), factors (31st), with dynamic businesses operating high in
Peru (2 percent), and Colombia (0.6 percent), among the value chain (29th) and with an important innovation
others.33 At the same time, the region’s important potential (31st). It also has a well-developed financial
competitiveness potential does not seem to have fully sector (19th) and efficient goods markets (34th).Third
been reflected to date in the GCI rankings. Only Chile in the region, Barbados improves three places to 44th,
(30th) appears among the top 30 performers globally, continuing the upward trend observed last year.The
followed by the small Caribbean economies of Puerto country displays a rather mixed performance, whereby
Rico (42nd) and Barbados (44th), and there is still a very poor macroeconomic fundamentals (115th), a small
significant—although closing over the past few years— market size (126th), and, to a lesser extent, a relatively
gap with respect to the second tier of Latin American inefficient goods market (72nd) go hand in hand and are
best performers, namely Costa Rica (55th) and Brazil counterbalanced by first-class institutions (20th) and
(56th). Panama (59th), Mexico (60th), and Uruguay infrastructure (21st), as well as excellent primary (6th)
(65th), featured in the upper half of the rankings, and higher (26th) education, among other factors.
complete the list of the region’s most competitive Costa Rica climbs another four ranks from last
economies. year to reach 55th place, overtaking Panama (59th) as
Chile leads the region in competitiveness at a still- the best performer in Central America. It is worth not-
remarkable 30th place, although it has lost some ground ing Costa Rica’s remarkable evolution in the rankings
in the last two years, with a four-position fall overall. since 2006, with an overall 13-position improvement
The country’s successful early and timely market liberal- since that year, demonstrating the success of the unique
ization and trade opening, as well as consistent macro- development strategy followed by the country over
economic management have resulted in extremely high decades.This has consistently focused on high-quality
growth rates over the last two decades or so. Notably, education, good governance standards, and production
thanks to the countercyclical policies followed in recent and export diversification—notably toward high-tech

products and eco-tourism.The GCI underscores Costa Mexico’s rank remains unchanged at 60th,
Rica’s fairly good institutional environment (47th), demonstrating some resilience to the current interna-
quality education at all levels (29th for primary educational economic downturn.This is particularly notable
tion and 44th for higher education and training), and given Mexico’s close association with the US business
the sophistication of its businesses (41st) and innovation cycle in terms of availability of financing, trade, and
potential (34th) as areas of strength. On a less positive remittances.41 The important steps taken by Mexico
note, notwithstanding recent progress, macroeconomic in the last two decades toward more responsible fiscal
stability, at 101st, remains a cause for concern, while policies (28th in the macroeconomic stability pillar) as
the poor state of the country’s infrastructure (82nd) well as in opening, liberalizing, and diversifying its econ-
represents a potential bottleneck for further economic omy are now enabling the country to address the reces-
modernization and diversification. Finally, red tape and sion more effectively. Among the anti-crisis measures,
rigidities in different sectors continue to affect the the government has earmarked approximately US$80
country’s business environment.35 billion to support small- and medium-sized enterprises,
The regional giant Brazil, at 56th, continues the housing, antipoverty programs, oil prices, and the peso.
impressive upward evolution it started last year, gaining Moreover, Mexico was the first country to access a new
another eight positions, overcoming Russia for the first International Monetary Fund (IMF) facility—the
time, and partially closing the competitiveness gap with Flexible Credit Line—aimed at supporting otherwise
India and China among the BRIC economies.The sound economies in addressing economic challenges
important steps taken since the 1990s toward fiscal without conditionalities.42
sustainability,36 as well as measures taken to liberalize A number of competitive advantages underpin
and open the economy, have significantly boosted the Mexico’s competitiveness performance.These include the
country’s competitiveness fundamentals, providing a sound macroeconomic fundamentals already mentioned;
better environment for private-sector development.The one of the largest markets in the world available for local
GCI assessment highlights further improvements across companies (11th), thanks to a comprehensive network
the board from last year, particularly in the efficiency of preferential trade agreements and an important and
enhancers, from which Brazil’s growth potential critically expanding domestic market; and a diversified and fairly
34 depends in its current stage of development. It also sophisticated business sector (62nd) that displays relatively
reflects Brazil’s main competitive strengths, notably its well developed clusters (53rd), quality local suppliers
extensive and growing domestic market (9th), one of (47th), and a comprehensive value chain breadth (54th),
the most developed financial markets in the region and that exports mainly manufactured products. At the
(51st), and a diversified and sophisticated business sector same time, the GCI analysis points to some important
(32nd) with a significant potential for innovation (43rd). weaknesses in key areas for the country’s sustained
Brazilian FDI outflows exceeded inflows in 2007 (US$28 growth in the medium to long term.The inefficiency of
million vs. 18.8 million in 2006) because of a number of public institutions (101st), together with high insecurity
significant acquisitions and investments abroad made by (125th) due to spiraling and widespread violence and
the national multilatinas that year.37 Brazil, together with crime, are reasons for concern. Equally worrisome are
Mexico,38 has been at the forefront of the Latin Mexico’s rigid labor market (115th)—characterized by
American multilatinas phenomenon by which—thanks burdensome labor regulations, high payroll taxes, and
to superior technology and organization—local compa- high social contributions—and inefficient goods market
nies have successfully turned global. Multilatinas have (90th), with widespread red tape and insufficient com-
made this transition notably by investing massively petition. Last but not least, the higher education and
abroad, in the region and beyond, and thus realizing an training system (74th) does not seem to provide the
increasing portion of their revenues internationally.39 economy with the necessary pool of skilled labor, notably
However, a number of shortcomings remain to be scientists and engineers (94th), and is not creating an
addressed for Brazil to fully tap its important competi- environment conducive to adopting new technologies
tive advantages and further reduce poverty and income (71st in the technological readiness pillar) and generating
inequality.The institutional environment (93rd), macro- new ones (78th in the innovation pillar). Further action
economic stability (109th), and the efficiency of the is needed to liberalize markets, upgrade the educational
goods (99th) and labor markets (80th) continue to be system, and improve public governance in the country.43
poorly assessed, notwithstanding some improvements Uruguay, at 65th and up 10 places from last year,
in recent years. Moreover, despite the government’s presents the largest improvement in the region. It has
increased focus, the educational system at all levels made significant progress in various areas, including
(79th and 58th for health and primary education and infrastructure, macroeconomic stability, higher education
higher education and training, respectively) remains in and training, and technological readiness.The country’s
serious need of upgrading, and a particular effort should development model and competitiveness strategy rest on
be made to reduce the high student dropout rates and a continuous emphasis on education at large (ranked
regional disparities in education attainment and quality.40 52nd for health and primary education and 50th for

higher education and training), and it has among the domestic market. Finally, poverty levels and income and
best regional public governance standards (39th for regional inequalities continue to loom as a cause of
public institutions). Strides toward macroeconomic social unrest in the country, despite the current adminis-
stability have also been made in recent years, notably tration’s efforts to increase social expenditure and public
with a significant reduction of public debt levels in the investment in infrastructure.
last few years (reduced from 116.51 percent of GDP Argentina climbs three places to 85th place, a still-
in 2006 to 53 percent in 2008).Widespread rigidities disappointing result given the country’s many competitive
in the factor markets remain a cause of concern, espe- strengths and strong GDP growth between the major
cially in the labor market (119th), but also, to a lesser economic crisis of 2001 and 2008.The country benefits
extent, in the financial (88th) and goods (78th) markets. from a fairly educated labor force (59th and 55th on the
Colombia has gained five positions since last year health and primary education and higher education and
and is now placed 69th.The country has achieved sig- training pillars, respectively) and a large market size (23rd).
nificant advances in macroeconomic stabilization and On the other hand, serious flaws continue to affect the
civil pacification and can count on a rather extensive country’s competitiveness landscape, representing endur-
market size (31st) and sophisticated business sector ing vulnerabilities in the current difficult economic out-
(60th), successfully absorbing technology from abroad look and going forward. In particular, the expansionary
(66th for technological readiness) and with a fairly fiscal and monetary policies of recent years have caused
high innovation potential (63rd). However, the poor the economy to overheat, resulting in high inflation
institutional environment (101st), displaying notably levels (8.59 percent in 2008).The still-high public debt
low levels of security for businesses and the population (48.5 percent of GDP in 2008), despite debt restructur-
at large (132nd), infrastructure in sore need of improve- ing, coupled with the reduction in tax revenues brought
ment (83rd), and rather inefficient factor markets (88th, about by decreased commodities prices, are particularly
78th, and 78th for goods, labor, and financial markets, worrisome features in the face of the current global
respectively) are among the areas hindering Colombia’s economic downturn. Furthermore, the dismal 126th
competitive potential going forward. rank for the quality of the institutional environment
Peru is up five places to 78th, continuing the highlights the business community’s deep distrust of, and
upward trend started last year and improving in most pessimism about, government efficiency and transparency, 35
of the dimensions assessed by the GCI.The country’s respect of the rule of law, and even-handedness in deal-
impressive 9.8 percent growth rate in 2008 made it ing with the private sector.The tendency of the last two
among the fastest-growing economies in the region. administrations to adopt discretionary policies (including
Although the growth rate is expected to significantly a recent attempt to increase taxes on agricultural
slow in 2009, Peru will still be one of the lucky few exports, as well as the nationalization of the private pen-
spared a recession, with a projected 2 percent growth sion system) has eroded the confidence of national and
rate this year.The country’s positive recent performance international investors, thus creating greater incentive
has much to do with the competent monetary and for capital outflows. On a related note, factor markets
fiscal policy pursued particularly over the last decade, continue to be unable to allocate resources to their most
with falling levels of public indebtedness (from 37.8 efficient use because of the many rigidities troubling
percent of GDP in 2006 to 24 percent in 2008) and the goods (124th), labor (123rd), and financial (116th)
consistent budget surpluses (2.40 percent of GDP in markets. Going into the future, institutionalization of
2008); this has gone hand in hand with goods and labor sound fiscal policies, a greater respect for the rule of law,
market liberalization, trade and FDI opening, and maxi- the liberalization of the factor markets, and a reduction
mization of the revenues from the country’s rich natural of red tape will be crucial to restoring investors’ trust in
and mineral resources. Peru also benefits from strengths the fairness of the government and in the business envi-
such as the fairly large size of its market (46th) and its ronment in Argentina.
sophisticated and rather deep financial sector (39th). For Venezuela falls to 113th place, losing eight posi-
Peru to continue to grow in a sustained fashion and ful- tions from last year and continuing the downward trend
fill its competitive potential going forward, a number of observed in recent years, despite some marginal improve-
weaknesses will need to be tackled.This will include ments in macroeconomic stability and infrastructure
improving the quality of the institutional environment quality and the sheer size of its market (37th).The GCI
(90th), upgrading the country’s poor infrastructure assessment continues to highlight major problematic
(97th) and educational standards and access at large (91st areas in Venezuela’s competitiveness performance.
and 81st for health and primary education and higher Among these is its poor macroeconomic environment
education and training, respectively). In particular, an (91st)—despite windfall oil revenues in recent years,
improved educational system will better cater to the this poor showing is mainly due to expansionary fiscal
needs of an efficiency-driven economy such as Peru and policies and discretionary administrative measures.The
facilitate technological adoption (77th for technological dreary quality of its institutional environment, for which
readiness) and generation (109th for innovation) in the Venezuela continues to be assessed as worst out of all

countries covered by the GCI, is another major problem thanks to its abundant resources in natural gas remain-
area; this mirrors enduring concerns on the part of the ing, with an estimated 18 percent growth rate in 2009,44
business community in Venezuela about the respect of the fastest-growing economy in the Gulf Cooperation
the rule of law, the fairness and efficiency of the govern- Council region.This positive economic performance is
ment in its day-to-day operations and strategy, and the reflected in a number of indicators captured by the
high violence and crime levels in the country. Other GCI. Over the past year, the country moved up by six
serious concerns include factor markets that are among places from last year’s already high base in the macro-
the least efficient in the world, at 132nd (goods market economic stability pillar, to 13th.This is a reflection of
efficiency), 133rd (labor market efficiency), and 126th both absolute improvements—notably in the budgetary
(financial market sophistication). Underdeveloped infra- surplus and public debt levels—and the poorer macro-
structure (106th) and poor educational standards at all economic performance of many other countries due to
levels (81st and 83rd for primary health and primary the financial crisis and concurrent countercyclical meas-
education and higher education and training, respectively) ures. In terms of macroeconomic management, the
complete the picture.The growing distortions in the country’s priorities remain to reduce inflation, which
economy and the high vulnerability of public finance was exacerbated by rising food and housing prices in
to changes in oil prices are particularly troubling and 2008, and to expand credit.
require urgent structural reform; such reform should Qatar is moving in the right direction in many
also ensure that public spending on health and educa- areas of competitiveness.The upgrading of the institu-
tion are better targeted. Restoring investors’ trust in tional framework continues (9th), and goods and labor
the country’s institutional and business environment markets are more efficient than in previous years, ranked
would be equally important for unleashing Venezuela’s 21st and 14th, respectively. In addition, the country has
competitiveness potential going forward. made great strides in harnessing the latest technologies,
As in previous years, Suriname (102nd), Ecuador such as mobile telephony (2nd) and broadband (37th),
(105th), Nicaragua (115th), Bolivia (120th), and and in opening up to foreign investment (it is ranked
Paraguay (124th) lag behind the rest of the region 13th on the restrictiveness of rules and regulations on
and most of the world in competitiveness, displaying FDI). Moving forward, improving competitiveness will
36 common flaws in their institutional environment.They necessitate further measures to encourage students to
all exhibit poor governance standards, red tape, and pursue tertiary education, where enrollment rates
rampant crime and violence, as well as underdeveloped remain low (93rd). Additionally, the stability of Qatar’s
factor markets, infrastructure, and educational systems. financial sector (35th) would benefit from a stronger
protection of investor’s rights.The country ranks 71st
for the strength of investor protection and 98th for the
Middle East and North Africa strength of legal rights.
The Middle East and North Africa region appears The United Arab Emirates (UAE) occupies the
to be on average somewhat less affected by the global 23rd position in this year’s Report and 2nd in the region,
economic crisis than other emerging regions.With the building on the positive trend of the past few years.
exception of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, all countries in Notwithstanding the current cyclical downturn, the
the region expect positive growth rates for 2009.With available data suggest that the UAE has in place the
respect to national competitiveness, significant differ- underlying fundamentals of a competitive economy.45
ences between countries persist. In many energy- The lower score in macroeconomic stability due to
exporting countries, abundant oil windfall profits rising public debt and lower budget surplus is in line
have triggered a wave of reforms aimed at improving with most other countries’ results in this pillar and
competitiveness. As a result, some of the more success- therefore does not lead to significant changes in the
ful reformers, such as Qatar (22nd), the United Arab ranking. However, serious doubts persist about the sus-
Emirates (23rd), and Saudi Arabia (28th), place in the tainability of public finances in Dubai and the potential
top tier of the emerging markets. Although non–oil effect a further deterioration may have on the country
exporting countries from the region also benefited from as a whole. As the global downturn continues to limit
the boom through foreign investment and remittances, the availability of finance and reduces tourism and trade,
the progress in improving competitiveness has been less the country’s main sectors of activity are likely to be
pronounced or nonexistent. Consequently, the poorest adversely affected. However, in spite of the fall in real
regional performers—such as Libya (88th) and Syria estate prices, the assessment of its financial markets so
(94th)—continue to lag behind most of the world’s far proves more resilient than for many other countries.
economies with respect to national competitiveness. The UAE has improved by eight positions to 33rd in
At 22nd, Qatar takes the lead in the Middle East this pillar, although the score has gone down. It has
and North Africa region, gaining four positions to be noted, however, that businesses assess banks as
compared with last year’s edition of this Report. The somewhat less sound than previously (down by five
country continues to weather the economic crisis well positions to 36th).The changing global environment is

also reflected in the intensifying competition in goods 10 x 10 program.48 Major reforms in the area of the
markets in the Emirates, which may in turn have posi- investment climate, education, health, the financial sec-
tive effects on the country’s future development path. tor, and the judiciary are under way or envisaged, and
The consistent upgrading of institutions and infra- are being registered in the country’s performance in the
structure and rising technological readiness and innova- GCI. Saudi Arabia has in particular made progress with
tive capacity over the past few years will help the UAE respect to upgrading its public institutions, ranked 28th
maintain its competitive edge in the longer term. Perhaps this year.The protection of property rights has been
more emphasis will be needed on education, where improved, corruption has been reduced, and the judici-
quantitative measures still point to low secondary and ary has made gains in independence.The country has
tertiary enrollment rates (50th and 81st, respectively), and also made great strides in improving the competitive
on further boosting the country’s innovative capacity, environment for firms. Despite these commendable
which remains constrained by the quality of research moves, some of the most serious challenges have not
institutions (53rd) and relative disconnect between uni- been addressed sufficiently.The quality of education
versities and businesses (39th). (74th), as well as enrollment rates at all levels—Saudi
Israel’s competitive position continues to erode, Arabia ranks 109th for primary, 45th for secondary, and
coming in at 27th, four positions down from last year.46 72nd for tertiary enrollment—have not improved,
This deterioration is mainly due to a continuously although public expenditures on education are among
lower assessment of the quality of the educational system the highest in the world (7th).The other challenges
(from 15th in 2006 to 65th in 2009), which was also Saudi Arabia will have to address are the fairly rigid
mirrored in the OECD’s PISA assessment in 2006.47 It labor market (71st) and the trustworthiness and confi-
appears that reductions in overall government spending dence in the financial sector, which remain low,
have affected the educational system, as reflected in the although they have held up well in the current financial
falling public education expenditure as a share of gross crisis, improving from 98th to 81st.
national income.The deteriorating quality of education Tunisia drops four places to 40th in this year’s
in Israel is worrisome because the availability of a well- rankings, but retains the lead among the North African
educated workforce, such as engineers and scientists, pro- countries.The country’s efficient government institutions
vided the basis of the successful technology-focused (15th) remain its main strength, along with a high level 37
development strategy followed by the country over the of security (23rd) and an educational system that ensures
last three decades. a good quality of education (29th), although enrollment
In addition to the quality of education, the sophisti- rates in secondary and tertiary institutions are fairly low
cation of business strategies as well as innovative capacity (ranked 66th and 70th, respectively). At the same time,
have deteriorated over the past two years. Despite this Tunisia boasts fairly well developed infrastructure (37th),
slightly downward trend, the country’s innovative capac- in particular for air and rail transport, and has fairly effi-
ity, ranked 9th, remains a key competitive advantage, cient domestic markets for goods and services (39th).
along with the high level of sophistication of its finan- In the course of the past years, the macroeconomic
cial markets, ranked 15th. As well as addressing the edu- environment in the country has remained stable.The
cational system, the challenges to be tackled going into government continues to run a small deficit of about
the future are to be found in a number of other basic 3 percent; public debt appears manageable and is being
areas of the GCI.The quality of infrastructure (44th) is reduced continuously; and inflation, although rising
assessed below levels expected from a country at such a recently, remains largely under control. In light of the
high level of income, and public and private institutions, recent deterioration in the macroeconomic stability of
although recovering, are still assessed as relatively weak, many countries worldwide, this relative stability has lead
in particular with respect to the capacity of government to a significant improvement in rankings for Tunisia on
to ensure security (69th) and the efficiency of govern- the related pillar (55th).
ment operations (51st).The present economic crisis has Moving forward, two priorities for Tunisia emerge
also taken a toll on macroeconomic stability in Israel. from the GCI results in order to become more compet-
Rising inflation (4.75 percent in 2008) and an increas- itive. First, the country will have to tackle inefficiencies
ing budget deficit (2.8 percent of GDP in 2008) have related to its labor market.The low ranking of 98th
contributed to pulling the ranking on this pillar down reflects in particular rigid employment regulations (108th)
to 67th this year. and wage-setting processes (118th), high taxes (108th),
Saudi Arabia ranks 28th, with a fairly stable per- and the low participation of women in the labor force
formance. As in previous years, the country’s macroeco- (124th). Second, the low confidence in the stability of
nomic stability, ranked 9th, remains its main strength; the banking system (94th) and the efficiency of financial
this is buoyed by the still relatively high oil prices in markets (68th) will need to be addressed. In particular,
2008. Since its first inclusion in the GCR in 2006, Saudi investors cannot rely on the legal framework for
Arabia has made continuous progress in improving its protection of their rights (110th), and the sophistication
competitive position in the framework of the ambitious of financial markets and restrictions on capital flows are

considered burdensome by the business community slight decline in GDP for the region in the year ahead.51
(89th). However, despite such concerns, some African countries
Egypt moves up 11 places to 70th in this year’s continue to fare quite well. South Africa and Mauritius
GCI rankings, overtaking Morocco at 73rd and reflect- have both maintained a stable performance since last
ing recent liberalization efforts in the country. year and are still in the top half of the rankings, and
The improvement in the overall ranking stems mainly there have been measurable improvements across specific
from the upgrading of infrastructure across all categories areas in a number of other African countries. On the
and from positive developments related to labor market other hand, there have been some significant declines
efficiency and, to an even greater extent, financial mar- registered in countries that were previously making
kets sophistication.49 strides ahead. More generally, we continue to note that
Egypt’s main competitive strengths are the sheer sub-Saharan Africa as a whole lags behind the rest of the
size of its market (26th), which allows businesses to world in competitiveness, requiring efforts across many
exploit economies of scale; the fairly solid private insti- areas to place the region on a firmly sustainable growth
tutions (53rd); and the satisfactory quality of the trans- and development path going forward.
port and energy networks (55th overall).The challenges, South Africa, at 45th overall, remains the highest-
on the other hand, are numerous.The labor market ranked country in sub-Saharan Africa, with a stable per-
continues to be over-regulated, which diminishes its formance compared with last year.The country continues
efficiency. Although some progress has been achieved, to benefit from the large size of its economy, particularly
the persisting labor market rigidities are particularly by regional standards (it is ranked 24th in the market
worrisome. Inflexible hiring and firing procedures keep size pillar). South Africa does well on measures of the
the country’s many unemployed young people, a large quality of institutions and factor allocation, such as intel-
number of whom are well educated, from entering the lectual property protection (24th), the accountability of
formal labor market, raising the risk of a degradation private institutions (5th), and goods market efficiency
of human capital, brain drain from the country (123rd), (35th). In this area there has been a notable improve-
and potentially causing social problems. Also, the partici- ment in the evaluation of the country’s financial markets,
pation of women in the labor force continues to be low which have increased in rank from 24th last year to a
38 (127th), despite some progress achieved in the context of very high 5th this year, indicating strong confidence in
a government program. Egypt continues to struggle with South Africa’s financial markets at a time when trust has
serious challenges related to macroeconomic stability been eroded in many other parts of the world. South
(120th). Although government debt has been reduced Africa also does reasonably well in more complex areas
somewhat (from 105.8 percent of GDP in 2007 to 85.9 such as business sophistication (36th) and innovation
in 2008), the budget deficit and inflation continue to (41st), benefiting from good scientific research institu-
rise.The budget deficit has reached 6.8 percent of GDP tions (ranked 29th) and strong collaboration between
(in 2008, 128th position), and inflation is also among universities and the business sector in innovation
the highest in the world at 11.7 (in 2008, 101st).50 (ranked 25th).
Furthermore, Egypt’s banking system continues to lack On the other hand, South Africa’s competitiveness
trustworthiness and solidity, as reflected in the 107th would be enhanced by tackling some enduring weak-
position in the rankings. nesses.The country ranks 90th in labor market efficiency,
The regional ranking closes with Libya at 88th with inflexible hiring and firing practices (125th), a lack
and Syria at 94th. Both countries display fairly solid of flexibility in wage determination by companies (123rd),
public institutions (59th for Libya and 56th for Syria) and poor labor-employer relations (121st). Furthermore,
and high levels of security (32nd and 17th, respectively), the country’s innovative potential could be at risk with
but face numerous serious challenges related to the a university enrollment rate of only 15 percent, which
inefficiency of their goods, labor, and financial markets. places the country 94th overall. In addition, South
Libya has the additional advantage of a stable macro- Africa’s infrastructure, although good by regional stan-
economic environment (4th), thanks to the significant dards, requires upgrading (ranked 45th). In this light, the
gains in oil revenues realized in recent years. improvements in transport infrastructure related to the
2010 World Cup is a welcome development that should
reinforce South Africa’s competitiveness.The poor secu-
Sub-Saharan Africa rity situation remains another important obstacle to doing
After an impressive upward trend in African GDP in business in South Africa.The business costs of crime and
recent years, the current global economic turmoil has violence (133rd) and the sense that the police are unable
raised questions about how sustainable this growth will to provide protection from crime (106th) do not con-
be over the longer term. Although Africa’s economies tribute to an environment that fosters competitiveness.
are less linked than many other parts of the world to Another major concern remains the health of the work-
global markets, the region has not been spared from the force, ranked 127th out of 133 countries, the result of
fallout of the economic crisis: the IMF is projecting a high rates of communicable diseases and poor health

indicators more generally. Improvements in these areas from 52 to 56 years by the most recent estimate.
will enhance South Africa’s competitiveness outlook. Continuing to improve the health and education levels
Mauritius is ranked 57th this year, the same ranking of the workforce remain the key priorities for improv-
it held last year, and the second-highest in sub-Saharan ing Botswana’s competitiveness.
Africa.The country is characterized by strong and trans- Namibia has moved up six ranks to 74th place this
parent public institutions, with clear property rights, year, with small improvements across most of the areas
strong judicial independence, and a security situation measured by the GCI. Among Namibia’s comparative
that is good by regional standards (44th). Private institu- strengths is the quality of the institutional environment
tions are rated as accountable and improving (ranked (ranked 37th, up from 42nd last year). Property rights
22nd), with strong auditing and accounting standards are well protected (ranked 21st), the judiciary is per-
and a system that protects minority shareholders’ inter- ceived as independent from undue influence (21st), and
ests.The country’s infrastructure is well developed by there is strong public trust in politicians (27th).The
regional standards, particularly roads, air transport, and quality of the country’s infrastructure, most particularly
telephony. Health standards are also impressive compared its transport infrastructure, is also excellent by regional
with other sub-Saharan African countries. Further, both standards (ranked 32nd). Goods and labor markets (77th)
goods and financial markets function well (ranked 37th function fairly well by regional standards, and both have
and 26th, respectively), with improvements registered seen improvements in their functioning since last year.
in both areas since last year. Financial markets also function particularly well, with
However, efforts continue to be required in the the rank in this pillar going up from 53rd to 31st this
area of education. Educational enrollment rates remain year, with particular advances in aspects related to trust-
somewhat low, particularly at the university level (plac- worthiness and confidence.The country also continues
ing Mauritius 97th); education spending is low; and the to be characterized by reasonable macroeconomic man-
educational system gets mediocre marks for quality. agement, although this is an area that has weakened
Beyond the educational weaknesses, labor markets could since last year, falling from 27th to 66th overall, a drop
be made more flexible, with stringent hiring and firing mainly attributable to the government’s deficit spending.
laws (87th) and wages that are not flexibly determined With regard to weaknesses, Namibia’s health and
(105th), although there have been measurable improve- education indicators are worrisome.The country is 39
ments in this area since last year. ranked a low 115th on the health subpillar, with high
After climbing significantly in the rankings last year, infant mortality and low life expectancy—the result in
Botswana falls back by 10 places to 66th, although it is large part of the high rates of communicable diseases.
still in the top half of the rankings and counted as one On the educational side, enrollment rates remain low,
of the three most competitive economies in the region. and the assessment of the quality of the educational
Among the country’s strengths are its reliable and legiti- system remains poor, ranked 104th. In addition, the
mate institutions, ranking 16th worldwide for the effi- country could do more to harness new technologies
ciency of government spending, 19th for public trust of to improve its productivity levels, with low penetration
politicians, and 27th for judicial independence. Botswana rates of new technologies such as mobile phones and
is rated as the country with the lowest corruption in the Internet.
Africa (ranked 22nd overall, on a par with countries Kenya, ranked 98th, has fallen five places this year,
such as Austria and Germany). Over past years, the with a weakening especially in its institutional environ-
transparency and accountability of public institutions ment. Kenya’s key strengths continue to be found in the
have contributed to a stable macroeconomic environ- more complex areas measured by the GCI. For example,
ment, although there has been a weakening in this area Kenya’s innovative capacity is ranked an impressive 48th,
since last year, dropping from 22nd to 41st. with high company spending on research and develop-
Botswana’s primary weaknesses are related to the ment and good scientific research institutions collaborat-
country’s human resources base. Despite high spending ing well with the business sector in research activities.
on education, educational enrollment rates at all levels Supporting this innovative potential is an
of the educational ladder remain low by international educational system that—although reaching a relatively
standards (ranked 111th, 92nd, and 115th for primary, small proportion of the population compared with most
secondary, and tertiary enrollment, respectively), and the other countries—gets good marks for quality (34th) as
quality of the educational system receives mediocre marks. well as for on-the-job training (44th).The economy is
Yet it is clear that by far the biggest obstacle facing also supported by financial markets that are sophisticated
Botswana in its efforts to improve its competitiveness by international standards (37th), with relatively easy
is the health situation in the country. Botswana’s HIV access to loans and share issues on the local stock market.
prevalence rate remains very high (ranked 133rd), as However, there are a number of basic weaknesses
well as the incidence of malaria (94th) and tuberculosis that are eroding Kenya’s overall competitive potential. As
(130th). However, these rates are for the most part com- mentioned above, the country’s public institutions are
ing down, leading to an improvement in life expectancy assessed as increasingly inefficient (ranked 117th, down

from 100th last year), plagued by undue influence is also a serious concern, ranked 118th in this area, with
(120th), government inefficiency (101st), and high and poor health indicators and high levels of diseases such as
rising corruption (116th, down from 101st last year). malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV.
The security situation in Kenya is also worrisome, par- Ghana is ranked 114th this year, down 12 ranks
ticularly in regard to crime and violence (122nd), the since last year. Ghana continues to display excellent
potential of terrorism (127th), and the prevalence of public institutions and governance indicators, for which
organized crime (118th). Health is another area of seri- it has often been commended by international leaders
ous concern (ranked 119th), with a high prevalence of in recent years, having notably seen a peaceful transition
communicable diseases contributing to the low life of political power through presidential elections.The
expectancy of 54 years. weakening of Ghana’s performance is attributable to a
Nigeria is ranked 99th this year, down five places deterioration of the country’s macroeconomic stability
since last year.The country’s greatest area of strength since last year. Overall, Ghana’s institutions are ranked
remains its macroeconomic environment (ranked 20th), 68th, with reasonable public trust of politicians (ranked
with the government running budget surpluses, a high 62nd), relative judicial independence (69th), and corrup-
national savings rate, and low national debt. Nigeria also tion levels lower than in most other countries of the
benefits from a relatively large market (42nd), providing region (71st for ethics and corruption). Some aspects
its companies with opportunities for economies of scale. of the country’s infrastructure are also good by regional
Factor markets also function relatively well by regional standards, particularly roads and ports, which are ranked
standards, with goods, labor, and financial markets 76th and 69th, respectively. Financial markets are also
ranked 62nd, 61st, and 57th, respectively. relatively sophisticated (ranked 59th). On the other
On the other hand, Nigeria’s economy is character- hand, education levels continue to lag behind interna-
ized by weak institutions (ranked 102nd), including a tional standards at all levels, goods and labor markets
serious security problem (117th), high levels of corrup- continue to be characterized by inefficiencies, and the
tion (122nd), and government spending that is perceived country is not harnessing new technologies for produc-
as wasteful (120th). It also receives poor assessments for its tivity enhancements (ICT adoption rates are very low).
infrastructure (127th) as well as health and primary edu- Finally, the country is characterized by high and increas-
40 cation (132nd). In addition, the country is not harnessing macroeconomic instability, having gone from 121st
ing the latest technologies for productivity enhancements, on this pillar last year to a very low 129th this year.
as demonstrated by its low rates of ICT penetration. The government is running high and increasing fiscal
Tanzania has seen an impressive improvement deficits, debt levels are high, inflation is well into the
this year of 13 ranks, up to 100th place, and directly double digits, and high interest rate spreads point to
following Kenya and Nigeria in the overall rankings. inefficiencies in the financial system.
The country benefits from public institutions that are Zimbabwe continues to be among the least com-
characterized by reasonable public trust of politicians petitive economies included in the GCI, ranked second
(ranked 61st), relative government evenhandedness in to last at 132nd overall.The institutional environment
its dealings with the private sector (ranked 60th), and a continues to be ranked among the worst of all countries,
security situation that is good by regional standards with a complete absence of property rights (ranked last
(ranked 64th). In addition, some aspects of the labor out of all countries at 133rd), high levels of corruption
markets lend themselves to efficiency, such as the high (122nd), and a lack of evenhandedness of the govern-
female participation in the labor force (ranked 4th) and ment in its dealings with the public (129th) as well as
reasonable taxation and firing costs.There has also been basic government inefficiency (124th). And even amid
a measurable improvement in the sophistication of the international economic turmoil affecting so many
financial markets, up from 90th to 74th place this year. countries, the extreme mismanagement of the public
But Tanzania demonstrates weaknesses through- finances and monetary policy has placed Zimbabwe
out most of the other areas measured by the Index. once again at the bottom of all countries covered with
Infrastructure in the country is underdeveloped (ranked regard to macroeconomic stability (ranked 133rd).
123rd), with poor-quality roads, ports, and electricity Zimbabwe continues to carry out massive deficit spend-
supply, and few telephone lines. And although primary ing, engendering unsustainable public debt. Raging
education enrollment is commendably high (25th), hyperinflation that was unparalleled internationally
enrollment rates at the secondary and university levels recently pushed the government to suspend the printing
are among the lowest in the world (ranked 125th and of Zimbabwean dollars and to dollarize the economy in
129th, respectively). Related to the education level of the early months of 2009.Weaknesses in other areas
the workforce, the adoption of new technologies is include health (ranked 128th in the health subpillar),
low in Tanzania (ranked 120th), with very low uptake low educational enrollment rates, and official markets
of ICTs such as the Internet and mobile telephony. In that are functioning only with great difficulty (particu-
addition, the quality of the educational system receives larly with regard to goods and labor markets, ranked
a poor assessment. And the basic health of the workforce 130th and 125th, respectively).

Conclusions national competitiveness environment and to identify
This chapter has discussed the results of the Global those factors most constraining their economic develop-
Competitiveness Index 2009–2010, covering 133 coun- ment. More specifically, the GCI provides a platform for
tries from all of the world’s regions.The GCI demon- dialogue among government, business, and civil society
strates the extent to which national competitiveness is that can serve as a catalyst for productivity-improving
a complex phenomenon, which can be improved only reforms, with the aim of boosting living standards of the
through an array of reforms in different areas that affect world’s citizens.
the longer-term productivity of a country.These range
from good governance and macroeconomic stability to
the efficiency of factor markets, technological adoption, Notes
1 IMF 2009a.
and innovation potential, among others. In this context,
it is important to bear in mind that the present economic 2 Schumpeter 1942; Solow 1956; and Swan 1956.
crisis is short term in nature and related to the business 3 See, for example, Sala-i-Martin et al. 2004 for an extensive list of
potential robust determinants of economic growth.
cycle, while competitiveness is very much about a coun-
try’s development potential over the medium to long 4 See Easterly and Levine 1997; Acemoglu et al. 2001, 2002; Rodrik
et al. 2002; and Sala-i-Martin and Subramanian 2003.
term. Indeed, countries that have competitive strengths
in a variety of areas can be expected to exit the crisis 5 See de Soto 2000.
faster and to rebound much more strongly. 6 See de Soto and Abbot 1990.
Of course, if the economic crisis affects the longer- 7 In this pillar, one Survey-based variable capturing the efficiency of
term drivers of competitiveness this should be reflected the legal framework for (1) settling disputes and (2) challenging
the legality of government actions and/or regulations has been
by specific aspects of the GCI; this is indeed the case replaced by two variables, each capturing one of the issues more
this year. Most directly, there has been a weakening in specifically.
the assessment of financial markets in a number of 8 See Shleifer and Vishny 1997; Zingales 1998.
countries, and notably in the soundness of banks and 9 See Kaufmann and Vishwanath 2001.
measures of access to capital.The crisis has also had 10 See Aschauer 1989; Canning et al. 1994; Gramlich 1994; and
consequences on ratings in other pillars. For example, Easterly 2002.
the assessment by business leaders of the institutional 11 See Fischer 1993. 41
environment has been affected by revelations of private- 12 See Sachs 2001.
sector and public-sector behaviors that contributed to
13 See Schultz 1961; Lucas 1988; Becker 1993; and Kremer 1993.
the crisis, as well as some government actions taken in
14 See Almeida and Carneiro 2009; Amin 2009; and Kaplan 2009 for
response. Related to this point, the crisis has exacerbated country studies demonstrating the importance of flexible labor
macroeconomic instability in some countries, with markets for higher employment rates and, therefore, economic
performance.
individual governments running up significant deficits
through stimulus spending to support demand and thus 15 Data previously included in this pillar measuring non-wage labor
costs have been excluded this year, as they are no longer collected
generating increased debt and expectations that they by the World Bank Doing Business group.
will generate inflation to reduce the future debt burden. 16 See Aghion and Howitt 1992 and Barro and Sala-i-Martin 2003 for
The full impact of these actions for future national a technical exposition of technology-based growth theories.
competitiveness has yet to be seen. 17 A general purpose technology (GPT), according to Trajtenberg
More generally, under-regulation of the financial (2005), is one which in any given period makes a particular
contribution to overall economy’s growth thanks to its ability to
sector in the United States and the United Kingdom transform the methods of production in a wide array of industries.
has been blamed for the economic crisis. In response, Examples of GPTs have been the invention of the steam engine
and the electric dynamo.
governments all over the world are now tempted to
increase regulation in other aspects of the economy, 18 See UNCTAD 2009.
notably in goods and services markets.Yet this would be 19 See Sachs and Warner 1995; Frenkel and Romer 1999; Rodrik and
Rodriguez 1999; Alesina et al. 2005; and Feyrer 2009.
reading the wrong lessons from the crisis. It would be
dangerous to conclude that the need for more financial 20 This is particularly important in a world in which economic borders
are not as clearly delineated as political ones. In other words,
regulation in a few highly unregulated economies means when Belgium sells goods to the Netherlands, the national
that already highly regulated economies should further accounts register the transaction as an export (so the Netherlands
is a foreign market of Belgium), but when California sells the
increase red tape elsewhere.The GCI clearly shows the same kind of output to Nevada, the national accounts register the
importance of efficient markets for national productivity transaction as domestic (so Nevada is a domestic market of
California).
and competitiveness.
Since its introduction in 2004, the GCI has been 21 See Romer 1990; Grossman and Helpman 1991; and Aghion and
Howitt 1992.
used by an increasing number of countries and institu-
tions to benchmark national competitiveness.The clear
and intuitive structure of the GCI framework is useful
for prioritizing policy reforms because it allows coun-
tries to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the

22 Probably the most famous theory of stages of development was 39 The multilatinas are now global players in sectors as diverse as oil
developed by the American historian W. W. Rostow in the 1960s and gas, metals and mining, cement, steel, food and beverage,
(see Rostow 1960). Here we adapt Michael Porter’s theory of and high tech. Brazilian companies such as Petrobras, Vale, Sadia,
stages (see Porter 1990). Please see Chapter 1.1 of The Global and Embraer are among those that have proven their ability to
Competitiveness Report 2007–2008 for a complete description of compete in international markets, in traditional as well as less
how we have adapted Michael Porter’s theory for the present traditional (Embraer) industries.
application.
40 For a more detailed analysis on Brazil’s competitive potential, see
23 Some restrictions were imposed on the coefficients estimated. Mia et al. 2009.
For example, the three coefficients for each stage had to add up
to one, and all the weights had to be non-negative. 41 The recent H1N1 flu epidemic has also hit the economy hard.
Consequences included the partial economic shutdown of the
24 In order to capture the resource intensity of the economy, we use country for approximately two weeks, adopted as part of the
as a proxy the exports of mineral products as a share of overall precautionary measures to avoid contagion, as well as the more
exports according to the sector classification developed by the general negative impact on the tourism industry. The government
International Trade Centre in their Trade Performance Index. In has estimated that the H1N1 flu might shave off an additional half
addition to crude oil and gas, this category also contains all metal point from national GDP in 2009.
ores and other minerals as well as petroleum products, liquefied
gas, coal, and precious stones. The data used cover the years 42 See Noriega 2009.
2003 through 2007. Further information on these data can be 43 For a more comprehensive assessment of Mexico’s competitive-
found at the following site: http://www.intracen.org/menus/ ness, see Hausmann et al. 2009.
countries.htm.
44 IMF 2009a.
All countries that export more than 70 percent of mineral products
are considered to be to some extent factor driven. The stage of 45 It has to be noted, however, that gaps in macroeconomic and
development for these countries is adjusted downward smoothly other data in the United Arab Emirates obfuscate the assessment
depending on the exact primary export share. The higher the of the situation somewhat. The planned establishment of a
minerals export share, the stronger the adjustment and the closer national statistics bureau will be helpful in this regard.
the country will move to Stage 1. For example, a country that
exports 95 percent of mineral exports and that, based on the 46 Since 2006, the country has lost 13 positions in the rankings.
income criteria, would be in Stage 3 will be in transition between 47 See http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3478838,00.html
Stages 1 and 2. The income and primary exports criteria are and http://www.pisa.oecd.org/pages/
weighted identically. Stages of development are dictated uniquely 0,2987,en_32252351_32235731_1_1_1_1_1,00.html.
by income for countries that export less than 70 percent minerals.
Countries that export only primary products would automatically 48 See http://www.gcf.org.sa/en/content/10-x-10-program for more
fall into the factor-driven stage (Stage 1). information on Saudi Arabia’s 10 x 10 program.
25 The extent of Iceland’s economic crisis can be grasped by looking 49 Labor market efficiency improved by 8 ranks and financial market
at the projected contraction in overall GDP expected for 2009: sophistication by 22.The better assessment of the financial
42 –10.6 according to the IMF (2009a). markets reflects the fact that Egypt’s banks remained fairly
unaffected by the financial turmoil of 2008 because they were
26 Poland has applied for and has been granted the IMF Flexible not engaged in activities such as the sub-prime lending that took
Credit Facility. This unconditional facility, however, is a pre- place in the United States.
emptive support to otherwise sound economies in their efforts
to counter potential effects of the crisis. 50 While inflation resulted mainly from rising prices for food and
building material, the budget deficit was exacerbated by energy
27 See, for example, ARCRNSISS 2007 and Swan 2009. subsidies, which soared as fuel prices peaked.
28 Reuters 2009. 51 IMF 2009a.
29 Parliament of New Zealand 2009.
30 Xinhua 2009.
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Appendix A: Structure of the Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010
This appendix presents the structure of the Global Weight (%) within
immediate parent category
Competitiveness Index 2009–2010 (GCI).
The numbering of the variables matches the num- BASIC REQUIREMENTS
bering of the Data Tables.The number preceding the
period indicates to which pillar the variable belongs 1st pillar: Institutions.................................................25%
(e.g., variable 1.01 belongs to the 1st pillar, and variable A. Public institutions....................................................75%
12.04 belongs to the 12th pillar). 1. Property rights .........................................................................20%
The hard data indicators used in the GCI are nor- 1.01 Property rights
malized on a 1-to-7 scale in order to align them with 1.02 Intellectual property protection 1/2
the Executive Opinion Survey’s results.a The Technical 2. Ethics and corruption..............................................................20%
Notes and Sources at the end of this Report provide 1.03 Diversion of public funds
1.04 Public trust of politicians
detailed information on all the hard data indicators.
Those variables that are followed by the symbol1/2 3. Undue influence.......................................................................20%
1.05 Judicial independence
enter the GCI in two different places. In order to avoid
1.06 Favoritism in decisions of government officials
double counting, we give them a half-weight in each
4. Government inefficiency ........................................................20%
place by dividing their value by 2 when computing the 1.07 Wastefulness of government spending
aggregate score for the two categories in which they 1.08 Burden of government regulation
appear.b 1.09 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes
The percentage next to each category represents 1.10 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regula-
this category’s weight within its immediate parent cate- tions
1.11 Transparency of government policymaking
gory.The computation of the GCI is based on succes-
5. Security .....................................................................................20%
sive aggregations of scores, from the variable level (i.e.,
1.12 Business costs of terrorism
the lowest level) all the way up to the overall GCI score 1.13 Business costs of crime and violence
(i.e., the highest level), using the weights reported 1.14 Organized crime
45
below. For example, the score a country achieves in the 1.15 Reliability of police services
9th pillar accounts for 17 percent of this country’s score B. Private institutions ..................................................25%
in the Efficiency enhancers subindex. Similarly, the score 1. Corporate ethics ......................................................................50%
achieved on the subpillar Networks and supporting indus- 1.16 Ethical behavior of firms
tries accounts for 50 percent of the score of the 11th pil- 2. Accountability ..........................................................................50%
lar. Reported percentages are rounded to the nearest 1.17 Strength of auditing and reporting standards
integer, but exact figures are used in the calculation of 1.18 Efficacy of corporate boards
1.19 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests
the GCI.
Unlike for the lower levels of aggregation, the
weight put on each of the three subindexes (Basic 2nd pillar: Infrastructure...........................................25%
requirements, Efficiency enhancers, and Innovation and A. General infrastructure .............................................50%
sophistication factors) is not fixed. It depends on each 2.01 Quality of overall infrastructure
country’s stage of development, as discussed in the text.c B. Specific infrastructure .............................................50%
For instance, in the case of Dominican Republic—a 2.02 Quality of roads
2.03 Quality of railroad infrastructure
country in the second stage of development—the score
2.04 Quality of port infrastructure
in the Basic requirements subindex accounts for 40 per- 2.05 Quality of air transport infrastructure
cent of its overall GCI score, while it represents just 20 2.06 Available seat kilometers (hard data)
percent of the overall GCI score of Australia, a country 2.07 Quality of electricity supply
in the third stage of development. 2.08 Telephone lines (hard data)
Finally, note that this year the structure of the GCI
has undergone two minor changes.Variable 1.09 on the 3rd pillar: Macroeconomic stability.......................25%
efficiency of the legal framework has been split into two 3.01 Government budget balance (hard data)
distinct variables.Variables 1.09 and 1.10 now measure 3.02 National savings rate (hard data)
the degree of efficiency of the legal framework in set- 3.03 Inflation (hard data) d
3.04 Interest rate spread (hard data)
tling disputes (1.09) and in challenging regulations
3.05 Government debt (hard data)
(1.10).The second alteration to the structure is the
exclusion of the measure of non-wage labor costs (for-
merly variable 7.03).The variables that belong to the
(Cont’d.)
two pillars affected by these changes (i.e., 1st and 7th
pillars) were renumbered accordingly.

Appendix A: Structure of the Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010 (cont’d.)
4th pillar: Health and primary education ..............25% 7.01 Cooperation in labor-employer relations
7.02 Flexibility of wage determination
A. Health........................................................................50%
7.03 Rigidity of employment (hard data)
4.01 Business impact of malariae
7.04 Hiring and firing practices
4.02 Malaria incidence (hard data)e
6.04 Extent and effect of taxation1/2
4.03 Business impact of tuberculosise
6.05 Total tax rate (hard data)1/2
4.04 Tuberculosis incidence (hard data)e
7.05 Firing costs (hard data)
4.05 Business impact of HIV/AIDSe
4.06 HIV prevalence (hard data) B. Efficient use of talent ..............................................50%
4.07 Infant mortality (hard data) 7.06 Pay and productivity
4.08 Life expectancy (hard data) 7.07 Reliance on professional management1/2
7.08 Brain drain
B. Primary education ...................................................50%
7.09 Female participation in labor force (hard data)
4.09 Quality of primary education
4.10 Primary enrollment (hard data)
4.11 Education expenditure (hard data)1/2 8th pillar: Financial market sophistication...........17%
A. Efficiency ..................................................................50%
8.01 Financial market sophistication
8.02 Financing through local equity market
EFFICIENCY ENHANCERS 8.03 Ease of access to loans
8.04 Venture capital availability
8.05 Restriction on capital flows
5th pillar: Higher education and training.............17% 8.06 Strength of investor protection (hard data)
A. Quantity of education .............................................33% B. Trustworthiness and confidence ............................50%
5.01 Secondary enrollment (hard data) 8.07 Soundness of banks
5.02 Tertiary enrollment (hard data) 8.08 Regulation of securities exchanges
4.11 Education expenditure (hard data)1/2 8.09 Legal rights index (hard data)
B. Quality of education ................................................33%
46 5.03 Quality of the educational system
9th pillar: Technological readiness........................17%
5.04 Quality of math and science education
9.01 Availability of latest technologies
5.05 Quality of management schools
9.02 Firm-level technology absorption
5.06 Internet access in schools
9.03 Laws relating to ICT
C. On-the-job training ..................................................33% 9.04 FDI and technology transfer
5.07 Local availability of specialized research and training 9.05 Mobile telephone subscriptions (hard data)
services 9.06 Internet users (hard data)
5.08 Extent of staff training 9.07 Personal computers (hard data)
9.08 Broadband Internet subscribers (hard data)
6th pillar: Goods market efficiency ........................17%

A. Competition .............................................................67% 10th pillar: Market size .............................................17%
1. Domestic competition .....................................................variablef A. Domestic market size..............................................75%
6.01 Intensity of local competition 10.01 Domestic market size index (hard data)h
6.02 Extent of market dominance B. Foreign market size .................................................25%
6.03 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy 10.02 Foreign market size index (hard data)i
6.04 Extent and effect of taxation1/2
6.05 Total tax rate (hard data)1/2
6.06 Number of procedures required to start a business
(hard data)g
INNOVATION AND SOPHISTICATION FACTORS
6.07 Time required to start a business (hard data)g
6.08 Agricultural policy costs
2. Foreign competition ........................................................variablef
11th pillar: Business sophistication.......................50%
6.09 Prevalence of trade barriers
6.10 Tariff barriers (hard data) A. Networks and supporting industries ....................50%
6.11 Prevalence of foreign ownership 11.01 Local supplier quantity
6.12 Business impact of rules on FDI 11.02 Local supplier quality
6.13 Burden of customs procedures 11.03 State of cluster development
10.04 Imports as a percentage of GDP (hard data) B. Sophistication of firms’ operations and strategy 50%
B. Quality of demand conditions ................................33% 11.04 Nature of competitive advantage
6.14 Degree of customer orientation 11.05 Value chain breadth
6.15 Buyer sophistication 11.06 Control of international distribution
11.07 Production process sophistication
11.08 Extent of marketing
7th pillar: Labor market efficiency .........................17% 11.09 Willingness to delegate authority
A. Flexibility ..................................................................50% 7.07 Reliance on professional management1/2

Appendix A: Structure of the Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010 (cont’d.)
12th pillar: Innovation................................................50% f The Competition subpillar is the weighted average of two compo-
nents: Domestic competition and Foreign competition. In both
12.01 Capacity for innovation
components, the included variables provide an indication of the
12.02 Quality of scientific research institutions extent to which competition is distorted. The relative importance
12.03 Company spending on R&D of these distortions depends on the relative size of domestic ver-
12.04 University-industry collaboration in R&D sus foreign competition. This interaction between the domestic
12.05 Government procurement of advanced technology market and the foreign market is captured by the way we deter-
mine the weights of the two components. Domestic competition
products is the sum of consumption (C), investment (I), government spend-
12.06 Availability of scientists and engineers ing (G), and exports (X), while foreign competition is equal to
12.07 Utility patents (hard data) imports (M). Thus we assign a weight of (C+I+G+X)/(C+I+G+X+M)
1.02 Intellectual property protection1/2 to Domestic competition and a weight of M/(C+I+G+X+M) to
Foreign competition.
g Variables 6.06 and 6.07 combine to form one single variable.
h The size of the domestic market is constructed by taking the

natural log of the sum of the gross domestic product valued at
Notes PPP plus the total value (PPP estimates) of imports of goods and
services, minus the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of
a The standard formula for converting hard data is the following:
goods and services. Data are then normalized on a 1-to-7 scale.
PPP estimates of imports and exports are obtained by taking the
(country score – sample minimum) product of exports as a percentage of GDP and GDP valued at
6 x + 1 PPP. The underlying data are reported in the Data Tables section
(sample maximum – sample minimum)
(see tables 10.03, 10.04, and 10.05).
The sample minimum and sample maximum are, respectively, i The size of the foreign market is estimated as the natural log of
the lowest and highest country scores in the sample of countries the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services,
covered by the GCI. In some instances, adjustments were made normalized on a 1-to-7 scale. PPP estimates of exports are
to account for extreme outliers. For those hard data variables for obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP
which a higher value indicates a worse outcome (e.g., disease and GDP valued at PPP. The underlying data are reported in the
incidence, government debt), we rely on a normalization formula Data Tables.
that, in addition to converting the series to a 1-to-7 scale, reverses
it, so that 1 and 7 still corresponds to the worst and best possible
outcomes, respectively:
47
(country score – sample minimum)
–6 x + 7
(sample maximum – sample minimum)
b For those groups of variables that contain one or several half-

weight variables, country scores for those groups are computed
as follows:
(sum of scores on full-weight variables) ! " (sum of scores on half-weight variables)
(count of full-weight variables) ! " (count of half-weight variables)
c As described in the chapter, the weights are the following:
Factor- Efficiency- Innovation-

driven driven driven
Weights stage (%) stage (%) stage (%)
Basic requirements 60 40 20
Efficiency enhancers 35 50 50
Innovation and sophistication factors 5 10 30
d In order to capture the idea that both high inflation and deflation
are detrimental, inflation enters the model in a U-shaped manner
as follows: for values of inflation between 0.5 and 2.9 percent, a
country receives the highest possible score of 7. Outside this
range, scores decrease linearly as they move away from these
values.
e The impact of malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS on competitive-

ness depends not only on their respective incidence rates, but
also on how costly they are for business. Therefore, in order to
estimate the impact of each of the three diseases, we combine
its incidence rate with the Survey question on its perceived cost
to businesses. To combine these data we first take the ratio of
each country’s disease incidence rate relative to the highest inci-
dence rate in the whole sample. The inverse of this ratio is then
multiplied by each country’s score on the related Survey question.
This product is then normalized to a 1-to-7 scale. Note that coun-
tries with zero reported incidence receive a 7, regardless their
scores on the related Survey question.

Costa Rica
2.1: Country/Economy Profiles
Key indicators
GDP (PPP int'l $) per capita, 1980–2008
Population (millions), 2008.........................................4.5
12,000 Costa Rica Latin America and Caribbean
GDP (US$ billions), 2008...........................................29.8
GDP per capita (US$), 2008 ................................6,579.9 9,000
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total, 2008 .......0.07 6,000
3,000
0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Global Competitiveness Index

Rank Score Stage of development
(out of 133) (1–7)
GCI 2009–2010.........................................................55 ......4.2 Transition Transition
1 1–2 2 2–3 3
GCI 2008–2009 (out of 134)..................................................59 ........4.2
GCI 2007–2008 (out of 131)..................................................63 ........4.1 Factor Efficiency Innovation
driven driven driven
Basic requirements.............................................................62 ........4.4
1st pillar: Institutions ...........................................................47 ........4.4
2nd pillar: Infrastructure.....................................................82 ........3.2 Institutions
7
3rd pillar: Macroeconomic stability................................101 ........4.1 Innovation Infrastructure
6
4th pillar: Health and primary education .........................29 ........6.0
5
Business Macroeconomic
Efficiency enhancers..........................................................58 ........4.1 4
stability
sophistication
5th pillar: Higher education and training .........................44 ........4.4 3
120 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency...................................47 ........4.4 2
Health and
7th pillar: Labor market efficiency ....................................36 ........4.7 Market size 1 primary
education
8th pillar: Financial market sophistication.......................79 ........4.1
9th pillar: Technological readiness...................................62 ........3.7
Technological Higher education
10th pillar: Market size........................................................77 ........3.4 readiness and training
Innovation and sophistication factors ............................37 ........4.1 Financial market Goods market
11th pillar: Business sophistication..................................41 ........4.5 sophistication efficiency
12th pillar: Innovation..........................................................34 ........3.7 Labor market efficiency
Costa Rica Efficiency-driven economies
The most problematic factors for doing business

Inefficient government bureaucracy.........................24.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ..........................16.9
Access to financing ......................................................15.5
Inflation .............................................................................8.1
Corruption.........................................................................7.3
Restrictive labor regulations .........................................6.4
Crime and theft ................................................................5.0
Tax rates ...........................................................................4.2
Inadequately educated workforce...............................3.4
Tax regulations ................................................................3.4
Poor work ethic in national labor force ......................2.9
Policy instability...............................................................1.3
Foreign currency regulations........................................1.1
Government instability/coups .......................................0.0
Poor public health ...........................................................0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Percent of responses
Note: From a list of 15 factors, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country/economy and to rank them
between 1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

Costa Rica
2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

The Global Competitiveness Index in detail ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage
INDICATOR RANK/133 INDICATOR RANK/133

1st pillar: Institutions 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
1.01 Property rights .............................................................63 ........■ 6.01 Intensity of local competition ......................................54 ........■
1.02 Intellectual property protection....................................66 ........■ 6.02 Extent of market dominance .......................................28 ........■
1.03 Diversion of public funds .............................................44 ........■ 6.03 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy .........................52 ........■
1.04 Public trust of politicians..............................................34 ........■ 6.04 Extent and effect of taxation .......................................43 ........■
1.05 Judicial independence .................................................28 ........■ 6.05 Total tax rate* ............................................................102 ........■
1.06 Favoritism in decisions of government officials ..........34 ........■ 6.06 No. of procedures required to start a business* .......107 ........■
1.07 Wastefulness of government spending.......................37 ........■ 6.07 Time required to start a business* ............................114 ........■
1.08 Burden of government regulation................................63 ........■ 6.08 Agricultural policy costs ...............................................38 ........■
1.09 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes.......55 ........■ 6.09 Prevalence of trade barriers.........................................91 ........■
1.10 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs .......39 ........■ 6.10 Tariff barriers* ..............................................................40 ........■
1.11 Transparency of government policymaking .................48 ........■ 6.11 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................16 ........■
1.12 Business costs of terrorism.........................................51 ........■ 6.12 Business impact of rules on FDI .................................20 ........■
1.13 Business costs of crime and violence .......................104 ........■ 6.13 Burden of customs procedures ...................................70 ........■
1.14 Organized crime...........................................................76 ........■ 6.14 Degree of customer orientation ..................................45 ........■
1.15 Reliability of police services.........................................58 ........■ 6.15 Buyer sophistication ....................................................39 ........■
1.16 Ethical behavior of firms ..............................................40 ........■
1.17 Strength of auditing and reporting standards ..............59 ........■ 7th pillar: Labor market efficiency
1.18 Efficacy of corporate boards ........................................51 ........■ 7.01 Cooperation in labor-employer relations ......................11 ........■
1.19 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ............47 ........■ 7.02 Flexibility of wage determination.................................70 ........■
7.03 Rigidity of employment*..............................................49 ........■
2nd pillar: Infrastructure 7.04 Hiring and firing practices ............................................28 ........■
2.01 Quality of overall infrastructure....................................85 ........■ 7.05 Firing costs* ................................................................62 ........■
2.02 Quality of roads..........................................................107 ........■ 7.06 Pay and productivity.....................................................49 ........■
2.03 Quality of railroad infrastructure ................................106 ........■ 7.07 Reliance on professional management .......................49 ........■
2.04 Quality of port infrastructure .....................................128 ........■ 7.08 Brain drain ....................................................................16 ........■
2.05 Quality of air transport infrastructure...........................71 ........■ 7.09 Female participation in labor force*...........................110 ........■
2.06 Available seat kilometers* ...........................................74 ........■
2.07 Quality of electricity supply .........................................40 ........■ 8th pillar: Financial market sophistication
2.08 Telephone lines* ..........................................................37 ........■ 8.01 Financial market sophistication....................................63 ........■
8.02 Financing through local equity market.........................98 ........■
121
3rd pillar: Macroeconomic stability 8.03 Ease of access to loans ...............................................63 ........■
3.01 Government surplus/deficit* .......................................40 ........■ 8.04 Venture capital availability ............................................72 ........■
3.02 National savings rate*..................................................79 ........■ 8.05 Restriction on capital flows .........................................77 ........■
3.03 Inflation* ....................................................................110 ........■ 8.06 Strength of investor protection*................................122 ........■
3.04 Interest rate spread* .................................................114 ........■ 8.07 Soundness of banks ....................................................30 ........■
3.05 Government debt*.......................................................76 ........■ 8.08 Regulation of securities exchanges .............................56 ........■
8.09 Legal rights index*.......................................................71 ........■
4th pillar: Health and primary education
4.01 Business impact of malaria..........................................71 ........■ 9th pillar: Technological readiness
4.02 Malaria incidence* .......................................................92 ........■ 9.01 Availability of latest technologies.................................74 ........■
4.03 Business impact of tuberculosis..................................27 ........■ 9.02 Firm-level technology absorption.................................53 ........■
4.04 Tuberculosis incidence*...............................................22 ........■ 9.03 Laws relating to ICT.....................................................58 ........■
4.05 Business impact of HIV/AIDS ......................................43 ........■ 9.04 FDI and technology transfer ..........................................7 ........■
4.06 HIV prevalence*...........................................................74 ........■ 9.05 Mobile telephone subscriptions*...............................107 ........■
4.07 Infant mortality*...........................................................54 ........■ 9.06 Internet users* ............................................................48 ........■
4.08 Life expectancy*..........................................................25 ........■ 9.07 Personal computers* ...................................................33 ........■
4.09 Quality of primary education........................................38 ........■ 9.08 Broadband Internet subscribers*.................................63 ........■
4.10 Primary enrollment* ......................................................1 ........■
4.11 Education expenditure* ...............................................67 ........■ 10th pillar: Market size
10.01 Domestic market size index* ......................................76 ........■
5th pillar: Higher education and training 10.02 Foreign market size index*..........................................76 ........■
5.01 Secondary enrollment* ................................................70 ........■
5.02 Tertiary enrollment* .....................................................78 ........■ 11th pillar: Business sophistication
5.03 Quality of the educational system ...............................26 ........■ 11.01 Local supplier quantity .................................................53 ........■
5.04 Quality of math and science education .......................55 ........■ 11.02 Local supplier quality ...................................................33 ........■
5.05 Quality of management schools ..................................13 ........■ 11.03 State of cluster development ......................................60 ........■
5.06 Internet access in schools ...........................................62 ........■ 11.04 Nature of competitive advantage ................................32 ........■
5.07 Local availability of research and training services ......37 ........■ 11.05 Value chain breadth......................................................30 ........■
5.08 Extent of staff training .................................................27 ........■ 11.06 Control of international distribution .............................54 ........■
11.07 Production process sophistication ...............................44 ........■
11.08 Extent of marketing .....................................................41 ........■
11.09 Willingness to delegate authority ................................22 ........■
12th pillar: Innovation

12.01 Capacity for innovation ................................................41 ........■
12.02 Quality of scientific research institutions.....................30 ........■
12.03 Company spending on R&D ........................................32 ........■
12.04 University-industry collaboration in R&D .....................29 ........■
12.05 Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...........38 ........■
* Hard data 12.06 Availability of scientists and engineers ........................29 ........■
12.07 Utility patents*.............................................................51 ........■
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles” at the beginning of this chapter.

0.01 GDP valued at current prices (hard data)
2.2: Data Tables | Basic indicators
Gross domestic product (current prices) in millions of US dollars | 2008
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY HARD DATA RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY HARD DATA
1 United States ...........14,264,600 68 Ecuador ...........................52,572

2 Japan..........................4,923,760 69 Bulgaria ...........................51,989
3 China ..........................4,401,610 70 Serbia ..............................50,061
4 Germany ....................3,667,510 71 Lithuania..........................47,304
5 France ........................2,865,740 72 Azerbaijan........................46,378
6 United Kingdom .........2,674,090 73 Dominican Republic ........45,597
7 Italy ............................2,313,890 74 Tunisia .............................40,348
8 Russian Federation ....1,676,590 75 Sri Lanka .........................39,604
9 Spain ..........................1,611,770 76 Guatemala .......................38,956
10 Brazil ..........................1,572,840 77 Latvia...............................34,054
11 Canada .......................1,510,960 78 Uruguay...........................32,262
12 India ...........................1,209,690 79 Kenya ..............................30,236
13 Mexico .......................1,088,130 80 Costa Rica .......................29,828
14 Australia .....................1,010,700 81 Ethiopia ...........................25,658
15 Korea, Rep. ...................947,010 82 Cyprus .............................24,943
16 Netherlands...................868,940 83 Trinidad and Tobago ........24,806
17 Turkey............................729,443 84 Côte d’Ivoire....................23,508
18 Poland ...........................525,735 85 Cameroon .......................23,243
19 Indonesia.......................511,765 86 Estonia ............................23,232
20 Belgium .........................506,392 87 Panama ...........................23,088
21 Switzerland ...................492,595 88 El Salvador ......................22,115
22 Sweden .........................484,550 89 Bahrain ............................21,236
23 Saudi Arabia ..................481,631 90 Tanzania...........................20,721
24 Norway..........................456,226 91 Jordan .............................20,030
25 Austria ...........................415,321 92 Bosnia and Herzegovina .18,469
26 Taiwan, China ................392,552 93 Iceland.............................17,549
27 Greece ..........................357,549 94 Bolivia..............................17,413
28 Denmark .......................342,925 95 Ghana ..............................16,124
29 Argentina.......................326,474 96 Paraguay .........................16,006
340 30 Venezuela ......................319,443 97 Brunei Darussalam..........14,553
31 South Africa ..................277,188 98 Uganda ............................14,529
32 Finland...........................273,980 99 Jamaica ...........................14,397
33 Ireland ...........................273,328 100 Zambia ............................14,323
34 Thailand .........................273,248 101 Honduras.........................14,126
35 United Arab Emirates....260,141 102 Botswana ........................13,461
36 Portugal .........................244,492 103 Senegal ...........................13,350
37 Colombia .......................240,654 104 Albania ............................12,964
38 Malaysia ........................222,219 105 Georgia............................12,870
39 Czech Republic .............217,077 106 Nepal ...............................12,698
40 Hong Kong SAR ............215,559 107 Zimbabwe1......................11,977
41 Nigeria ...........................214,403 108 Armenia...........................11,928
42 Israel .............................201,761 109 Cambodia ........................11,182
43 Romania ........................199,673 110 Mozambique .....................9,654
44 Singapore ......................181,939 111 Macedonia, FYR................9,569
45 Ukraine ..........................179,725 112 Madagascar.......................9,254
46 Chile ..............................169,573 113 Mali ...................................8,783
47 Philippines .....................168,580 114 Mauritius ...........................8,738
48 Pakistan.........................167,640 115 Namibia .............................8,456
49 Egypt .............................162,164 116 Chad ..................................8,390
50 Algeria ...........................159,669 117 Malta .................................8,338
51 Kuwait ...........................158,089 118 Burkina Faso .....................8,103
52 Hungary.........................156,284 119 Benin .................................6,940
53 Kazakhstan ....................132,229 120 Nicaragua ..........................6,350
54 New Zealand .................128,492 121 Mongolia ...........................5,258
55 Peru...............................127,598 122 Tajikistan............................5,135
56 Qatar .............................102,302 123 Kyrgyz Republic.................5,049
57 Libya..............................100,071 124 Montenegro ......................4,822
58 Slovak Republic...............95,404 125 Malawi ..............................4,268
59 Vietnam ...........................89,829 126 Barbados ...........................3,682
60 Puerto Rico1 ....................88,902 127 Mauritania .........................3,161
61 Morocco ..........................86,394 128 Suriname ...........................2,984
62 Bangladesh .....................81,938 129 Lesotho .............................1,620
63 Croatia .............................69,332 130 Guyana ..............................1,130
64 Luxembourg ....................54,973 131 Burundi..............................1,097
65 Syria ................................54,803 132 Gambia, The.........................808
66 Slovenia...........................54,639 133 Timor-Leste ..........................499
67 Oman ..............................52,584
SOURCE: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); national sources
1 2007

Part 2B 9/15/09 9:23 AM Page 341
0.02 Population (hard data)

Population in millions | 2008
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY HARD DATA RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY................HARD DATA

1 China ..............................1,336.3 68 Hungary...............................10.0
2 India ...............................1,186.2 69 Dominican Republic ..............9.9
3 United States ....................308.8 70 Serbia ....................................9.9
4 Indonesia...........................234.3 71 Bolivia....................................9.7
5 Brazil .................................194.2 72 Benin .....................................9.3
6 Pakistan.............................167.0 73 Sweden .................................9.2
7 Bangladesh .......................161.3 74 Burundi..................................8.9
8 Nigeria ...............................151.5 75 Azerbaijan..............................8.5
9 Russian Federation ...........141.8 76 Austria ...................................8.4
10 Japan.................................127.9 77 Bulgaria .................................7.6
11 Mexico ..............................107.8 78 Switzerland ...........................7.5
12 Philippines ...........................89.7 79 Hong Kong SAR ....................7.3
13 Vietnam ...............................88.5 80 Honduras...............................7.2
14 Ethiopia ...............................85.2 81 El Salvador ............................7.0
15 Germany .............................82.5 82 Israel .....................................7.0
16 Egypt ...................................76.8 83 Tajikistan................................6.8
17 Turkey..................................75.8 84 Libya......................................6.3
18 Thailand ...............................64.3 85 Paraguay ...............................6.2
19 France .................................61.9 86 Jordan ...................................6.1
20 United Kingdom ..................61.0 87 Nicaragua ..............................5.7
21 Italy .....................................58.9 88 Denmark ...............................5.5
22 South Africa ........................48.8 89 Kyrgyz Republic.....................5.4
23 Korea, Rep. .........................48.4 90 Slovak Republic.....................5.4
24 Colombia .............................46.7 91 Finland...................................5.3
25 Ukraine ................................45.9 92 Norway..................................4.7
26 Spain ...................................44.6 93 Croatia ...................................4.6
27 Tanzania...............................41.5 94 Costa Rica .............................4.5
28 Argentina.............................39.9 95 Singapore ..............................4.5
29 Kenya ..................................38.6 96 United Arab Emirates............4.5
30 Poland .................................38.0 97 Georgia..................................4.4 341
31 Algeria .................................34.4 98 Ireland ...................................4.4
32 Canada ................................33.2 99 New Zealand .........................4.2
33 Uganda ................................31.9 100 Puerto Rico ...........................4.0
34 Morocco ..............................31.6 101 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......3.9
35 Nepal ...................................28.8 102 Lithuania................................3.4
36 Peru.....................................28.2 103 Panama .................................3.4
37 Venezuela ............................28.1 104 Uruguay.................................3.4
38 Malaysia ..............................27.0 105 Albania ..................................3.2
39 Saudi Arabia ........................25.3 106 Mauritania .............................3.2
40 Ghana ..................................23.9 107 Armenia.................................3.0
41 Taiwan, China ......................22.7 108 Kuwait ...................................2.9
42 Mozambique .......................21.8 109 Jamaica .................................2.7
43 Romania ..............................21.3 110 Mongolia ...............................2.7
44 Australia ..............................21.0 111 Oman ....................................2.7
45 Syria ....................................20.4 112 Latvia.....................................2.3
46 Madagascar.........................20.2 113 Namibia .................................2.1
47 Côte d'Ivoire........................19.6 114 Lesotho .................................2.0
48 Sri Lanka .............................19.4 115 Macedonia, FYR....................2.0
49 Cameroon ...........................18.9 116 Slovenia.................................2.0
50 Chile ....................................16.8 117 Botswana ..............................1.9
51 Netherlands.........................16.5 118 Gambia, The..........................1.8
52 Kazakhstan ..........................15.5 119 Estonia ..................................1.3
53 Burkina Faso .......................15.2 120 Mauritius ...............................1.3
54 Cambodia ............................14.7 121 Trinidad and Tobago ..............1.3
55 Malawi ................................14.3 122 Timor-Leste ...........................1.2
56 Guatemala ...........................13.7 123 Cyprus ...................................0.9
57 Ecuador ...............................13.5 124 Qatar .....................................0.9
58 Zimbabwe ...........................13.5 125 Bahrain ..................................0.8
59 Mali .....................................12.7 126 Guyana ..................................0.7
60 Senegal ...............................12.7 127 Montenegro ..........................0.6
61 Zambia ................................12.2 128 Luxembourg ..........................0.5
62 Greece ................................11.2 129 Suriname ...............................0.5
63 Chad ....................................11.1 130 Malta .....................................0.4
64 Portugal ...............................10.7 131 Brunei Darussalam................0.4
65 Belgium ...............................10.5 132 Iceland...................................0.3
66 Tunisia .................................10.4 133 Barbados ...............................0.3
67 Czech Republic ...................10.2
SOURCE: UNFPA, State of World Population 2008; Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009)

0.03 GDP (current prices) per capita (hard data)
Gross domestic product (current prices) per capita in US dollars | 2008
1 Luxembourg ...............113,044.0 68 Montenegro ...................6,509.0

2 Norway.........................95,061.8 69 South Africa ...................5,693.3
3 Qatar ............................93,204.1 70 Suriname ........................5,598.8
4 Switzerland ..................67,384.5 71 Azerbaijan.......................5,349.4
5 Denmark ......................62,625.6 72 Jamaica ..........................5,335.1
6 Ireland ..........................61,809.6 73 Dominican Republic .......5,122.0
7 Iceland..........................55,462.2 74 Colombia ........................4,985.2
8 United Arab Emirates...54,606.5 75 Macedonia, FYR.............4,656.6
9 Sweden ........................52,789.6 76 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,625.4
10 Netherlands..................52,019.0 77 Algeria ............................4,588.2
11 Finland..........................51,989.4 78 Peru................................4,452.5
12 Austria ..........................50,098.4 79 Namibia ..........................4,135.4
13 Australia .......................47,400.4 80 Thailand ..........................4,115.3
14 Belgium ........................47,107.8 81 Albania ...........................4,073.9
15 United States ...............46,859.1 82 Ukraine ...........................3,920.1
16 France ..........................46,015.9 83 Tunisia ............................3,907.2
17 Kuwait ..........................45,920.3 84 El Salvador .....................3,823.6
18 Canada .........................45,428.2 85 Ecuador ..........................3,776.3
19 Germany ......................44,660.4 86 Jordan ............................3,421.4
20 United Kingdom ...........43,785.3 87 Armenia..........................3,360.5
21 Italy ..............................38,996.2 88 China ..............................3,315.3
22 Singapore .....................38,972.1 89 Georgia...........................2,925.1
23 Japan............................38,559.1 90 Guatemala ......................2,848.1
24 Brunei Darussalam.......37,053.0 91 Syria ...............................2,756.6
25 Spain ............................35,331.5 92 Morocco .........................2,748.2
26 Cyprus ..........................32,772.1 93 Paraguay ........................2,601.1
27 Greece .........................32,004.6 94 Indonesia........................2,246.3
28 Hong Kong SAR ...........30,755.1 95 Egypt ..............................2,160.9
29 New Zealand ................30,049.5 96 Mongolia ........................1,980.8
342 30 Israel ............................28,365.4 97 Sri Lanka ........................1,971.8
31 Bahrain .........................27,247.8 98 Philippines ......................1,866.0
32 Slovenia........................27,148.6 99 Honduras........................1,842.4
33 Portugal ........................22,997.4 100 Bolivia.............................1,736.5
34 Puerto Rico1 .................22,595.0 101 Guyana ...........................1,479.8
35 Czech Republic ............21,027.5 102 Nigeria ............................1,450.5
36 Malta ............................20,202.3 103 Cameroon ......................1,199.2
37 Korea, Rep. ..................19,504.5 104 Zambia ...........................1,150.5
38 Saudi Arabia .................19,345.3 105 Côte d’Ivoire...................1,132.2
39 Trinidad and Tobago .....19,012.5 106 Senegal ..........................1,066.4
40 Oman ...........................18,987.8 107 Pakistan..........................1,044.5
41 Slovak Republic............17,630.1 108 Mauritania ......................1,042.4
42 Estonia .........................17,299.1 109 Vietnam ..........................1,040.4
43 Taiwan, China ...............17,040.1 110 Nicaragua .......................1,025.3
44 Libya.............................16,114.7 111 India ...............................1,016.2
45 Croatia ..........................15,628.1 112 Kyrgyz Republic.................950.5
46 Hungary........................15,542.3 113 Chad ..................................862.3
47 Latvia............................14,997.3 114 Kenya ................................857.4
48 Lithuania.......................14,085.9 115 Benin .................................856.0
49 Poland ..........................13,798.9 116 Cambodia ..........................818.1
50 Barbados ......................13,355.9 117 Tajikistan............................795.1
51 Russian Federation ......11,806.9 118 Ghana ................................715.6
52 Venezuela .....................11,388.3 119 Lesotho .............................661.0
53 Turkey...........................10,471.7 120 Mali ...................................657.4
54 Mexico .........................10,234.8 121 Burkina Faso .....................577.0
55 Chile .............................10,123.8 122 Tanzania.............................521.4
56 Uruguay........................10,081.9 123 Bangladesh .......................506.1
57 Romania .........................9,291.7 124 Gambia, The......................495.6
58 Kazakhstan .....................8,502.1 125 Timor-Leste .......................468.8
59 Argentina........................8,214.1 126 Mozambique .....................462.3
60 Brazil ..............................8,197.4 127 Nepal .................................459.3
61 Malaysia .........................8,140.7 128 Madagascar.......................457.8
62 Botswana .......................7,554.2 129 Uganda ..............................453.4
63 Mauritius ........................6,871.8 130 Ethiopia .............................324.0
64 Bulgaria ..........................6,856.9 131 Malawi ..............................312.5
65 Panama ..........................6,784.1 132 Burundi..............................138.0
66 Serbia .............................6,781.9 133 Zimbabwe1..........................54.6
67 Costa Rica ......................6,579.9
SOURCE: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2008); European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; national sources
1 2007

0.04 GDP (PPP) as share of world total (hard data)

Gross domestic product (valued at purchasing power parity) as a percentage of world GDP | 2008
1 United States ....................20.69 68 Dominican Republic ............0.11

2 China .................................11.40 69 Croatia .................................0.11
3 Japan...................................6.37 70 Ethiopia ...............................0.10
4 India ....................................4.77 71 Oman ..................................0.10
5 Germany .............................4.23 72 Guatemala ...........................0.10
6 Russian Federation .............3.30 73 Lithuania..............................0.09
7 United Kingdom ..................3.23 74 Kenya ..................................0.09
8 France .................................3.08 75 Slovenia...............................0.09
9 Brazil ...................................2.86 76 Tanzania...............................0.08
10 Italy .....................................2.64 77 Costa Rica ...........................0.07
11 Mexico ................................2.24 78 Bolivia..................................0.06
12 Spain ...................................2.03 78 El Salvador ..........................0.06
13 Canada ................................1.89 80 Cameroon ...........................0.06
14 Korea, Rep. .........................1.85 81 Uruguay...............................0.06
15 Turkey..................................1.35 82 Latvia...................................0.06
16 Indonesia.............................1.31 82 Luxembourg ........................0.06
17 Australia ..............................1.16 84 Panama ...............................0.06
18 Taiwan, China ......................1.07 85 Uganda ................................0.05
19 Netherlands.........................0.98 86 Côte d’Ivoire........................0.05
20 Poland .................................0.97 87 Ghana ..................................0.05
21 Saudi Arabia ........................0.87 88 Honduras.............................0.05
22 Argentina.............................0.83 89 Nepal ...................................0.05
23 Thailand ...............................0.80 90 Jordan .................................0.05
24 South Africa ........................0.72 91 Paraguay .............................0.04
25 Egypt ...................................0.64 92 Cambodia ............................0.04
26 Pakistan...............................0.64 93 Estonia ................................0.04
27 Colombia .............................0.58 94 Bahrain ................................0.04
28 Belgium ...............................0.57 95 Trinidad and Tobago ............0.04
29 Malaysia ..............................0.56 96 Cyprus .................................0.03
30 Venezuela ............................0.52 97 Senegal ...............................0.03 343
31 Ukraine ................................0.50 98 Albania ................................0.03
32 Sweden ...............................0.50 98 Georgia................................0.03
33 Greece ................................0.49 98 Jamaica ...............................0.03
34 Austria .................................0.48 101 Madagascar.........................0.03
35 Philippines ...........................0.46 102 Armenia...............................0.03
36 Nigeria .................................0.46 103 Macedonia, FYR..................0.03
37 Switzerland .........................0.45 103 Mozambique .......................0.03
38 Hong Kong SAR ..................0.45 105 Burkina Faso .......................0.03
39 Romania ..............................0.39 106 Zambia ................................0.03
40 Czech Republic ...................0.38 107 Nicaragua ............................0.02
41 Norway................................0.38 108 Chad ....................................0.02
42 Chile ....................................0.36 109 Mauritius .............................0.02
43 Peru.....................................0.35 110 Mali .....................................0.02
44 Vietnam ...............................0.35 111 Benin ...................................0.02
45 Singapore ............................0.35 111 Tajikistan..............................0.02
46 Portugal ...............................0.34 113 Iceland.................................0.02
47 Algeria .................................0.34 114 Kyrgyz Republic...................0.02
48 Bangladesh .........................0.33 114 Malawi ................................0.02
49 Denmark .............................0.30 116 Namibia ...............................0.02
50 Israel ...................................0.29 117 Malta ...................................0.01
51 Hungary...............................0.29 117 Mongolia .............................0.01
52 Finland.................................0.28 119 Mauritania ...........................0.01
53 Ireland .................................0.27 120 Barbados .............................0.01
54 United Arab Emirates..........0.27 121 Suriname .............................0.01
55 Kazakhstan ..........................0.26 122 Guyana ................................0.01
56 Kuwait .................................0.20 122 Lesotho ...............................0.01
57 Morocco ..............................0.20 124 Burundi................................0.00
58 Slovak Republic...................0.17 125 Gambia, The........................0.00
59 New Zealand .......................0.17 n/a Bosnia and Herzegovina........n/a
60 Ecuador ...............................0.15 n/a Botswana ..............................n/a
61 Qatar ...................................0.14 n/a Brunei Darussalam ................n/a
62 Bulgaria ...............................0.14 n/a Montenegro ..........................n/a
63 Syria ....................................0.13 n/a Puerto Rico............................n/a
64 Sri Lanka .............................0.13 n/a Serbia ....................................n/a
65 Libya....................................0.13 n/a Timor-Leste ...........................n/a
66 Tunisia .................................0.12 n/a Zimbabwe .............................n/a
67 Azerbaijan............................0.11
SOURCE: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009)

Data Tables
Section I
Institutions
345

1.01 Property rights
2.2: Data Tables | Section I: Institutions
How would you rate the protection of property rights, including financial assets, in your country? (1 = very weak; 7 = very strong) | 2008–2009
weighted average
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE 1 MEAN: 4.5 7 RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE 1 MEAN: 4.5 7
1 Switzerland ........................6.5 68 Sri Lanka ............................4.4

2 Denmark ............................6.5 69 Italy ....................................4.4
3 Finland................................6.5 70 Brazil ..................................4.4
4 Singapore ...........................6.4 71 Burkina Faso ......................4.3
5 Sweden..............................6.4 72 Ghana.................................4.3
6 Austria................................6.4 73 Thailand..............................4.3
7 Luxembourg.......................6.3 74 Ethiopia ..............................4.3
8 Hong Kong SAR .................6.3 75 Malawi ...............................4.3
9 Germany ............................6.3 76 Poland ................................4.3
10 Norway...............................6.3 77 Senegal ..............................4.2
11 New Zealand ......................6.2 78 El Salvador .........................4.2
12 Canada ...............................6.2 79 Armenia..............................4.2
13 Australia .............................6.2 80 Azerbaijan...........................4.2
14 Netherlands........................6.1 81 Indonesia............................4.1
15 Ireland ................................6.1 82 Romania .............................4.1
16 Qatar ..................................6.0 83 Colombia ............................4.0
17 Iceland................................6.0 84 Honduras............................4.0
18 Puerto Rico ........................6.0 85 Croatia................................4.0
19 Japan..................................5.9 86 Mexico ...............................4.0
20 South Africa .......................5.9 87 Peru....................................4.0
21 Namibia ..............................5.8 88 Dominican Republic ...........3.9
22 France ................................5.8 89 Turkey.................................3.9
23 Belgium..............................5.8 90 Lesotho ..............................3.9
24 Jordan ................................5.8 91 Nigeria................................3.9
25 Barbados ............................5.7 92 Guatemala..........................3.9
26 Oman .................................5.6 93 Libya...................................3.9
27 Estonia ...............................5.6 94 Mali ....................................3.9
28 United Kingdom .................5.6 95 Macedonia, FYR.................3.8
29 Cyprus................................5.5 96 Benin..................................3.8
346 30 United States .....................5.5 97 Philippines..........................3.8
31 Chile ...................................5.5 98 Kenya .................................3.8
32 Bahrain ...............................5.5 99 Tajikistan.............................3.8
33 Malta ..................................5.5 100 Pakistan..............................3.8
34 United Arab Emirates.........5.5 101 Tanzania..............................3.7
35 Taiwan, China.....................5.4 102 Guyana ...............................3.7
36 Mauritius ............................5.4 103 Kazakhstan .........................3.6
37 Saudi Arabia .......................5.3 104 Suriname............................3.6
38 Botswana ...........................5.3 105 Uganda...............................3.5
39 China ..................................5.2 106 Cameroon ..........................3.5
40 Malaysia .............................5.2 107 Bangladesh ........................3.5
41 Portugal..............................5.2 108 Cambodia ...........................3.5
42 Tunisia ................................5.2 109 Georgia...............................3.4
43 Spain ..................................5.1 110 Bulgaria ..............................3.4
44 Gambia, The.......................5.1 111 Serbia .................................3.4
45 Kuwait ................................5.1 112 Mongolia ............................3.4
46 Syria ...................................5.0 113 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.4
47 Greece ...............................5.0 114 Mauritania ..........................3.4
48 Korea, Rep. ........................5.0 115 Madagascar........................3.4
49 Brunei Darussalam.............4.9 116 Ecuador ..............................3.3
50 Panama ..............................4.9 117 Mozambique ......................3.2
51 Slovenia..............................4.8 118 Albania ...............................3.2
52 Latvia..................................4.8 119 Nepal..................................3.2
53 Uruguay..............................4.8 120 Algeria ................................3.1
54 India ...................................4.8 121 Russian Federation ............3.1
55 Czech Republic ..................4.7 122 Nicaragua ...........................3.0
56 Montenegro .......................4.7 123 Burundi...............................2.9
57 Hungary..............................4.6 124 Paraguay ............................2.9
58 Morocco.............................4.6 125 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.9
59 Slovak Republic..................4.6 126 Argentina............................2.9
60 Jamaica ..............................4.5 127 Ukraine...............................2.9
61 Lithuania.............................4.5 128 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.8
62 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.5 129 Timor-Leste ........................2.6
63 Costa Rica ..........................4.5 130 Chad...................................2.5
64 Zambia ...............................4.5 131 Bolivia.................................2.2
65 Israel ..................................4.5 132 Venezuela...........................2.1
66 Vietnam..............................4.4 133 Zimbabwe ..........................2.0
67 Egypt..................................4.4
SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2008, 2009

1.02 Intellectual property protection

How would you rate intellectual property protection, including anti-counterfeiting measures, in your country? (1 = very weak; 7 = very
strong) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.2 68 Croatia................................3.5

2 Sweden..............................6.1 69 Jamaica ..............................3.5
3 Finland................................6.1 70 Malawi ...............................3.4
4 Switzerland ........................6.1 71 Lesotho ..............................3.4
5 Austria................................6.1 72 Romania .............................3.4
6 Denmark ............................6.0 73 Montenegro .......................3.3
7 New Zealand ......................6.0 74 Ethiopia ..............................3.3
8 Luxembourg.......................5.9 75 Senegal ..............................3.3
9 Netherlands........................5.8 76 Burkina Faso ......................3.3
10 France ................................5.8 77 Thailand..............................3.3
11 Puerto Rico ........................5.8 78 Kazakhstan .........................3.2
12 Australia .............................5.8 79 Dominican Republic ...........3.2
13 Germany ............................5.7 80 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.2
14 Norway...............................5.7 81 Mexico ...............................3.2
5 United Arab Emirates.........5.6 82 Libya...................................3.2
16 Ireland ................................5.6 83 Mali ....................................3.2
17 Iceland................................5.5 84 Ghana.................................3.2
18 Canada ...............................5.5 85 Tajikistan.............................3.1
19 United States .....................5.4 86 Morocco.............................3.1
20 Japan..................................5.4 87 Kenya .................................3.1
21 United Kingdom .................5.3 88 Nigeria................................3.1
22 Belgium..............................5.3 89 Tanzania..............................3.1
23 Hong Kong SAR .................5.3 90 Honduras............................3.1
24 South Africa .......................5.2 91 Macedonia, FYR.................3.1
25 Bahrain ...............................5.1 92 Brazil ..................................3.0
26 Oman .................................5.0 93 Vietnam..............................3.0
27 Taiwan, China.....................5.0 94 Colombia ............................3.0
28 Barbados ............................4.9 95 Pakistan..............................3.0
29 Cyprus................................4.7 96 El Salvador .........................2.9
30 Jordan ................................4.7 97 Benin..................................2.9 347
31 Saudi Arabia .......................4.6 98 Philippines..........................2.9
32 Namibia ..............................4.6 99 Zimbabwe ..........................2.9
33 Portugal..............................4.6 100 Georgia...............................2.8
34 Estonia ...............................4.6 101 Serbia .................................2.8
35 Gambia, The.......................4.6 102 Russian Federation ............2.7
36 Qatar ..................................4.5 103 Cambodia ...........................2.7
37 Malaysia .............................4.5 104 Nicaragua ...........................2.7
38 Slovenia..............................4.5 105 Turkey.................................2.7
39 Malta ..................................4.4 106 Timor-Leste ........................2.7
40 Spain ..................................4.3 107 Armenia..............................2.7
41 Korea, Rep. ........................4.2 108 Ukraine...............................2.6
42 Greece ...............................4.1 109 Bulgaria ..............................2.6
43 Tunisia ................................4.0 110 Algeria ................................2.6
44 Israel ..................................4.0 111 Nepal..................................2.6
45 China ..................................4.0 112 Cameroon ..........................2.6
46 Czech Republic ..................4.0 113 Madagascar........................2.6
47 Kuwait ................................4.0 114 Uganda...............................2.5
48 Mauritius ............................4.0 115 Guatemala..........................2.5
49 Botswana ...........................3.9 116 Peru....................................2.5
50 Italy ....................................3.9 117 Argentina............................2.5
51 Brunei Darussalam.............3.9 118 Mongolia ............................2.5
52 Uruguay..............................3.9 119 Mozambique ......................2.5
53 Hungary..............................3.9 120 Albania ...............................2.5
54 Azerbaijan...........................3.8 121 Mauritania ..........................2.4
55 Panama ..............................3.8 122 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.4
56 Lithuania.............................3.8 123 Guyana ...............................2.4
57 Slovak Republic..................3.7 124 Bangladesh ........................2.4
58 Egypt..................................3.7 125 Suriname............................2.3
59 Syria ...................................3.7 126 Ecuador ..............................2.3
60 Latvia..................................3.6 127 Chad...................................2.2
61 India ...................................3.6 128 Paraguay ............................2.1
62 Zambia ...............................3.6 129 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.1
63 Sri Lanka ............................3.6 130 Burundi...............................2.1
64 Poland ................................3.6 131 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.0
65 Chile ...................................3.6 132 Venezuela...........................2.0
66 Costa Rica ..........................3.5 133 Bolivia.................................1.7
67 Indonesia............................3.5

1.03 Diversion of public funds
In your country, how common is diversion of public funds to companies, individuals, or groups due to corruption? (1 = very common; 7 = never
occurs) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 New Zealand ......................6.6 68 Peru....................................3.4

2 Denmark ............................6.6 69 Latvia..................................3.4
3 Sweden..............................6.5 70 Panama ..............................3.4
4 Singapore ...........................6.4 71 El Salvador .........................3.4
5 Finland................................6.4 72 Morocco.............................3.3
6 Luxembourg.......................6.1 73 Sri Lanka ............................3.3
7 Switzerland ........................6.1 74 Timor-Leste ........................3.3
8 Qatar ..................................6.1 75 Romania .............................3.3
9 Norway...............................6.0 76 Libya...................................3.2
10 Australia .............................5.9 77 Serbia .................................3.2
11 Netherlands........................5.9 78 Kazakhstan .........................3.2
12 Iceland................................5.8 79 Zambia ...............................3.2
13 Hong Kong SAR .................5.8 80 Croatia................................3.2
15 Ireland ................................5.7 82 Vietnam..............................3.2
16 United Kingdom .................5.6 83 Burkina Faso ......................3.2
17 Austria................................5.6 84 Italy ....................................3.1
18 Oman .................................5.6 85 Ghana.................................3.1
19 Canada ...............................5.6 86 Greece ...............................3.1
20 United Arab Emirates.........5.5 87 Syria ...................................3.1
21 Israel ..................................5.3 88 Egypt..................................3.1
22 Tunisia ................................5.2 89 Pakistan..............................3.1
23 Belgium..............................5.1 90 Guyana ...............................3.1
24 Bahrain ...............................5.1 91 Czech Republic ..................3.0
25 Botswana ...........................5.1 92 Turkey.................................3.0
26 Cyprus................................5.1 93 Jamaica ..............................3.0
27 Barbados ............................5.0 94 Hungary..............................3.0
28 United States .....................5.0 95 Slovak Republic..................3.0
29 Brunei Darussalam.............5.0 96 Algeria ................................3.0
348 30 Uruguay..............................5.0 97 Tanzania..............................3.0
31 Japan..................................4.9 98 Cambodia ...........................3.0
32 France ................................4.9 99 Colombia ............................2.9
33 Saudi Arabia .......................4.8 100 Mexico ...............................2.9
34 Jordan ................................4.7 101 Madagascar........................2.9
35 Malta ..................................4.6 102 Nepal..................................2.8
36 Spain ..................................4.6 103 Mauritania ..........................2.8
37 Taiwan, China.....................4.5 104 Armenia..............................2.8
38 Portugal..............................4.5 105 Honduras............................2.8
39 Estonia ...............................4.4 106 Russian Federation ............2.7
40 Gambia, The.......................4.4 107 Guatemala..........................2.7
41 Slovenia..............................4.3 108 Nicaragua ...........................2.6
42 Mauritius ............................4.2 109 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.6
43 Georgia...............................4.2 110 Bangladesh ........................2.6
44 Costa Rica ..........................4.1 111 Mozambique ......................2.6
45 Namibia ..............................4.1 112 Mali ....................................2.6
46 Korea, Rep. ........................4.1 113 Bulgaria ..............................2.6
47 Malawi ...............................4.1 114 Senegal ..............................2.6
48 Malaysia .............................4.1 115 Ukraine...............................2.5
49 Montenegro .......................4.0 116 Benin..................................2.5
50 Poland ................................4.0 117 Kenya .................................2.5
51 Puerto Rico ........................4.0 118 Mongolia ............................2.4
52 Chile ...................................3.9 119 Nigeria................................2.3
53 Azerbaijan...........................3.8 120 Zimbabwe ..........................2.3
54 Macedonia, FYR.................3.8 121 Brazil ..................................2.3
55 China ..................................3.7 122 Philippines..........................2.3
56 South Africa .......................3.7 123 Ecuador ..............................2.2
57 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.6 124 Argentina............................2.2
58 India ...................................3.6 125 Burundi...............................2.2
59 Indonesia............................3.6 126 Uganda...............................2.1
60 Tajikistan.............................3.5 127 Dominican Republic ...........2.1
61 Lesotho ..............................3.5 128 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.1
62 Ethiopia ..............................3.5 129 Cameroon ..........................2.0
63 Thailand..............................3.5 130 Bolivia.................................2.0
64 Kuwait ................................3.5 131 Paraguay ............................1.9
65 Suriname............................3.5 132 Chad...................................1.9
66 Albania ...............................3.5 133 Venezuela...........................1.8
67 Lithuania.............................3.4

1.04 Public trust of politicians

How would you rate the level of public trust in the ethical standards of politicians in your country? (1 = very low; 7 = very high) | 2008–2009
weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.4 68 Puerto Rico ........................2.7

2 Denmark ............................6.1 69 Albania ...............................2.7
3 Qatar ..................................6.0 70 Macedonia, FYR.................2.7
4 United Arab Emirates.........5.9 71 Thailand..............................2.7
5 Luxembourg.......................5.9 72 Georgia...............................2.6
6 Sweden..............................5.8 73 Benin..................................2.6
7 Norway...............................5.7 74 Algeria ................................2.5
8 Switzerland ........................5.6 75 Burkina Faso ......................2.5
9 New Zealand ......................5.6 76 Mozambique ......................2.5
10 Finland................................5.5 77 Zambia ...............................2.4
11 Netherlands........................5.3 78 Greece ...............................2.4
12 Oman .................................5.3 79 India ...................................2.4
13 Saudi Arabia .......................4.9 80 Russian Federation ............2.3
14 Australia .............................4.9 81 Sri Lanka ............................2.3
15 Hong Kong SAR .................4.8 82 Pakistan..............................2.3
16 Tunisia ................................4.7 83 Guyana ...............................2.2
17 Barbados ............................4.7 84 Mauritania ..........................2.2
18 Iceland................................4.7 85 Panama ..............................2.2
19 Botswana ...........................4.6 86 Senegal ..............................2.2
20 Brunei Darussalam.............4.4 87 El Salvador .........................2.2
21 Gambia, The.......................4.4 88 Colombia ............................2.2
22 Cyprus................................4.4 89 Honduras............................2.2
23 Canada ...............................4.2 90 Turkey.................................2.2
24 Austria................................4.2 91 Croatia................................2.2
25 Germany ............................4.1 92 Armenia..............................2.2
26 China ..................................4.0 93 Jamaica ..............................2.1
27 Namibia ..............................4.0 94 Mexico ...............................2.1
28 Uruguay..............................3.9 95 Lithuania.............................2.1
29 France ................................3.9 96 Cameroon ..........................2.1
30 Malta ..................................3.9 97 Serbia .................................2.1 349
31 Jordan ................................3.9 98 Suriname............................2.1
32 Bahrain ...............................3.9 99 Poland ................................2.1
33 Malaysia .............................3.8 100 Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.1
34 Costa Rica ..........................3.8 101 Peru....................................2.1
35 Azerbaijan...........................3.7 102 Latvia..................................2.1
36 Vietnam..............................3.6 103 Mali ....................................2.0
37 Egypt..................................3.5 104 Uganda...............................2.0
38 Israel ..................................3.5 105 Ukraine...............................2.0
39 Kuwait ................................3.5 106 Romania .............................2.0
40 Belgium..............................3.5 107 Italy ....................................1.9
41 United Kingdom .................3.4 108 Kyrgyz Republic .................1.9
42 Taiwan, China.....................3.4 109 Guatemala..........................1.9
43 United States .....................3.4 110 Chad...................................1.9
44 Portugal..............................3.4 111 Hungary..............................1.9
45 Slovenia..............................3.4 112 Bulgaria ..............................1.9
46 Montenegro .......................3.4 113 Madagascar........................1.9
47 Chile ...................................3.4 114 Kenya .................................1.9
48 Syria ...................................3.3 115 Czech Republic ..................1.8
49 Ireland ................................3.3 116 Burundi...............................1.8
50 Spain ..................................3.2 117 Bangladesh ........................1.8
51 Estonia ...............................3.2 118 Nicaragua ...........................1.8
52 Indonesia............................3.2 119 Mongolia ............................1.8
53 Kazakhstan .........................3.1 120 Nepal..................................1.8
54 Japan..................................3.1 121 Slovak Republic..................1.7
55 Timor-Leste ........................3.1 122 Dominican Republic ...........1.7
56 Tajikistan.............................3.1 123 Ecuador ..............................1.6
57 Malawi ...............................3.1 124 Venezuela...........................1.6
58 Libya...................................3.1 125 Zimbabwe ..........................1.6
59 Cambodia ...........................3.0 126 Bolivia.................................1.6
60 Mauritius ............................3.0 127 Brazil ..................................1.6
61 Tanzania..............................2.9 128 Nigeria................................1.6
62 Ghana.................................2.9 129 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....1.6
63 Ethiopia ..............................2.9 130 Philippines..........................1.6
64 Morocco.............................2.9 131 Côte d’Ivoire ......................1.5
65 South Africa .......................2.8 132 Paraguay ............................1.5
66 Lesotho ..............................2.8 133 Argentina............................1.5
67 Korea, Rep. ........................2.8

1.05 Judicial independence
To what extent is the judiciary in your country independent from influences of members of government, citizens, or firms? (1 = heavily influenced;
7 = entirely independent) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 New Zealand ......................6.7 68 Vietnam..............................3.8

2 Sweden..............................6.6 69 Ghana.................................3.8
3 Denmark ............................6.5 70 Zambia ...............................3.7
4 Finland................................6.5 71 Lithuania.............................3.7
5 Australia .............................6.4 72 Latvia..................................3.7
6 Germany ............................6.4 73 Tanzania..............................3.7
7 Switzerland ........................6.4 74 Turkey.................................3.7
9 Ireland ................................6.3 76 Colombia ............................3.6
10 Qatar ..................................6.3 77 Benin..................................3.6
11 Canada ...............................6.2 78 Brazil ..................................3.6
12 Norway...............................6.2 79 Mali ....................................3.6
13 Austria................................6.1 80 Morocco.............................3.5
14 Hong Kong SAR .................6.0 81 Slovak Republic..................3.5
15 Israel ..................................6.0 82 Bangladesh ........................3.5
16 United Kingdom .................6.0 83 Lesotho ..............................3.5
17 Luxembourg.......................6.0 84 Romania .............................3.5
18 Iceland................................5.8 85 Tajikistan.............................3.3
19 Singapore ...........................5.8 86 Syria ...................................3.3
20 Barbados ............................5.7 87 Nepal..................................3.3
21 Namibia ..............................5.7 88 Dominican Republic ...........3.3
22 Estonia ...............................5.5 89 Timor-Leste ........................3.3
23 Japan..................................5.5 90 Guyana ...............................3.3
24 Cyprus................................5.4 91 Mexico ...............................3.2
25 Belgium..............................5.4 92 Uganda...............................3.2
26 United States .....................5.3 93 Italy ....................................3.1
27 Botswana ...........................5.3 94 Philippines..........................3.1
28 Costa Rica ..........................5.3 95 Pakistan..............................3.1
29 Oman .................................5.2 96 Burkina Faso ......................3.1
350 30 Uruguay..............................5.2 97 Kazakhstan .........................3.1
31 Malta ..................................5.1 98 Croatia................................3.1
32 United Arab Emirates.........5.1 99 El Salvador .........................3.0
34 Saudi Arabia .......................5.0 101 Ethiopia ..............................3.0
35 Jordan ................................5.0 102 Honduras............................3.0
36 Bahrain ...............................5.0 103 Panama ..............................3.0
37 India ...................................5.0 104 Mozambique ......................3.0
38 South Africa .......................5.0 105 Macedonia, FYR.................3.0
39 Malawi ...............................4.9 106 Albania ...............................2.9
40 Puerto Rico ........................4.9 107 Mauritania ..........................2.9
41 Gambia, The.......................4.9 108 Bulgaria ..............................2.9
42 France ................................4.8 109 Peru....................................2.9
43 Chile ...................................4.7 110 Serbia .................................2.8
44 Tunisia ................................4.7 111 Cambodia ...........................2.8
45 Portugal..............................4.7 112 Algeria ................................2.8
46 Brunei Darussalam.............4.7 113 Madagascar........................2.8
47 Jamaica ..............................4.6 114 Senegal ..............................2.7
48 Kuwait ................................4.6 115 Kenya .................................2.7
49 Taiwan, China.....................4.6 116 Russian Federation ............2.7
50 Sri Lanka ............................4.5 117 Georgia...............................2.7
51 Slovenia..............................4.4 118 Mongolia ............................2.5
52 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.3 119 Cameroon ..........................2.4
53 Malaysia .............................4.2 120 Argentina............................2.4
54 Thailand..............................4.2 121 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.3
55 Poland ................................4.1 122 Armenia..............................2.3
56 Suriname............................4.1 123 Ukraine...............................2.3
57 Hungary..............................4.1 124 Nicaragua ...........................2.2
58 Korea, Rep. ........................4.1 125 Chad...................................2.1
59 Nigeria................................4.1 126 Burundi...............................2.1
60 Spain ..................................4.1 127 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.1
61 Czech Republic ..................4.0 128 Bolivia.................................2.1
62 China ..................................3.9 129 Zimbabwe ..........................2.0
63 Libya...................................3.9 130 Ecuador ..............................2.0
64 Egypt..................................3.9 131 Côte d’Ivoire ......................1.9
65 Azerbaijan...........................3.9 132 Paraguay ............................1.6
66 Indonesia............................3.8 133 Venezuela...........................1.4
67 Montenegro .......................3.8

1.06 Favoritism in decisions of government officials

To what extent do government officials in your country show favoritism to well-connected firms and individuals when deciding upon policies and
contracts? (1 = always show favoritism; 7 = never show favoritism) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Sweden..............................5.8 68 Peru....................................3.0
2 Singapore ...........................5.8 69 South Africa .......................3.0
3 Denmark ............................5.7 70 Lithuania.............................3.0
4 New Zealand ......................5.7 71 Cambodia ...........................3.0
5 Netherlands........................5.4 72 Timor-Leste ........................3.0
6 Qatar ..................................5.4 73 Macedonia, FYR.................3.0
7 Finland................................5.4 74 Brazil ..................................3.0
8 Norway...............................5.2 75 Libya...................................3.0
9 Luxembourg.......................5.1 76 Syria ...................................2.9
10 Switzerland ........................5.0 77 Madagascar........................2.9
11 United Arab Emirates.........5.0 78 Nepal..................................2.9
12 Germany ............................5.0 79 Sri Lanka ............................2.9
13 Australia .............................5.0 80 Mauritania ..........................2.9
14 Oman .................................4.6 81 Egypt..................................2.9
15 Canada ...............................4.5 82 Armenia..............................2.9
16 Iceland................................4.5 83 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.9
17 Japan..................................4.5 84 Albania ...............................2.9
18 Tunisia ................................4.5 85 Mexico ...............................2.8
19 Saudi Arabia .......................4.4 86 Zambia ...............................2.8
20 Gambia, The.......................4.4 87 Pakistan..............................2.8
21 Botswana ...........................4.4 88 Algeria ................................2.8
22 Austria................................4.3 89 Cameroon ..........................2.8
23 Hong Kong SAR .................4.2 90 Panama ..............................2.8
25 United Kingdom .................4.1 92 Croatia................................2.7
26 Barbados ............................4.0 93 Greece ...............................2.7
27 Belgium..............................4.0 94 Jamaica ..............................2.7
28 France ................................4.0 95 Turkey.................................2.7
29 Ireland ................................4.0 96 Russian Federation ............2.7
30 Cyprus................................3.9 97 Latvia..................................2.7 351
31 Taiwan, China.....................3.9 98 Suriname............................2.7
32 Brunei Darussalam.............3.9 99 El Salvador .........................2.6
33 Jordan ................................3.8 100 Guatemala..........................2.6
34 Costa Rica ..........................3.8 101 Mali ....................................2.6
35 China ..................................3.8 102 Italy ....................................2.6
36 Indonesia............................3.7 103 Senegal ..............................2.6
37 Malaysia .............................3.7 104 Czech Republic ..................2.6
38 Israel ..................................3.7 105 Ghana.................................2.5
39 Estonia ...............................3.6 106 Honduras............................2.5
40 Montenegro .......................3.6 107 Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.5
41 Chile ...................................3.6 108 Burundi...............................2.5
42 Azerbaijan...........................3.6 109 Ukraine...............................2.5
43 Namibia ..............................3.6 110 Bulgaria ..............................2.5
44 Portugal..............................3.6 111 Colombia ............................2.5
45 Malta ..................................3.5 112 Serbia .................................2.4
46 Spain ..................................3.5 113 Guyana ...............................2.4
47 Malawi ...............................3.4 114 Hungary..............................2.4
48 United States .....................3.4 115 Ecuador ..............................2.4
49 Tajikistan.............................3.3 116 Chad...................................2.4
50 Burkina Faso ......................3.3 117 Romania .............................2.3
51 Morocco.............................3.3 118 Nicaragua ...........................2.3
52 Benin..................................3.2 119 Bangladesh ........................2.3
53 Mauritius ............................3.2 120 Kenya .................................2.3
54 India ...................................3.2 121 Nigeria................................2.3
55 Bahrain ...............................3.2 122 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.3
57 Vietnam..............................3.2 124 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.2
58 Kazakhstan .........................3.2 125 Uganda...............................2.2
59 Ethiopia ..............................3.2 126 Zimbabwe ..........................2.2
60 Georgia...............................3.2 127 Slovak Republic..................2.1
61 Kuwait ................................3.1 128 Philippines..........................2.1
62 Lesotho ..............................3.1 129 Paraguay ............................2.0
63 Tanzania..............................3.1 130 Argentina............................1.9
64 Poland ................................3.1 131 Bolivia.................................1.9
65 Korea, Rep. ........................3.1 132 Venezuela...........................1.9
66 Thailand..............................3.1 133 Dominican Republic ...........1.8
67 Puerto Rico ........................3.0

1.07 Wastefulness of government spending
How would you rate the composition of public spending in your country? (1 = extremely wasteful; 7 = highly efficient in providing necessary goods
and services) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.1 68 United States .....................3.3

2 Qatar ..................................5.9 69 Mexico ...............................3.3
3 Oman .................................5.4 70 Korea, Rep. ........................3.2
4 United Arab Emirates.........5.3 71 Portugal..............................3.2
5 Tunisia ................................5.3 72 Lesotho ..............................3.2
6 Hong Kong SAR .................5.1 73 Guyana ...............................3.2
7 Bahrain ...............................5.0 74 Sri Lanka ............................3.2
8 Luxembourg.......................5.0 75 United Kingdom .................3.2
9 Switzerland ........................4.9 76 Vietnam..............................3.2
10 Finland................................4.9 77 Mali ....................................3.2
11 Gambia, The.......................4.9 78 Tanzania..............................3.2
12 Botswana ...........................4.8 79 Ghana.................................3.2
13 Saudi Arabia .......................4.8 80 Algeria ................................3.2
14 Denmark ............................4.7 81 Russian Federation ............3.1
15 Iceland................................4.7 82 Kuwait ................................3.1
16 Netherlands........................4.7 83 Suriname............................3.1
17 Sweden..............................4.7 84 Kenya .................................3.1
18 Cyprus................................4.6 85 Colombia ............................3.1
19 Brunei Darussalam.............4.6 86 Mozambique ......................3.0
20 Norway...............................4.5 87 Czech Republic ..................3.0
21 Barbados ............................4.5 88 Madagascar........................3.0
22 Australia .............................4.4 89 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.0
23 Malaysia .............................4.3 90 Panama ..............................3.0
24 Austria................................4.2 91 Zambia ...............................3.0
25 Malawi ...............................4.2 92 Mauritania ..........................3.0
26 Jordan ................................4.1 93 Bulgaria ..............................2.9
27 Taiwan, China.....................4.1 94 Poland ................................2.9
28 Indonesia............................4.1 95 Nepal..................................2.9
29 Canada ...............................4.1 96 Senegal ..............................2.9
352 30 New Zealand ......................4.1 97 Nicaragua ...........................2.8
31 Germany ............................4.1 98 Bangladesh ........................2.8
32 Montenegro .......................4.0 99 Japan..................................2.8
33 Benin..................................4.0 100 Cameroon ..........................2.8
34 Malta ..................................4.0 101 Turkey.................................2.8
35 China ..................................3.9 102 Croatia................................2.8
36 Namibia ..............................3.9 103 Jamaica ..............................2.7
37 Costa Rica ..........................3.8 104 Serbia .................................2.7
38 South Africa .......................3.8 105 Latvia..................................2.7
40 Chile ...................................3.7 107 Greece ...............................2.7
41 Peru....................................3.7 108 Uruguay..............................2.6
42 Ethiopia ..............................3.7 109 Slovak Republic..................2.6
43 Thailand..............................3.7 110 Puerto Rico ........................2.6
44 France ................................3.7 111 Uganda...............................2.6
45 Belgium..............................3.6 112 Romania .............................2.6
46 Libya...................................3.6 113 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.6
47 Israel ..................................3.6 114 Ukraine...............................2.6
48 Azerbaijan...........................3.6 115 Burundi...............................2.5
49 Spain ..................................3.6 116 Honduras............................2.5
50 Georgia...............................3.5 117 Lithuania.............................2.4
51 El Salvador .........................3.5 118 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.4
52 Kazakhstan .........................3.5 119 Philippines..........................2.4
53 Tajikistan.............................3.4 120 Nigeria................................2.3
54 Armenia..............................3.4 121 Italy ....................................2.3
55 India ...................................3.4 122 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.3
56 Estonia ...............................3.4 123 Bolivia.................................2.2
57 Cambodia ...........................3.4 124 Chad...................................2.2
58 Syria ...................................3.4 125 Argentina............................2.1
59 Morocco.............................3.4 126 Ecuador ..............................2.1
60 Burkina Faso ......................3.4 127 Hungary..............................2.1
61 Egypt..................................3.3 128 Paraguay ............................2.1
62 Timor-Leste ........................3.3 129 Brazil ..................................1.9
63 Ireland ................................3.3 130 Zimbabwe ..........................1.9
64 Macedonia, FYR.................3.3 131 Mongolia ............................1.8
65 Albania ...............................3.3 132 Dominican Republic ...........1.8
66 Slovenia..............................3.3 133 Venezuela...........................1.5
67 Pakistan..............................3.3

1.08 Burden of government regulation

How burdensome is it for businesses in your country to comply with governmental administrative requirements (e.g., permits, regulations,
reporting)? (1 = extremely burdensome; 7 = not burdensome at all) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................5.6 68 Benin..................................3.2

2 Hong Kong SAR .................5.2 69 Latvia..................................3.2
3 Georgia...............................4.8 70 Egypt..................................3.2
4 Gambia, The.......................4.8 71 Mozambique ......................3.2
5 Iceland................................4.7 72 Cambodia ...........................3.1
7 Oman .................................4.6 74 Ireland ................................3.1
8 Estonia ...............................4.5 75 Nigeria................................3.1
9 Mauritania ..........................4.4 76 Israel ..................................3.1
10 Qatar ..................................4.3 77 Ghana.................................3.1
11 Switzerland ........................4.3 78 Dominican Republic ...........3.1
12 Finland................................4.3 79 Chad...................................3.1
13 Luxembourg.......................4.2 80 Kenya .................................3.1
14 Azerbaijan...........................4.2 81 Sri Lanka ............................3.1
15 Malaysia .............................4.1 82 Bulgaria ..............................3.1
16 Cyprus................................4.0 83 Uruguay..............................3.0
17 Barbados ............................4.0 84 Germany ............................3.0
18 Jordan ................................4.0 85 Kazakhstan .........................3.0
19 Sweden..............................4.0 86 United Kingdom .................3.0
20 Saudi Arabia .......................4.0 87 Romania .............................3.0
21 China ..................................3.9 88 Malta ..................................3.0
22 Japan..................................3.9 89 Madagascar........................3.0
23 Indonesia............................3.9 90 Slovak Republic..................2.9
24 Tunisia ................................3.8 91 Netherlands........................2.9
25 Slovenia..............................3.8 92 Nepal..................................2.9
26 Malawi ...............................3.8 93 Turkey.................................2.9
27 Denmark ............................3.8 94 Syria ...................................2.9
28 Ethiopia ..............................3.8 95 India ...................................2.9
29 Mauritius ............................3.7 96 Lithuania.............................2.9
30 Zambia ...............................3.7 97 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.9 353
31 New Zealand ......................3.7 98 Korea, Rep. ........................2.8
32 Bahrain ...............................3.7 99 Portugal..............................2.8
33 Honduras............................3.7 100 Ecuador ..............................2.8
34 Namibia ..............................3.7 101 Bolivia.................................2.8
35 Panama ..............................3.7 102 Cameroon ..........................2.7
36 Uganda...............................3.7 103 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.7
37 Taiwan, China.....................3.7 104 Burundi...............................2.7
38 Guatemala..........................3.7 105 Spain ..................................2.7
39 Brunei Darussalam.............3.7 106 Vietnam..............................2.7
40 Botswana ...........................3.6 107 Colombia ............................2.7
41 Chile ...................................3.6 108 Ukraine...............................2.7
42 Canada ...............................3.6 109 Mongolia ............................2.7
43 Guyana ...............................3.5 110 Argentina............................2.7
44 Burkina Faso ......................3.5 111 Poland ................................2.7
45 Austria................................3.5 112 Belgium..............................2.7
46 Lesotho ..............................3.5 113 Philippines..........................2.7
47 Mali ....................................3.5 114 Czech Republic ..................2.7
48 El Salvador .........................3.5 115 Kuwait ................................2.6
49 Norway...............................3.5 116 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.6
50 Thailand..............................3.5 117 Mexico ...............................2.6
51 Paraguay ............................3.5 118 Zimbabwe ..........................2.6
52 Morocco.............................3.4 119 Peru....................................2.5
53 United States .....................3.4 120 Croatia................................2.5
54 Albania ...............................3.4 121 Jamaica ..............................2.5
55 Timor-Leste ........................3.4 122 Suriname............................2.5
56 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.4 123 Bangladesh ........................2.5
57 Nicaragua ...........................3.3 124 Russian Federation ............2.4
58 Tajikistan.............................3.3 125 Greece ...............................2.4
59 Pakistan..............................3.3 126 Algeria ................................2.4
60 Tanzania..............................3.3 127 France ................................2.3
61 Montenegro .......................3.3 128 Italy ....................................2.2
62 Macedonia, FYR.................3.3 129 Serbia .................................2.2
63 Costa Rica ..........................3.3 130 Hungary..............................2.1
64 Armenia..............................3.2 131 Puerto Rico ........................1.9
65 South Africa .......................3.2 132 Brazil ..................................1.8
66 Australia .............................3.2 133 Venezuela...........................1.8
67 Senegal ..............................3.2

1.09 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes
How efficient is the legal framework in your country for private businesses in settling disputes? (1 = extremely inefficient; 7 = highly
efficient) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.3 68 Spain ..................................3.6

2 Hong Kong SAR .................6.2 69 Uganda...............................3.6
3 Sweden..............................6.2 70 Albania ...............................3.6
4 New Zealand ......................5.9 71 Dominican Republic ...........3.5
5 Qatar ..................................5.8 72 Cambodia ...........................3.5
6 Denmark ............................5.7 73 Jamaica ..............................3.5
7 Norway...............................5.7 74 Senegal ..............................3.5
8 Luxembourg.......................5.7 75 Mozambique ......................3.5
9 United Arab Emirates.........5.5 76 Lithuania.............................3.5
10 United Kingdom .................5.5 77 Tajikistan.............................3.4
11 Netherlands........................5.4 78 Ethiopia ..............................3.4
12 Australia .............................5.4 79 Bahrain ...............................3.4
13 Switzerland ........................5.3 80 Czech Republic ..................3.4
14 Austria................................5.3 81 El Salvador .........................3.4
15 Finland................................5.2 82 Kazakhstan .........................3.4
16 Canada ...............................5.2 83 Turkey.................................3.3
17 Germany ............................5.1 84 Timor-Leste ........................3.3
18 South Africa .......................5.1 85 Colombia ............................3.3
19 Oman .................................5.0 86 Algeria ................................3.3
20 Gambia, The.......................5.0 87 Panama ..............................3.3
21 Iceland................................5.0 88 Cameroon ..........................3.3
22 Barbados ............................5.0 89 Mauritania ..........................3.3
23 Tunisia ................................4.9 90 Greece ...............................3.2
24 Puerto Rico ........................4.9 91 Georgia...............................3.2
25 Cyprus................................4.8 92 Macedonia, FYR.................3.2
26 Chile ...................................4.8 93 Zimbabwe ..........................3.2
27 France ................................4.8 94 Mexico ...............................3.2
28 Jordan ................................4.7 95 Brazil ..................................3.1
29 Namibia ..............................4.7 96 Guatemala..........................3.1
354 30 Ireland ................................4.7 97 Latvia..................................3.1
31 Japan..................................4.6 98 Honduras............................3.1
32 Brunei Darussalam.............4.6 99 Hungary..............................3.1
33 United States .....................4.6 100 Peru....................................3.0
34 Botswana ...........................4.5 101 Burundi...............................3.0
35 Mauritius ............................4.5 102 Slovak Republic..................3.0
36 Malaysia .............................4.4 103 Pakistan..............................3.0
37 India ...................................4.4 104 Bangladesh ........................3.0
38 Kuwait ................................4.4 105 Romania .............................2.9
39 Egypt..................................4.3 106 Kenya .................................2.9
40 Estonia ...............................4.2 107 Portugal..............................2.9
41 Malta ..................................4.2 108 Madagascar........................2.9
42 Thailand..............................4.1 109 Russian Federation ............2.9
43 China ..................................4.1 110 Syria ...................................2.8
44 Israel ..................................4.1 111 Armenia..............................2.8
45 Taiwan, China.....................4.1 112 Suriname............................2.8
46 Benin..................................4.1 113 Chad...................................2.8
47 Nigeria................................4.0 114 Poland ................................2.8
48 Belgium..............................4.0 115 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.8
49 Vietnam..............................4.0 116 Bulgaria ..............................2.8
50 Slovenia..............................4.0 117 Lesotho ..............................2.8
51 Sri Lanka ............................3.9 118 Nicaragua ...........................2.7
52 Libya...................................3.9 119 Ecuador ..............................2.7
53 Montenegro .......................3.9 120 Nepal..................................2.7
54 Burkina Faso ......................3.9 121 Mongolia ............................2.7
55 Costa Rica ..........................3.9 122 Guyana ...............................2.7
56 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.9 123 Philippines..........................2.7
57 Morocco.............................3.9 124 Serbia .................................2.6
58 Saudi Arabia .......................3.8 125 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.6
59 Indonesia............................3.8 126 Croatia................................2.6
60 Tanzania..............................3.8 127 Argentina............................2.6
61 Azerbaijan...........................3.8 128 Italy ....................................2.5
62 Korea, Rep. ........................3.8 129 Paraguay ............................2.4
63 Malawi ...............................3.7 130 Ukraine...............................2.3
64 Mali ....................................3.7 131 Bolivia.................................2.2
65 Zambia ...............................3.7 132 Venezuela...........................2.0
66 Ghana.................................3.7 133 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....1.8
67 Uruguay..............................3.6

1.10 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations

How efficient is the legal framework in your country for private businesses in challenging the legality of government actions and/or regulations?
(1 = extremely inefficient; 7 = highly efficient) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Sweden..............................5.8 68 Mali ....................................3.6

2 Luxembourg.......................5.6 69 Korea, Rep. ........................3.5
3 New Zealand ......................5.6 70 Czech Republic ..................3.5
4 Singapore ...........................5.6 71 Turkey.................................3.5
5 Hong Kong SAR .................5.6 72 Colombia ............................3.5
6 Denmark ............................5.4 73 Tajikistan.............................3.5
7 Austria................................5.3 74 Ghana.................................3.4
8 Switzerland ........................5.3 75 Kazakhstan .........................3.4
9 Finland................................5.2 76 Mozambique ......................3.3
10 Germany ............................5.2 77 El Salvador .........................3.3
11 Norway...............................5.2 78 Zambia ...............................3.3
12 Netherlands........................5.1 79 Panama ..............................3.3
13 Iceland................................5.0 80 Mexico ...............................3.3
14 United Kingdom .................4.9 81 Brazil ..................................3.3
16 Canada ...............................4.8 83 Jamaica ..............................3.2
17 France ................................4.8 84 Greece ...............................3.2
18 Barbados ............................4.8 85 Nigeria................................3.2
19 Namibia ..............................4.8 86 Timor-Leste ........................3.2
20 Australia .............................4.8 87 Ethiopia ..............................3.1
21 India ...................................4.7 88 Cameroon ..........................3.1
22 South Africa .......................4.7 89 Bangladesh ........................3.1
23 Israel ..................................4.6 90 Honduras............................3.1
24 Ireland ................................4.6 91 Portugal..............................3.1
25 Cyprus................................4.6 92 Peru....................................3.0
26 Botswana ...........................4.6 93 Guatemala..........................3.0
27 Oman .................................4.5 94 Madagascar........................3.0
28 Tunisia ................................4.5 95 Macedonia, FYR.................3.0
29 Chile ...................................4.5 96 Mongolia ............................3.0
30 Benin..................................4.5 97 Romania .............................3.0 355
31 Bahrain ...............................4.4 98 Armenia..............................2.9
32 Qatar ..................................4.4 99 Hungary..............................2.9
33 Puerto Rico ........................4.4 100 Algeria ................................2.9
34 Kuwait ................................4.4 101 Senegal ..............................2.9
35 United States .....................4.3 102 Georgia...............................2.9
36 Jordan ................................4.3 103 Pakistan..............................2.9
37 Gambia, The.......................4.3 104 Latvia..................................2.8
38 Mauritius ............................4.2 105 Bulgaria ..............................2.8
39 Costa Rica ..........................4.2 106 Poland ................................2.8
40 Malaysia .............................4.2 107 Chad...................................2.8
41 Japan..................................4.2 108 Syria ...................................2.8
42 Azerbaijan...........................4.1 109 Philippines..........................2.8
43 Malta ..................................4.0 110 Mauritania ..........................2.7
45 Malawi ...............................4.0 112 Guyana ...............................2.7
46 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.0 113 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.7
47 Estonia ...............................4.0 114 Dominican Republic ...........2.7
48 Vietnam..............................4.0 115 Serbia .................................2.6
49 Taiwan, China.....................4.0 116 Italy ....................................2.6
50 Thailand..............................4.0 117 Nepal..................................2.6
51 Montenegro .......................3.9 118 Croatia................................2.6
52 Indonesia............................3.9 119 Kenya .................................2.6
53 Morocco.............................3.9 120 Paraguay ............................2.6
54 Uruguay..............................3.9 121 Nicaragua ...........................2.6
56 Belgium..............................3.9 123 Slovak Republic..................2.5
57 China ..................................3.9 124 Lesotho ..............................2.5
58 Sri Lanka ............................3.9 125 Suriname............................2.5
59 Burkina Faso ......................3.8 126 Burundi...............................2.5
60 Slovenia..............................3.7 127 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.5
61 Libya...................................3.7 128 Ukraine...............................2.2
62 Albania ...............................3.7 129 Bolivia.................................2.2
63 Egypt..................................3.7 130 Zimbabwe ..........................2.1
64 Uganda...............................3.6 131 Argentina............................2.1
65 Cambodia ...........................3.6 132 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....1.6
66 Spain ..................................3.6 133 Venezuela...........................1.6
67 Tanzania..............................3.6

1.11 Transparency of government policymaking
How easy is it for businesses in your country to obtain information about changes in government policies and regulations affecting your industry?
(1 = impossible; 7 = extremely easy) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.3 68 Bahrain ...............................4.2

2 Sweden..............................6.0 69 Jamaica ..............................4.2
3 Hong Kong SAR .................6.0 70 Portugal..............................4.1
4 Denmark ............................5.8 71 Puerto Rico ........................4.1
5 New Zealand ......................5.8 72 Macedonia, FYR.................4.1
6 Luxembourg.......................5.7 73 Uganda...............................4.1
7 Switzerland ........................5.7 74 Peru....................................4.1
8 Finland................................5.6 75 Mexico ...............................4.1
9 Qatar ..................................5.6 76 Cameroon ..........................4.0
10 Iceland................................5.6 77 Tanzania..............................4.0
11 Norway...............................5.6 78 Latvia..................................4.0
12 Taiwan, China.....................5.3 79 Nigeria................................4.0
13 Ireland ................................5.3 80 Spain ..................................4.0
14 Canada ...............................5.3 81 Mozambique ......................4.0
16 Barbados ............................5.3 83 Kazakhstan .........................4.0
17 Estonia ...............................5.2 84 Guyana ...............................4.0
18 Chile ...................................5.2 85 Zimbabwe ..........................4.0
19 Oman .................................5.2 86 Serbia .................................4.0
20 Netherlands........................5.2 87 Indonesia............................3.9
21 United Arab Emirates.........5.1 88 Croatia................................3.9
22 Gambia, The.......................5.1 89 Honduras............................3.9
23 Tunisia ................................5.1 90 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.9
24 South Africa .......................5.1 91 Israel ..................................3.9
25 Austria................................5.0 92 Kenya .................................3.9
26 Mauritius ............................5.0 93 Madagascar........................3.9
27 Cyprus................................5.0 94 Albania ...............................3.8
28 Germany ............................5.0 95 Greece ...............................3.8
29 Slovenia..............................5.0 96 Brazil ..................................3.8
356 30 Malaysia .............................4.9 97 Ethiopia ..............................3.8
31 United States .....................4.9 98 Sri Lanka ............................3.7
32 China ..................................4.8 99 Tajikistan.............................3.7
33 Zambia ...............................4.8 100 Korea, Rep. ........................3.7
34 Burkina Faso ......................4.8 101 Ghana.................................3.7
35 Japan..................................4.8 102 Lesotho ..............................3.7
36 Malta ..................................4.7 103 Czech Republic ..................3.7
37 France ................................4.7 104 Philippines..........................3.7
38 Botswana ...........................4.7 105 Pakistan..............................3.7
39 Namibia ..............................4.6 106 Cambodia ...........................3.7
40 United Kingdom .................4.6 107 Ukraine...............................3.6
41 Jordan ................................4.6 108 Kuwait ................................3.6
43 India ...................................4.6 110 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.6
44 Saudi Arabia .......................4.6 111 Libya...................................3.6
45 Georgia...............................4.6 112 Nicaragua ...........................3.6
47 Uruguay..............................4.5 114 Russian Federation ............3.5
48 Costa Rica ..........................4.5 115 Bangladesh ........................3.5
49 Mali ....................................4.4 116 Syria ...................................3.5
50 Malawi ...............................4.4 117 Nepal..................................3.5
51 Azerbaijan...........................4.4 118 Bulgaria ..............................3.4
52 Colombia ............................4.4 119 Paraguay ............................3.4
53 Vietnam..............................4.4 120 Timor-Leste ........................3.4
54 Slovak Republic..................4.4 121 Senegal ..............................3.4
55 El Salvador .........................4.3 122 Ecuador ..............................3.4
56 Guatemala..........................4.3 123 Mongolia ............................3.3
57 Egypt..................................4.3 124 Suriname............................3.2
58 Morocco.............................4.3 125 Argentina............................3.2
59 Panama ..............................4.3 126 Algeria ................................3.1
60 Thailand..............................4.2 127 Poland ................................3.1
61 Lithuania.............................4.2 128 Romania .............................3.1
62 Benin..................................4.2 129 Chad...................................3.0
63 Belgium..............................4.2 130 Burundi...............................2.9
64 Mauritania ..........................4.2 131 Bolivia.................................2.6
65 Armenia..............................4.2 132 Venezuela...........................2.4
66 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.2 133 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.4
67 Turkey.................................4.2

1.12 Business costs of terrorism

Does the threat of terrorism impose costs on businesses in your country? (1 = significant costs; 7 = no costs) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Austria................................6.8 68 Taiwan, China.....................5.7

2 Iceland................................6.8 69 Poland ................................5.7
3 Uruguay..............................6.8 70 Italy ....................................5.6
4 Finland................................6.7 71 Bahrain ...............................5.6
5 Brazil ..................................6.7 72 Paraguay ............................5.6
6 Syria ...................................6.7 73 Panama ..............................5.6
7 Lithuania.............................6.7 74 Canada ...............................5.6
8 Norway...............................6.7 75 Ecuador ..............................5.5
9 Slovak Republic..................6.7 76 France ................................5.5
10 Estonia ...............................6.6 77 Netherlands........................5.5
11 Senegal ..............................6.6 78 Mozambique ......................5.5
12 Montenegro .......................6.6 79 Singapore ...........................5.5
13 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....6.6 80 Russian Federation ............5.4
14 Brunei Darussalam.............6.6 81 Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.4
15 United Arab Emirates.........6.6 82 Tajikistan.............................5.4
16 Czech Republic ..................6.5 83 Cameroon ..........................5.4
17 Latvia..................................6.5 84 Australia .............................5.4
18 Malta ..................................6.5 85 Mali ....................................5.3
19 Hungary..............................6.5 86 Kazakhstan .........................5.3
20 Ireland ................................6.5 87 Greece ...............................5.3
21 Oman .................................6.5 88 Benin..................................5.3
22 Malawi ...............................6.5 89 Indonesia............................5.3
23 Qatar ..................................6.5 90 Côte d’Ivoire ......................5.3
24 Libya...................................6.5 91 Mexico ...............................5.2
25 Chile ...................................6.5 92 Bulgaria ..............................5.2
26 Armenia..............................6.4 93 Honduras............................5.2
27 Mauritius ............................6.4 94 Cambodia ...........................5.1
28 Luxembourg.......................6.4 95 Ethiopia ..............................5.1
29 Portugal..............................6.4 96 Peru....................................5.1
30 Cyprus................................6.4 97 Malaysia .............................5.0 357
31 Namibia ..............................6.4 98 Serbia .................................5.0
32 Slovenia..............................6.4 99 Vietnam..............................5.0
33 Mongolia ............................6.3 100 El Salvador .........................4.9
34 Switzerland ........................6.3 101 Nigeria................................4.9
35 Hong Kong SAR .................6.3 102 Guatemala..........................4.9
36 South Africa .......................6.3 103 Saudi Arabia .......................4.9
37 Ghana.................................6.3 104 Venezuela...........................4.9
38 Zimbabwe ..........................6.3 105 Morocco.............................4.9
39 Croatia................................6.3 106 Egypt..................................4.9
40 Denmark ............................6.2 107 Thailand..............................4.9
41 Argentina............................6.2 108 Japan..................................4.8
42 Romania .............................6.2 109 Israel ..................................4.8
43 Tunisia ................................6.2 110 Guyana ...............................4.8
44 Gambia, The.......................6.2 111 Lesotho ..............................4.8
45 Sweden..............................6.1 112 Nicaragua ...........................4.8
46 Ukraine...............................6.1 113 United Kingdom .................4.8
47 Belgium..............................6.1 114 Madagascar........................4.8
48 Suriname............................6.1 115 Chad...................................4.8
49 Botswana ...........................6.1 116 Bolivia.................................4.7
50 Zambia ...............................6.1 117 India ...................................4.7
51 Costa Rica ..........................6.1 118 Kyrgyz Republic .................4.7
52 Georgia...............................6.0 119 Spain ..................................4.6
53 New Zealand ......................6.0 120 Uganda...............................4.4
54 Puerto Rico ........................6.0 121 United States .....................4.4
55 Dominican Republic ...........6.0 122 Mauritania ..........................4.4
56 Jordan ................................6.0 123 Bangladesh ........................4.4
57 Barbados ............................6.0 124 Philippines..........................4.3
58 Germany ............................5.9 125 Timor-Leste ........................4.3
59 Albania ...............................5.9 126 Turkey.................................4.1
60 Kuwait ................................5.9 127 Kenya .................................3.9
61 Burkina Faso ......................5.8 128 Algeria ................................3.8
63 Tanzania..............................5.8 130 Nepal..................................3.4
64 Korea, Rep. ........................5.7 131 Pakistan..............................3.0
65 Macedonia, FYR.................5.7 132 Sri Lanka ............................2.9
66 China ..................................5.7 133 Colombia ............................2.6
67 Jamaica ..............................5.7

1.13 Business costs of crime and violence
Does the incidence of crime and violence impose costs on businesses in your country? (1 = significant costs; 7 = no costs) | 2008–2009 weighted
average
1 Qatar ..................................6.7 68 Greece ...............................4.9

2 Syria ...................................6.7 69 Mauritania ..........................4.8
3 Finland................................6.5 70 Uruguay..............................4.8
4 Oman .................................6.5 71 Russian Federation ............4.7
5 Luxembourg.......................6.5 72 Vietnam..............................4.7
6 Iceland................................6.5 73 United Kingdom .................4.7
7 United Arab Emirates.........6.5 74 United States .....................4.6
8 Norway...............................6.4 75 Mali ....................................4.6
9 Hong Kong SAR .................6.4 76 Mongolia ............................4.6
10 Singapore ...........................6.3 77 Cambodia ...........................4.6
11 Libya...................................6.3 78 Botswana ...........................4.6
12 Denmark ............................6.3 79 Benin..................................4.5
13 Cyprus................................6.2 80 Chile ...................................4.5
14 Kuwait ................................6.2 81 Burkina Faso ......................4.5
15 Brunei Darussalam.............6.2 82 Poland ................................4.5
16 Malta ..................................6.2 83 Turkey.................................4.5
17 Jordan ................................6.1 84 Zambia ...............................4.5
18 Switzerland ........................6.1 85 Malawi ...............................4.4
19 Austria................................6.1 86 Suriname............................4.4
20 Tunisia ................................6.0 87 Barbados ............................4.4
21 Slovenia..............................5.9 88 Italy ....................................4.4
22 Senegal ..............................5.9 89 Panama ..............................4.4
23 Armenia..............................5.8 90 Serbia .................................4.4
24 Belgium..............................5.8 91 Zimbabwe ..........................4.4
25 New Zealand ......................5.8 92 Ghana.................................4.3
26 Estonia ...............................5.8 93 Algeria ................................4.3
27 Romania .............................5.7 94 Puerto Rico ........................4.3
28 Czech Republic ..................5.7 95 Malaysia .............................4.3
29 Germany ............................5.7 96 Philippines..........................4.2
358 30 Israel ..................................5.7 97 Kyrgyz Republic .................4.1
31 Montenegro .......................5.7 98 Bulgaria ..............................4.0
32 Portugal..............................5.7 99 Sri Lanka ............................4.0
33 Bahrain ...............................5.7 100 Namibia ..............................4.0
34 Georgia...............................5.7 101 Nicaragua ...........................4.0
35 Sweden..............................5.6 102 Cameroon ..........................3.9
36 Latvia..................................5.6 103 Lesotho ..............................3.9
37 Gambia, The.......................5.5 104 Costa Rica ..........................3.9
38 Canada ...............................5.5 105 Uganda...............................3.8
39 Ireland ................................5.5 106 Mozambique ......................3.8
40 Lithuania.............................5.4 107 Argentina............................3.7
41 Taiwan, China.....................5.4 108 Peru....................................3.7
42 Azerbaijan...........................5.4 109 Bolivia.................................3.6
43 China ..................................5.4 110 Timor-Leste ........................3.6
44 Croatia................................5.3 111 Ecuador ..............................3.6
46 Ukraine...............................5.3 113 Chad...................................3.5
47 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....5.3 114 Nigeria................................3.4
48 Australia .............................5.3 115 Madagascar........................3.4
49 France ................................5.3 116 Burundi...............................3.3
50 India ...................................5.2 117 Paraguay ............................3.3
51 Korea, Rep. ........................5.2 118 Brazil ..................................3.3
52 Tajikistan.............................5.2 119 Pakistan..............................3.2
53 Egypt..................................5.2 120 Dominican Republic ...........3.2
54 Hungary..............................5.2 121 Nepal..................................3.1
55 Saudi Arabia .......................5.1 122 Kenya .................................3.1
56 Morocco.............................5.0 123 Honduras............................2.8
57 Netherlands........................5.0 124 Mexico ...............................2.7
58 Ethiopia ..............................5.0 125 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.7
59 Kazakhstan .........................5.0 126 Colombia ............................2.6
60 Macedonia, FYR.................5.0 127 Guyana ...............................2.6
61 Thailand..............................4.9 128 Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.5
63 Albania ...............................4.9 130 Jamaica ..............................2.2
64 Japan..................................4.9 131 El Salvador .........................1.9
66 Spain ..................................4.9 133 South Africa .......................1.7
67 Tanzania..............................4.9

1.14 Organized crime

Does organized crime (mafia-oriented racketeering, extortion) impose costs on businesses in your country? (1 = significant costs; 7 = no
costs) | 2008–2009 weighted average
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE 1 MEAN: 5.2 7 RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY ....................SCORE 1 MEAN: 5.2 7
1 Luxembourg.......................6.8 68 Tajikistan.............................5.4
2 Iceland................................6.8 69 Armenia..............................5.4
3 Qatar ..................................6.8 70 Croatia................................5.3
4 Denmark ............................6.8 71 China ..................................5.3
5 Syria ...................................6.8 72 United States .....................5.3
6 Finland................................6.7 73 Thailand..............................5.3
7 Norway...............................6.7 74 Morocco.............................5.2
8 Jordan ................................6.7 75 Mongolia ............................5.2
9 Singapore ...........................6.7 76 Costa Rica ..........................5.2
10 Malta ..................................6.7 77 Poland ................................5.1
11 United Arab Emirates.........6.6 78 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....5.1
12 Austria................................6.6 79 Panama ..............................5.0
13 New Zealand ......................6.6 80 Azerbaijan...........................5.0
14 Oman .................................6.6 81 Indonesia............................5.0
15 Egypt..................................6.6 82 Japan..................................5.0
16 Brunei Darussalam.............6.5 83 Malaysia .............................5.0
17 Bahrain ...............................6.5 84 Cambodia ...........................4.9
18 Sweden..............................6.4 85 Vietnam..............................4.9
19 Uruguay..............................6.4 86 Albania ...............................4.9
20 Barbados ............................6.4 87 Sri Lanka ............................4.9
21 Ireland ................................6.4 88 Burkina Faso ......................4.8
23 Libya...................................6.4 90 Mali ....................................4.7
24 Kuwait ................................6.3 91 Argentina............................4.7
25 Cyprus................................6.3 92 Macedonia, FYR.................4.6
26 Latvia..................................6.3 93 Ukraine...............................4.6
27 Tunisia ................................6.3 94 Peru....................................4.6
28 Mauritius ............................6.3 95 Algeria ................................4.5
29 Chile ...................................6.3 96 Russian Federation ............4.4
30 Estonia ...............................6.3 97 Nicaragua ...........................4.4 359
31 Germany ............................6.2 98 Uganda...............................4.4
32 Portugal..............................6.2 99 Lesotho ..............................4.4
33 Hong Kong SAR .................6.2 100 Mozambique ......................4.4
34 Australia .............................6.1 101 Guyana ...............................4.4
35 Belgium..............................6.1 102 Philippines..........................4.4
36 Senegal ..............................6.1 103 Cameroon ..........................4.4
37 Gambia, The.......................6.0 104 Ecuador ..............................4.4
38 Saudi Arabia .......................6.0 105 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.4
39 Slovenia..............................6.0 106 Timor-Leste ........................4.3
40 Canada ...............................6.0 107 Benin..................................4.2
41 Czech Republic ..................5.9 108 Turkey.................................4.2
42 Netherlands........................5.9 109 Serbia .................................4.2
43 Lithuania.............................5.9 110 Kyrgyz Republic .................4.2
44 Malawi ...............................5.9 111 Brazil ..................................4.2
45 Israel ..................................5.8 112 Madagascar........................4.2
46 Zimbabwe ..........................5.8 113 Bangladesh ........................4.2
47 France ................................5.8 114 Paraguay ............................4.2
48 Korea, Rep. ........................5.8 115 Dominican Republic ...........4.1
49 Puerto Rico ........................5.8 116 Pakistan..............................4.0
50 Romania .............................5.7 117 Bolivia.................................4.0
51 Botswana ...........................5.7 118 Kenya .................................3.8
52 Suriname............................5.7 119 South Africa .......................3.8
53 Ghana.................................5.6 120 Nigeria................................3.8
54 United Kingdom .................5.6 121 Bulgaria ..............................3.7
55 Greece ...............................5.6 122 Nepal..................................3.7
56 Namibia ..............................5.6 123 Venezuela...........................3.5
57 Taiwan, China.....................5.6 124 Honduras............................3.5
58 Tanzania..............................5.5 125 Burundi...............................3.5
59 Mauritania ..........................5.5 126 Chad...................................3.5
61 Ethiopia ..............................5.5 128 Jamaica ..............................3.4
62 Spain ..................................5.5 129 Mexico ...............................3.2
64 Georgia...............................5.4 131 Colombia ............................2.7
65 Zambia ...............................5.4 132 Guatemala..........................2.4
66 Hungary..............................5.4 133 El Salvador .........................2.3
67 Slovak Republic..................5.4

1.15 Reliability of police services
To what extent can police services be relied upon to enforce law and order in your country? (1 = cannot be relied upon at all; 7 = can always be
relied upon) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Finland................................6.6 68 Romania .............................4.2

2 Denmark ............................6.5 69 Colombia ............................4.1
3 Singapore ...........................6.4 70 Tanzania..............................4.1
4 Switzerland ........................6.4 71 Nicaragua ...........................4.1
5 Iceland................................6.4 72 Latvia..................................4.1
6 United Arab Emirates.........6.3 73 Uruguay..............................4.1
7 Norway...............................6.3 74 Poland ................................4.1
8 Hong Kong SAR .................6.3 75 Albania ...............................4.0
9 Germany ............................6.2 76 Mali ....................................4.0
10 Chile ...................................6.2 77 El Salvador .........................4.0
11 Canada ...............................6.2 78 Serbia .................................4.0
12 Sweden..............................6.2 79 Indonesia............................4.0
14 Qatar ..................................6.2 81 Czech Republic ..................3.9
15 Luxembourg.......................6.2 82 Libya...................................3.9
16 New Zealand ......................6.1 83 Ethiopia ..............................3.9
17 Jordan ................................6.0 84 Uganda...............................3.8
18 Australia .............................6.0 85 Ghana.................................3.8
19 Barbados ............................5.9 86 Tajikistan.............................3.8
20 Ireland ................................5.9 87 Cameroon ..........................3.8
21 United States .....................5.9 88 Thailand..............................3.8
22 Oman .................................5.9 89 Brazil ..................................3.7
23 Japan..................................5.8 90 Algeria ................................3.6
24 Austria................................5.8 91 Turkey.................................3.6
25 France ................................5.7 92 Timor-Leste ........................3.6
26 Belgium..............................5.7 93 Israel ..................................3.6
27 Spain ..................................5.7 94 Slovak Republic..................3.6
28 Tunisia ................................5.6 95 Mauritania ..........................3.6
29 Estonia ...............................5.5 96 Jamaica ..............................3.6
360 30 Malta ..................................5.5 97 Lesotho ..............................3.5
31 Bahrain ...............................5.4 98 Madagascar........................3.5
32 Cyprus................................5.4 99 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.5
33 United Kingdom .................5.4 100 Kenya .................................3.5
34 Taiwan, China.....................5.3 101 Philippines..........................3.5
35 Gambia, The.......................5.2 102 Sri Lanka ............................3.5
36 Saudi Arabia .......................5.1 103 Panama ..............................3.4
37 Portugal..............................5.0 104 Armenia..............................3.4
38 Brunei Darussalam.............5.0 105 Kazakhstan .........................3.4
39 Botswana ...........................4.9 106 South Africa .......................3.3
40 Senegal ..............................4.9 107 Mongolia ............................3.3
41 Georgia...............................4.9 108 Ukraine...............................3.2
42 Kuwait ................................4.8 109 Mozambique ......................3.2
43 Korea, Rep. ........................4.8 110 Nepal..................................3.1
44 Vietnam..............................4.8 111 Honduras............................3.1
45 Montenegro .......................4.8 112 Russian Federation ............3.1
46 Slovenia..............................4.8 113 Cambodia ...........................3.1
49 China ..................................4.7 116 Guyana ...............................2.9
50 Italy ....................................4.6 117 Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.9
51 Suriname............................4.6 118 Nigeria................................2.9
52 India ...................................4.5 119 Bangladesh ........................2.8
53 Morocco.............................4.5 120 Ecuador ..............................2.8
54 Egypt..................................4.5 121 Argentina............................2.8
55 Malawi ...............................4.5 122 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.8
56 Hungary..............................4.4 123 Peru....................................2.7
57 Croatia................................4.4 124 Mexico ...............................2.7
58 Costa Rica ..........................4.3 125 Zimbabwe ..........................2.6
59 Namibia ..............................4.3 126 Guatemala..........................2.5
60 Mauritius ............................4.3 127 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.5
61 Azerbaijan...........................4.3 128 Chad...................................2.4
62 Macedonia, FYR.................4.2 129 Burundi...............................2.3
63 Zambia ...............................4.2 130 Dominican Republic ...........2.3
64 Lithuania.............................4.2 131 Paraguay ............................2.2
65 Burkina Faso ......................4.2 132 Bolivia.................................2.0
66 Benin..................................4.2 133 Venezuela...........................2.0
67 Syria ...................................4.2

1.16 Ethical behavior of firms

How would you compare the corporate ethics (ethical behavior in interactions with public officials, politicians, and other enterprises) of firms in
your country with those of other countries in the world? (1 = among the worst in the world; 7 = among the best in the world) | 2008–2009
weighted average
1 New Zealand ......................6.7 68 Colombia ............................3.9

2 Sweden..............................6.7 69 Jamaica ..............................3.9
3 Finland................................6.6 70 Senegal ..............................3.9
4 Denmark ............................6.6 71 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.9
5 Singapore ...........................6.5 72 Morocco.............................3.9
6 Switzerland ........................6.4 73 Burkina Faso ......................3.8
7 Netherlands........................6.4 74 Czech Republic ..................3.8
8 Norway...............................6.3 75 Slovak Republic..................3.8
9 Iceland................................6.2 76 Albania ...............................3.8
10 Canada ...............................6.2 77 Macedonia, FYR.................3.8
11 Australia .............................6.2 78 Georgia...............................3.8
12 Luxembourg.......................6.2 79 Latvia..................................3.8
13 Austria................................6.2 80 Tanzania..............................3.8
14 Germany ............................5.9 81 Benin..................................3.8
16 Hong Kong SAR .................5.8 83 Turkey.................................3.8
17 Ireland ................................5.6 84 Libya...................................3.7
18 Barbados ............................5.6 85 Sri Lanka ............................3.7
19 United Arab Emirates.........5.5 86 Peru....................................3.7
20 Belgium..............................5.5 87 Suriname............................3.7
21 Chile ...................................5.5 88 Mali ....................................3.7
22 United States .....................5.5 89 Honduras............................3.7
23 Oman .................................5.5 90 Cambodia ...........................3.7
24 Japan..................................5.4 91 Guyana ...............................3.7
25 France ................................5.4 92 Ethiopia ..............................3.6
26 Bahrain ...............................5.3 93 Italy ....................................3.6
27 Israel ..................................5.2 94 Kazakhstan .........................3.6
28 Botswana ...........................5.1 95 Brazil ..................................3.6
29 Qatar ..................................5.1 96 Mexico ...............................3.6
30 Uruguay..............................5.1 97 Romania .............................3.6 361
31 Tunisia ................................5.1 98 Hungary..............................3.6
32 Estonia ...............................5.1 99 Zimbabwe ..........................3.6
33 Jordan ................................5.0 100 Pakistan..............................3.6
34 Taiwan, China.....................4.9 101 Greece ...............................3.5
35 Saudi Arabia .......................4.9 102 Indonesia............................3.5
36 Spain ..................................4.9 103 Lesotho ..............................3.5
37 Brunei Darussalam.............4.8 104 Nigeria................................3.5
38 Puerto Rico ........................4.8 105 Madagascar........................3.4
39 Cyprus................................4.8 106 Uganda...............................3.4
40 Costa Rica ..........................4.8 107 Bulgaria ..............................3.4
41 Portugal..............................4.7 108 Mauritania ..........................3.4
42 Slovenia..............................4.7 109 Tajikistan.............................3.4
43 South Africa .......................4.7 110 Serbia .................................3.4
44 Malaysia .............................4.7 111 Nicaragua ...........................3.4
45 Gambia, The.......................4.6 112 Russian Federation ............3.4
46 Malta ..................................4.6 113 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.4
47 Namibia ..............................4.6 114 Algeria ................................3.3
48 Korea, Rep. ........................4.6 115 Armenia..............................3.3
49 Mauritius ............................4.5 116 Philippines..........................3.3
50 Poland ................................4.5 117 Timor-Leste ........................3.3
51 Malawi ...............................4.4 118 Dominican Republic ...........3.3
52 Egypt..................................4.4 119 Cameroon ..........................3.3
53 Montenegro .......................4.3 120 Argentina............................3.2
54 China ..................................4.3 121 Ukraine...............................3.2
55 Kuwait ................................4.2 122 Ecuador ..............................3.2
56 Azerbaijan...........................4.1 123 Mozambique ......................3.2
57 India ...................................4.1 124 Nepal..................................3.2
58 Zambia ...............................4.1 125 Bangladesh ........................3.1
59 Syria ...................................4.1 126 Chad...................................2.9
60 Lithuania.............................4.1 127 Mongolia ............................2.9
61 Panama ..............................4.0 128 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.9
62 El Salvador .........................4.0 129 Venezuela...........................2.9
63 Vietnam..............................4.0 130 Burundi...............................2.8
64 Thailand..............................4.0 131 Paraguay ............................2.8
65 Ghana.................................4.0 132 Bolivia.................................2.6
66 Croatia................................3.9 133 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.6
67 Guatemala..........................3.9

1.17 Strength of auditing and reporting standards
In your country, how would you assess financial auditing and reporting standards regarding company financial performance? (1 = extremely
weak; 7 = extremely strong) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 New Zealand ......................6.3 68 Montenegro .......................4.8

2 South Africa .......................6.2 69 Mexico ...............................4.7
3 Finland................................6.2 70 Brazil ..................................4.7
4 Sweden..............................6.1 71 Romania .............................4.7
5 Norway...............................6.1 72 China ..................................4.7
6 Singapore ...........................6.1 73 Uruguay..............................4.7
7 Canada ...............................6.1 74 Ghana.................................4.7
8 Luxembourg.......................6.0 75 Zambia ...............................4.7
9 Hong Kong SAR .................6.0 76 Indonesia............................4.6
10 Australia .............................6.0 77 El Salvador .........................4.6
11 Austria................................6.0 78 Kenya .................................4.6
12 Malta ..................................5.9 79 Croatia................................4.5
13 Netherlands........................5.9 80 Honduras............................4.5
14 Denmark ............................5.9 81 Guatemala..........................4.4
15 Germany ............................5.8 82 Tanzania..............................4.4
16 Barbados ............................5.8 83 Macedonia, FYR.................4.4
17 Namibia ..............................5.8 84 Pakistan..............................4.4
18 Estonia ...............................5.8 85 Bulgaria ..............................4.3
19 Puerto Rico ........................5.7 86 Azerbaijan...........................4.3
20 Cyprus................................5.7 87 Burkina Faso ......................4.2
21 Switzerland ........................5.7 88 Senegal ..............................4.2
22 Belgium..............................5.6 89 Turkey.................................4.2
23 United Kingdom .................5.6 90 Albania ...............................4.2
24 Chile ...................................5.6 91 Colombia ............................4.2
25 France ................................5.6 92 Armenia..............................4.2
26 Mauritius ............................5.6 93 Georgia...............................4.2
27 India ...................................5.5 94 Guyana ...............................4.1
28 Qatar ..................................5.5 95 Morocco.............................4.1
29 Iceland................................5.5 96 Dominican Republic ...........4.1
362 30 Jordan ................................5.4 97 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.1
31 United Arab Emirates.........5.4 98 Kazakhstan .........................4.1
32 Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.4 99 Serbia .................................4.0
33 Bahrain ...............................5.3 100 Mozambique ......................4.0
34 Jamaica ..............................5.3 101 Italy ....................................4.0
35 Ireland ................................5.3 102 Nigeria................................3.9
36 Taiwan, China.....................5.3 103 Uganda...............................3.9
38 Japan..................................5.3 105 Benin..................................3.9
39 United States .....................5.3 106 Cameroon ..........................3.9
40 Slovenia..............................5.3 107 Argentina............................3.9
41 Czech Republic ..................5.3 108 Vietnam..............................3.8
42 Israel ..................................5.2 109 Ecuador ..............................3.8
43 Malaysia .............................5.2 110 Ethiopia ..............................3.8
44 Sri Lanka ............................5.2 111 Lesotho ..............................3.8
45 Oman .................................5.2 112 Venezuela...........................3.8
46 Lithuania.............................5.1 113 Cambodia ...........................3.8
47 Panama ..............................5.1 114 Libya...................................3.8
48 Malawi ...............................5.1 115 Nepal..................................3.7
49 Gambia, The.......................5.1 116 Mongolia ............................3.7
50 Egypt..................................5.1 117 Ukraine...............................3.7
51 Brunei Darussalam.............5.1 118 Tajikistan.............................3.7
52 Thailand..............................5.0 119 Russian Federation ............3.7
54 Spain ..................................5.0 121 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.6
55 Zimbabwe ..........................5.0 122 Bangladesh ........................3.6
56 Greece ...............................4.9 123 Paraguay ............................3.6
57 Botswana ...........................4.9 124 Syria ...................................3.6
58 Korea, Rep. ........................4.9 125 Madagascar........................3.5
59 Costa Rica ..........................4.9 126 Mali ....................................3.5
60 Poland ................................4.9 127 Suriname............................3.3
61 Philippines..........................4.9 128 Burundi...............................3.3
62 Tunisia ................................4.9 129 Bolivia.................................3.2
64 Slovak Republic..................4.8 131 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.1
65 Kuwait ................................4.8 132 Timor-Leste ........................2.8
66 Latvia..................................4.8 133 Chad...................................2.8
67 Peru....................................4.8

1.18 Efficacy of corporate boards

How would you characterize corporate governance by investors and boards of directors in your country? (1 = management has little accountability
to investors and boards; 7 = investors and boards exert strong supervision of management decisions) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Sweden..............................5.9 68 Guyana ...............................4.6

2 New Zealand ......................5.8 69 Tanzania..............................4.5
3 South Africa .......................5.8 70 Colombia ............................4.5
4 Canada ...............................5.7 71 Senegal ..............................4.5
5 Australia .............................5.6 72 Honduras............................4.5
6 Finland................................5.6 73 Thailand..............................4.5
7 Norway...............................5.6 74 Russian Federation ............4.5
8 Singapore ...........................5.6 75 Uganda...............................4.5
9 Denmark ............................5.5 76 Madagascar........................4.5
10 Netherlands........................5.4 77 Albania ...............................4.5
11 Chile ...................................5.4 78 Vietnam..............................4.5
12 Luxembourg.......................5.4 79 Nigeria................................4.5
13 Qatar ..................................5.4 80 Slovenia..............................4.5
14 Switzerland ........................5.3 81 Dominican Republic ...........4.5
15 Germany ............................5.3 82 Latvia..................................4.5
16 Gambia, The.......................5.3 83 Portugal..............................4.5
17 Taiwan, China.....................5.2 84 Hungary..............................4.5
18 Lithuania.............................5.2 85 Poland ................................4.5
19 Belgium..............................5.2 86 Benin..................................4.4
20 United States .....................5.2 87 Jamaica ..............................4.4
21 Czech Republic ..................5.2 88 Georgia...............................4.4
22 Slovak Republic..................5.1 89 Cambodia ...........................4.4
23 United Kingdom .................5.1 90 Burundi...............................4.4
24 Japan..................................5.1 91 Morocco.............................4.4
25 Malaysia .............................5.1 92 China ..................................4.4
26 United Arab Emirates.........5.1 93 Azerbaijan...........................4.4
27 Sri Lanka ............................5.1 94 Ukraine...............................4.4
29 France ................................5.1 96 Ethiopia ..............................4.4
30 Oman .................................5.0 97 Cyprus................................4.4 363
31 Iceland................................5.0 98 Kazakhstan .........................4.3
32 Indonesia............................5.0 99 Uruguay..............................4.3
33 Ireland ................................4.9 100 Argentina............................4.3
34 Namibia ..............................4.9 101 Nicaragua ...........................4.3
35 Barbados ............................4.9 102 Mexico ...............................4.3
36 Bahrain ...............................4.9 103 Kuwait ................................4.3
37 Puerto Rico ........................4.9 104 Greece ...............................4.2
38 Mauritius ............................4.9 105 Lesotho ..............................4.2
39 El Salvador .........................4.9 106 Kyrgyz Republic .................4.1
40 Zimbabwe ..........................4.9 107 Bulgaria ..............................4.1
41 Guatemala..........................4.9 108 Mauritania ..........................4.1
42 Brunei Darussalam.............4.8 109 Burkina Faso ......................4.1
43 Peru....................................4.8 110 Syria ...................................4.1
44 Panama ..............................4.8 111 Mongolia ............................4.1
45 Ghana.................................4.8 112 Mozambique ......................4.0
46 Zambia ...............................4.8 113 Macedonia, FYR.................4.0
47 Malta ..................................4.7 114 Tajikistan.............................4.0
48 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.7 115 Croatia................................4.0
49 Spain ..................................4.7 116 Suriname............................4.0
50 Botswana ...........................4.7 117 Pakistan..............................3.9
52 Hong Kong SAR .................4.7 119 Ecuador ..............................3.9
53 Israel ..................................4.7 120 Serbia .................................3.9
54 Tunisia ................................4.7 121 Italy ....................................3.9
55 Kenya .................................4.7 122 Nepal..................................3.9
56 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.7 123 Armenia..............................3.8
57 Korea, Rep. ........................4.7 124 Mali ....................................3.8
58 Brazil ..................................4.7 125 Turkey.................................3.8
59 Jordan ................................4.7 126 Paraguay ............................3.8
60 Estonia ...............................4.7 127 Bolivia.................................3.7
61 Malawi ...............................4.7 128 Venezuela...........................3.7
62 Philippines..........................4.7 129 Chad...................................3.5
63 India ...................................4.6 130 Timor-Leste ........................3.5
64 Egypt..................................4.6 131 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.4
65 Montenegro .......................4.6 132 Libya...................................3.4
66 Romania .............................4.6 133 Algeria ................................3.4
67 Saudi Arabia .......................4.6

1.19 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests
In your country, to what extent are the interests of minority shareholders protected by the legal system? (1 = not protected at all; 7 = fully
protected) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 New Zealand ......................6.0 68 Spain ..................................4.4

2 Sweden..............................6.0 69 Slovak Republic..................4.4
3 Finland................................5.9 70 Nigeria................................4.4
4 Norway...............................5.8 71 China ..................................4.3
5 Denmark ............................5.7 72 Mexico ...............................4.3
6 Singapore ...........................5.7 73 Korea, Rep. ........................4.3
7 Puerto Rico ........................5.6 74 Hungary..............................4.3
8 Canada ...............................5.6 75 Uruguay..............................4.3
9 South Africa .......................5.5 76 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.3
10 Germany ............................5.4 77 Philippines..........................4.3
11 Tunisia ................................5.4 78 Romania .............................4.3
12 Mauritius ............................5.4 79 Libya...................................4.2
13 Oman .................................5.3 80 Tanzania..............................4.2
14 Namibia ..............................5.3 81 Mali ....................................4.2
15 Jordan ................................5.3 82 Montenegro .......................4.2
16 Qatar ..................................5.3 83 Latvia..................................4.2
17 Malta ..................................5.2 84 Kuwait ................................4.2
18 Australia .............................5.2 85 El Salvador .........................4.1
19 Austria................................5.2 86 Uganda...............................4.1
20 United Arab Emirates.........5.2 87 Colombia ............................4.1
21 Netherlands........................5.2 88 Czech Republic ..................4.1
22 Luxembourg.......................5.2 89 Lithuania.............................4.1
23 Malaysia .............................5.1 90 Kenya .................................4.1
24 Cyprus................................5.1 91 Pakistan..............................4.1
25 United Kingdom .................5.1 92 Cameroon ..........................4.1
26 Gambia, The.......................5.1 93 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.0
27 Belgium..............................5.1 94 Honduras............................4.0
28 United States .....................5.0 95 Tajikistan.............................4.0
29 Chile ...................................5.0 96 Albania ...............................4.0
364 30 Bahrain ...............................5.0 97 Azerbaijan...........................4.0
31 Israel ..................................5.0 98 Turkey.................................3.9
32 Ireland ................................5.0 99 Mauritania ..........................3.9
33 Greece ...............................5.0 100 Dominican Republic ...........3.9
34 Hong Kong SAR .................5.0 101 Cambodia ...........................3.9
36 India ...................................4.9 103 Guyana ...............................3.8
37 Ghana.................................4.9 104 Ecuador ..............................3.8
38 Barbados ............................4.9 105 Mozambique ......................3.8
39 Senegal ..............................4.9 106 Slovenia..............................3.8
40 Sri Lanka ............................4.9 107 Macedonia, FYR.................3.8
41 Switzerland ........................4.9 108 Nepal..................................3.8
42 France ................................4.9 109 Kazakhstan .........................3.7
43 Thailand..............................4.8 110 Guatemala..........................3.7
44 Botswana ...........................4.8 111 Croatia................................3.7
45 Jamaica ..............................4.8 112 Argentina............................3.7
47 Costa Rica ..........................4.7 114 Chad...................................3.7
48 Indonesia............................4.7 115 Paraguay ............................3.7
49 Syria ...................................4.7 116 Bangladesh ........................3.6
50 Taiwan, China.....................4.7 117 Georgia...............................3.6
51 Estonia ...............................4.7 118 Nicaragua ...........................3.6
52 Malawi ...............................4.7 119 Lesotho ..............................3.6
53 Portugal..............................4.6 120 Bulgaria ..............................3.6
54 Iceland................................4.6 121 Venezuela...........................3.5
55 Benin..................................4.6 122 Burundi...............................3.5
56 Zimbabwe ..........................4.6 123 Armenia..............................3.4
57 Peru....................................4.6 124 Italy ....................................3.4
59 Brazil ..................................4.6 126 Timor-Leste ........................3.2
60 Egypt..................................4.6 127 Russian Federation ............3.2
61 Brunei Darussalam.............4.5 128 Serbia .................................3.1
62 Poland ................................4.5 129 Mongolia ............................3.1
63 Panama ..............................4.5 130 Suriname............................3.1
64 Ethiopia ..............................4.4 131 Bolivia.................................3.1
65 Burkina Faso ......................4.4 132 Ukraine...............................3.0
67 Zambia ...............................4.4

Data Tables
Section II
Infrastructure
365

2.01 Quality of overall infrastructure
2.2: Data Tables | Section II: Infrastructure
How would you assess general infrastructure (e.g., transport, telephony, and energy) in your country? (1 = extremely underdeveloped;
7 = extensive and efficient by international standards) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Switzerland ........................6.8 68 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.9

2 Singapore ...........................6.7 69 Kazakhstan .........................3.8
3 Hong Kong SAR .................6.7 70 Georgia...............................3.8
4 Austria................................6.6 71 Mexico ...............................3.8
5 France ................................6.6 72 Italy ....................................3.8
6 Germany ............................6.5 73 Morocco.............................3.7
7 Finland................................6.5 74 Senegal ..............................3.7
8 Iceland................................6.3 75 Honduras............................3.7
9 Denmark ............................6.3 76 Ghana.................................3.6
10 Sweden..............................6.2 77 Syria ...................................3.6
11 United Arab Emirates.........6.1 78 Armenia..............................3.5
12 Luxembourg.......................6.1 79 Ukraine...............................3.5
13 Canada ...............................5.9 80 Dominican Republic ...........3.4
14 United States .....................5.9 81 Brazil ..................................3.4
15 Belgium..............................5.8 82 Cambodia ...........................3.4
16 Barbados ............................5.8 83 Colombia ............................3.4
17 Japan..................................5.8 84 Suriname............................3.4
18 Netherlands........................5.8 85 Costa Rica ..........................3.4
19 Taiwan, China.....................5.8 86 Russian Federation ............3.3
21 Portugal..............................5.7 88 Macedonia, FYR.................3.2
22 Oman .................................5.6 89 India ...................................3.2
23 Chile ...................................5.6 90 Kenya .................................3.2
24 Cyprus................................5.5 91 Tajikistan.............................3.2
25 Namibia ..............................5.5 92 Guyana ...............................3.2
26 Bahrain ...............................5.4 93 Ethiopia ..............................3.2
27 Malaysia .............................5.4 94 Argentina............................3.2
28 Spain ..................................5.2 95 Zimbabwe ..........................3.2
29 Jordan ................................5.2 96 Indonesia............................3.1
366 30 Slovenia..............................5.2 97 Albania ...............................3.1
31 Norway...............................5.2 98 Philippines..........................3.1
32 Saudi Arabia .......................5.2 99 Ecuador ..............................3.1
33 United Kingdom .................5.2 100 Algeria ................................3.1
34 Estonia ...............................5.1 101 Mali ....................................3.0
35 Tunisia ................................5.1 102 Peru....................................3.0
36 Puerto Rico ........................5.1 103 Venezuela...........................3.0
37 Brunei Darussalam.............5.0 104 Lesotho ..............................2.9
39 Lithuania.............................4.9 106 Malawi ...............................2.9
40 El Salvador .........................4.8 107 Zambia ...............................2.9
41 Thailand..............................4.8 108 Libya...................................2.9
42 Malta ..................................4.8 109 Uganda...............................2.9
43 South Africa .......................4.7 110 Benin..................................2.8
44 Kuwait ................................4.7 111 Vietnam..............................2.8
45 New Zealand ......................4.7 112 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.8
46 Botswana ...........................4.6 113 Burkina Faso ......................2.8
47 Qatar ..................................4.6 114 Cameroon ..........................2.8
48 Croatia................................4.5 115 Bulgaria ..............................2.8
49 Gambia, The.......................4.5 116 Mauritania ..........................2.8
50 Israel ..................................4.5 117 Mozambique ......................2.7
51 Azerbaijan...........................4.5 118 Montenegro .......................2.7
53 Mauritius ............................4.4 120 Tanzania..............................2.7
54 Greece ...............................4.4 121 Poland ................................2.6
55 Jamaica ..............................4.4 122 Serbia .................................2.6
56 Egypt..................................4.4 123 Burundi...............................2.6
57 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.4 124 Bolivia.................................2.5
58 Hungary..............................4.3 125 Bangladesh ........................2.5
59 Guatemala..........................4.3 126 Nigeria................................2.4
60 Latvia..................................4.2 127 Romania .............................2.4
61 Uruguay..............................4.2 128 Timor-Leste ........................2.3
62 Turkey.................................4.2 129 Paraguay ............................2.2
63 Sri Lanka ............................4.1 130 Nepal..................................2.2
64 Slovak Republic..................4.1 131 Chad...................................2.0
65 Ireland ................................4.1 132 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.0
66 China ..................................4.0 133 Mongolia ............................1.9
67 Panama ..............................4.0

2.02 Quality of roads

How would you assess roads in your country? (1 = extremely underdeveloped; 7 = extensive and efficient by international standards) | 2008–2009
weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.7 68 Syria ...................................3.6

2 France ................................6.6 69 Morocco.............................3.6
3 Hong Kong SAR .................6.6 70 Dominican Republic ...........3.6
5 Germany ............................6.5 72 Armenia..............................3.6
6 Austria................................6.4 73 Egypt..................................3.5
7 United Arab Emirates.........6.2 74 Honduras............................3.5
8 Denmark ............................6.1 75 Slovak Republic..................3.5
9 Portugal..............................6.0 76 Ghana.................................3.4
10 Oman .................................5.9 77 Cambodia ...........................3.3
11 United States .....................5.9 78 Senegal ..............................3.3
12 Finland................................5.9 79 Czech Republic ..................3.3
13 Cyprus................................5.8 80 Ethiopia ..............................3.3
14 Korea, Rep. ........................5.8 81 Libya...................................3.3
15 Chile ...................................5.8 82 Algeria ................................3.2
16 Belgium..............................5.8 83 Suriname............................3.2
17 Luxembourg.......................5.8 84 Argentina............................3.2
18 Taiwan, China.....................5.8 85 Latvia..................................3.2
19 Sweden..............................5.7 86 Zimbabwe ..........................3.2
20 Namibia ..............................5.7 87 Macedonia, FYR.................3.2
21 Canada ...............................5.7 88 Venezuela...........................3.1
22 Japan..................................5.6 89 India ...................................3.1
23 Bahrain ...............................5.6 90 Malawi ...............................3.1
24 Malaysia .............................5.5 91 Kenya .................................3.1
25 Netherlands........................5.4 92 Madagascar........................3.0
26 Lithuania.............................5.3 93 Peru....................................2.9
27 El Salvador .........................5.3 94 Indonesia............................2.9
28 Spain ..................................5.2 95 Bangladesh ........................2.9
29 Brunei Darussalam.............5.2 96 Nicaragua ...........................2.9
30 United Kingdom .................5.1 97 Malta ..................................2.9 367
31 Puerto Rico ........................5.1 98 Benin..................................2.8
32 Barbados ............................5.1 99 Albania ...............................2.8
33 Iceland................................5.1 100 Mali ....................................2.8
34 Croatia................................5.1 101 Colombia ............................2.8
35 Thailand..............................5.0 102 Vietnam..............................2.8
36 Kuwait ................................5.0 103 Ecuador ..............................2.8
37 Australia .............................5.0 104 Philippines..........................2.8
38 Saudi Arabia .......................5.0 105 Burkina Faso ......................2.8
39 Tunisia ................................5.0 106 Brazil ..................................2.8
40 South Africa .......................5.0 107 Costa Rica ..........................2.7
41 Slovenia..............................4.9 108 Tanzania..............................2.7
42 Jordan ................................4.9 109 Tajikistan.............................2.6
43 New Zealand ......................4.6 110 Zambia ...............................2.6
44 Qatar ..................................4.5 111 Cameroon ..........................2.6
45 Botswana ...........................4.5 112 Nigeria................................2.6
46 Uruguay..............................4.4 113 Lesotho ..............................2.5
47 Israel ..................................4.3 114 Mauritania ..........................2.5
48 Turkey.................................4.3 115 Uganda...............................2.5
49 Estonia ...............................4.2 116 Kazakhstan .........................2.5
50 China ..................................4.2 117 Serbia .................................2.5
51 Mauritius ............................4.1 118 Russian Federation ............2.4
52 Greece ...............................4.1 119 Montenegro .......................2.3
53 Italy ....................................4.0 120 Mozambique ......................2.3
54 Gambia, The.......................4.0 121 Burundi...............................2.3
55 Guatemala..........................4.0 122 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.3
57 Mexico ...............................4.0 124 Bulgaria ..............................2.2
59 Ireland ................................3.9 126 Nepal..................................2.1
60 Sri Lanka ............................3.9 127 Poland ................................2.1
61 Norway...............................3.8 128 Chad...................................2.0
62 Panama ..............................3.8 129 Romania .............................2.0
63 Jamaica ..............................3.8 130 Paraguay ............................2.0
64 Hungary..............................3.8 131 Timor-Leste ........................1.9
65 Pakistan..............................3.7 132 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....1.7
66 Georgia...............................3.6 133 Mongolia ............................1.4
67 Guyana ...............................3.6

2.03 Quality of railroad infrastructure
How would you assess the railroad system in your country? (1 = extremely underdeveloped; 7 = extensive and efficient by international
standards) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Switzerland ........................6.8 68 Tanzania..............................2.3

2 Japan..................................6.6 69 Kenya .................................2.2
3 Hong Kong SAR .................6.5 70 Cameroon ..........................2.2
4 France ................................6.5 71 Macedonia, FYR.................2.2
5 Germany ............................6.3 72 Puerto Rico ........................2.1
7 Taiwan, China.....................5.8 74 Montenegro .......................2.1
8 Korea, Rep. ........................5.7 75 Malawi ...............................2.1
9 Singapore ...........................5.7 76 Chile ...................................2.1
10 Netherlands........................5.6 77 Mongolia ............................2.0
11 Belgium..............................5.6 78 Argentina............................2.0
12 Austria................................5.5 79 Burkina Faso ......................2.0
13 Sweden..............................5.4 80 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.0
14 Denmark ............................5.4 81 Mauritania ..........................1.9
15 Canada ...............................5.2 82 Armenia..............................1.9
16 Luxembourg.......................5.1 83 Madagascar........................1.9
17 United States .....................4.8 84 Jordan ................................1.9
18 Spain ..................................4.8 85 Mali ....................................1.8
19 Malaysia .............................4.8 86 Brazil ..................................1.8
20 India ...................................4.5 87 Peru....................................1.8
21 United Kingdom .................4.5 88 Serbia .................................1.8
23 Portugal..............................4.4 90 Zambia ...............................1.8
24 Czech Republic ..................4.3 91 Benin..................................1.8
25 Namibia ..............................4.2 92 Philippines..........................1.7
26 Lithuania.............................4.2 93 Bolivia.................................1.7
27 China ..................................4.1 94 Cambodia ...........................1.6
28 Tunisia ................................4.1 95 Ethiopia ..............................1.6
29 Australia .............................4.1 96 Nicaragua ...........................1.6
368 30 Ukraine...............................4.1 97 Venezuela...........................1.6
31 Azerbaijan...........................4.0 98 Dominican Republic ...........1.5
33 Russian Federation ............3.9 100 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....1.5
34 Botswana ...........................3.9 101 Honduras............................1.5
35 Latvia..................................3.8 102 Albania ...............................1.4
36 Norway...............................3.8 103 Uruguay..............................1.4
37 New Zealand ......................3.7 104 Nigeria................................1.3
38 Morocco.............................3.6 105 Ghana.................................1.3
39 Estonia ...............................3.6 106 Costa Rica ..........................1.3
40 South Africa .......................3.5 107 Uganda...............................1.2
41 Georgia...............................3.5 108 El Salvador .........................1.2
42 Slovenia..............................3.5 109 Nepal..................................1.2
43 Croatia................................3.4 110 Libya...................................1.1
44 Sri Lanka ............................3.4 111 Guatemala..........................1.1
45 Italy ....................................3.4 112 Jamaica ..............................1.1
46 Hungary..............................3.4 113 Ecuador ..............................1.0
47 Egypt..................................3.3 114 Paraguay ............................1.0
48 Tajikistan.............................3.3 n/a Bahrain ...............................n/a
49 Israel ..................................3.2 n/a Barbados ............................n/a
50 Ireland ................................3.2 n/a Brunei Darussalam .............n/a
51 Pakistan..............................3.1 n/a Burundi...............................n/a
52 Thailand..............................3.0 n/a Chad ...................................n/a
53 Saudi Arabia .......................3.0 n/a Cyprus ................................n/a
54 Bulgaria ..............................2.9 n/a Gambia, The .......................n/a
55 Syria ...................................2.9 n/a Guyana ...............................n/a
56 Poland ................................2.9 n/a Iceland................................n/a
57 Greece ...............................2.9 n/a Kuwait ................................n/a
58 Vietnam..............................2.8 n/a Lesotho ..............................n/a
59 Zimbabwe ..........................2.8 n/a Malta ..................................n/a
60 Indonesia............................2.8 n/a Mauritius ............................n/a
61 Romania .............................2.7 n/a Oman .................................n/a
62 Panama ..............................2.5 n/a Qatar ..................................n/a
63 Turkey.................................2.5 n/a Suriname ............................n/a
64 Algeria ................................2.4 n/a Timor-Leste ........................n/a
65 Bangladesh ........................2.3 n/a Trinidad and Tobago ...........n/a
66 Mexico ...............................2.3 n/a United Arab Emirates.........n/a
67 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.3

2.04 Quality of port infrastructure

How would you assess port facilities in your country? (1 = extremely underdeveloped; 7 = well developed and efficient by international
standards)* | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.8 68 Kuwait ................................4.1

2 Hong Kong SAR .................6.8 69 Ghana.................................4.0
3 Netherlands........................6.6 70 Georgia...............................4.0
4 Finland................................6.5 71 Burkina Faso1.....................4.0
6 Belgium..............................6.3 73 Pakistan..............................4.0
7 United Arab Emirates.........6.2 74 Hungary1 ............................3.9
8 Iceland................................6.2 75 Ethiopia1 ............................3.8
9 Denmark ............................6.2 76 Mali1 ..................................3.8
10 France ................................5.9 77 Croatia................................3.8
11 Sweden..............................5.9 78 Turkey.................................3.7
12 Norway...............................5.8 79 Botswana1 .........................3.7
13 United States .....................5.7 80 Ukraine...............................3.7
14 Canada ...............................5.6 81 Zambia1 ..............................3.7
15 Estonia ...............................5.6 82 Mexico ...............................3.7
17 Bahrain ...............................5.5 84 Kenya .................................3.6
18 Panama ..............................5.5 85 Argentina............................3.6
20 Luxembourg1 .....................5.5 87 Russian Federation ............3.5
21 Barbados ............................5.5 88 Malawi1 ..............................3.5
22 New Zealand ......................5.5 89 Cambodia ...........................3.5
23 Malta ..................................5.4 90 India ...................................3.5
24 Namibia ..............................5.4 91 Mauritania ..........................3.5
25 Puerto Rico ........................5.4 92 Paraguay1 ...........................3.5
26 Switzerland1 .......................5.4 93 Uganda1 .............................3.4
27 Chile ...................................5.4 94 Macedonia, FYR1 ...............3.4
28 Jamaica ..............................5.3 95 Indonesia............................3.4
29 Cyprus................................5.3 96 Ecuador ..............................3.3
30 Slovenia..............................5.2 97 Suriname............................3.3 369
31 United Kingdom .................5.2 98 Benin..................................3.3
32 Oman .................................5.2 99 Vietnam..............................3.3
33 Spain ..................................5.2 100 Montenegro .......................3.3
34 Japan..................................5.2 101 Serbia1 ...............................3.3
35 Honduras............................5.1 102 Syria ...................................3.3
36 Korea, Rep. ........................5.1 103 Romania .............................3.3
37 Qatar ..................................5.0 104 Libya...................................3.3
38 Austria1 ..............................5.0 105 Albania ...............................3.2
39 Côte d’Ivoire ......................5.0 106 Guyana ...............................3.2
40 Uruguay..............................4.9 107 Colombia ............................3.2
41 Tunisia ................................4.9 108 Mozambique ......................3.2
42 Brunei Darussalam.............4.8 109 Burundi1 .............................3.1
43 Sri Lanka ............................4.8 110 Kazakhstan1 .......................3.0
44 Lithuania.............................4.7 111 Madagascar........................3.0
45 Portugal..............................4.7 112 Philippines..........................3.0
46 Saudi Arabia .......................4.7 113 Bangladesh ........................3.0
47 Thailand..............................4.7 114 Lesotho1 ............................3.0
48 Gambia, The.......................4.7 115 Bolivia1 ...............................3.0
49 South Africa .......................4.7 116 Mongolia1 ..........................2.9
50 Australia .............................4.6 117 Armenia1 ............................2.9
51 Israel ..................................4.6 118 Algeria ................................2.9
52 Jordan ................................4.5 119 Nepal1 ................................2.8
53 Ireland ................................4.4 120 Tanzania..............................2.8
54 Senegal ..............................4.4 121 Poland ................................2.8
55 Zimbabwe1 ........................4.4 122 Nigeria................................2.8
56 Latvia..................................4.4 123 Cameroon ..........................2.7
57 Egypt..................................4.3 124 Nicaragua ...........................2.7
58 Dominican Republic ...........4.3 125 Chad1 .................................2.7
59 Guatemala..........................4.3 126 Peru....................................2.7
60 Mauritius ............................4.3 127 Brazil ..................................2.6
61 China ..................................4.3 128 Costa Rica ..........................2.6
62 Morocco.............................4.2 129 Venezuela...........................2.4
63 Azerbaijan1 .........................4.2 130 Timor-Leste ........................2.3
64 El Salvador .........................4.2 131 Tajikistan1 ...........................1.9
65 Czech Republic1.................4.2 132 Kyrgyz Republic1 ................1.6
66 Greece ...............................4.1 133 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....1.5
67 Slovak Republic1 ................4.1
* For landlocked countries, the question is: How accessible are port facilities? (1 = extremely inaccessible; 7 = extremely accessible)
1 Landlocked

2.05 Quality of air transport infrastructure
How would you assess passenger air transport infrastructure in your country? (1 = extremely underdeveloped; 7 = extensive and efficient by
international standards) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.9 68 Indonesia............................4.7

2 Hong Kong SAR .................6.9 69 Kenya .................................4.7
3 United Arab Emirates.........6.7 70 Morocco.............................4.7
4 Germany ............................6.6 71 Costa Rica ..........................4.6
5 Switzerland ........................6.5 72 Honduras............................4.6
6 Denmark ............................6.4 73 Ecuador ..............................4.6
7 Netherlands........................6.4 74 Armenia..............................4.5
8 Finland................................6.3 75 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.5
9 France ................................6.3 76 Pakistan..............................4.5
10 Iceland................................6.3 77 Georgia...............................4.4
11 Norway...............................6.3 78 Nigeria................................4.3
12 Qatar ..................................6.2 79 Croatia................................4.3
13 Austria................................6.2 80 China ..................................4.3
14 Belgium..............................6.2 81 Colombia ............................4.3
15 Puerto Rico ........................6.1 82 Montenegro .......................4.2
16 Barbados ............................6.1 83 Lithuania.............................4.2
18 Sweden..............................6.0 85 Italy ....................................4.1
19 Chile ...................................6.0 86 Nicaragua ...........................4.1
21 Korea, Rep. ........................6.0 88 Cambodia ...........................4.1
22 Bahrain ...............................6.0 89 Brazil ..................................4.1
23 South Africa .......................6.0 90 Romania .............................4.0
24 Czech Republic ..................5.9 91 Ghana.................................4.0
25 Canada ...............................5.9 92 Russian Federation ............4.0
26 Thailand..............................5.9 93 Madagascar........................4.0
27 Malaysia .............................5.8 94 Kazakhstan .........................3.9
28 Australia .............................5.8 95 Botswana ...........................3.8
29 El Salvador .........................5.8 96 Bulgaria ..............................3.7
370 30 Tunisia ................................5.8 97 Poland ................................3.7
31 Malta ..................................5.7 98 Mozambique ......................3.7
32 Panama ..............................5.7 99 Uruguay..............................3.7
33 Jordan ................................5.6 100 Philippines..........................3.7
34 Israel ..................................5.6 101 Ukraine...............................3.6
35 United Kingdom .................5.6 102 Zimbabwe ..........................3.6
36 Dominican Republic ...........5.5 103 Syria ...................................3.6
37 Spain ..................................5.5 104 Guyana ...............................3.6
38 Jamaica ..............................5.5 105 Tajikistan.............................3.6
39 Greece ...............................5.5 106 Slovak Republic..................3.5
40 Latvia..................................5.5 107 Nepal..................................3.5
41 Taiwan, China.....................5.5 108 Uganda...............................3.5
42 Luxembourg.......................5.4 109 Venezuela...........................3.5
43 Cyprus................................5.4 110 Burundi...............................3.5
44 Egypt..................................5.3 111 Serbia .................................3.5
45 Guatemala..........................5.3 112 Bolivia.................................3.5
46 Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.2 113 Argentina............................3.4
47 Brunei Darussalam.............5.2 114 Tanzania..............................3.4
48 Ireland ................................5.2 115 Suriname............................3.4
49 Portugal..............................5.2 116 Bangladesh ........................3.4
50 Azerbaijan...........................5.2 117 Zambia ...............................3.4
51 Saudi Arabia .......................5.1 118 Mali ....................................3.4
52 Oman .................................5.1 119 Algeria ................................3.3
53 Japan..................................5.1 120 Benin..................................3.3
54 Turkey.................................5.1 121 Malawi ...............................3.1
55 Namibia ..............................5.0 122 Burkina Faso ......................3.0
56 Mexico ...............................4.9 123 Macedonia, FYR.................3.0
57 Mauritius ............................4.9 124 Mauritania ..........................3.0
58 Kuwait ................................4.9 125 Cameroon ..........................2.9
59 Estonia ...............................4.9 126 Libya...................................2.9
61 Gambia, The.......................4.8 128 Mongolia ............................2.7
63 Albania ...............................4.8 130 Chad...................................2.5
64 Sri Lanka ............................4.8 131 Paraguay ............................2.4
65 India ...................................4.7 132 Lesotho ..............................2.4
66 Senegal ..............................4.7 133 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.2
67 Ethiopia ..............................4.7

2.06 Available seat kilometers (hard data)

Scheduled available seat kilometers per week originating in country (in millions) | 2009
1 United States ...............30,919.9 68 Algeria ...............................138.3

2 China ..............................8,056.0 69 Ecuador .............................136.7
3 United Kingdom .............6,248.2 70 Hungary.............................127.0
4 Japan..............................4,844.8 71 Tunisia ...............................126.7
5 Germany ........................4,271.1 72 Senegal .............................125.9
6 France ............................3,414.4 73 Jamaica .............................125.3
7 Australia .........................3,337.6 74 Costa Rica .........................120.2
8 Spain ..............................3,235.9 75 Oman ................................108.4
9 Canada ...........................2,829.2 76 Libya..................................100.1
10 India ...............................2,645.3 77 Syria ....................................86.5
11 United Arab Emirates.....2,572.8 78 Ghana ..................................78.6
12 Brazil ..............................2,471.8 79 Bulgaria ...............................76.7
13 Russian Federation ........2,147.6 80 Barbados .............................70.8
14 Hong Kong SAR .............2,071.4 81 Latvia...................................66.0
15 Italy ................................2,067.3 82 Iceland.................................65.8
16 Thailand ..........................1,906.6 83 El Salvador ..........................63.6
17 Singapore .......................1,892.9 84 Trinidad and Tobago ............60.5
18 Korea, Rep. ....................1,647.9 85 Nepal ...................................59.3
19 Netherlands....................1,568.4 86 Bolivia..................................56.7
20 Mexico ...........................1,505.2 87 Croatia .................................54.6
21 Indonesia........................1,196.2 88 Malta ...................................54.2
22 Malaysia .........................1,163.6 89 Tanzania...............................54.2
23 South Africa ...................1,054.7 90 Brunei Darussalam..............52.7
24 Turkey.............................1,048.0 91 Cambodia ............................44.9
25 Switzerland .......................802.9 92 Serbia ..................................43.0
26 Taiwan, China ....................795.7 93 Guatemala ...........................42.2
27 Saudi Arabia ......................795.3 94 Uganda ................................41.5
28 Philippines .........................715.9 95 Azerbaijan............................40.4
29 Argentina...........................683.5 96 Madagascar.........................37.7
30 New Zealand .....................672.5 97 Uruguay...............................37.5 371
31 Portugal .............................632.9 98 Tajikistan..............................36.2
32 Egypt .................................627.8 99 Cameroon ...........................35.3
33 Greece ..............................542.4 100 Armenia...............................34.9
34 Qatar .................................533.5 101 Côte d’Ivoire........................31.1
35 Puerto Rico .......................461.7 102 Namibia ...............................27.3
36 Belgium .............................460.8 103 Honduras.............................26.7
37 Israel .................................454.7 104 Zambia ................................25.8
38 Vietnam .............................439.3 105 Suriname .............................24.9
39 Ireland ...............................431.0 106 Slovak Republic...................23.4
40 Chile ..................................404.0 107 Mali .....................................23.1
41 Austria ...............................384.6 108 Mozambique .......................22.8
42 Sweden .............................381.1 109 Zimbabwe ...........................20.6
43 Norway..............................374.6 110 Kyrgyz Republic...................19.2
44 Denmark ...........................374.2 111 Luxembourg ........................19.0
45 Colombia ...........................366.3 112 Georgia................................18.9
46 Finland...............................344.2 113 Lithuania..............................18.8
47 Peru...................................332.7 114 Nicaragua ............................18.2
48 Pakistan.............................327.5 115 Slovenia...............................16.8
49 Morocco ............................307.9 116 Mongolia .............................16.4
50 Dominican Republic ..........281.3 117 Albania ................................16.0
51 Poland ...............................268.3 118 Benin ...................................13.8
52 Bahrain ..............................260.7 119 Estonia ................................12.9
53 Kuwait ...............................244.9 120 Paraguay .............................12.3
54 Kenya ................................243.6 121 Burkina Faso .......................11.2
55 Nigeria ...............................234.2 122 Montenegro ........................10.1
56 Venezuela ..........................230.4 123 Malawi ..................................8.8
57 Czech Republic .................185.2 124 Macedonia, FYR....................8.0
58 Panama .............................182.2 125 Timor-Leste ...........................7.4
59 Cyprus ...............................176.2 126 Chad ......................................7.3
60 Ukraine ..............................175.7 127 Guyana ..................................7.2
61 Bangladesh .......................173.4 128 Mauritania .............................7.2
62 Jordan ...............................162.3 129 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......6.2
63 Romania ............................161.9 130 Gambia, The..........................3.4
64 Kazakhstan ........................158.4 131 Botswana ..............................3.2
65 Mauritius ...........................158.3 132 Burundi..................................2.3
66 Sri Lanka ...........................148.9 133 Lesotho .................................0.3
67 Ethiopia .............................142.8
SOURCE: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser; national sources

2.07 Quality of electricity supply
How does the quality of the electricity supply in your country (lack of interruptions and lack of voltage fluctuations) compare with that of other
countries? (1 = worse than in most other countries; 7 = meets the highest standards in the world) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Denmark ............................6.9 68 Greece ...............................4.8

2 Iceland................................6.9 69 Peru....................................4.7
3 Hong Kong SAR .................6.9 70 Bahrain ...............................4.7
4 Finland................................6.9 71 Gambia, The.......................4.6
5 France ................................6.8 72 Sri Lanka ............................4.6
6 Switzerland ........................6.8 73 Russian Federation ............4.6
7 Germany ............................6.8 74 Ukraine...............................4.5
8 Sweden..............................6.8 75 Serbia .................................4.4
9 Netherlands........................6.8 76 Algeria ................................4.4
10 Austria................................6.7 77 Kazakhstan .........................4.4
11 Japan..................................6.7 78 Romania .............................4.3
12 Singapore ...........................6.7 79 Macedonia, FYR.................4.3
13 Norway...............................6.7 80 Kuwait ................................4.3
14 Belgium..............................6.6 81 Botswana ...........................4.3
15 Canada ...............................6.6 82 Armenia..............................4.2
16 United Arab Emirates.........6.4 83 Azerbaijan...........................4.2
17 United States .....................6.4 84 Turkey.................................4.1
18 United Kingdom .................6.4 85 Jamaica ..............................4.1
19 Czech Republic ..................6.4 86 Honduras............................4.1
20 Luxembourg.......................6.3 87 Philippines..........................4.0
21 Korea, Rep. ........................6.2 88 Mexico ...............................3.9
22 Portugal..............................6.1 89 Suriname............................3.8
23 Cyprus................................6.1 90 Bolivia.................................3.8
24 Barbados ............................6.1 91 Kenya .................................3.7
25 Qatar ..................................6.0 92 Mozambique ......................3.7
26 Ireland ................................6.0 93 Ecuador ..............................3.7
27 Slovak Republic..................6.0 94 Lesotho ..............................3.6
28 Australia .............................6.0 95 Bulgaria ..............................3.6
29 Oman .................................6.0 96 Indonesia............................3.5
372 30 Israel ..................................6.0 97 Argentina............................3.5
31 Slovenia..............................6.0 98 Mauritania ..........................3.5
32 Taiwan, China.....................5.9 99 Syria ...................................3.5
33 Saudi Arabia .......................5.8 100 South Africa .......................3.5
34 Tunisia ................................5.8 101 Ghana.................................3.4
35 Jordan ................................5.8 102 Montenegro .......................3.3
36 Uruguay..............................5.7 103 Vietnam..............................3.3
37 Chile ...................................5.7 104 Mali ....................................3.3
38 Estonia ...............................5.7 105 Venezuela...........................3.2
39 Malaysia .............................5.7 106 India ...................................3.2
40 Costa Rica ..........................5.6 107 Ethiopia ..............................3.2
41 Thailand..............................5.5 108 Zambia ...............................3.0
42 Spain ..................................5.5 109 Burkina Faso ......................3.0
43 Croatia................................5.5 110 Paraguay ............................3.0
44 Lithuania.............................5.4 111 Benin..................................2.9
45 Italy ....................................5.4 112 Mongolia ............................2.9
46 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....5.4 113 Senegal ..............................2.9
47 Brunei Darussalam.............5.3 114 Guyana ...............................2.8
48 Poland ................................5.3 115 Cameroon ..........................2.8
49 Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.3 116 Albania ...............................2.7
50 Latvia..................................5.3 117 Burundi...............................2.7
51 Egypt..................................5.3 118 Uganda...............................2.6
53 New Zealand ......................5.2 120 Malawi ...............................2.6
54 Namibia ..............................5.2 121 Cambodia ...........................2.6
55 Brazil ..................................5.2 122 Tanzania..............................2.5
56 Panama ..............................5.2 123 Madagascar........................2.3
58 Colombia ............................5.1 125 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.2
59 Mauritius ............................5.1 126 Timor-Leste ........................2.0
60 Morocco.............................5.0 127 Zimbabwe ..........................2.0
61 China ..................................5.0 128 Bangladesh ........................1.8
62 El Salvador .........................5.0 129 Tajikistan.............................1.8
63 Libya...................................4.9 130 Dominican Republic ...........1.7
64 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.9 131 Nigeria................................1.5
65 Guatemala..........................4.9 132 Chad...................................1.4
66 Georgia...............................4.9 133 Nepal..................................1.3
67 Malta ..................................4.8

2.08 Telephone lines (hard data)

Main telephone lines per 100 population | 2008
1 Switzerland .........................64.2 68 Suriname1 ...........................18.0

2 Germany .............................62.4 69 Sri Lanka .............................17.8
3 Iceland2 ...............................62.0 70 Syria ....................................17.8
4 Taiwan, China ......................62.0 71 Saudi Arabia ........................16.2
5 Sweden2 .............................60.4 72 Malaysia ..............................15.9
6 Malta ...................................59.1 73 Egypt ...................................15.6
7 Montenegro1.......................58.9 74 El Salvador ..........................15.5
8 France .................................56.5 75 Azerbaijan............................15.4
9 Hong Kong SAR ..................56.4 76 Colombia .............................14.6
10 Canada2...............................55.5 77 Panama ...............................14.6
11 Luxembourg ........................55.2 78 Ecuador ...............................14.2
12 United Kingdom ..................54.4 79 Indonesia.............................13.0
13 Greece ................................53.5 80 Georgia2 ..............................12.7
14 United States2 ....................51.8 81 Tunisia .................................11.9
15 Slovenia...............................50.4 82 Jamaica ...............................11.6
16 Ireland .................................50.3 83 Honduras.............................11.4
17 Barbados2 ...........................49.0 84 Thailand2 .............................11.0
18 Cyprus .................................47.9 85 Guatemala ...........................10.6
19 Denmark .............................45.6 86 Oman ..................................10.3
20 Spain ...................................45.3 87 Peru.....................................10.2
21 Australia ..............................44.7 88 Dominican Republic ............10.0
22 Netherlands.........................44.5 89 Albania ..................................9.9
23 Korea, Rep. .........................44.1 90 Morocco ................................9.5
24 Belgium ...............................42.5 91 South Africa2 .........................9.3
25 Norway2 ..............................42.4 92 Kyrgyz Republic2 ...................9.1
26 New Zealand .......................41.5 93 Algeria2 .................................9.1
27 Singapore ............................41.4 94 Jordan ...................................8.5
28 Israel ...................................41.2 95 Botswana ..............................7.5
29 Croatia .................................40.7 96 Bolivia2 ..................................7.1
30 Japan2 .................................40.0 97 Namibia2 ...............................6.7 373
31 Austria .................................39.8 98 Mongolia2..............................6.1
32 Portugal ...............................38.7 99 Paraguay ...............................5.8
33 Estonia ................................37.4 100 Tajikistan2 ..............................5.0
34 Italy .....................................34.0 101 Nicaragua1.............................4.4
35 United Arab Emirates..........33.5 102 Philippines .............................4.4
36 Vietnam2 .............................32.7 103 India ......................................3.2
37 Costa Rica ...........................31.7 104 Lesotho1 ...............................3.0
38 Serbia ..................................31.2 105 Nepal .....................................2.8
39 Finland.................................31.2 106 Gambia, The..........................2.8
40 Russian Federation2 ............31.0 107 Pakistan.................................2.6
41 Hungary...............................30.9 108 Zimbabwe2............................2.6
42 Qatar ...................................30.8 109 Mauritania .............................2.4
43 Bulgaria ...............................29.8 110 Senegal .................................1.9
44 Ukraine ................................28.7 111 Côte d’Ivoire..........................1.8
45 Bahrain ................................28.7 112 Malawi2 .................................1.3
46 Mauritius .............................28.7 113 Benin2 ...................................1.2
47 Uruguay...............................28.6 114 Ethiopia .................................1.1
48 Latvia2 .................................28.3 115 Cameroon .............................1.0
49 China2 .................................27.5 116 Nigeria ...................................0.9
50 Poland2................................27.1 117 Bangladesh ...........................0.8
51 Bosnia and Herzegovina .....26.2 118 Burkina Faso2 ........................0.8
52 Argentina.............................24.1 119 Madagascar...........................0.8
53 Romania ..............................23.6 120 Zambia ..................................0.7
54 Lithuania..............................23.3 121 Kenya ....................................0.7
55 Turkey..................................23.1 122 Mali .......................................0.7
56 Trinidad and Tobago ............23.0 123 Ghana ....................................0.6
57 Venezuela ............................22.4 124 Uganda ..................................0.5
58 Macedonia, FYR..................22.4 125 Mozambique .........................0.4
59 Czech Republic ...................22.4 126 Burundi..................................0.3
60 Kazakhstan ..........................22.0 127 Cambodia ..............................0.3
61 Brazil ...................................21.2 128 Tanzania.................................0.3
62 Chile ....................................21.0 129 Timor-Leste2..........................0.2
63 Slovak Republic...................20.4 130 Chad1 ....................................0.1
64 Brunei Darussalam2 ............19.6 n/a Guyana ..................................n/a 0
65 Mexico ................................19.1 n/a Libya ......................................n/a 0
66 Armenia3 .............................19.0 n/a Puerto Rico............................n/a
67 Kuwait1 ...............................18.7
SOURCE: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national sources
1 2006 2 2007 3 2009

Data Tables
Section III
Macroeconomic stability
375

3.01 Government budget balance (hard data)
2.2: Data Tables | Section III: Macroeconomic stability
Government gross budget balance as a percentage of GDP | 2008
1 Timor-Leste .......................384.0 68 Ukraine ................................–1.5

2 Libya....................................34.5 69 Brazil....................................–1.5
3 Saudi Arabia ........................33.4 69 Guatemala ...........................–1.5
4 Brunei Darussalam..............29.1 71 Czech Republic....................–1.5
5 Kuwait .................................25.8 72 Cambodia ............................–1.7
6 Azerbaijan............................25.5 73 Turkey..................................–1.9
7 United Arab Emirates..........23.2 74 Indonesia .............................–1.9
8 Norway................................18.8 75 Croatia .................................–2.0
9 Chad ....................................12.7 76 Bosnia and Herzegovina......–2.0
10 Lesotho ...............................10.8 77 Zambia.................................–2.1
11 Qatar .....................................9.3 78 Serbia ..................................–2.1
12 Bahrain ..................................7.5 79 Uganda ................................–2.2
13 Algeria ...................................6.8 80 Slovak Republic ...................–2.2
14 Trinidad and Tobago ..............6.5 81 Honduras .............................–2.3
15 Cameroon .............................5.9 82 Colombia .............................–2.6
16 Chile ......................................5.7 83 Portugal ...............................–2.6
17 Russian Federation ...............5.2 84 Malawi.................................–2.7
18 Singapore ..............................5.0 85 Italy......................................–2.7
19 Finland...................................4.1 86 Israel....................................–2.8
20 Oman ....................................3.8 87 Estonia ................................–3.0
21 Bulgaria .................................3.0 88 Tunisia .................................–3.0
21 Denmark ...............................3.0 89 Ethiopia ...............................–3.1
23 Sweden .................................2.5 90 Lithuania ..............................–3.2
24 Bolivia....................................2.4 91 Hungary ...............................–3.3
24 Peru.......................................2.4 92 France .................................–3.4
26 Argentina...............................1.4 92 Mauritius .............................–3.4
27 Luxembourg ..........................1.4 92 Puerto Rico..........................–3.4
28 Korea, Rep. ...........................1.1 95 Syria ....................................–3.5
29 Kazakhstan ............................1.1 96 Namibia ...............................–3.6
376 30 Cyprus ...................................1.0 97 Mauritania ...........................–3.7
31 Switzerland ...........................0.9 98 Greece.................................–3.7
32 Nigeria ...................................0.9 99 Spain ...................................–3.8
33 Montenegro ..........................0.9 100 Poland .................................–3.9
34 Morocco ................................0.8 101 Latvia ...................................–4.0
34 Thailand .................................0.8 102 Barbados .............................–4.0
36 Netherlands...........................0.8 103 Nicaragua ............................–4.1
37 Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.6 104 Malta ...................................–4.1
38 Panama .................................0.4 105 Pakistan ...............................–4.2
39 Canada ..................................0.4 106 Mozambique .......................–4.4
40 Costa Rica .............................0.2 107 Jamaica ...............................–4.5
41 Paraguay ...............................0.2 107 Madagascar .........................–4.5
42 Australia ................................0.1 107 Senegal ...............................–4.5
43 New Zealand .........................0.1 110 Bangladesh..........................–4.7
44 Suriname ...............................0.0 110 Malaysia ..............................–4.7
44 Tanzania.................................0.0 110 Vietnam ...............................–4.7
46 Mexico ................................–0.1 113 Romania ..............................–4.9
46 Uruguay ...............................–0.1 114 Jordan .................................–4.9
48 Hong Kong SAR ..................–0.1 115 India.....................................–4.9
49 Germany..............................–0.1 116 Mongolia .............................–5.0
50 Côte d’Ivoire........................–0.2 117 United Kingdom ..................–5.4
51 Slovenia ...............................–0.3 118 Mali .....................................–5.4
52 Botswana ............................–0.3 119 Albania.................................–5.5
53 Austria .................................–0.4 120 Japan ...................................–5.6
54 Benin ...................................–0.5 121 Nepal ...................................–5.7
54 Ecuador ...............................–0.5 122 United States ......................–6.1
56 China ...................................–0.7 123 Kenya ..................................–6.1
57 Taiwan, China ......................–0.9 124 Tajikistan..............................–6.1
58 El Salvador...........................–1.0 125 Ireland .................................–6.4
58 South Africa.........................–1.0 126 Georgia ................................–6.4
60 Gambia, The ........................–1.1 127 Burkina Faso........................–6.4
60 Philippines ...........................–1.1 128 Egypt ...................................–6.8
60 Venezuela ............................–1.1 129 Sri Lanka..............................–7.5
63 Iceland .................................–1.2 130 Guyana ................................–7.9
64 Belgium ...............................–1.2 131 Burundi ................................–8.9
65 Dominican Republic ............–1.3 132 Ghana ................................–10.0
66 Armenia ...............................–1.4 133 Zimbabwe .........................–39.7
67 Macedonia, FYR ..................–1.4
SOURCE: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); IMF country reports; European Commission, Eurostat Database (June 2009); European
Bank for Reconstruction and Development; African Development Bank; Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009);
national sources

3.02 National savings rate (hard data)

National savings rate as a percentage of GDP | 2008
1 Azerbaijan............................61.3 68 Spain ...................................21.4

2 Brunei Darussalam3 ............59.1 69 Tunisia .................................21.1
3 Kuwait .................................58.8 70 France .................................20.8
4 Libya....................................58.1 71 Estonia ................................20.6
5 Algeria .................................55.9 72 Ukraine ................................20.4
6 Qatar ...................................52.6 73 Sri Lanka .............................20.3
7 China ...................................51.5 74 Israel ...................................20.1
8 Lesotho ...............................47.5 75 Uruguay...............................19.5
9 Saudi Arabia ........................47.3 76 Poland .................................19.3
10 Singapore ............................45.1 77 Paraguay .............................19.1
11 Oman ..................................43.6 78 Romania ..............................19.0
12 Mongolia3............................41.7 79 Costa Rica ...........................18.4
13 Norway................................41.4 80 Egypt ...................................18.1
14 Kazakhstan ..........................39.4 80 Ethiopia ...............................18.1
15 Botswana ............................38.6 82 Italy .....................................18.0
16 Nigeria .................................38.0 83 Philippines ...........................17.8
16 United Arab Emirates..........38.0 84 Cameroon ...........................17.7
18 Trinidad and Tobago ............36.8 85 Zambia ................................17.4
19 Venezuela ............................36.1 86 Brazil ...................................17.1
20 India ....................................35.6 87 Ireland .................................16.9
21 Bahrain ................................35.3 88 Guatemala3 .........................16.7
22 Malaysia ..............................34.7 89 Senegal ...............................16.2
23 Hong Kong SAR ..................34.6 90 Uganda ................................15.8
24 Suriname3 ...........................33.4 91 South Africa ........................15.2
25 Russian Federation .............32.3 92 United Kingdom ..................15.1
26 Switzerland .........................32.1 93 Bulgaria ...............................15.0
27 Bolivia..................................32.0 94 Madagascar.........................14.8
28 Timor-Leste .........................31.2 95 Lithuania..............................14.7
29 Mauritius .............................31.0 96 New Zealand .......................14.5
30 Korea, Rep. .........................30.7 97 Nicaragua3...........................14.3 377
31 Vietnam ...............................30.6 98 Cambodia ............................14.3
32 Ecuador ...............................30.3 99 Ghana ..................................13.9
33 Mauritania3..........................29.1 100 Kenya ..................................13.7
34 Thailand ...............................28.7 101 Barbados1 ...........................13.5
35 Nepal3 .................................28.5 102 Iceland.................................13.2
36 Armenia...............................28.5 103 Hungary...............................13.1
37 Netherlands.........................28.2 104 Mali2....................................13.0
38 Sweden ...............................28.1 105 Benin ...................................12.9
39 Jordan .................................28.0 106 Macedonia, FYR..................12.8
40 Indonesia.............................27.9 106 Malta ...................................12.8
41 Morocco ..............................27.9 108 Gambia, The........................12.6
42 Taiwan, China ......................27.6 109 United States ......................11.9
43 Argentina.............................27.3 110 Mozambique .......................11.6
44 Austria .................................26.9 111 Cyprus .................................11.1
45 Luxembourg ........................26.8 112 Kyrgyz Republic...................10.8
46 Japan...................................26.7 113 Portugal ...............................10.0
47 Syria ....................................26.0 114 Dominican Republic ..............9.9
48 Germany .............................25.7 114 Pakistan.................................9.9
49 Namibia ...............................25.1 116 Guyana ..................................9.3
50 Belgium ...............................25.0 117 Bosnia and Herzegovina3 ......9.2
51 Mexico ................................24.9 118 Côte d’Ivoire3 ........................9.2
51 Slovenia...............................24.9 119 Burkina Faso .........................9.1
53 Finland.................................24.6 120 Puerto Rico ...........................9.0
54 Denmark .............................24.5 121 El Salvador ............................7.8
55 Bangladesh .........................24.3 122 Georgia..................................7.7
56 Australia ..............................24.2 123 Serbia3 ..................................7.6
57 Croatia .................................24.1 124 Tanzania.................................7.4
58 Canada ................................23.7 125 Albania ..................................6.6
59 Peru.....................................23.3 126 Greece ..................................6.4
60 Czech Republic ...................23.3 127 Jamaica .................................5.2
61 Panama3..............................23.0 128 Chad ....................................–0.8
62 Chile ....................................22.6 129 Malawi.................................–1.9
63 Slovak Republic...................22.2 130 Tajikistan..............................–3.2
64 Colombia .............................22.1 131 Burundi ................................–4.3
64 Turkey..................................22.1 132 Montenegro3 .....................–12.3
66 Latvia...................................21.9 n/a Zimbabwe .............................n/a
67 Honduras.............................21.9
SOURCE: Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009); IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); The World Bank,
World Development Indicators 2009; national sources
1 2005 2 2006 3 2007

3.03 Inflation (hard data)
Annual percent change in consumer price index (year average) | 2008
1 Japan.....................................1.4 68 Bangladesh ...........................8.4

2 Netherlands...........................2.2 69 Ecuador .................................8.4
3 Canada ..................................2.4 70 Argentina...............................8.6
4 Switzerland ...........................2.4 71 Malawi ..................................8.7
5 Portugal .................................2.6 72 Chile ......................................8.7
6 Brunei Darussalam................2.7 73 Mauritius ...............................8.8
7 Germany ...............................2.8 74 Panama .................................8.8
8 Ireland ...................................3.1 75 Armenia.................................9.0
9 France ...................................3.2 76 Montenegro ..........................9.0
10 Austria ...................................3.2 77 Mali .......................................9.1
11 Sweden .................................3.3 78 Madagascar...........................9.2
12 Albania ..................................3.4 79 Philippines .............................9.3
13 Luxembourg ..........................3.4 80 Indonesia...............................9.8
14 Denmark ...............................3.4 81 Saudi Arabia ..........................9.9
15 Italy .......................................3.5 82 Georgia................................10.0
16 Taiwan, China ........................3.5 83 Paraguay .............................10.2
17 Bahrain ..................................3.5 84 Tanzania...............................10.3
18 United Kingdom ....................3.6 85 Mozambique .......................10.3
19 Norway..................................3.8 86 Namibia ...............................10.3
20 United States ........................3.8 87 Estonia ................................10.4
21 Morocco ................................3.9 88 Turkey..................................10.4
22 Finland...................................3.9 89 Libya....................................10.4
23 Slovak Republic.....................3.9 90 Kuwait .................................10.5
24 New Zealand .........................4.0 91 Dominican Republic ............10.6
25 Spain .....................................4.1 92 Burkina Faso .......................10.7
26 Poland ...................................4.2 93 Lesotho ...............................10.7
27 Greece ..................................4.2 94 Lithuania..............................11.1
28 Hong Kong SAR ....................4.3 95 Nigeria .................................11.2
29 Australia ................................4.4 96 Guatemala ...........................11.4
378 30 Cyprus ...................................4.4 97 Honduras.............................11.4
31 Gambia, The..........................4.5 98 United Arab Emirates..........11.5
32 Algeria ...................................4.5 99 South Africa ........................11.5
33 Belgium .................................4.5 100 Serbia ..................................11.7
34 Korea, Rep. ...........................4.7 101 Egypt ...................................11.7
35 Malta .....................................4.7 102 Bulgaria ...............................12.0
36 Israel .....................................4.7 103 Pakistan...............................12.0
37 Tunisia ...................................5.0 104 Trinidad and Tobago ............12.1
38 Mexico ..................................5.1 105 Iceland.................................12.4
39 Cameroon .............................5.3 106 Zambia ................................12.4
40 Malaysia ................................5.4 107 Oman ..................................12.6
41 Thailand .................................5.5 108 Botswana ............................12.6
42 Brazil .....................................5.7 109 Kenya ..................................13.1
43 Slovenia.................................5.7 110 Costa Rica ...........................13.4
44 Senegal .................................5.8 111 Bolivia..................................14.0
45 Peru.......................................5.8 112 Russian Federation .............14.1
46 China .....................................5.9 113 Syria ....................................14.5
47 Hungary.................................6.1 114 Suriname .............................14.6
48 Croatia ...................................6.1 115 Jordan .................................14.9
49 Côte d’Ivoire..........................6.3 116 Qatar ...................................15.0
50 Czech Republic .....................6.3 117 Latvia...................................15.3
51 Singapore ..............................6.5 118 Ghana ..................................16.5
52 Colombia ...............................7.0 119 Kazakhstan ..........................17.2
53 El Salvador ............................7.3 120 Cambodia ............................19.7
54 Uganda ..................................7.3 121 Nicaragua ............................19.9
55 Mauritania .............................7.3 122 Tajikistan..............................20.4
56 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......7.4 123 Azerbaijan............................20.8
57 Timor-Leste ...........................7.6 124 Jamaica ...............................22.0
58 Nepal .....................................7.7 125 Sri Lanka .............................22.6
59 Romania ................................7.8 126 Vietnam ...............................23.1
60 Puerto Rico ...........................7.9 127 Burundi................................24.4
60 Uruguay.................................7.9 128 Kyrgyz Republic...................24.5
62 Benin .....................................8.0 129 Ukraine ................................25.2
63 Guyana ..................................8.1 130 Ethiopia ...............................25.3
64 Barbados ...............................8.3 131 Mongolia .............................26.8
65 Macedonia, FYR....................8.3 132 Venezuela ............................30.4
66 Chad ......................................8.3 133 Zimbabwe ................>1,000,000
67 India ......................................8.3

3.04 Interest rate spread (hard data)

Average interest rate spread (difference between typical lending and deposit rates) | 2008
1 Hungary.................................0.3 68 Egypt .....................................5.7

2 Lithuania................................0.8 69 Nepal1 ...................................5.8
3 Finland...................................1.3 70 Chile ......................................5.8
4 Korea, Rep. ...........................1.3 71 Suriname ...............................5.9
5 Japan.....................................1.3 72 Netherlands...........................6.0
6 Luxembourg ..........................1.4 73 Poland ...................................6.2
7 Norway..................................1.8 74 Albania ..................................6.2
8 Syria1.....................................1.8 75 Venezuela ..............................6.2
9 Germany ...............................1.8 76 Algeria1 .................................6.3
10 Malta .....................................2.1 77 Spain .....................................6.4
11 Cyprus ...................................2.1 78 Bulgaria .................................6.4
12 Puerto Rico ...........................2.1 79 Russian Federation ...............6.5
12 United States ........................2.1 80 Nicaragua ..............................6.6
14 Ireland ...................................2.3 81 Bangladesh ...........................6.7
15 Austria ...................................2.6 82 Mongolia ...............................6.8
16 Oman ....................................2.6 83 Tanzania.................................6.9
17 United Kingdom ....................2.6 84 Croatia ...................................7.2
18 Sweden .................................2.6 85 India ......................................7.3
19 Israel .....................................2.8 86 Mozambique .........................7.3
20 Kuwait ...................................2.8 87 Colombia ...............................7.4
21 Estonia ..................................2.8 88 Azerbaijan..............................7.5
22 Belgium .................................2.9 89 Ukraine ..................................7.5
23 Malaysia ................................3.0 90 Ecuador .................................7.8
24 Vietnam .................................3.1 91 Botswana ..............................7.9
25 China .....................................3.1 92 Côte d’Ivoire..........................8.0
26 Denmark ...............................3.1 93 Sri Lanka ...............................8.0
27 Switzerland ...........................3.2 94 Italy .......................................8.2
28 Canada ..................................3.2 95 Guatemala .............................8.3
29 Taiwan, China ........................3.3 96 Argentina...............................8.4
30 Slovenia.................................3.4 97 Honduras...............................8.4 379
31 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......3.5 98 Lesotho .................................8.5
32 Libya......................................3.5 99 Kenya ....................................8.7
33 Nigeria ...................................3.5 100 Uruguay.................................9.2
34 South Africa ..........................3.5 101 Bolivia....................................9.2
35 Jordan ...................................3.6 102 Jamaica .................................9.3
36 Turkey....................................3.6 103 Dominican Republic ..............9.6
37 El Salvador ............................3.7 104 Iceland...................................9.8
38 Australia ................................3.7 105 Uganda1 ................................9.8
39 Greece ..................................3.8 106 Armenia...............................10.4
40 Macedonia, FYR....................3.8 107 Serbia ..................................10.8
41 United Arab Emirates............3.8 108 Georgia................................10.9
42 Saudi Arabia ..........................3.8 109 Kazakhstan ..........................11.0
43 Bahrain1 ................................3.9 110 Cameroon ...........................11.1
44 Qatar .....................................3.9 111 Chad1 ..................................11.3
45 France ...................................4.0 112 Mauritius .............................11.4
46 Portugal .................................4.1 113 Senegal ...............................11.5
47 Philippines .............................4.3 114 Costa Rica ...........................11.7
48 Slovak Republic1 ...................4.3 115 Guyana ................................12.2
49 New Zealand .........................4.5 116 Timor-Leste .........................12.2
50 Hong Kong SAR ....................4.6 117 Zambia ................................12.5
51 Thailand .................................4.6 118 Ghana ..................................13.8
52 Brunei Darussalam................4.6 119 Cambodia ............................14.1
53 Panama .................................4.6 120 Tajikistan1 ............................14.4
54 Czech Republic .....................4.6 121 Gambia, The1 ......................15.0
55 Tunisia1 .................................4.7 122 Mauritania1..........................15.5
56 Morocco ................................4.9 123 Kyrgyz Republic...................15.9
57 Singapore ..............................5.0 124 Peru.....................................20.2
58 Ethiopia .................................5.0 125 Malawi1 ...............................21.7
59 Trinidad and Tobago ..............5.1 126 Paraguay .............................22.7
60 Indonesia...............................5.1 127 Madagascar.........................33.5
61 Namibia .................................5.4 128 Brazil ...................................35.6
62 Montenegro ..........................5.4 129 Zimbabwe1........................457.5
63 Romania ................................5.5 n/a Benin .....................................n/a
64 Pakistan.................................5.5 n/a Burkina Faso..........................n/a
65 Latvia.....................................5.5 n/a Burundi ..................................n/a
66 Mexico ..................................5.7 n/a Mali .......................................n/a
67 Barbados1 .............................5.7
SOURCE: IMF, International Financial Statistics (June 2009); Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009); national sources
1 2007

3.05 Government debt (hard data)
Government gross debt as a percentage of GDP | 2008
1 Timor-Leste ...........................0.0 68 Bosnia and Herzegovina .....40.0

2 Oman ....................................2.7 69 Denmark .............................40.1
3 Libya......................................4.2 70 El Salvador ..........................40.5
4 Estonia ..................................4.8 71 Finland.................................40.6
5 Qatar .....................................4.8 72 Turkey..................................40.7
6 Chile ......................................5.2 73 Bolivia..................................41.0
7 Kuwait ...................................5.3 74 Malaysia ..............................41.2
8 Botswana ..............................5.9 75 Gambia, The........................41.8
9 Algeria ...................................6.5 76 Costa Rica ...........................42.2
10 Russian Federation ...............6.7 77 United Arab Emirates..........42.3
11 Kazakhstan ............................6.8 78 Colombia .............................42.8
12 Azerbaijan..............................9.7 79 Taiwan, China ......................43.2
13 Luxembourg ........................12.7 80 Nepal ...................................44.3
14 Benin ...................................14.2 81 Vietnam ...............................44.4
15 Australia ..............................14.2 82 Panama ...............................45.3
16 Cameroon ...........................14.3 83 Lesotho ...............................45.6
17 Nigeria .................................14.7 84 Switzerland .........................45.6
18 Lithuania..............................15.6 85 Spain ...................................46.8
19 Armenia...............................15.8 86 Sweden ...............................47.4
20 China ...................................15.9 87 Ireland .................................47.5
21 Senegal ...............................16.4 88 Puerto Rico .........................48.2
22 Hong Kong SAR ..................16.9 89 Tunisia .................................48.4
23 Uganda ................................17.4 90 Argentina.............................48.5
24 Saudi Arabia ........................18.9 91 Malawi ................................48.9
25 Latvia...................................19.5 92 Cyprus .................................49.1
26 Bulgaria ...............................19.6 93 Kyrgyz Republic...................49.2
27 Ukraine ................................19.9 94 Ghana ..................................51.4
28 Venezuela ............................20.4 95 Albania ................................51.6
29 Georgia................................20.7 96 United Kingdom ..................51.9
380 30 Suriname .............................20.8 97 Uruguay...............................53.0
31 Macedonia, FYR..................21.3 98 Nicaragua ............................53.2
32 Mozambique .......................21.4 99 Poland .................................54.1
33 Romania ..............................21.6 100 Norway................................55.7
34 Guatemala ...........................21.7 101 Philippines ...........................56.3
35 Honduras.............................21.9 102 Mauritius .............................56.6
36 Namibia ...............................22.0 103 Pakistan...............................57.4
37 Burkina Faso .......................23.6 104 Kenya ..................................58.3
37 Tanzania...............................23.6 105 Morocco ..............................59.7
39 Peru.....................................24.0 106 Jordan .................................60.1
40 Dominican Republic ............24.3 107 Côte d’Ivoire........................60.3
41 Mexico ................................24.5 108 Canada ................................63.6
42 Korea, Rep. .........................25.2 109 Malta ...................................64.1
43 Paraguay .............................25.4 110 Netherlands.........................64.6
44 New Zealand .......................25.5 111 Austria .................................65.7
45 Syria ....................................26.1 112 Germany .............................67.2
46 Ecuador ...............................26.7 113 France .................................67.3
47 Mali .....................................26.9 114 United States ......................70.5
48 Trinidad and Tobago ............27.2 115 Sri Lanka .............................74.1
49 Cambodia ............................27.5 116 India ....................................75.2
50 Montenegro ........................28.1 117 Portugal ...............................75.3
51 Bahrain ................................28.9 118 Mauritania ...........................75.3
52 Tajikistan..............................29.1 119 Hungary...............................76.5
53 Zambia ................................29.5 120 Israel ...................................77.6
54 Slovenia...............................29.6 121 Egypt ...................................85.9
55 Slovak Republic...................30.3 122 Guyana ................................92.5
56 Indonesia.............................31.2 123 Belgium ...............................93.2
57 South Africa ........................31.6 124 Iceland.................................93.2
58 Chad ....................................32.7 125 Barbados .............................95.7
59 Mongolia .............................33.2 126 Singapore ............................99.2
60 Bangladesh .........................34.5 127 Greece ..............................101.1
61 Madagascar.........................34.8 128 Italy ...................................105.8
62 Czech Republic ...................34.8 129 Burundi..............................126.5
63 Ethiopia ...............................35.0 130 Jamaica .............................128.3
64 Croatia .................................35.3 131 Zimbabwe .........................189.0
65 Serbia ..................................38.0 132 Japan.................................196.3
66 Thailand ...............................38.1 n/a Brunei Darussalam ................n/a
67 Brazil ...................................39.4
SOURCE: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); IMF country reports; OECD, OECD Economic Outlook no. 85 (June 2009); European
Central Bank; European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009); national
sources

Data Tables
Section IV
Health and primary education
381

4.01 Business impact of malaria
2.2: Data Tables | Section IV: Health and primary education
How serious an impact do you consider malaria to have on your country in the next five years? (1 = a serious impact; 7 = no impact
at all) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Albania.................................— 68 Puerto Rico ........................6.6

1 Algeria .................................— 69 Turkey.................................6.6
1 Armenia ...............................— 70 Georgia...............................6.6
1 Australia...............................— 71 Costa Rica ..........................6.6
1 Austria .................................— 72 Mexico ...............................6.5
1 Bahrain ................................— 73 Hong Kong SAR .................6.4
1 Barbados .............................— 74 Argentina............................6.4
1 Belgium ...............................— 75 Panama ..............................6.4
1 Bosnia and Herzegovina......— 76 Korea, Rep. ........................6.4
1 Bulgaria................................— 77 Brazil ..................................6.1
1 Canada.................................— 78 China ..................................6.0
1 Chile ....................................— 79 Thailand..............................5.9
1 Croatia .................................— 80 El Salvador .........................5.9
1 Cyprus .................................— 81 Guatemala..........................5.9
1 Czech Republic....................— 82 Sri Lanka ............................5.9
1 Denmark..............................— 83 Peru....................................5.9
1 Egypt ...................................— 84 Saudi Arabia .......................5.8
1 Estonia.................................— 85 Brunei Darussalam.............5.7
1 Finland .................................— 86 Malaysia .............................5.7
1 France..................................— 87 Honduras............................5.7
1 Germany..............................— 88 Suriname............................5.5
1 Greece.................................— 89 Azerbaijan...........................5.5
1 Hungary ...............................— 90 Colombia ............................5.5
1 Iceland .................................— 91 Vietnam..............................5.5
1 Ireland..................................— 92 Ecuador ..............................5.5
1 Israel....................................— 93 Jamaica ..............................5.5
1 Italy......................................— 94 Paraguay ............................5.5
1 Japan ...................................— 95 Dominican Republic ...........5.3
1 Jordan..................................— 96 Venezuela...........................5.3
382 1 Kazakhstan ..........................— 97 Indonesia............................5.2
1 Kuwait .................................— 98 Bangladesh ........................5.2
1 Latvia ...................................— 99 South Africa .......................5.2
1 Lesotho ...............................— 100 India ...................................5.1
1 Libya ....................................— 101 Philippines..........................5.1
1 Lithuania ..............................— 102 Kyrgyz Republic .................5.1
1 Luxembourg ........................— 103 Bolivia.................................5.1
1 Macedonia, FYR ..................— 104 Botswana ...........................4.9
1 Malta ...................................— 105 Nepal..................................4.8
1 Mauritius .............................— 106 Tajikistan.............................4.7
1 Mongolia..............................— 107 Nicaragua ...........................4.7
1 Montenegro.........................— 108 Cambodia ...........................4.7
1 Morocco ..............................— 109 Pakistan..............................4.4
1 Netherlands .........................— 110 Zimbabwe ..........................4.4
1 New Zealand .......................— 111 Guyana ...............................4.3
1 Norway ................................— 112 Gambia, The.......................4.3
1 Oman...................................— 113 Senegal ..............................4.2
1 Poland..................................— 114 Namibia ..............................4.2
1 Portugal ...............................— 115 Mauritania ..........................4.1
1 Qatar....................................— 116 Nigeria................................4.1
1 Romania ..............................— 117 Burundi...............................4.0
1 Russian Federation..............— 118 Madagascar........................3.8
1 Serbia ..................................— 119 Benin..................................3.8
1 Singapore ............................— 120 Kenya .................................3.8
1 Slovak Republic ...................— 121 Burkina Faso ......................3.7
1 Slovenia ...............................— 122 Ethiopia ..............................3.5
1 Spain....................................— 123 Cameroon ..........................3.5
1 Sweden ...............................— 124 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.5
1 Switzerland..........................— 125 Zambia ...............................3.5
1 Syria.....................................— 126 Ghana.................................3.3
1 Taiwan, China ......................— 127 Malawi ...............................3.3
1 Trinidad and Tobago.............— 128 Tanzania..............................3.1
1 Tunisia..................................— 129 Chad...................................3.0
1 Ukraine ................................— 130 Mali ....................................2.9
1 United Arab Emirates ..........— 131 Mozambique ......................2.9
1 United Kingdom ..................— 132 Uganda...............................2.7
1 United States.......................— 133 Timor-Leste ........................2.6
1 Uruguay ...............................—

4.02 Malaria incidence (hard data)

Number of malaria cases per 100,000 population | 2006
1 Albania ..................................0.0 68 Hong Kong SAR2 ..................0.4

1 Algeria ...................................0.0 69 Puerto Rico1 ..........................0.6
1 Armenia.................................0.0 70 El Salvador ............................1.2
1 Australia ................................0.0 71 Argentina...............................1.3
1 Austria ...................................0.0 72 Turkey....................................1.7
1 Bahrain ..................................0.0 73 Georgia..................................1.9
1 Barbados ...............................0.0 74 Azerbaijan..............................2.4
1 Belgium .................................0.0 75 Brunei Darussalam2 ..............4.5
1 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......0.0 76 Saudi Arabia ..........................5.8
1 Bulgaria .................................0.0 77 Kyrgyz Republic.....................7.1
1 Canada ..................................0.0 78 China .....................................7.6
1 Chile ......................................0.0 79 Mexico ..................................8.8
1 Croatia ...................................0.0 80 Korea, Rep. .........................13.5
1 Cyprus ...................................0.0 81 Sri Lanka .............................15.6
1 Czech Republic .....................0.0 82 Paraguay .............................31.3
1 Denmark ...............................0.0 83 Tajikistan..............................35.9
1 Egypt .....................................0.0 84 Malaysia ..............................56.6
1 Estonia ..................................0.0 85 South Africa ........................68.3
1 Finland...................................0.0 86 Vietnam ...............................82.4
1 France ...................................0.0 87 Dominican Republic ............94.9
1 Germany ...............................0.0 88 Nicaragua ..........................103.9
1 Greece ..................................0.0 89 Nepal .................................111.9
1 Hungary.................................0.0 90 Philippines .........................146.9
1 Iceland...................................0.0 91 Panama .............................161.1
1 Ireland ...................................0.0 92 Costa Rica .........................210.9
1 Israel .....................................0.0 93 Ecuador .............................235.2
1 Italy .......................................0.0 94 Botswana ..........................373.5
1 Japan.....................................0.0 95 Thailand .............................396.6
1 Jordan ...................................0.0 96 Venezuela ..........................435.5
1 Kazakhstan ............................0.0 97 Honduras...........................456.1 383
1 Kuwait ...................................0.0 98 Brazil .................................729.9
1 Latvia.....................................0.0 99 Peru...................................781.0
1 Lesotho .................................0.0 100 Bolivia................................785.1
1 Libya......................................0.0 101 Colombia ...........................882.0
1 Lithuania................................0.0 102 Pakistan.............................929.8
1 Luxembourg ..........................0.0 103 India ..................................951.3
1 Macedonia, FYR....................0.0 104 Guatemala ......................1,089.5
1 Malta .....................................0.0 105 Indonesia........................1,116.7
1 Mauritius ...............................0.0 106 Namibia ..........................1,655.3
1 Mongolia ...............................0.0 107 Cambodia .......................1,819.1
1 Montenegro ..........................0.0 108 Bangladesh ....................2,060.0
1 Morocco ................................0.0 109 Suriname ........................2,567.5
1 Netherlands...........................0.0 110 Madagascar....................3,366.3
1 New Zealand .........................0.0 111 Guyana ...........................7,713.1
1 Norway..................................0.0 112 Senegal ........................12,238.1
1 Oman ....................................0.0 113 Ethiopia ........................15,643.3
1 Poland ...................................0.0 114 Mauritania ....................17,483.9
1 Portugal .................................0.0 115 Zimbabwe ....................20,567.2
1 Qatar .....................................0.0 116 Burundi.........................29,113.7
1 Romania ................................0.0 117 Gambia, The.................29,336.4
1 Russian Federation ...............0.0 118 Tanzania........................29,589.4
1 Serbia ....................................0.0 119 Cameroon ....................30,670.5
1 Singapore ..............................0.0 120 Zambia .........................30,716.0
1 Slovak Republic.....................0.0 121 Mali ..............................31,061.1
1 Slovenia.................................0.0 122 Ghana ...........................32,222.9
1 Spain .....................................0.0 123 Kenya ...........................32,312.7
1 Sweden .................................0.0 124 Malawi .........................34,300.4
1 Switzerland ...........................0.0 125 Uganda .........................35,541.6
1 Syria1.....................................0.0 126 Mozambique ................36,794.7
1 Taiwan, China2 ......................0.0 127 Benin ............................37,229.6
1 Trinidad and Tobago ..............0.0 128 Côte d’Ivoire.................37,994.5
1 Tunisia ...................................0.0 129 Chad .............................41,789.4
1 Ukraine ..................................0.0 130 Nigeria ..........................42,787.5
1 United Arab Emirates............0.0 131 Burkina Faso ................45,784.3
1 United Kingdom ....................0.0 132 Timor-Leste ..................52,881.0
1 United States ........................0.0 n/a Jamaica .................................n/a
1 Uruguay.................................0.0
SOURCE: World Health Organization, World Malaria Report 2008; national sources
1 2007 2 2008

4.03 Business impact of tuberculosis
How serious an impact do you consider tuberculosis to have on your company in the next five years? (1 = a serious impact; 7 = no impact
2 Iceland................................6.9 69 Libya...................................5.8
3 Denmark ............................6.9 70 China ..................................5.8
4 Israel ..................................6.9 71 Suriname............................5.7
5 Sweden..............................6.9 72 Honduras............................5.7
6 Austria................................6.9 73 Serbia .................................5.6
7 Norway...............................6.9 74 Saudi Arabia .......................5.6
8 Croatia................................6.8 75 Macedonia, FYR.................5.6
9 Belgium..............................6.8 76 Jamaica ..............................5.6
10 Switzerland ........................6.8 77 El Salvador .........................5.6
11 Luxembourg.......................6.8 78 Romania .............................5.6
12 Greece ...............................6.8 79 Ecuador ..............................5.6
13 Netherlands........................6.7 80 Malaysia .............................5.5
14 Uruguay..............................6.7 81 Bulgaria ..............................5.5
15 Italy ....................................6.7 82 Venezuela...........................5.4
16 Canada ...............................6.7 83 Paraguay ............................5.3
17 Germany ............................6.7 84 Colombia ............................5.3
18 Cyprus................................6.7 85 Dominican Republic ...........5.3
19 New Zealand ......................6.7 86 Brunei Darussalam.............5.3
20 Chile ...................................6.7 87 India ...................................5.1
21 Australia .............................6.6 88 Vietnam..............................5.1
22 Albania ...............................6.6 89 Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.1
23 Slovak Republic..................6.6 90 Peru....................................5.1
24 France ................................6.6 91 Azerbaijan...........................5.1
25 Slovenia..............................6.6 92 Indonesia............................5.0
26 Puerto Rico ........................6.6 93 Algeria ................................5.0
28 Spain ..................................6.6 95 Gambia, The.......................4.9
29 Jordan ................................6.6 96 Morocco.............................4.8
384 30 Qatar ..................................6.6 97 Kazakhstan .........................4.7
31 Ireland ................................6.5 98 Burundi...............................4.7
32 Montenegro .......................6.5 99 Tajikistan.............................4.7
33 Portugal..............................6.5 100 Nicaragua ...........................4.6
34 Hungary..............................6.4 101 Senegal ..............................4.6
35 Singapore ...........................6.4 102 Bolivia.................................4.6
36 Mauritius ............................6.4 103 Benin..................................4.6
37 Malta ..................................6.4 104 Burkina Faso ......................4.5
38 Turkey.................................6.4 105 Pakistan..............................4.5
39 Tunisia ................................6.4 106 Cambodia ...........................4.5
41 United States .....................6.4 108 Guyana ...............................4.4
42 Panama ..............................6.4 109 Philippines..........................4.4
43 Estonia ...............................6.4 110 Ghana.................................4.4
45 Syria ...................................6.3 112 Kyrgyz Republic .................4.4
46 Barbados ............................6.3 113 Nepal..................................4.4
47 Mexico ...............................6.3 114 Mauritania ..........................4.4
48 Armenia..............................6.2 115 Lesotho ..............................4.2
49 Poland ................................6.2 116 Ukraine...............................4.2
51 Korea, Rep. ........................6.2 118 Mongolia ............................4.2
52 Kuwait ................................6.2 119 Namibia ..............................4.0
53 Russian Federation ............6.2 120 Mali ....................................4.0
54 Hong Kong SAR .................6.1 121 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.9
55 Bahrain ...............................6.1 122 Kenya .................................3.8
56 Argentina............................6.1 123 Chad...................................3.7
57 Egypt..................................6.1 124 Zimbabwe ..........................3.6
58 United Arab Emirates.........6.1 125 Uganda...............................3.6
59 Brazil ..................................6.1 126 Tanzania..............................3.6
60 Georgia...............................6.1 127 Botswana ...........................3.6
61 Oman .................................6.1 128 Malawi ...............................3.6
62 Taiwan, China.....................6.0 129 Zambia ...............................3.5
63 Sri Lanka ............................6.0 130 Ethiopia ..............................3.4
64 Latvia..................................6.0 131 South Africa .......................3.3
65 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....6.0 132 Mozambique ......................3.3
66 Thailand..............................5.9 133 Timor-Leste ........................2.6
67 Guatemala..........................5.9

4.04 Tuberculosis incidence (hard data)

Number of tuberculosis cases per 100,000 population | 2007
1 Barbados ..................................4 68 Latvia......................................53

1 Iceland......................................4 69 Algeria ....................................57
1 United States ...........................4 70 Paraguay ................................58
4 Puerto Rico ..............................4 71 Brunei Darussalam.................59
5 Canada .....................................5 71 Honduras................................59
5 Cyprus ......................................5 73 Sri Lanka ................................60
7 Australia ...................................6 74 Hong Kong SAR .....................62
7 Finland......................................6 75 Guatemala ..............................63
7 Germany ..................................6 76 Lithuania.................................68
7 Malta ........................................6 77 Dominican Republic ...............69
7 Norway.....................................6 78 Qatar ......................................70
7 Sweden ....................................6 79 Armenia..................................72
7 Switzerland ..............................6 80 Azerbaijan...............................77
14 Italy ..........................................7 81 Georgia...................................84
14 Jamaica ....................................7 82 Taiwan, China .........................85
14 Jordan ......................................7 83 Korea, Rep. ............................90
14 New Zealand ............................7 84 Benin ......................................91
18 Denmark ..................................8 85 Morocco .................................92
18 Israel ........................................8 86 China ......................................98
18 Netherlands..............................8 87 Ecuador ................................101
21 Czech Republic ........................9 88 Ukraine .................................102
22 Costa Rica ..............................11 89 Malaysia ...............................103
22 Trinidad and Tobago ...............11 90 Russian Federation ..............110
24 Austria ....................................12 91 Romania ...............................115
24 Belgium ..................................12 92 Suriname ..............................116
24 Chile .......................................12 93 Kyrgyz Republic....................121
24 Luxembourg ...........................12 94 Guyana .................................122
28 Ireland ....................................13 95 Peru......................................126
28 Oman .....................................13 96 Kazakhstan ...........................129
28 Slovenia..................................13 97 Thailand ................................142 385
31 France ....................................14 98 Bolivia...................................155
32 United Kingdom .....................15 99 India .....................................168
33 United Arab Emirates.............16 100 Vietnam ................................171
34 Albania ...................................17 101 Nepal ....................................173
34 Hungary..................................17 102 Pakistan................................181
34 Libya.......................................17 103 Cameroon ............................192
34 Slovak Republic......................17 104 Ghana ...................................203
38 Greece ...................................18 105 Mongolia ..............................205
39 Mexico ...................................20 106 Bangladesh ..........................223
40 Egypt ......................................21 107 Burkina Faso ........................226
40 Japan......................................21 108 Indonesia..............................228
42 Mauritius ................................22 109 Tajikistan...............................231
42 Uruguay..................................22 110 Madagascar..........................251
44 Kuwait ....................................24 111 Gambia, The.........................258
44 Syria .......................................24 112 Senegal ................................272
46 Poland ....................................25 113 Philippines ............................290
47 Tunisia ....................................26 114 Tanzania................................297
48 Singapore ...............................27 115 Chad .....................................299
49 Macedonia, FYR.....................29 116 Nigeria ..................................311
50 Portugal ..................................30 117 Mauritania ............................318
50 Spain ......................................30 118 Mali ......................................319
50 Turkey.....................................30 119 Timor-Leste ..........................322
53 Argentina................................31 120 Uganda .................................330
54 Montenegro ...........................32 121 Malawi .................................346
54 Serbia .....................................32 122 Kenya ...................................353
56 Venezuela ...............................34 123 Burundi.................................367
57 Colombia ................................35 124 Ethiopia ................................378
58 Estonia ...................................38 125 Côte d’Ivoire.........................420
59 Bulgaria ..................................39 126 Mozambique ........................431
60 Bahrain ...................................40 127 Cambodia .............................495
60 Croatia ....................................40 128 Zambia .................................506
60 El Salvador .............................40 129 Lesotho ................................637
63 Saudi Arabia ...........................46 130 Botswana .............................731
64 Panama ..................................47 131 Namibia ................................767
65 Brazil ......................................48 132 Zimbabwe ............................782
66 Nicaragua ...............................49 133 South Africa .........................948
67 Bosnia and Herzegovina ........51
SOURCE: World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis database (June 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources

4.05 Business impact of HIV/AIDS
How serious an impact do you consider HIV/AIDS to have on your company in the next five years? (1 = a serious impact; 7 = no impact
1 Norway...............................6.7 68 Guatemala..........................5.3
2 Israel ..................................6.7 69 Philippines..........................5.2
3 Sweden..............................6.6 70 Mauritius ............................5.2
4 Slovak Republic..................6.5 71 Mexico ...............................5.2
5 Finland................................6.5 72 Brunei Darussalam.............5.2
6 Austria................................6.5 73 Ecuador ..............................5.2
7 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....6.5 74 Saudi Arabia .......................5.1
8 Croatia................................6.5 75 Bangladesh ........................5.1
9 Denmark ............................6.5 76 Puerto Rico ........................5.0
10 Germany ............................6.5 77 Venezuela...........................5.0
11 Jordan ................................6.5 78 Peru....................................5.0
12 Iceland................................6.4 79 Azerbaijan...........................5.0
13 Hungary..............................6.4 80 Algeria ................................5.0
14 Qatar ..................................6.4 81 Malaysia .............................5.0
15 Syria ...................................6.4 82 Vietnam..............................4.9
16 Slovenia..............................6.4 83 Gambia, The.......................4.9
17 New Zealand ......................6.4 84 Senegal ..............................4.9
19 Belgium..............................6.3 86 Paraguay ............................4.8
21 Kuwait ................................6.3 88 Indonesia............................4.8
22 Portugal..............................6.3 89 El Salvador .........................4.8
23 Tunisia ................................6.3 90 Libya...................................4.8
24 Netherlands........................6.2 91 Mauritania ..........................4.7
25 Turkey.................................6.2 92 India ...................................4.7
26 Singapore ...........................6.2 93 Honduras............................4.7
27 Ireland ................................6.2 94 Pakistan..............................4.6
28 Greece ...............................6.2 95 Bolivia.................................4.6
29 Canada ...............................6.2 96 Morocco.............................4.6
386 30 Uruguay..............................6.1 97 Kyrgyz Republic .................4.6
31 Italy ....................................6.1 98 Nigeria................................4.6
32 Albania ...............................6.1 99 Mongolia ............................4.5
33 Luxembourg.......................6.1 100 Colombia ............................4.4
34 Armenia..............................6.1 101 Nicaragua ...........................4.4
35 Chile ...................................6.1 102 Dominican Republic ...........4.4
36 Hong Kong SAR .................6.0 103 Madagascar........................4.3
37 Russian Federation ............6.0 104 Thailand..............................4.3
38 Poland ................................6.0 105 Benin..................................4.2
39 Egypt..................................6.0 106 Ukraine...............................4.2
40 France ................................6.0 107 Burkina Faso ......................4.2
41 Montenegro .......................5.9 108 Suriname............................4.1
42 Oman .................................5.9 109 Cambodia ...........................4.1
43 Costa Rica ..........................5.9 110 Ghana.................................4.1
44 Australia .............................5.9 111 Jamaica ..............................3.9
45 Korea, Rep. ........................5.9 112 Barbados ............................3.9
46 Japan..................................5.8 113 Nepal..................................3.9
47 Spain ..................................5.8 114 Burundi...............................3.7
48 Taiwan, China.....................5.8 115 Cameroon ..........................3.6
49 China ..................................5.8 116 Mali ....................................3.6
50 Latvia..................................5.8 117 Timor-Leste ........................3.6
51 Sri Lanka ............................5.8 118 Guyana ...............................3.6
52 Lithuania.............................5.8 119 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.3
53 United Arab Emirates.........5.8 120 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.3
54 Malta ..................................5.7 121 Tanzania..............................3.2
55 Georgia...............................5.7 122 Namibia ..............................3.1
56 Romania .............................5.6 123 Kenya .................................3.0
57 United Kingdom .................5.5 124 Chad...................................2.9
58 Czech Republic ..................5.5 125 Malawi ...............................2.8
59 Macedonia, FYR.................5.5 126 Botswana ...........................2.8
61 Panama ..............................5.4 128 Zambia ...............................2.7
62 Bahrain ...............................5.4 129 Ethiopia ..............................2.7
63 United States .....................5.4 130 Uganda...............................2.7
64 Argentina............................5.4 131 Lesotho ..............................2.5
65 Bulgaria ..............................5.3 132 Mozambique ......................2.5
66 Brazil ..................................5.3 133 South Africa .......................2.0
67 Serbia .................................5.3

4.06 HIV prevalence (hard data)

HIV prevalence as a percentage of adults aged 15–49 years | 2007
1 Bangladesh1 .......................<0.1 54 United Kingdom ....................0.2

1 Bosnia and Herzegovina .....<0.1 69 Chile ......................................0.3
1 Brunei Darussalam2 ............<0.1 69 Ecuador .................................0.3
1 Bulgaria1 .............................<0.1 69 India ......................................0.3
1 Croatia.................................<0.1 69 Mexico ..................................0.3
1 Egypt...................................<0.1 69 Tajikistan................................0.3
1 Hong Kong SAR2 ................<0.1 74 Canada ..................................0.4
1 Japan1.................................<0.1 74 Costa Rica .............................0.4
1 Korea, Rep. .........................<0.1 74 France ...................................0.4
1 Macedonia, FYR .................<0.1 74 Italy .......................................0.4
1 Philippines1 .........................<0.1 78 Argentina...............................0.5
1 Slovak Republic ..................<0.1 78 Malaysia ................................0.5
1 Slovenia ..............................<0.1 78 Nepal .....................................0.5
1 Sri Lanka1 ...........................<0.1 78 Peru.......................................0.5
15 Algeria ...................................0.1 78 Portugal .................................0.5
15 Armenia.................................0.1 78 Spain .....................................0.5
15 China .....................................0.1 78 Vietnam .................................0.5
15 Czech Republic1 ....................0.1 85 Brazil .....................................0.6
15 Finland...................................0.1 85 Colombia ...............................0.6
15 Georgia..................................0.1 85 Paraguay ...............................0.6
15 Germany ...............................0.1 85 Switzerland ...........................0.6
15 Hungary.................................0.1 85 United States ........................0.6
15 Israel .....................................0.1 85 Uruguay.................................0.6
15 Kazakhstan ............................0.1 91 Honduras...............................0.7
15 Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.1 91 Venezuela1 ............................0.7
15 Lithuania................................0.1 93 Cambodia ..............................0.8
15 Madagascar...........................0.1 93 El Salvador ............................0.8
15 Malta .....................................0.1 93 Guatemala .............................0.8
15 Mongolia ...............................0.1 93 Latvia.....................................0.8
15 Morocco ................................0.1 93 Mauritania .............................0.8 387
15 New Zealand .........................0.1 98 Gambia, The..........................0.9
15 Norway..................................0.1 99 Panama .................................1.0
15 Pakistan.................................0.1 99 Senegal .................................1.0
15 Poland ...................................0.1 101 Puerto Rico ...........................1.1
15 Romania ................................0.1 102 Dominican Republic ..............1.1
15 Serbia ....................................0.1 102 Russian Federation ...............1.1
15 Sweden .................................0.1 104 Barbados ...............................1.2
15 Tunisia ...................................0.1 104 Benin .....................................1.2
39 Montenegro ..........................0.1 106 Estonia ..................................1.3
40 Albania1 ..............................<0.2 107 Thailand .................................1.4
40 Bahrain1 ..............................<0.2 108 Mali .......................................1.5
40 Cyprus1 ...............................<0.2 108 Trinidad and Tobago ..............1.5
40 Jordan1 ...............................<0.2 110 Burkina Faso .........................1.6
40 Kuwait1 ...............................<0.2 110 Jamaica .................................1.6
40 Libya1..................................<0.2 110 Ukraine ..................................1.6
40 Oman1 ................................<0.2 113 Mauritius ...............................1.7
40 Qatar1 .................................<0.2 114 Ghana ....................................1.9
40 Saudi Arabia1 ......................<0.2 115 Burundi..................................2.0
40 Syria1 ..................................<0.2 116 Ethiopia .................................2.1
40 Taiwan, China2 ......................0.2 117 Suriname ...............................2.4
40 Timor-Leste1 .......................<0.2 118 Guyana ..................................2.5
40 Turkey1................................<0.2 119 Nigeria ...................................3.1
40 United Arab Emirates1........<0.2 120 Chad ......................................3.5
54 Australia ................................0.2 121 Côte d’Ivoire..........................3.9
54 Austria ...................................0.2 122 Cameroon .............................5.1
54 Azerbaijan..............................0.2 123 Uganda ..................................5.4
54 Belgium .................................0.2 124 Kenya1...................................6.1
54 Bolivia....................................0.2 125 Tanzania.................................6.2
54 Denmark ...............................0.2 126 Malawi1 ...............................11.9
54 Greece ..................................0.2 127 Mozambique .......................12.5
54 Iceland...................................0.2 128 Zambia ................................15.2
54 Indonesia...............................0.2 129 Namibia ...............................15.3
54 Ireland ...................................0.2 129 Zimbabwe ...........................15.3
54 Luxembourg ..........................0.2 131 South Africa ........................18.1
54 Netherlands...........................0.2 132 Lesotho ...............................23.2
54 Nicaragua ..............................0.2 133 Botswana ............................23.9
54 Singapore ..............................0.2
SOURCE: UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic; UNDP, Human Development Report 2007/2008 online database (June 2009);
national sources
1 2005 2 2008

4.07 Infant mortality (hard data)
Infant (children aged 0–12 months) mortality per 1,000 live births | 2006
1 Hong Kong SAR2 ..................1.8 68 Panama ...............................18.0

2 Iceland...................................2.0 68 Venezuela ............................18.0
3 Cyprus ...................................3.0 70 Brazil ...................................19.0
3 Czech Republic .....................3.0 70 Paraguay .............................19.0
3 Denmark ...............................3.0 70 Tunisia .................................19.0
3 Finland...................................3.0 73 China ...................................20.0
3 Italy .......................................3.0 73 Ukraine ................................20.0
3 Japan.....................................3.0 75 Armenia...............................21.0
3 Luxembourg ..........................3.0 75 Ecuador ...............................21.0
3 Norway..................................3.0 75 Jordan .................................21.0
3 Portugal .................................3.0 75 Peru.....................................21.0
3 Singapore ..............................3.0 75 Saudi Arabia ........................21.0
3 Slovenia.................................3.0 80 El Salvador ..........................22.0
3 Sweden .................................3.0 81 Honduras.............................23.0
15 Austria ...................................4.0 82 Philippines ...........................24.0
15 Belgium .................................4.0 82 Turkey..................................24.0
15 France ...................................4.0 84 Dominican Republic ............25.0
15 Germany ...............................4.0 85 Indonesia.............................26.0
15 Greece ..................................4.0 85 Jamaica ...............................26.0
15 Ireland ...................................4.0 85 Kazakhstan ..........................26.0
15 Israel .....................................4.0 88 Georgia................................28.0
15 Netherlands...........................4.0 89 Egypt ...................................29.0
15 Spain .....................................4.0 89 Mexico ................................29.0
15 Switzerland ...........................4.0 89 Nicaragua ............................29.0
25 Taiwan, China2 ......................4.5 89 Suriname .............................29.0
26 Australia ................................5.0 93 Guatemala ...........................31.0
26 Canada ..................................5.0 94 Algeria .................................33.0
26 Croatia ...................................5.0 94 Trinidad and Tobago ............33.0
26 Estonia ..................................5.0 96 Morocco ..............................34.0
388 26 Korea, Rep. ...........................5.0 97 Mongolia .............................35.0
26 Malta .....................................5.0 98 Kyrgyz Republic...................36.0
26 New Zealand .........................5.0 99 Namibia ...............................45.0
26 United Kingdom ....................5.0 100 Guyana ................................46.0
34 Hungary.................................6.0 100 Nepal ...................................46.0
34 Poland ...................................6.0 102 Timor-Leste .........................47.0
36 Lithuania................................7.0 103 Bolivia..................................50.0
36 Serbia ....................................7.0 104 Bangladesh .........................52.0
36 Slovak Republic.....................7.0 105 Zimbabwe ...........................55.0
36 Thailand .................................7.0 106 South Africa ........................56.0
36 United States ........................7.0 106 Tajikistan..............................56.0
41 Brunei Darussalam................8.0 108 India ....................................57.0
41 Chile ......................................8.0 109 Senegal ...............................60.0
41 Latvia.....................................8.0 110 Cambodia ............................65.0
41 United Arab Emirates............8.0 111 Madagascar.........................72.0
45 Bahrain ..................................9.0 112 Azerbaijan............................73.0
45 Kuwait ...................................9.0 113 Tanzania...............................74.0
45 Montenegro ..........................9.0 114 Ghana ..................................76.0
45 Qatar .....................................9.0 114 Malawi ................................76.0
49 Puerto Rico1 ..........................9.3 116 Ethiopia ...............................77.0
50 Bulgaria ...............................10.0 117 Mauritania ...........................78.0
50 Malaysia ..............................10.0 117 Pakistan...............................78.0
50 Oman ..................................10.0 117 Uganda ................................78.0
50 Russian Federation .............10.0 120 Kenya ..................................79.0
54 Barbados .............................11.0 121 Gambia, The........................84.0
54 Costa Rica ...........................11.0 122 Cameroon ...........................87.0
54 Sri Lanka .............................11.0 123 Benin ...................................88.0
57 Mauritius .............................12.0 124 Botswana ............................90.0
57 Syria ....................................12.0 124 Côte d’Ivoire........................90.0
59 Bosnia and Herzegovina .....13.0 126 Mozambique .......................96.0
59 Uruguay...............................13.0 127 Nigeria .................................99.0
61 Argentina.............................14.0 128 Lesotho .............................102.0
61 Romania ..............................14.0 128 Zambia ..............................102.0
63 Albania ................................15.0 130 Burundi..............................109.0
63 Macedonia, FYR..................15.0 131 Mali ...................................119.0
63 Vietnam ...............................15.0 132 Burkina Faso .....................122.0
66 Colombia .............................17.0 133 Chad ..................................124.0
66 Libya....................................17.0
SOURCE: World Health Organization, WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS) (May 2009); national sources
1 2007 2 2008

4.08 Life expectancy (hard data)

Life expectancy at birth (years) | 2007
1 Japan......................................83 59 Turkey.....................................73
2 Hong Kong SAR .....................82 69 Albania ...................................72
3 Australia .................................82 69 Dominican Republic ...............72
3 Iceland....................................82 69 El Salvador .............................72
3 Italy ........................................82 69 Georgia...................................72
3 Switzerland ............................82 69 Jamaica ..................................72
7 Canada ...................................81 69 Jordan ....................................72
7 France ....................................81 69 Libya.......................................72
7 Israel ......................................81 69 Malaysia .................................72
7 New Zealand ..........................81 69 Morocco .................................72
7 Norway...................................81 69 Syria .......................................72
7 Singapore ...............................81 69 Vietnam ..................................72
7 Spain ......................................81 80 Algeria ....................................71
7 Sweden ..................................81 80 Honduras................................71
15 Austria ....................................80 80 Latvia......................................71
15 Belgium ..................................80 80 Lithuania.................................71
15 Cyprus ....................................80 80 Philippines ..............................71
15 Germany ................................80 80 Saudi Arabia ...........................71
15 Greece ...................................80 80 Sri Lanka ................................71
15 Ireland ....................................80 87 Thailand ..................................70
15 Luxembourg ...........................80 88 Armenia..................................69
15 Malta ......................................80 88 Guatemala ..............................69
15 Netherlands............................80 88 Suriname ................................69
15 United Kingdom .....................80 88 Trinidad and Tobago ...............69
25 Costa Rica ..............................79 92 Azerbaijan...............................68
25 Finland....................................79 92 Egypt ......................................68
25 Korea, Rep. ............................79 92 Indonesia................................68
25 Portugal ..................................79 92 Ukraine ...................................68
29 Taiwan, China .........................79 96 Tajikistan.................................67
30 Chile .......................................78 97 Bolivia.....................................66 389
30 Denmark ................................78 97 Kyrgyz Republic......................66
30 Kuwait ....................................78 97 Russian Federation ................66
30 Slovenia..................................78 100 Bangladesh ............................64
30 United Arab Emirates.............78 100 India .......................................64
30 United States .........................78 100 Kazakhstan .............................64
36 Puerto Rico ............................78 100 Mongolia ................................64
37 Czech Republic ......................77 104 Nepal ......................................63
38 Barbados ................................76 104 Pakistan..................................63
38 Brunei Darussalam.................76 106 Cambodia ...............................61
38 Croatia ....................................76 106 Timor-Leste ............................61
38 Mexico ...................................76 108 Guyana ...................................60
38 Panama ..................................76 109 Gambia, The...........................59
38 Peru........................................76 109 Madagascar............................59
38 Qatar ......................................76 109 Namibia ..................................59
45 Argentina................................75 109 Senegal ..................................59
45 Bahrain ...................................75 113 Mauritania ..............................58
45 Bosnia and Herzegovina ........75 114 Benin ......................................57
45 Colombia ................................75 114 Ethiopia ..................................57
45 Poland ....................................75 114 Ghana .....................................57
45 Slovak Republic......................75 117 Botswana ...............................56
45 Uruguay..................................75 118 Côte d’Ivoire...........................54
45 Venezuela ...............................75 118 Kenya .....................................54
53 China ......................................74 118 South Africa ...........................54
53 Macedonia, FYR.....................74 121 Cameroon ..............................52
53 Montenegro ...........................74 121 Tanzania..................................52
53 Oman .....................................74 123 Malawi ...................................50
53 Paraguay ................................74 124 Burkina Faso ..........................49
53 Tunisia ....................................74 124 Burundi...................................49
59 Brazil ......................................73 124 Mali ........................................49
59 Bulgaria ..................................73 124 Nigeria ....................................49
59 Ecuador ..................................73 128 Mozambique ..........................48
59 Estonia ...................................73 128 Uganda ...................................48
59 Hungary..................................73 130 Chad .......................................46
59 Mauritius ................................73 130 Zambia ...................................46
59 Nicaragua ...............................73 132 Lesotho ..................................45
59 Romania .................................73 132 Zimbabwe ..............................45
59 Serbia .....................................73
SOURCE: World Health Organization, WHO World Health Statistics 2009; The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources
1 2008

4.09 Quality of primary education
How would you assess the quality of primary schools in your country? (1 = poor; 7 = excellent—among the best in the world) | 2008–2009
weighted average
1 Finland................................6.7 68 Uruguay..............................3.8
2 Belgium..............................6.3 69 Thailand..............................3.6
3 Singapore ...........................6.2 70 Bulgaria ..............................3.5
4 Switzerland ........................6.0 71 Saudi Arabia .......................3.5
5 Barbados ............................5.9 72 Spain ..................................3.5
6 Iceland................................5.8 73 Puerto Rico ........................3.4
7 Qatar ..................................5.8 74 Benin..................................3.4
9 Ireland ................................5.7 76 Azerbaijan...........................3.4
10 Canada ...............................5.7 77 Ghana.................................3.3
11 Cyprus................................5.5 78 Philippines..........................3.3
12 Estonia ...............................5.5 79 Cameroon ..........................3.3
13 Denmark ............................5.5 80 Vietnam..............................3.3
15 France ................................5.3 82 Syria ...................................3.3
16 Australia .............................5.3 83 Zimbabwe ..........................3.3
17 Czech Republic ..................5.3 84 Namibia ..............................3.2
18 Sweden..............................5.2 85 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.2
19 United Arab Emirates.........5.2 86 Jamaica ..............................3.2
20 Taiwan, China.....................5.1 87 Georgia...............................3.2
21 Slovenia..............................5.1 88 Kuwait ................................3.2
22 Malta ..................................5.1 89 India ...................................3.2
23 Japan..................................5.0 90 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.2
24 Austria................................5.0 91 Israel ..................................3.2
25 Tunisia ................................4.9 92 Turkey.................................3.1
26 Brunei Darussalam.............4.9 93 Madagascar........................3.1
27 Luxembourg.......................4.9 94 Lesotho ..............................3.0
28 United Kingdom .................4.9 95 Argentina............................3.0
29 Korea, Rep. ........................4.8 96 Ethiopia ..............................3.0
390 30 United States .....................4.8 97 Zambia ...............................3.0
31 Malaysia .............................4.8 98 Burkina Faso ......................3.0
32 China ..................................4.7 99 Morocco.............................2.9
33 Sri Lanka ............................4.6 100 Pakistan..............................2.9
34 Hong Kong SAR .................4.6 101 El Salvador .........................2.9
35 Germany ............................4.6 102 Venezuela...........................2.8
36 Croatia................................4.5 103 Mongolia ............................2.8
37 Norway...............................4.5 104 Algeria ................................2.8
38 Costa Rica ..........................4.5 105 Panama ..............................2.8
39 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.5 106 Libya...................................2.7
40 Latvia..................................4.5 107 South Africa .......................2.7
41 Ukraine...............................4.4 108 Uganda...............................2.7
42 Poland ................................4.4 109 Nigeria................................2.7
43 Montenegro .......................4.4 110 Malawi ...............................2.7
44 Slovak Republic..................4.4 111 Burundi...............................2.7
45 Hungary..............................4.3 112 Tajikistan.............................2.7
46 Gambia, The.......................4.3 113 Nepal..................................2.7
47 Russian Federation ............4.3 114 Cambodia ...........................2.7
48 Jordan ................................4.3 115 Mexico ...............................2.6
49 Italy ....................................4.3 116 Honduras............................2.6
50 Bahrain ...............................4.2 117 Nicaragua ...........................2.6
51 Lithuania.............................4.2 118 Chile ...................................2.5
52 Serbia .................................4.1 119 Brazil ..................................2.5
53 Botswana ...........................4.1 120 Ecuador ..............................2.5
54 Oman .................................4.1 121 Bolivia.................................2.4
55 Guyana ...............................4.1 122 Chad...................................2.4
56 Macedonia, FYR.................4.0 123 Tanzania..............................2.4
57 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....4.0 124 Egypt..................................2.4
58 Indonesia............................4.0 125 Timor-Leste ........................2.4
59 Portugal..............................3.9 126 Mali ....................................2.4
60 Suriname............................3.9 127 Guatemala..........................2.3
61 Senegal ..............................3.9 128 Bangladesh ........................2.3
62 Romania .............................3.9 129 Mauritania ..........................2.3
63 Kenya .................................3.9 130 Mozambique ......................2.2
64 Albania ...............................3.9 131 Peru....................................2.1
65 Greece ...............................3.9 132 Dominican Republic ...........2.0
66 Mauritius ............................3.8 133 Paraguay ............................1.9
67 Kazakhstan .........................3.8

4.10 Primary enrollment (hard data)

Net primary education enrollment rate | 2007
1 Costa Rica .........................101.7 68 Trinidad and Tobago ............93.7

2 Russian Federation8 ............99.8 69 Bolivia..................................93.7
3 Japan...................................99.8 70 Albania5 ...............................93.6
4 Spain ...................................99.7 71 Vietnam2 .............................93.4
5 Greece ................................99.6 72 Honduras.............................93.3
6 China ...................................99.5 73 Qatar ...................................93.0
7 Canada1...............................99.5 74 Brunei Darussalam..............92.8
8 Taiwan, China8 ....................99.4 75 Brazil ...................................92.6
9 New Zealand .......................99.1 76 Czech Republic6 ..................92.5
10 Cyprus .................................99.0 77 United States ......................92.4
11 Portugal ...............................98.9 78 Turkey..................................92.3
12 Norway................................98.7 79 Slovak Republic6 .................92.0
13 Italy .....................................98.7 80 El Salvador ..........................92.0
14 France .................................98.5 81 Philippines ...........................91.3
15 Montenegro8.......................98.5 82 Malta6 .................................91.2
16 Madagascar.........................98.5 83 United Arab Emirates8 ........90.9
17 Netherlands.........................98.4 84 Hong Kong SAR6 ................90.7
18 Argentina8 ...........................98.3 85 Lithuania..............................90.5
19 Panama ...............................98.3 86 Kazakhstan8 ........................90.3
20 Bahrain6 ..............................98.2 87 Croatia .................................90.3
21 Korea, Rep.7 ........................98.2 88 Latvia7 .................................90.1
22 Puerto Rico .........................98.2 89 Venezuela8 ..........................90.1
23 Germany .............................98.2 90 Cambodia ............................89.4
24 Belgium ...............................98.1 91 Ukraine ................................89.4
25 Tanzania7 .............................97.8 92 Switzerland .........................88.9
26 Guyana7 ..............................97.8 93 Mongolia .............................88.9
27 Mexico ................................97.6 94 Morocco ..............................88.8
28 Malaysia7 ............................97.5 95 Macedonia, FYR..................88.7
29 Uruguay...............................97.4 96 India7 ...................................88.7
30 Austria7 ...............................97.4 97 Jordan .................................88.6 391
31 Iceland.................................97.4 98 Kuwait .................................88.2
32 Tajikistan..............................97.2 99 Zimbabwe7..........................87.8
33 United Kingdom ..................97.2 100 Colombia .............................87.3
34 Israel ...................................97.1 101 Malawi ................................87.0
35 Luxembourg ........................97.1 102 Hungary...............................86.8
36 Singapore8 ..........................97.1 103 Bangladesh7 ........................86.5
37 Australia ..............................97.1 104 Namibia ...............................86.5
38 Barbados .............................96.9 105 Jamaica ...............................86.3
39 Ecuador ...............................96.9 106 Kenya ..................................86.3
40 Sri Lanka5 ............................96.7 107 South Africa ........................85.8
41 Finland.................................96.3 108 Armenia...............................85.0
42 Slovenia...............................96.3 109 Saudi Arabia ........................84.6
43 Peru.....................................96.1 110 Kyrgyz Republic...................84.5
44 Ireland .................................96.0 111 Botswana6 ..........................84.0
45 Egypt ...................................95.8 112 Burundi................................81.2
46 Denmark .............................95.6 113 Mauritania ...........................80.4
47 Poland .................................95.5 114 Benin7 .................................80.2
48 Nicaragua ............................95.5 115 Nepal8 .................................79.6
49 Mauritius .............................95.4 116 Dominican Republic8 ..........78.3
50 Algeria .................................95.4 117 Cameroon ...........................77.2
51 Azerbaijan............................95.3 118 Mozambique7......................76.1
52 Serbia ..................................95.1 119 Ghana8 ................................72.9
53 Thailand8 .............................95.1 120 Oman ..................................72.7
54 Tunisia .................................95.0 121 Lesotho7 .............................72.4
55 Guatemala ...........................95.0 122 Senegal ...............................71.9
56 Indonesia.............................94.8 123 Ethiopia ...............................71.4
57 Uganda ................................94.6 124 Gambia, The8 ......................66.5
58 Bulgaria ...............................94.6 125 Pakistan7 .............................65.6
59 Estonia ................................94.5 126 Nigeria7 ...............................63.8
60 Syria3...................................94.5 127 Mali .....................................63.0
61 Chile ....................................94.4 128 Timor-Leste .........................63.0
62 Paraguay6 ............................94.3 129 Chad4 ..................................60.2
63 Suriname .............................94.1 130 Burkina Faso8 ......................58.1
64 Zambia ................................94.1 131 Côte d’Ivoire4 ......................54.9
65 Sweden ...............................94.0 n/a Bosnia and Herzegovina........n/a
66 Romania ..............................93.9 n/a Libya ......................................n/a
67 Georgia................................93.7
SOURCE: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (June 2009); national sources

1 2000 2 2001 3 2002 4 2003 5 2004 6 2005 7 2006 8 2008

4.11 Education expenditure (hard data)
Adjusted savings: Public education expenditure as percentage of GNI | 2007
1 Timor-Leste1........................11.0 68 Czech Republic .....................4.0

2 Lesotho ...............................10.0 69 Trinidad and Tobago ..............4.0
3 Guyana ..................................7.8 70 Uganda ..................................4.0
4 Denmark ...............................7.8 71 Argentina...............................4.0
5 Namibia .................................7.3 72 Spain .....................................3.9
6 Iceland...................................7.2 73 Oman ....................................3.9
7 Saudi Arabia ..........................7.2 74 Paraguay ...............................3.9
8 Sweden .................................7.2 75 Korea, Rep. ...........................3.9
9 Barbados ...............................7.0 76 Slovak Republic.....................3.8
10 Zimbabwe .............................6.9 77 Puerto Rico1 ..........................3.8
11 New Zealand .........................6.7 78 Mozambique .........................3.8
12 Tunisia ...................................6.7 79 Luxembourg ..........................3.7
13 Kenya ....................................6.6 80 Ethiopia .................................3.7
14 Botswana ..............................6.6 81 Turkey....................................3.7
15 Norway..................................6.5 82 Brunei Darussalam................3.6
16 Bolivia....................................6.3 83 Benin .....................................3.6
17 Israel .....................................6.0 84 Mali .......................................3.6
18 Taiwan, China1 ......................5.9 85 Honduras...............................3.5
19 Finland...................................5.9 86 Russian Federation ...............3.5
20 Belgium .................................5.8 87 Dominican Republic ..............3.5
21 Cyprus ...................................5.7 88 Malawi ..................................3.5
22 Jordan ...................................5.6 89 Montenegro1.........................3.5
23 Latvia.....................................5.6 90 Mauritius ...............................3.4
24 Malaysia ................................5.5 91 Romania ................................3.4
25 Mexico ..................................5.5 92 Venezuela ..............................3.4
26 Slovenia.................................5.5 93 Chile ......................................3.4
27 Portugal .................................5.4 94 India ......................................3.2
28 Jamaica .................................5.4 95 Tajikistan................................3.2
29 Hungary.................................5.4 96 Japan.....................................3.2
392 30 Poland ...................................5.3 97 Madagascar...........................3.1
31 Austria ...................................5.3 98 Kuwait ...................................3.0
32 South Africa ..........................5.3 99 Hong Kong SAR ....................3.0
33 Morocco ................................5.2 100 Nicaragua ..............................3.0
34 Kyrgyz Republic.....................5.2 101 Albania ..................................2.8
35 Ireland ...................................5.1 102 Azerbaijan..............................2.8
36 France ...................................5.1 103 Vietnam .................................2.8
37 Burundi..................................5.1 104 Georgia..................................2.8
38 United Kingdom ....................5.0 105 Guatemala .............................2.8
39 Macedonia, FYR....................4.9 106 El Salvador ............................2.8
40 Netherlands...........................4.8 107 Greece ..................................2.8
41 Switzerland ...........................4.8 108 Mauritania .............................2.8
42 Australia ................................4.8 109 Singapore ..............................2.7
43 Colombia ...............................4.8 110 Uruguay.................................2.6
44 Thailand .................................4.8 111 Cameroon .............................2.6
45 United States ........................4.8 112 Syria ......................................2.6
46 Lithuania................................4.8 113 Peru.......................................2.6
47 Canada ..................................4.8 114 Sri Lanka ...............................2.6
48 Ghana ....................................4.7 115 Nepal .....................................2.4
49 Côte d’Ivoire..........................4.7 116 Tanzania.................................2.4
50 Malta .....................................4.6 117 Armenia.................................2.2
51 Estonia ..................................4.6 118 Philippines .............................2.2
52 Mongolia ...............................4.6 119 Zambia ..................................2.1
53 Senegal .................................4.5 120 Pakistan.................................2.1
54 Algeria ...................................4.5 121 Gambia, The..........................2.0
55 Brazil .....................................4.4 122 Bangladesh ...........................1.8
56 Germany ...............................4.4 123 China .....................................1.8
57 Panama .................................4.4 124 Cambodia ..............................1.7
58 Kazakhstan ............................4.4 125 Ecuador .................................1.4
59 Egypt .....................................4.4 126 Chad ......................................1.2
60 Ukraine ..................................4.4 127 Indonesia...............................1.1
61 Serbia1 ..................................4.4 128 Nigeria ...................................0.9
62 Bahrain ..................................4.4 n/a Bosnia and Herzegovina........n/a
63 Croatia ...................................4.3 n/a Libya ......................................n/a
64 Burkina Faso .........................4.3 n/a Qatar .....................................n/a
65 Italy .......................................4.2 n/a Suriname ...............................n/a
66 Bulgaria .................................4.1 n/a United Arab Emirates ............n/a
67 Costa Rica .............................4.1
SOURCE: The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources
1 2008

Data Tables
Section V
Higher education and training
393

5.01 Secondary enrollment (hard data)
2.2: Data Tables | Section V: Higher education and training
Gross secondary education enrollment rate | 2007
1 Australia ............................148.6 68 Egypt3 .................................87.8

2 New Zealand .....................121.1 69 Romania ..............................87.5
3 Spain .................................119.8 70 Costa Rica ...........................87.4
4 Netherlands.......................119.6 71 Sri Lanka3 ............................87.2
5 Denmark ...........................119.2 72 Kyrgyz Republic...................86.4
6 Ireland ...............................113.5 73 Hong Kong SAR ..................86.2
7 France ...............................113.4 74 Trinidad and Tobago ............86.0
8 Norway..............................112.8 75 Bosnia and Herzegovina .....85.5
9 Finland...............................111.3 76 Montenegro6.......................85.5
10 Iceland...............................110.6 77 Colombia .............................85.1
11 Belgium .............................110.1 78 Russian Federation .............84.3
12 Guyana ..............................106.6 79 Macedonia, FYR..................84.3
13 Bulgaria .............................105.6 80 Argentina5 ...........................84.1
14 Sweden .............................103.6 81 Tajikistan..............................83.6
15 Qatar .................................103.5 82 Thailand6 .............................83.4
16 Barbados ...........................103.2 83 Philippines ...........................83.3
17 Singapore6 ........................102.3 84 Algeria4 ...............................83.2
18 Bahrain5 ............................102.1 85 Bolivia..................................81.9
19 Greece ..............................101.8 86 Venezuela6 ..........................81.1
20 Austria ...............................101.6 87 Turkey..................................80.2
21 Canada5.............................101.5 88 Suriname .............................79.6
22 Italy ...................................101.1 89 China ...................................77.3
23 Portugal .............................101.0 90 Dominican Republic6 ..........77.2
24 Japan.................................100.9 91 Albania3 ...............................76.7
25 Brazil .................................100.1 92 Botswana4 ..........................76.5
26 Poland .................................99.9 93 Indonesia.............................73.5
27 Estonia ................................99.8 94 Syria ....................................72.1
28 Germany .............................99.7 95 Panama ...............................70.2
29 Malta4 .................................99.5 96 Nicaragua ............................69.9
394 30 Taiwan, China6 ....................99.2 97 Ecuador ...............................69.6
31 Korea, Rep. .........................98.3 98 Malaysia4 ............................69.1
32 Peru.....................................98.0 99 Paraguay4 ............................66.5
33 Latvia...................................97.9 100 Vietnam1 .............................66.5
34 Lithuania..............................97.8 101 El Salvador ..........................64.4
35 Cyprus .................................97.8 102 Honduras.............................64.0
36 United Kingdom ..................97.5 103 Namibia ...............................59.0
37 Brunei Darussalam..............97.4 104 Morocco ..............................55.8
38 Luxembourg ........................97.2 105 Guatemala ...........................55.6
39 South Africa ........................97.1 106 Ghana6 ................................55.3
40 Czech Republic ...................95.7 107 India5 ...................................54.6
41 Hungary...............................95.5 108 Timor-Leste4........................53.4
42 Puerto Rico .........................94.5 109 Kenya ..................................52.8
43 United States ......................94.2 110 Gambia, The6 ......................48.6
44 Ukraine ................................94.2 111 Nepal6 .................................48.3
45 Saudi Arabia ........................93.9 112 Bangladesh .........................43.3
46 Slovenia...............................93.8 113 Zambia ................................43.1
47 Slovak Republic...................93.7 114 Cambodia ............................40.4
48 Libya5 ..................................93.5 115 Zimbabwe5..........................40.0
49 Switzerland .........................92.7 116 Lesotho5 .............................37.0
50 United Arab Emirates..........92.4 117 Pakistan...............................32.5
51 Kazakhstan6 ........................92.2 118 Benin4 .................................32.5
52 Uruguay...............................92.0 119 Nigeria5 ...............................31.9
53 Mongolia .............................91.7 120 Mali .....................................31.6
54 Croatia .................................91.7 121 Ethiopia ...............................30.5
55 Israel ...................................91.5 122 Malawi ................................28.3
56 Kuwait .................................90.8 123 Madagascar.........................26.4
57 Chile ....................................90.6 124 Senegal ...............................26.3
58 Georgia................................90.2 125 Tanzania6 .............................26.1
59 Jamaica ...............................89.8 126 Mauritania ...........................25.2
60 Oman ..................................89.8 127 Cameroon ...........................25.2
61 Jordan .................................89.3 128 Côte d’Ivoire2 ......................24.6
62 Armenia...............................89.0 129 Uganda ................................22.5
63 Azerbaijan............................88.8 130 Chad ....................................18.8
64 Mexico ................................88.7 131 Mozambique .......................18.3
65 Mauritius4 ...........................88.4 132 Burkina Faso6 ......................18.1
66 Tunisia .................................88.0 133 Burundi................................15.2
67 Serbia ..................................87.9
SOURCE: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (June 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources
1 2001 2 2002 3 2004 4 2005 5 2006 6 2008

5.02 Tertiary enrollment (hard data)

Gross tertiary education enrollment rate | 2007
1 Korea, Rep. .........................94.7 68 Colombia .............................31.8

2 Finland.................................93.8 69 Malta6 .................................31.6
3 Greece ................................90.8 70 Tunisia .................................30.8
4 Slovenia...............................85.5 71 Malaysia7 ............................30.2
5 Taiwan, China8 ....................83.2 72 Saudi Arabia7 ......................30.2
6 United States ......................81.7 73 Brazil ...................................30.0
7 Denmark .............................80.3 74 Philippines7 .........................28.5
8 New Zealand .......................79.8 75 Mexico ................................26.9
9 Ukraine ................................76.4 76 Paraguay6 ............................25.5
10 Norway................................76.2 77 Oman ..................................25.5
11 Lithuania..............................75.6 78 Costa Rica6 .........................25.3
12 Sweden ...............................75.2 79 Algeria .................................24.0
13 Australia ..............................75.1 80 China ...................................22.9
14 Russian Federation .............74.7 81 United Arab Emirates8 ........22.9
15 Iceland.................................73.4 82 El Salvador ..........................21.7
16 Latvia...................................71.3 83 Tajikistan..............................19.8
17 Hungary...............................69.1 84 Syria8...................................19.4
18 Spain ...................................68.9 85 Albania5 ...............................19.1
19 Italy .....................................68.1 86 Jamaica4 .............................19.0
20 Argentina.............................67.1 87 Nicaragua4...........................18.1
21 Poland .................................66.9 88 Guatemala ...........................17.7
22 Estonia ................................65.0 89 Kuwait7 ...............................17.6
23 Uruguay...............................64.3 90 Indonesia.............................17.5
24 Belgium ...............................62.5 91 Honduras5 ...........................17.2
25 Canada5...............................62.4 92 Sri Lanka .............................17.1
26 Ireland .................................61.1 93 Qatar ...................................15.9
27 Israel ...................................60.4 94 South Africa7 .......................15.4
28 Netherlands.........................60.3 95 Brunei Darussalam..............15.4
29 Singapore8 ..........................59.8 96 Azerbaijan............................15.2
30 United Kingdom ..................59.1 97 Mauritius8 ...........................14.0 395
31 Romania ..............................58.3 98 Suriname3 ...........................12.4
32 Japan...................................58.1 99 Guyana ................................12.3
33 Portugal ...............................56.0 100 India7 ...................................11.8
34 Libya4 ..................................55.8 101 Trinidad and Tobago6...........11.4
35 France .................................55.6 102 Nepal ...................................11.3
36 Czech Republic ...................54.8 103 Morocco ..............................11.3
37 Barbados .............................53.1 104 Luxembourg7 ......................10.2
38 Chile ....................................52.1 105 Nigeria6 ...............................10.2
39 Venezuela7 ..........................52.0 106 Timor-Leste3..........................9.6
40 Austria .................................51.1 107 Vietnam2 ...............................9.5
41 Slovak Republic...................50.8 108 Côte d’Ivoire..........................7.9
42 Bulgaria ...............................49.5 109 Senegal8................................7.7
43 Thailand8 .............................48.3 110 Bangladesh ...........................7.2
44 Mongolia .............................47.7 111 Cameroon .............................7.2
45 Kazakhstan8 ........................47.0 112 Namibia7 ...............................6.4
46 Switzerland .........................47.0 113 Ghana ....................................5.8
47 Croatia .................................45.8 114 Cambodia ..............................5.3
48 Panama7..............................44.9 115 Botswana6 ............................5.1
49 Puerto Rico .........................43.8 116 Pakistan.................................5.1
50 Germany7 ............................43.6 117 Benin7 ...................................5.1
51 Kyrgyz Republic...................42.8 118 Mali .......................................4.4
52 Montenegro ........................41.1 119 Mauritania .............................4.0
53 Bolivia5 ................................40.6 120 Zimbabwe4............................3.6
54 Jordan .................................39.9 121 Lesotho7 ...............................3.6
55 Georgia................................37.3 122 Uganda5 ................................3.5
56 Bosnia and Herzegovina .....36.9 123 Kenya ....................................3.5
57 Turkey..................................36.3 124 Madagascar...........................3.2
58 Cyprus .................................36.2 125 Burkina Faso8 ........................3.0
59 Serbia8 ................................35.8 126 Ethiopia .................................2.8
60 Macedonia, FYR..................35.5 127 Zambia1 .................................2.3
61 Ecuador ...............................35.3 128 Burundi..................................1.9
62 Peru7 ...................................35.1 129 Tanzania.................................1.5
63 Egypt6 .................................34.7 130 Mozambique6........................1.5
64 Dominican Republic5 ..........34.5 131 Chad6 ....................................1.2
65 Armenia...............................34.2 132 Gambia, The5 ........................1.1
66 Hong Kong SAR ..................33.8 133 Malawi ..................................0.0
67 Bahrain7 ..............................32.1
SOURCE: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (June 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources
1 2000 2 2001 3 2002 4 2003 5 2004 6 2005 7 2006 8 2008

5.03 Quality of the educational system
How well does the educational system in your country meet the needs of a competitive economy? (1 = not well at all; 7 = very well) | 2008–2009
weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.2 68 Portugal..............................3.6

2 Switzerland ........................6.0 69 Benin..................................3.6
3 Iceland................................6.0 70 Ethiopia ..............................3.6
4 Finland................................5.9 71 Serbia .................................3.6
5 Canada ...............................5.7 72 Lesotho ..............................3.5
7 Belgium..............................5.6 74 Ghana.................................3.5
8 Ireland ................................5.6 75 Croatia................................3.5
9 Cyprus................................5.5 76 Lithuania.............................3.5
10 Qatar ..................................5.5 77 Romania .............................3.4
11 New Zealand ......................5.3 78 Spain ..................................3.4
12 Sweden..............................5.3 79 Turkey.................................3.4
13 Barbados ............................5.2 80 Hungary..............................3.4
14 Australia .............................5.2 81 Kuwait ................................3.3
15 Netherlands........................5.2 82 Bulgaria ..............................3.3
16 Norway...............................5.1 83 Jamaica ..............................3.3
17 Taiwan, China.....................5.0 84 Cameroon ..........................3.3
18 Austria................................4.9 85 Vietnam..............................3.3
19 Tunisia ................................4.9 86 Suriname............................3.3
20 United Arab Emirates.........4.9 87 Italy ....................................3.3
21 Malta ..................................4.9 88 Madagascar........................3.3
22 United States .....................4.8 89 Slovak Republic..................3.2
23 Malaysia .............................4.8 90 Greece ...............................3.2
24 France ................................4.8 91 Uganda...............................3.2
25 Czech Republic ..................4.8 92 Tanzania..............................3.2
27 Germany ............................4.7 94 Argentina............................3.1
28 Hong Kong SAR .................4.6 95 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.1
29 Gambia, The.......................4.6 96 Syria ...................................3.1
396 30 United Kingdom .................4.6 97 Georgia...............................3.1
31 Japan..................................4.5 98 Israel ..................................3.1
32 Slovenia..............................4.5 99 Pakistan..............................3.0
33 Jordan ................................4.5 100 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.0
34 Kenya .................................4.4 101 Cambodia ...........................3.0
35 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.4 102 El Salvador .........................3.0
36 Estonia ...............................4.4 103 Brazil ..................................3.0
37 India ...................................4.4 104 Namibia ..............................3.0
38 Luxembourg.......................4.3 105 Armenia..............................3.0
39 Brunei Darussalam.............4.3 106 Tajikistan.............................3.0
40 Bahrain ...............................4.2 107 Chile ...................................3.0
41 Sri Lanka ............................4.2 108 Bangladesh ........................2.9
42 Botswana ...........................4.1 109 Chad...................................2.9
44 Indonesia............................4.1 111 Panama ..............................2.9
45 Poland ................................4.1 112 Morocco.............................2.9
46 Zimbabwe ..........................4.0 113 Timor-Leste ........................2.9
47 Korea, Rep. ........................4.0 114 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.8
48 Nigeria................................3.9 115 Mexico ...............................2.8
49 Ukraine...............................3.9 116 Honduras............................2.7
50 Philippines..........................3.8 117 Venezuela...........................2.7
51 Mauritius ............................3.8 118 Algeria ................................2.6
52 China ..................................3.8 119 South Africa .......................2.6
53 Puerto Rico ........................3.8 120 Nicaragua ...........................2.6
54 Oman .................................3.8 121 Mali ....................................2.6
55 Senegal ..............................3.8 122 Ecuador ..............................2.6
56 Russian Federation ............3.8 123 Egypt..................................2.6
57 Latvia..................................3.8 124 Mauritania ..........................2.5
58 Zambia ...............................3.7 125 Guatemala..........................2.5
59 Macedonia, FYR.................3.7 126 Bolivia.................................2.5
60 Saudi Arabia .......................3.7 127 Burkina Faso ......................2.5
61 Uruguay..............................3.7 128 Libya...................................2.4
62 Guyana ...............................3.7 129 Dominican Republic ...........2.3
63 Albania ...............................3.7 130 Peru....................................2.3
65 Malawi ...............................3.7 132 Mongolia ............................2.3
66 Kazakhstan .........................3.6 133 Paraguay ............................1.9
67 Thailand..............................3.6

5.04 Quality of math and science education

How would you assess the quality of math and science education in your country’s schools? (1 = poor; 7 = excellent—among the best in the
world) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.4 68 Suriname............................3.9

2 Finland................................6.4 69 Benin..................................3.9
3 Qatar ..................................6.1 70 Madagascar........................3.9
4 Belgium..............................6.1 71 Oman .................................3.9
7 Tunisia ................................5.5 74 Turkey.................................3.8
8 France ................................5.5 75 Zimbabwe ..........................3.7
9 New Zealand ......................5.4 76 Saudi Arabia .......................3.7
11 Hong Kong SAR .................5.4 78 Morocco.............................3.7
12 Barbados ............................5.4 79 Guyana ...............................3.7
13 Cyprus................................5.4 80 Libya...................................3.7
14 Canada ...............................5.3 81 Botswana ...........................3.7
15 Denmark ............................5.2 82 Burkina Faso ......................3.7
16 Netherlands........................5.2 83 Italy ....................................3.7
17 Estonia ...............................5.2 84 Georgia...............................3.6
18 Korea, Rep. ........................5.2 85 Azerbaijan...........................3.6
19 Slovenia..............................5.2 86 Colombia ............................3.6
20 United Arab Emirates.........5.1 87 Puerto Rico ........................3.5
21 Iceland................................5.1 88 Uruguay..............................3.5
22 India ...................................5.0 89 Kuwait ................................3.5
23 Poland ................................4.9 90 Zambia ...............................3.4
24 Ireland ................................4.9 91 Gambia, The.......................3.4
25 Japan..................................4.9 92 Lesotho ..............................3.4
26 Hungary..............................4.9 93 Pakistan..............................3.4
27 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.9 94 Philippines..........................3.4
28 Malta ..................................4.9 95 Mauritania ..........................3.4
29 Romania .............................4.9 96 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.4
30 Australia .............................4.9 97 Nigeria................................3.4 397
31 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....4.8 98 Argentina............................3.3
32 Montenegro .......................4.8 99 Spain ..................................3.3
33 Croatia................................4.8 100 Ghana.................................3.3
34 Malaysia .............................4.8 101 Algeria ................................3.3
35 China ..................................4.8 102 Malawi ...............................3.2
36 Sweden..............................4.8 103 Israel ..................................3.2
37 Lithuania.............................4.8 104 Portugal..............................3.2
38 Jordan ................................4.7 105 Nepal..................................3.2
39 Austria................................4.7 106 Ethiopia ..............................3.1
40 Brunei Darussalam.............4.7 107 Uganda...............................3.1
41 Ukraine...............................4.7 108 Mali ....................................3.1
42 Russian Federation ............4.7 109 Jamaica ..............................3.1
43 Serbia .................................4.7 110 Chad...................................3.1
44 Sri Lanka ............................4.6 111 El Salvador .........................3.0
45 Germany ............................4.5 112 Bolivia.................................3.0
46 Luxembourg.......................4.5 113 Panama ..............................3.0
47 Greece ...............................4.5 114 Venezuela...........................3.0
48 United States .....................4.5 115 Cambodia ...........................2.9
49 Senegal ..............................4.5 116 Chile ...................................2.9
50 Indonesia............................4.5 117 Ecuador ..............................2.9
52 United Kingdom .................4.4 119 Tajikistan.............................2.8
53 Vietnam..............................4.4 120 Namibia ..............................2.8
56 Bulgaria ..............................4.3 123 Brazil ..................................2.7
57 Macedonia, FYR.................4.3 124 Egypt..................................2.7
58 Norway...............................4.2 125 Honduras............................2.6
59 Albania ...............................4.2 126 Guatemala..........................2.6
60 Latvia..................................4.2 127 Mexico ...............................2.6
61 Syria ...................................4.2 128 Tanzania..............................2.5
62 Thailand..............................4.1 129 Timor-Leste ........................2.3
63 Burundi...............................4.1 130 Peru....................................2.2
64 Kenya .................................4.1 131 Dominican Republic ...........2.2
66 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.0 133 South Africa .......................2.1
67 Mongolia ............................4.0

5.05 Quality of management schools
How would you assess the quality of management or business schools in your country? (1 = poor; 7 = excellent—among the best in the
world) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Switzerland ........................6.1 68 Hungary..............................4.1

2 Canada ...............................6.0 69 Ghana.................................4.1
3 France ................................5.9 70 El Salvador .........................4.0
4 United States .....................5.9 71 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.0
5 Singapore ...........................5.8 72 China ..................................4.0
6 Spain ..................................5.8 73 Luxembourg.......................4.0
7 Belgium..............................5.8 74 Brunei Darussalam.............4.0
8 Qatar ..................................5.8 75 Cameroon ..........................4.0
9 Denmark ............................5.6 76 Pakistan..............................3.9
10 Iceland................................5.6 77 Japan..................................3.9
11 Netherlands........................5.5 78 Macedonia, FYR.................3.9
12 Finland................................5.4 79 Saudi Arabia .......................3.9
13 Costa Rica ..........................5.4 80 Greece ...............................3.8
14 Sweden..............................5.4 81 Turkey.................................3.8
15 India ...................................5.4 82 Zambia ...............................3.8
16 United Kingdom .................5.4 83 Nicaragua ...........................3.8
17 Chile ...................................5.4 84 Zimbabwe ..........................3.8
18 Australia .............................5.3 85 Romania .............................3.7
19 Ireland ................................5.3 86 Burkina Faso ......................3.7
20 New Zealand ......................5.2 87 Suriname............................3.7
21 Norway...............................5.2 88 Guyana ...............................3.7
22 United Arab Emirates.........5.1 89 Croatia................................3.7
23 Argentina............................5.1 90 Serbia .................................3.7
24 Austria................................5.1 91 Mauritius ............................3.7
25 Tunisia ................................5.0 92 Bulgaria ..............................3.7
26 Germany ............................5.0 93 Russian Federation ............3.7
27 Barbados ............................4.9 94 Burundi...............................3.7
28 Hong Kong SAR .................4.9 95 Ukraine...............................3.7
29 Senegal ..............................4.9 96 Dominican Republic ...........3.6
398 30 South Africa .......................4.8 97 Kazakhstan .........................3.6
31 Taiwan, China.....................4.8 98 Kuwait ................................3.6
32 Cyprus................................4.8 99 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.6
33 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.8 100 Slovak Republic..................3.6
35 Estonia ...............................4.7 102 Panama ..............................3.6
36 Czech Republic ..................4.7 103 Albania ...............................3.6
37 Slovenia..............................4.7 104 Uganda...............................3.5
38 Portugal..............................4.7 105 Lesotho ..............................3.5
39 Philippines..........................4.7 106 Georgia...............................3.5
40 Sri Lanka ............................4.6 107 Syria ...................................3.5
41 Bahrain ...............................4.6 108 Honduras............................3.5
42 Malta ..................................4.5 109 Ecuador ..............................3.4
43 Uruguay..............................4.5 110 Oman .................................3.4
44 Korea, Rep. ........................4.5 111 Vietnam..............................3.4
45 Poland ................................4.5 112 Bolivia.................................3.4
46 Italy ....................................4.4 113 Mali ....................................3.4
47 Kenya .................................4.4 114 Egypt..................................3.3
48 Guatemala..........................4.4 115 Algeria ................................3.3
49 Mexico ...............................4.4 116 Malawi ...............................3.2
50 Latvia..................................4.3 117 Azerbaijan...........................3.2
51 Indonesia............................4.3 118 Botswana ...........................3.2
52 Morocco.............................4.3 119 Ethiopia ..............................3.2
53 Jordan ................................4.3 120 Cambodia ...........................3.1
54 Peru....................................4.3 121 Nepal..................................3.0
55 Puerto Rico ........................4.3 122 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.0
56 Benin..................................4.3 123 Mozambique ......................3.0
57 Venezuela...........................4.3 124 Chad...................................2.9
58 Gambia, The.......................4.2 125 Armenia..............................2.9
59 Thailand..............................4.2 126 Tajikistan.............................2.8
60 Lithuania.............................4.2 127 Tanzania..............................2.8
61 Colombia ............................4.2 128 Paraguay ............................2.8
62 Madagascar........................4.2 129 Namibia ..............................2.7
63 Nigeria................................4.1 130 Mongolia ............................2.7
64 Montenegro .......................4.1 131 Mauritania ..........................2.6
65 Israel ..................................4.1 132 Timor-Leste ........................2.2
66 Brazil ..................................4.1 133 Libya...................................2.2
67 Jamaica ..............................4.1

5.06 Internet access in schools

How would you rate the level of access to the Internet in schools in your country? (1 = very limited; 7 = extensive) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Iceland................................6.6 68 Italy ....................................3.5

2 Estonia ...............................6.5 69 Saudi Arabia .......................3.5
3 Sweden..............................6.4 70 Ukraine...............................3.5
4 Korea, Rep. ........................6.2 71 Peru....................................3.5
5 Singapore ...........................6.2 72 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.4
6 Denmark ............................6.1 73 Greece ...............................3.4
7 Finland................................6.1 74 Sri Lanka ............................3.4
8 Switzerland ........................6.1 75 Pakistan..............................3.4
9 Netherlands........................6.0 76 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.4
10 United States .....................5.9 77 Mexico ...............................3.4
11 Austria................................5.9 78 Mauritius ............................3.4
12 Canada ...............................5.9 79 Kuwait ................................3.4
13 Taiwan, China.....................5.9 80 Morocco.............................3.3
14 Hong Kong SAR .................5.9 81 Colombia ............................3.3
15 Qatar ..................................5.8 82 Panama ..............................3.3
16 Slovenia..............................5.7 83 Serbia .................................3.2
17 United Kingdom .................5.7 84 Gambia, The.......................3.2
18 New Zealand ......................5.7 85 Jamaica ..............................3.1
19 Czech Republic ..................5.7 86 Dominican Republic ...........3.1
20 Luxembourg.......................5.6 87 Albania ...............................3.1
21 Norway...............................5.6 88 Venezuela...........................3.0
22 Malta ..................................5.5 89 Argentina............................3.0
23 China ..................................5.4 90 Honduras............................3.0
24 Belgium..............................5.4 91 Nigeria................................2.9
25 Australia .............................5.3 92 Tajikistan.............................2.9
26 United Arab Emirates.........5.3 93 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.9
27 Portugal..............................5.2 94 Mongolia ............................2.9
28 Bahrain ...............................5.2 95 Egypt..................................2.9
29 Hungary..............................5.1 96 Botswana ...........................2.9
30 Latvia..................................5.0 97 Ecuador ..............................2.8 399
31 Israel ..................................5.0 98 El Salvador .........................2.8
32 Lithuania.............................5.0 99 Kenya .................................2.8
33 Japan..................................5.0 100 South Africa .......................2.8
34 Cyprus................................4.9 101 Armenia..............................2.8
35 France ................................4.9 102 Namibia ..............................2.8
36 Slovak Republic..................4.8 103 Guatemala..........................2.8
37 Brunei Darussalam.............4.7 104 Nepal..................................2.7
38 Chile ...................................4.6 105 Cambodia ...........................2.6
39 Germany ............................4.6 106 Ghana.................................2.6
40 Malaysia .............................4.5 107 Lesotho ..............................2.6
41 Thailand..............................4.5 108 Suriname............................2.6
42 Barbados ............................4.5 109 Cameroon ..........................2.6
43 Uruguay..............................4.5 110 Mali ....................................2.6
44 Spain ..................................4.3 111 Nicaragua ...........................2.6
45 Jordan ................................4.3 112 Guyana ...............................2.5
46 Tunisia ................................4.3 113 Madagascar........................2.5
47 Ireland ................................4.3 114 Bolivia.................................2.5
48 Oman .................................4.3 115 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.4
49 Poland ................................4.2 116 Zambia ...............................2.4
50 Senegal ..............................4.2 117 Benin..................................2.4
51 Croatia................................4.2 118 Uganda...............................2.4
52 Bulgaria ..............................4.1 119 Mozambique ......................2.4
53 Puerto Rico ........................4.1 120 Mauritania ..........................2.3
54 Turkey.................................4.0 121 Libya...................................2.3
55 Kazakhstan .........................4.0 122 Ethiopia ..............................2.2
56 Azerbaijan...........................4.0 123 Algeria ................................2.1
57 Romania .............................4.0 124 Tanzania..............................2.1
59 Indonesia............................3.9 126 Syria ...................................2.0
60 Montenegro .......................3.8 127 Burkina Faso ......................2.0
61 Macedonia, FYR.................3.8 128 Malawi ...............................2.0
62 Costa Rica ..........................3.7 129 Burundi...............................1.8
63 Russian Federation ............3.7 130 Timor-Leste ........................1.8
64 Brazil ..................................3.7 131 Chad...................................1.7
65 Georgia...............................3.6 132 Bangladesh ........................1.6
66 Philippines..........................3.6 133 Paraguay ............................1.6
67 India ...................................3.6

5.07 Local availability of specialized research and training services
In your country, to what extent are high-quality, specialized training services available? (1 = not available; 7 = widely available) | 2008–2009
weighted average

2 Germany ............................6.0 69 Russian Federation ............4.0
3 United States .....................6.0 70 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.0
4 Netherlands........................6.0 71 El Salvador .........................4.0
5 Finland................................5.9 72 Nigeria................................3.9
6 Denmark ............................5.9 73 Bulgaria ..............................3.9
7 Sweden..............................5.8 74 Ukraine...............................3.9
8 France ................................5.8 75 Turkey.................................3.9
9 United Kingdom .................5.6 76 Panama ..............................3.9
10 Belgium..............................5.6 77 Benin..................................3.9
11 Canada ...............................5.6 78 Egypt..................................3.9
12 Austria................................5.5 79 Morocco.............................3.9
13 Japan..................................5.5 80 Kuwait ................................3.8
14 Singapore ...........................5.5 81 Gambia, The.......................3.8
15 Norway...............................5.4 82 Jamaica ..............................3.8
16 Czech Republic ..................5.3 83 Philippines..........................3.8
17 Australia .............................5.3 84 Greece ...............................3.8
18 Iceland................................5.3 85 Peru....................................3.8
19 New Zealand ......................5.1 86 Burkina Faso ......................3.7
21 United Arab Emirates.........5.0 88 Honduras............................3.6
22 Taiwan, China.....................5.0 89 Vietnam..............................3.6
23 Puerto Rico ........................4.9 90 Serbia .................................3.6
24 Estonia ...............................4.9 91 Madagascar........................3.6
25 Ireland ................................4.9 92 Zambia ...............................3.6
26 Malaysia .............................4.9 93 Mauritius ............................3.6
27 Spain ..................................4.8 94 Oman .................................3.5
28 Israel ..................................4.8 95 Tanzania..............................3.5
29 Brazil ..................................4.8 96 Syria ...................................3.5
400 30 Poland ................................4.8 97 Malawi ...............................3.5
31 Slovenia..............................4.7 98 Lesotho ..............................3.5
32 India ...................................4.7 99 Pakistan..............................3.4
33 Tunisia ................................4.7 100 Mali ....................................3.4
36 Senegal ..............................4.6 103 Bahrain ...............................3.4
37 Costa Rica ..........................4.6 104 Ghana.................................3.4
38 Luxembourg.......................4.6 105 Ecuador ..............................3.3
39 Cyprus................................4.6 106 Cambodia ...........................3.3
40 South Africa .......................4.6 107 Cameroon ..........................3.3
41 Chile ...................................4.6 108 Brunei Darussalam.............3.3
43 Italy ....................................4.5 110 Albania ...............................3.2
44 Jordan ................................4.5 111 Algeria ................................3.2
45 Kenya .................................4.4 112 Bolivia.................................3.2
46 Sri Lanka ............................4.4 113 Botswana ...........................3.2
47 China ..................................4.4 114 Libya...................................3.2
48 Indonesia............................4.3 115 Nicaragua ...........................3.2
49 Hungary..............................4.3 116 Zimbabwe ..........................3.1
50 Slovak Republic..................4.3 117 Suriname............................3.1
51 Lithuania.............................4.3 118 Guyana ...............................3.1
52 Qatar ..................................4.2 119 Bangladesh ........................3.0
53 Mexico ...............................4.2 120 Armenia..............................3.0
54 Croatia................................4.2 121 Burundi...............................3.0
55 Guatemala..........................4.2 122 Georgia...............................3.0
57 Argentina............................4.2 124 Namibia ..............................3.0
58 Malta ..................................4.1 125 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.9
59 Colombia ............................4.1 126 Mauritania ..........................2.9
60 Azerbaijan...........................4.1 127 Chad...................................2.9
61 Thailand..............................4.1 128 Nepal..................................2.8
62 Barbados ............................4.1 129 Tajikistan.............................2.8
63 Dominican Republic ...........4.1 130 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.8
64 Montenegro .......................4.0 131 Paraguay ............................2.7
65 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.0 132 Timor-Leste ........................2.5
66 Latvia..................................4.0 133 Mongolia ............................2.4
67 Romania .............................4.0

5.08 Extent of staff training

To what extent do companies in your country invest in training and employee development? (1 = hardly at all; 7 = to a great extent) | 2008–2009
weighted average
1 Sweden..............................5.7 68 Sri Lanka ............................4.0

2 Singapore ...........................5.6 69 Guyana ...............................3.9
3 Switzerland ........................5.6 70 Latvia..................................3.9
4 Denmark ............................5.6 71 Albania ...............................3.9
5 Japan..................................5.4 72 Kuwait ................................3.9
6 Luxembourg.......................5.4 73 Spain ..................................3.9
7 Norway...............................5.4 74 Botswana ...........................3.8
8 United States .....................5.3 75 Malawi ...............................3.8
9 Finland................................5.3 76 Dominican Republic ...........3.8
10 Netherlands........................5.2 77 Lesotho ..............................3.8
11 Germany ............................5.2 78 Mexico ...............................3.8
12 Canada ...............................5.0 79 Portugal..............................3.8
13 Belgium..............................4.9 80 Peru....................................3.7
14 Iceland................................4.9 81 Argentina............................3.7
15 Ireland ................................4.9 82 Georgia...............................3.7
16 Malaysia .............................4.9 83 Kazakhstan .........................3.7
17 France ................................4.9 84 Turkey.................................3.7
18 Australia .............................4.8 85 Mozambique ......................3.7
19 Taiwan, China.....................4.8 86 Cambodia ...........................3.6
21 South Africa .......................4.8 88 Nigeria................................3.6
22 Puerto Rico ........................4.8 89 Hungary..............................3.6
23 Qatar ..................................4.8 90 Ghana.................................3.6
24 Austria................................4.8 91 Russian Federation ............3.6
25 Hong Kong SAR .................4.8 92 Uruguay..............................3.6
26 United Kingdom .................4.7 93 Nicaragua ...........................3.6
27 Costa Rica ..........................4.7 94 Honduras............................3.6
29 Korea, Rep. ........................4.7 96 Morocco.............................3.5
30 United Arab Emirates.........4.6 97 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.5 401
31 Tunisia ................................4.6 98 Zambia ...............................3.5
32 Azerbaijan...........................4.5 99 Libya...................................3.5
34 India ...................................4.5 101 Greece ...............................3.5
35 Israel ..................................4.5 102 Uganda...............................3.5
36 Bahrain ...............................4.5 103 Macedonia, FYR.................3.5
37 Barbados ............................4.4 104 Madagascar........................3.4
38 Philippines..........................4.4 105 Colombia ............................3.4
39 Chile ...................................4.4 106 Egypt..................................3.4
40 Estonia ...............................4.4 107 Croatia................................3.4
41 Gambia, The.......................4.4 108 Suriname............................3.4
43 Cyprus................................4.3 110 Ukraine...............................3.4
44 Mauritius ............................4.3 111 Senegal ..............................3.3
45 Saudi Arabia .......................4.3 112 Pakistan..............................3.3
46 Vietnam..............................4.2 113 Ecuador ..............................3.3
47 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.2 114 Armenia..............................3.2
48 Kenya .................................4.2 115 Timor-Leste ........................3.2
49 Malta ..................................4.2 116 Tajikistan.............................3.2
50 China ..................................4.2 117 Bolivia.................................3.1
51 Slovak Republic..................4.2 118 Italy ....................................3.1
52 Brazil ..................................4.2 119 Ethiopia ..............................3.1
53 Oman .................................4.1 120 Serbia .................................3.0
54 Brunei Darussalam.............4.1 121 Algeria ................................3.0
55 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.1 122 Burundi...............................3.0
56 El Salvador .........................4.1 123 Syria ...................................3.0
57 Romania .............................4.1 124 Mali ....................................3.0
58 Namibia ..............................4.1 125 Benin..................................3.0
59 Panama ..............................4.1 126 Bulgaria ..............................2.9
60 Lithuania.............................4.1 127 Burkina Faso ......................2.9
61 Jamaica ..............................4.1 128 Mauritania ..........................2.9
63 Poland ................................4.1 130 Chad...................................2.8
64 Guatemala..........................4.0 131 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.7
65 Montenegro .......................4.0 132 Bangladesh ........................2.6
66 Zimbabwe ..........................4.0 133 Nepal..................................2.6
67 Jordan ................................4.0

Data Tables
Section VI
Goods market efficiency
403

6.01 Intensity of local competition
2.2: Data Tables | Section VI: Goods market efficiency
How would you assess the intensity of competition in the local markets in your country? (1 = limited in most industries; 7 = intense in most
industries) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Germany ............................6.2 68 Greece ...............................4.9

2 Taiwan, China.....................6.1 69 Romania .............................4.9
3 Austria................................6.0 70 Peru....................................4.9
4 Netherlands........................6.0 71 Panama ..............................4.9
5 United States .....................5.9 72 Mauritius ............................4.9
6 United Kingdom .................5.8 73 Lithuania.............................4.9
7 Belgium..............................5.8 74 Bangladesh ........................4.8
8 Japan..................................5.8 75 Brunei Darussalam.............4.8
9 United Arab Emirates.........5.8 76 Gambia, The.......................4.8
10 Czech Republic ..................5.8 77 Mali ....................................4.8
12 India ...................................5.8 79 Latvia..................................4.7
13 China ..................................5.8 80 Cameroon ..........................4.7
14 Qatar ..................................5.7 81 Philippines..........................4.7
15 France ................................5.7 82 Dominican Republic ...........4.7
16 Cyprus................................5.7 83 Egypt..................................4.7
17 Australia .............................5.7 84 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.7
18 Puerto Rico ........................5.7 85 Malawi ...............................4.7
19 Norway...............................5.6 86 Namibia ..............................4.7
20 Sweden..............................5.6 87 Pakistan..............................4.7
21 Singapore ...........................5.6 88 Botswana ...........................4.6
22 Spain ..................................5.6 89 Morocco.............................4.6
23 Chile ...................................5.6 90 Suriname............................4.6
24 Canada ...............................5.6 91 Honduras............................4.6
25 Slovak Republic..................5.6 92 Guyana ...............................4.6
26 Estonia ...............................5.5 93 Croatia................................4.6
27 Switzerland ........................5.5 94 Mexico ...............................4.6
28 Malta ..................................5.5 95 Zambia ...............................4.5
29 Israel ..................................5.5 96 Barbados ............................4.5
404 30 Jordan ................................5.4 97 Mauritania ..........................4.5
31 Finland................................5.4 98 Mongolia ............................4.5
32 Turkey.................................5.4 99 Montenegro .......................4.5
33 Poland ................................5.4 100 Madagascar........................4.4
34 Nigeria................................5.4 101 Kazakhstan .........................4.4
35 Hong Kong SAR .................5.4 102 Macedonia, FYR.................4.4
36 Sri Lanka ............................5.4 103 Italy ....................................4.4
37 Saudi Arabia .......................5.3 104 Lesotho ..............................4.3
38 Senegal ..............................5.3 105 Azerbaijan...........................4.3
39 Korea, Rep. ........................5.3 106 Russian Federation ............4.3
40 Tunisia ................................5.3 107 Argentina............................4.3
41 Thailand..............................5.3 108 Tanzania..............................4.3
42 Malaysia .............................5.3 109 Algeria ................................4.2
43 El Salvador .........................5.3 110 Nepal..................................4.2
44 Hungary..............................5.3 111 Ukraine...............................4.2
45 Kuwait ................................5.3 112 Cambodia ...........................4.2
46 Portugal..............................5.3 113 Burkina Faso ......................4.2
47 Indonesia............................5.3 114 Uruguay..............................4.2
48 Jamaica ..............................5.2 115 Georgia...............................4.2
49 Ireland ................................5.2 116 Albania ...............................4.1
50 Guatemala..........................5.2 117 Tajikistan.............................4.1
51 Bahrain ...............................5.2 118 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....4.0
52 Brazil ..................................5.2 119 Paraguay ............................4.0
53 New Zealand ......................5.2 120 Serbia .................................4.0
54 Costa Rica ..........................5.1 121 Kyrgyz Republic .................4.0
55 Uganda...............................5.1 122 Libya...................................4.0
56 Slovenia..............................5.1 123 Ethiopia ..............................4.0
57 Iceland................................5.1 124 Ecuador ..............................3.9
58 Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.0 125 Nicaragua ...........................3.8
59 Oman .................................5.0 126 Bolivia.................................3.8
60 South Africa .......................5.0 127 Mozambique ......................3.8
61 Kenya .................................5.0 128 Armenia..............................3.6
63 Benin..................................5.0 130 Burundi...............................3.4
65 Ghana.................................4.9 132 Timor-Leste ........................3.1
66 Bulgaria ..............................4.9 133 Chad...................................3.0
67 Syria ...................................4.9

6.02 Extent of market dominance

How would you characterize corporate activity in your country? (1 = dominated by a few business groups; 7 = spread among many
firms) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Germany ............................6.0 68 Mali ....................................3.7

2 Japan..................................5.9 69 Zambia ...............................3.7
4 Austria................................5.7 71 Pakistan..............................3.6
5 Netherlands........................5.6 72 Brunei Darussalam.............3.6
6 Qatar ..................................5.6 73 Lesotho ..............................3.6
7 United States .....................5.5 74 Burkina Faso ......................3.6
8 Taiwan, China.....................5.5 75 Portugal..............................3.6
9 Belgium..............................5.4 76 Burundi...............................3.5
10 Denmark ............................5.3 77 Zimbabwe ..........................3.5
11 Singapore ...........................5.3 78 Jamaica ..............................3.5
12 Australia .............................5.3 79 Oman .................................3.5
13 Canada ...............................5.1 80 Guyana ...............................3.5
14 United Kingdom .................5.1 81 Lithuania.............................3.5
15 Slovak Republic..................5.1 82 Libya...................................3.5
16 United Arab Emirates.........5.0 83 Peru....................................3.5
17 Sweden..............................5.0 84 Iceland................................3.5
18 Finland................................5.0 85 Argentina............................3.4
19 Czech Republic ..................5.0 86 Botswana ...........................3.4
21 Spain ..................................5.0 88 Cambodia ...........................3.4
22 India ...................................5.0 89 Azerbaijan...........................3.4
23 Norway...............................5.0 90 Suriname............................3.3
25 France ................................4.9 92 Russian Federation ............3.3
26 China ..................................4.9 93 Cameroon ..........................3.3
27 Tunisia ................................4.8 94 Tanzania..............................3.3
28 Costa Rica ..........................4.8 95 Namibia ..............................3.3
29 Ireland ................................4.8 96 Ethiopia ..............................3.3
30 Italy ....................................4.6 97 El Salvador .........................3.3 405
31 Senegal ..............................4.6 98 Georgia...............................3.3
32 Malaysia .............................4.6 99 Barbados ............................3.3
34 Indonesia............................4.4 101 Syria ...................................3.3
35 Brazil ..................................4.4 102 Egypt..................................3.2
36 Gambia, The.......................4.4 103 Malawi ...............................3.2
37 Saudi Arabia .......................4.4 104 Albania ...............................3.2
38 Sri Lanka ............................4.4 105 Croatia................................3.2
39 Romania .............................4.3 106 Macedonia, FYR.................3.1
41 Vietnam..............................4.2 108 Philippines..........................3.1
43 Estonia ...............................4.2 110 Bolivia.................................3.1
44 Benin..................................4.2 111 Mauritius ............................3.0
45 New Zealand ......................4.2 112 Honduras............................3.0
46 Bahrain ...............................4.1 113 Colombia ............................3.0
47 Poland ................................4.1 114 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.0
48 Slovenia..............................4.1 115 Dominican Republic ...........3.0
49 Panama ..............................4.0 116 Mexico ...............................3.0
50 Malta ..................................4.0 117 Chad...................................3.0
51 Nigeria................................4.0 118 Timor-Leste ........................3.0
52 Uruguay..............................4.0 119 Ecuador ..............................3.0
53 Turkey.................................4.0 120 Mauritania ..........................3.0
54 Kenya .................................4.0 121 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.9
55 Ghana.................................4.0 122 Nicaragua ...........................2.9
56 Kuwait ................................3.9 123 Mozambique ......................2.9
57 Latvia..................................3.9 124 Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.9
58 Guatemala..........................3.9 125 Israel ..................................2.9
59 Thailand..............................3.9 126 Venezuela...........................2.8
61 Greece ...............................3.8 128 Bangladesh ........................2.8
62 Algeria ................................3.8 129 Armenia..............................2.8
63 Chile ...................................3.8 130 Nepal..................................2.7
64 Morocco.............................3.8 131 Serbia .................................2.7
65 Korea, Rep. ........................3.8 132 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.5
66 Montenegro .......................3.8 133 Mongolia ............................2.3
67 Bulgaria ..............................3.7

6.03 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy
To what extent does anti-monopoly policy promote competition in your country? (1 = does not promote competition; 7 = effectively promotes
competition) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Netherlands........................5.9 68 Benin..................................3.9
2 Sweden..............................5.9 69 Zambia ...............................3.9
3 Germany ............................5.8 70 Peru....................................3.9
5 Denmark ............................5.6 72 Montenegro .......................3.8
6 Finland................................5.5 73 Mauritius ............................3.8
7 Australia .............................5.5 74 Namibia ..............................3.8
8 Singapore ...........................5.4 75 Tanzania..............................3.8
9 Norway...............................5.4 76 Italy ....................................3.7
11 United States .....................5.4 78 Pakistan..............................3.7
12 Austria................................5.3 79 Botswana ...........................3.7
13 Japan..................................5.3 80 Libya...................................3.7
14 Belgium..............................5.3 81 Guyana ...............................3.7
15 South Africa .......................5.3 82 El Salvador .........................3.6
16 Luxembourg.......................5.3 83 Uganda...............................3.6
17 United Kingdom .................5.2 84 Hong Kong SAR .................3.6
18 Puerto Rico ........................5.2 85 Syria ...................................3.6
19 Canada ...............................5.2 86 Croatia................................3.6
20 Ireland ................................5.1 87 Philippines..........................3.5
21 Switzerland ........................5.1 88 Uruguay..............................3.5
22 Taiwan, China.....................5.0 89 Mexico ...............................3.5
23 Iceland................................4.9 90 Bangladesh ........................3.5
24 Tunisia ................................4.9 91 Lesotho ..............................3.5
25 India ...................................4.9 92 Kazakhstan .........................3.4
26 Cyprus................................4.9 93 Zimbabwe ..........................3.4
27 Czech Republic ..................4.9 94 Mali ....................................3.4
28 Chile ...................................4.8 95 Egypt..................................3.4
406 30 Indonesia............................4.7 97 Kuwait ................................3.4
31 Korea, Rep. ........................4.6 98 Lithuania.............................3.4
32 Spain ..................................4.6 99 Bulgaria ..............................3.4
33 Gambia, The.......................4.6 100 Macedonia, FYR.................3.4
34 Slovak Republic..................4.6 101 Madagascar........................3.4
35 Estonia ...............................4.6 102 Cameroon ..........................3.4
36 Brazil ..................................4.5 103 Honduras............................3.4
37 Jordan ................................4.5 104 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.4
38 Malta ..................................4.5 105 Cambodia ...........................3.4
39 Qatar ..................................4.5 106 Ghana.................................3.4
40 Israel ..................................4.4 107 Russian Federation ............3.3
41 Saudi Arabia .......................4.4 108 Guatemala..........................3.3
42 Slovenia..............................4.4 109 Tajikistan.............................3.3
43 Portugal..............................4.4 110 Nepal..................................3.3
44 Bahrain ...............................4.4 111 Ukraine...............................3.2
45 Turkey.................................4.4 112 Argentina............................3.2
46 Sri Lanka ............................4.3 113 Mozambique ......................3.2
47 Malaysia .............................4.3 114 Albania ...............................3.2
48 Oman .................................4.3 115 Dominican Republic ...........3.2
49 Kenya .................................4.3 116 Azerbaijan...........................3.2
50 China ..................................4.2 117 Algeria ................................3.1
51 Poland ................................4.2 118 Nicaragua ...........................3.1
54 Hungary..............................4.1 121 Burundi...............................3.0
55 Panama ..............................4.1 122 Mongolia ............................3.0
56 Vietnam..............................4.1 123 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.0
57 Nigeria................................4.1 124 Venezuela...........................2.9
58 Jamaica ..............................4.1 125 Georgia...............................2.9
59 Greece ...............................4.1 126 Chad...................................2.8
60 Senegal ..............................4.0 127 Timor-Leste ........................2.7
61 Morocco.............................4.0 128 Paraguay ............................2.7
62 Malawi ...............................4.0 129 Bolivia.................................2.7
63 Latvia..................................4.0 130 Serbia .................................2.7
64 Mauritania ..........................4.0 131 Ecuador ..............................2.7
65 Colombia ............................4.0 132 Armenia..............................2.6
66 Romania .............................3.9 133 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.4
67 Barbados ............................3.9

6.04 Extent and effect of taxation

What impact does the level of taxes in your country have on incentives to work or invest? (1 = significantly limits incentives to work or invest;
7 = has no impact on incentives to work or invest) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Bahrain ...............................6.3 68 Philippines..........................3.5

3 United Arab Emirates.........6.0 70 Algeria ................................3.4
4 Singapore ...........................5.7 71 Lesotho ..............................3.4
5 Oman .................................5.6 72 Korea, Rep. ........................3.4
6 Mauritius ............................5.6 73 Jordan ................................3.4
7 Luxembourg.......................5.6 74 Nicaragua ...........................3.4
8 Saudi Arabia .......................5.4 75 Madagascar........................3.3
9 Kuwait ................................5.3 76 Burkina Faso ......................3.3
10 Qatar ..................................5.2 77 Ethiopia ..............................3.3
11 Iceland................................5.1 78 Greece ...............................3.3
12 Switzerland ........................5.0 79 Sri Lanka ............................3.3
13 Cyprus................................5.0 80 Latvia..................................3.3
14 Brunei Darussalam.............5.0 81 Bulgaria ..............................3.3
15 Estonia ...............................4.8 82 Morocco.............................3.2
16 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.7 83 Lithuania.............................3.2
17 Tunisia ................................4.6 84 United Kingdom .................3.2
19 Georgia...............................4.5 86 Armenia..............................3.2
20 Botswana ...........................4.5 87 Spain ..................................3.2
21 Paraguay ............................4.5 88 Tajikistan.............................3.2
22 Indonesia............................4.5 89 Kazakhstan .........................3.2
23 Libya...................................4.4 90 Mali ....................................3.1
25 El Salvador .........................4.2 92 France ................................3.1
27 South Africa .......................4.2 94 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.1
28 Barbados ............................4.2 95 Puerto Rico ........................3.1
29 India ...................................4.2 96 Uganda...............................3.1
30 Malaysia .............................4.2 97 Serbia .................................3.1 407
31 Montenegro .......................4.2 98 Zambia ...............................3.1
32 China ..................................4.1 99 Russian Federation ............3.1
33 Malta ..................................4.0 100 Malawi ...............................3.0
34 Syria ...................................4.0 101 Japan..................................3.0
35 Timor-Leste ........................4.0 102 Portugal..............................3.0
36 Gambia, The.......................3.9 103 Venezuela...........................3.0
37 Honduras............................3.9 104 Benin..................................3.0
38 Azerbaijan...........................3.9 105 Suriname............................3.0
39 Namibia ..............................3.9 106 Germany ............................2.9
40 Thailand..............................3.9 107 Ecuador ..............................2.9
41 Macedonia, FYR.................3.9 108 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.9
42 Chile ...................................3.9 109 Finland................................2.9
44 Guatemala..........................3.9 111 Sweden..............................2.8
45 Czech Republic ..................3.9 112 Kenya .................................2.8
46 Norway...............................3.8 113 Cameroon ..........................2.8
47 Nigeria................................3.8 114 Uruguay..............................2.8
48 Vietnam..............................3.8 115 Dominican Republic ...........2.8
49 Peru....................................3.7 116 Croatia................................2.8
50 Cambodia ...........................3.7 117 Chad...................................2.8
51 Pakistan..............................3.7 118 Guyana ...............................2.8
52 Egypt..................................3.7 119 Burundi...............................2.8
54 Mauritania ..........................3.7 121 Turkey.................................2.7
55 Netherlands........................3.6 122 Romania .............................2.7
56 Slovenia..............................3.6 123 Jamaica ..............................2.6
57 Albania ...............................3.6 124 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.5
58 Nepal..................................3.6 125 Bolivia.................................2.5
59 United States .....................3.6 126 Italy ....................................2.5
60 Mongolia ............................3.6 127 Zimbabwe ..........................2.4
61 Ghana.................................3.6 128 Ukraine...............................2.4
62 Tanzania..............................3.6 129 Denmark ............................2.3
63 Bangladesh ........................3.5 130 Belgium..............................2.3
64 Israel ..................................3.5 131 Argentina............................2.2
65 Canada ...............................3.5 132 Hungary..............................1.9
66 Australia .............................3.5 133 Brazil ..................................1.9
67 Austria................................3.5

6.05 Total tax rate (hard data)
This variable is a combination of profit tax (% of profits), labor tax and contribution (% of profits), and other taxes (% of profits) | 2008
1 Qatar ...................................11.3 68 Madagascar.........................42.8

2 Kuwait .................................14.4 69 Syria ....................................43.5
2 United Arab Emirates..........14.4 70 Portugal ...............................43.6
4 Saudi Arabia ........................14.5 71 Bosnia and Herzegovina .....44.1
5 Bahrain ................................15.0 72 Burkina Faso .......................44.6
6 Zambia ................................16.1 72 Morocco ..............................44.6
7 Botswana ............................17.1 74 Tanzania...............................45.1
8 Lesotho ...............................18.0 75 Canada ................................45.4
9 Macedonia, FYR..................18.4 75 Côte d’Ivoire........................45.4
10 Luxembourg ........................21.0 77 Turkey..................................45.5
11 Oman ..................................21.6 78 Senegal ...............................46.0
12 Mauritius .............................22.2 79 Egypt ...................................46.1
13 Cambodia ............................22.6 80 Lithuania..............................46.4
14 Hong Kong SAR ..................24.2 81 Greece ................................47.4
15 Namibia ...............................25.3 81 Slovak Republic...................47.4
16 Chile ....................................25.9 83 Finland.................................47.8
17 Iceland.................................26.8 84 Romania ..............................48.0
18 Singapore ............................27.9 85 Czech Republic ...................48.6
18 Suriname .............................27.9 85 Estonia ................................48.6
20 Timor-Leste .........................28.3 87 Russian Federation .............48.7
21 Ireland .................................28.8 88 Honduras.............................49.3
22 Pakistan...............................28.9 89 Australia ..............................50.3
22 Switzerland .........................28.9 90 Albania ................................50.5
24 Denmark .............................29.9 90 Germany .............................50.5
25 Mongolia .............................30.3 92 Panama ...............................50.6
26 Ethiopia ...............................31.1 93 Philippines ...........................50.8
26 Jordan .................................31.1 94 Kenya ..................................50.9
28 Malawi ................................31.4 95 Jamaica ...............................51.3
29 Montenegro ........................31.8 96 Cameroon ...........................51.4
408 30 Nigeria .................................32.2 96 Mali .....................................51.4
31 Croatia .................................32.5 98 Mexico ................................51.5
32 Ghana ..................................32.7 99 Austria .................................54.5
33 Latvia...................................33.0 99 Sweden ...............................54.5
34 Trinidad and Tobago ............33.1 101 Japan...................................55.4
35 Korea, Rep. .........................33.7 102 Costa Rica ...........................55.7
36 Israel ...................................33.9 103 Venezuela ............................56.6
37 Serbia ..................................34.0 104 Hungary...............................57.5
38 Nepal ...................................34.1 105 Belgium ...............................58.1
39 South Africa ........................34.2 106 Ukraine ................................58.4
40 Mozambique .......................34.3 107 Uruguay...............................58.5
41 Malaysia ..............................34.5 108 Tunisia .................................59.1
41 Uganda ................................34.5 109 Spain ...................................60.2
43 Bulgaria ...............................34.9 110 Chad ....................................60.5
43 Ecuador ...............................34.9 111 Kyrgyz Republic...................61.4
43 El Salvador ..........................34.9 112 Nicaragua ............................63.2
46 Paraguay .............................35.0 113 Sri Lanka .............................63.7
47 United Kingdom ..................35.3 113 Zimbabwe ...........................63.7
48 New Zealand .......................35.6 115 Puerto Rico .........................64.7
49 Dominican Republic ............35.7 116 France .................................65.4
50 Kazakhstan ..........................36.4 117 Brazil ...................................69.4
51 Guatemala ...........................36.5 118 India ....................................71.5
52 Armenia...............................36.6 119 Benin ...................................73.2
53 Slovenia...............................36.7 120 Italy .....................................73.3
54 Indonesia.............................37.3 121 Algeria .................................74.2
55 Brunei Darussalam..............37.4 122 Bolivia..................................78.1
56 Thailand ...............................37.8 123 Colombia .............................78.4
57 Georgia................................38.6 124 China ...................................79.9
58 Netherlands.........................39.1 125 Tajikistan..............................85.5
59 Guyana ................................39.4 126 Mauritania ...........................98.7
60 Bangladesh .........................39.5 127 Argentina...........................108.1
61 Vietnam ...............................40.1 128 Burundi..............................278.7
62 Poland .................................40.2 129 Gambia, The......................292.4
63 Taiwan, China ......................40.4 n/a Barbados ...............................n/a
64 Azerbaijan............................41.1 n/a Cyprus ...................................n/a
65 Peru.....................................41.2 n/a Libya ......................................n/a
66 Norway................................41.6 n/a Malta .....................................n/a
67 United States ......................42.3
SOURCE: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009

6.06 Number of procedures required to start a business (hard data)

Number of procedures required to start a business | 2008
1 Canada .....................................1 60 Kazakhstan ...............................8

1 New Zealand ............................1 60 Nigeria ......................................8
3 Australia ...................................2 60 Russian Federation ..................8
4 Belgium ....................................3 60 Syria .........................................8
4 Finland......................................3 60 Taiwan, China ...........................8
4 Georgia.....................................3 60 Thailand ....................................8
4 Sweden ....................................3 60 United Arab Emirates...............8
8 Bulgaria ....................................4 75 Armenia....................................9
8 Denmark ..................................4 75 Cambodia .................................9
8 Hungary....................................4 75 Chile .........................................9
8 Ireland ......................................4 75 Colombia ..................................9
8 Kyrgyz Republic........................4 75 Germany ..................................9
8 Senegal ....................................4 75 Ghana .......................................9
8 Singapore .................................4 75 Malaysia ...................................9
8 Sri Lanka ..................................4 75 Mauritania ................................9
16 Burkina Faso ............................5 75 Mexico .....................................9
16 Estonia .....................................5 75 Trinidad and Tobago .................9
16 France ......................................5 85 Botswana ...............................10
16 Hong Kong SAR .......................5 85 Côte d’Ivoire...........................10
16 Iceland......................................5 85 Jordan ....................................10
16 Israel ........................................5 85 Korea, Rep. ............................10
16 Latvia........................................5 85 Malawi ...................................10
16 Madagascar..............................5 85 Mozambique ..........................10
16 Mauritius ..................................5 85 Namibia ..................................10
16 Slovenia....................................5 85 Peru........................................10
26 Albania .....................................6 85 Poland ....................................10
26 Azerbaijan.................................6 85 Spain ......................................10
26 Egypt ........................................6 85 Timor-Leste ............................10
26 Italy ..........................................6 85 Tunisia ....................................10
26 Jamaica ....................................6 85 Ukraine ...................................10 409
26 Luxembourg .............................6 85 Zimbabwe ..............................10
26 Morocco ...................................6 99 Burundi...................................11
26 Netherlands..............................6 99 Guatemala ..............................11
26 Nicaragua .................................6 99 Indonesia................................11
26 Norway.....................................6 99 Mali ........................................11
26 Portugal ....................................6 99 Pakistan..................................11
26 Qatar ........................................6 99 Serbia .....................................11
26 Romania ...................................6 99 Uruguay..................................11
26 Slovak Republic........................6 99 Vietnam ..................................11
26 South Africa .............................6 107 Bosnia and Herzegovina ........12
26 Switzerland ..............................6 107 Costa Rica ..............................12
26 Turkey.......................................6 107 Kenya .....................................12
26 United Kingdom .......................6 107 Tanzania..................................12
26 United States ...........................6 111 Cameroon ..............................13
26 Zambia .....................................6 111 Honduras................................13
46 Bahrain .....................................7 111 India .......................................13
46 Bangladesh ..............................7 111 Kuwait ....................................13
46 Benin ........................................7 111 Suriname ................................13
46 Ethiopia ....................................7 111 Tajikistan1 ...............................13
46 Lesotho ....................................7 117 Algeria ....................................14
46 Lithuania...................................7 117 China ......................................14
46 Macedonia, FYR.......................7 117 Ecuador ..................................14
46 Mongolia ..................................7 120 Argentina................................15
46 Nepal ........................................7 120 Bolivia.....................................15
46 Oman .......................................7 120 Greece ...................................15
46 Panama ....................................7 120 Montenegro ...........................15
46 Paraguay ..................................7 120 Philippines ..............................15
46 Puerto Rico ..............................7 125 Venezuela ...............................16
46 Saudi Arabia .............................7 126 Brazil ......................................18
60 Austria ......................................8 126 Brunei Darussalam.................18
60 Croatia ......................................8 126 Uganda ...................................18
60 Czech Republic ........................8 129 Chad .......................................19
60 Dominican Republic .................8 n/a Barbados ...............................n/a
60 El Salvador ...............................8 n/a Cyprus ...................................n/a
60 Gambia, The.............................8 n/a Libya ......................................n/a
60 Guyana .....................................8 n/a Malta .....................................n/a
60 Japan........................................8

1 2009

6.07 Time required to start a business (hard data)
Number of days required to start a business | 2008
1 New Zealand .........................1.0 67 Pakistan...............................24.0

2 Australia ................................2.0 69 Uganda ................................25.0
3 Georgia..................................3.0 70 Guatemala ...........................26.0
4 Belgium .................................4.0 70 Lithuania..............................26.0
4 Singapore ..............................4.0 70 Luxembourg ........................26.0
6 Canada ..................................5.0 70 Mali .....................................26.0
6 Hungary.................................5.0 70 Mozambique .......................26.0
6 Iceland...................................5.0 75 Chile ....................................27.0
9 Denmark ...............................6.0 75 Gambia, The........................27.0
9 Mauritius ...............................6.0 75 Ukraine ................................27.0
9 Portugal .................................6.0 78 Austria .................................28.0
9 Qatar .....................................6.0 78 Mexico ................................28.0
9 Turkey....................................6.0 80 Russian Federation .............29.0
9 United States ........................6.0 80 Tanzania...............................29.0
15 Egypt .....................................7.0 82 India ....................................30.0
15 Estonia ..................................7.0 82 Kenya ..................................30.0
15 France ...................................7.0 84 Benin ...................................31.0
15 Madagascar...........................7.0 84 Nepal ...................................31.0
15 Puerto Rico ...........................7.0 84 Nigeria .................................31.0
20 Albania ..................................8.0 84 Poland .................................31.0
20 Jamaica .................................8.0 88 Argentina.............................32.0
20 Senegal .................................8.0 89 Thailand ...............................33.0
23 Bahrain ..................................9.0 90 Ghana ..................................34.0
23 Macedonia, FYR....................9.0 90 Israel ...................................34.0
25 Italy .....................................10.0 92 Kuwait .................................35.0
25 Netherlands.........................10.0 92 Paraguay .............................35.0
25 Norway................................10.0 94 Colombia .............................36.0
25 Romania ..............................10.0 95 Cameroon ...........................37.0
29 Hong Kong SAR ..................11.0 96 Sri Lanka .............................38.0
410 29 Tunisia .................................11.0 97 Malawi ................................39.0
31 Morocco ..............................12.0 97 Nicaragua ............................39.0
31 Saudi Arabia ........................12.0 99 China ...................................40.0
33 Ireland .................................13.0 99 Côte d’Ivoire........................40.0
33 Malaysia ..............................13.0 99 Croatia .................................40.0
33 Mongolia .............................13.0 99 Guyana ................................40.0
33 Panama ...............................13.0 99 Lesotho ...............................40.0
33 United Kingdom ..................13.0 104 Taiwan, China ......................42.0
38 Finland.................................14.0 105 Burundi................................43.0
38 Jordan .................................14.0 105 Trinidad and Tobago ............43.0
38 Oman ..................................14.0 107 Uruguay...............................44.0
41 Czech Republic ...................15.0 108 Spain ...................................47.0
41 Kyrgyz Republic...................15.0 109 Bulgaria ...............................49.0
41 Sweden ...............................15.0 109 Tajikistan..............................49.0
44 Azerbaijan............................16.0 111 Bolivia..................................50.0
44 Burkina Faso .......................16.0 111 Vietnam ...............................50.0
44 Ethiopia ...............................16.0 113 Philippines ...........................52.0
44 Latvia...................................16.0 114 Bosnia and Herzegovina .....60.0
44 Slovak Republic...................16.0 114 Costa Rica ...........................60.0
49 El Salvador ..........................17.0 116 Ecuador ...............................65.0
49 Korea, Rep. .........................17.0 116 Peru.....................................65.0
49 Syria ....................................17.0 118 Namibia ...............................66.0
49 United Arab Emirates..........17.0 119 Bangladesh .........................73.0
53 Armenia...............................18.0 120 Chad ....................................75.0
53 Germany .............................18.0 121 Indonesia.............................76.0
53 Zambia ................................18.0 122 Botswana ............................78.0
56 Dominican Republic ............19.0 123 Timor-Leste .........................83.0
56 Greece ................................19.0 124 Cambodia ............................85.0
56 Mauritania ...........................19.0 125 Zimbabwe ...........................96.0
56 Slovenia...............................19.0 126 Brunei Darussalam............116.0
60 Honduras.............................20.0 127 Venezuela ..........................141.0
60 Switzerland .........................20.0 128 Brazil .................................152.0
62 Kazakhstan ..........................21.0 129 Suriname ...........................694.0
62 Montenegro ........................21.0 n/a Barbados ...............................n/a
64 South Africa ........................22.0 n/a Cyprus ...................................n/a
65 Japan...................................23.0 n/a Libya ......................................n/a
65 Serbia ..................................23.0 n/a Malta .....................................n/a
67 Algeria .................................24.0

6.08 Agricultural policy costs

How would you assess the agricultural policy in your country? (1 = it is excessively burdensome for the economy; 7 = it balances the interests of
taxpayers, consumers, and producers) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 New Zealand ......................6.1 68 Nicaragua ...........................3.8

2 Singapore ...........................5.2 69 Sri Lanka ............................3.8
3 Australia .............................5.2 70 Thailand..............................3.8
4 Chile ...................................5.2 71 Finland................................3.8
6 China ..................................5.1 73 Turkey.................................3.7
7 Oman .................................5.1 74 Mali ....................................3.7
8 Tunisia ................................5.0 75 Mongolia ............................3.7
9 Gambia, The.......................5.0 76 Norway...............................3.7
10 Luxembourg.......................4.8 77 Ghana.................................3.7
11 Malta ..................................4.8 78 Kazakhstan .........................3.7
12 Israel ..................................4.8 79 Senegal ..............................3.7
13 United Arab Emirates.........4.7 80 Jamaica ..............................3.7
14 Malaysia .............................4.7 81 Lithuania.............................3.7
15 Malawi ...............................4.7 82 India ...................................3.7
16 Uruguay..............................4.6 83 Spain ..................................3.7
17 Netherlands........................4.6 84 Paraguay ............................3.6
18 Mauritius ............................4.6 85 Tajikistan.............................3.6
19 Barbados ............................4.6 86 Germany ............................3.6
20 Sweden..............................4.6 87 Timor-Leste ........................3.6
21 Namibia ..............................4.5 88 Pakistan..............................3.6
22 Indonesia............................4.5 89 Mauritania ..........................3.6
23 Bahrain ...............................4.5 90 Dominican Republic ...........3.6
24 Macedonia, FYR.................4.5 91 Portugal..............................3.6
25 Estonia ...............................4.5 92 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.6
26 Armenia..............................4.5 93 Morocco.............................3.6
27 Brunei Darussalam.............4.5 94 Albania ...............................3.6
28 Saudi Arabia .......................4.4 95 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.5
29 Vietnam..............................4.4 96 Korea, Rep. ........................3.5
30 Guatemala..........................4.4 97 Philippines..........................3.5 411
31 Austria................................4.4 98 Tanzania..............................3.5
32 Botswana ...........................4.4 99 Egypt..................................3.5
33 Brazil ..................................4.4 100 Ecuador ..............................3.5
34 South Africa .......................4.4 101 Uganda...............................3.5
35 Taiwan, China.....................4.3 102 Nigeria................................3.5
36 Denmark ............................4.3 103 Georgia...............................3.5
37 Ireland ................................4.3 104 Iceland................................3.5
38 Costa Rica ..........................4.3 105 Libya...................................3.5
39 Guyana ...............................4.3 106 Puerto Rico ........................3.5
40 Peru....................................4.3 107 Hungary..............................3.5
41 Canada ...............................4.2 108 Russian Federation ............3.4
42 Cyprus................................4.2 109 Switzerland ........................3.4
43 Belgium..............................4.2 110 Nepal..................................3.4
44 El Salvador .........................4.1 111 Chad...................................3.4
45 Montenegro .......................4.1 112 Latvia..................................3.4
46 Syria ...................................4.1 113 Bolivia.................................3.4
47 Bangladesh ........................4.1 114 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.4
48 Cambodia ...........................4.1 115 Benin..................................3.4
49 Kuwait ................................4.1 116 Croatia................................3.3
50 Zambia ...............................4.1 117 Poland ................................3.3
51 Jordan ................................4.1 118 Mozambique ......................3.2
52 Cameroon ..........................4.1 119 Suriname............................3.2
53 United Kingdom .................4.1 120 Mexico ...............................3.2
54 Qatar ..................................4.1 121 Greece ...............................3.2
55 France ................................4.1 122 Lesotho ..............................3.2
56 Czech Republic ..................4.0 123 Algeria ................................3.1
57 Kenya .................................4.0 124 Slovak Republic..................3.1
58 Madagascar........................4.0 125 Burundi...............................3.1
59 United States .....................3.9 126 Romania .............................3.1
60 Ethiopia ..............................3.9 127 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.0
61 Honduras............................3.9 128 Japan..................................3.0
63 Colombia ............................3.9 130 Argentina............................2.8
64 Burkina Faso ......................3.9 131 Bulgaria ..............................2.6
65 Slovenia..............................3.9 132 Venezuela...........................2.3
66 Italy ....................................3.8 133 Zimbabwe ..........................1.8
67 Serbia .................................3.8

6.09 Prevalence of trade barriers
In your country, to what extent do tariff and non-tariff barriers limit the ability of imported goods to compete in the domestic market? (1 = strongly
limit; 7 = do not limit) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Hong Kong SAR .................6.5 68 Jordan ................................4.6

2 Chile ...................................6.4 69 China ..................................4.6
3 Singapore ...........................6.4 70 Algeria ................................4.6
4 New Zealand ......................6.2 71 Benin..................................4.6
5 Qatar ..................................6.2 72 Kuwait ................................4.5
6 Sweden..............................6.0 73 Cameroon ..........................4.5
7 United Arab Emirates.........6.0 74 Uruguay..............................4.5
9 Czech Republic ..................5.9 76 Suriname............................4.5
10 Finland................................5.9 77 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.5
11 Slovak Republic..................5.8 78 Tanzania..............................4.5
12 Belgium..............................5.8 79 India ...................................4.4
13 Estonia ...............................5.7 80 Thailand..............................4.4
14 Ireland ................................5.7 81 Panama ..............................4.4
15 Austria................................5.6 82 Paraguay ............................4.3
16 Bahrain ...............................5.6 83 Malaysia .............................4.3
17 Latvia..................................5.5 84 Serbia .................................4.3
18 Portugal..............................5.5 85 Libya...................................4.3
19 Georgia...............................5.4 86 Senegal ..............................4.3
20 Israel ..................................5.4 87 Barbados ............................4.3
21 Denmark ............................5.4 88 Bangladesh ........................4.3
22 Australia .............................5.4 89 Uganda...............................4.3
23 Netherlands........................5.4 90 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....4.3
24 Malta ..................................5.4 91 Costa Rica ..........................4.2
25 Hungary..............................5.4 92 Madagascar........................4.2
26 Oman .................................5.4 93 Switzerland ........................4.2
27 Cyprus................................5.4 94 Bulgaria ..............................4.2
28 United Kingdom .................5.3 95 Japan..................................4.2
29 France ................................5.3 96 Cambodia ...........................4.2
412 30 Slovenia..............................5.2 97 Armenia..............................4.2
31 Jamaica ..............................5.1 98 Philippines..........................4.2
32 Greece ...............................5.1 99 Iceland................................4.2
33 Germany ............................5.1 100 Mongolia ............................4.1
34 Mauritius ............................5.1 101 Syria ...................................4.1
35 Ghana.................................5.1 102 Morocco.............................4.1
36 Montenegro .......................5.1 103 Vietnam..............................4.1
37 Saudi Arabia .......................5.1 104 Norway...............................4.1
38 Indonesia............................5.0 105 Sri Lanka ............................4.1
39 Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.0 106 Malawi ...............................4.1
40 Gambia, The.......................4.9 107 Mozambique ......................4.0
41 Spain ..................................4.9 108 Pakistan..............................4.0
42 Botswana ...........................4.9 109 Nigeria................................4.0
43 Peru....................................4.9 110 Ukraine...............................4.0
44 United States .....................4.9 111 Lesotho ..............................3.9
45 Canada ...............................4.9 112 Dominican Republic ...........3.9
46 Mauritania ..........................4.9 113 Azerbaijan...........................3.9
47 Mexico ...............................4.8 114 Egypt..................................3.9
48 Zambia ...............................4.8 115 Ethiopia ..............................3.9
49 Poland ................................4.8 116 Kenya .................................3.9
50 Lithuania.............................4.8 117 Brazil ..................................3.9
51 El Salvador .........................4.8 118 Zimbabwe ..........................3.8
52 Romania .............................4.8 119 Nepal..................................3.8
53 Italy ....................................4.8 120 Mali ....................................3.8
54 Albania ...............................4.8 121 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.7
56 Taiwan, China.....................4.8 123 Tajikistan.............................3.7
57 Guyana ...............................4.7 124 Nicaragua ...........................3.6
58 South Africa .......................4.7 125 Russian Federation ............3.6
59 Turkey.................................4.7 126 Timor-Leste ........................3.6
60 Brunei Darussalam.............4.7 127 Burundi...............................3.5
61 Namibia ..............................4.7 128 Colombia ............................3.5
62 Tunisia ................................4.7 129 Chad...................................3.4
63 Honduras............................4.7 130 Argentina............................3.3
64 Burkina Faso ......................4.7 131 Venezuela...........................3.2
65 Guatemala..........................4.6 132 Bolivia.................................3.1
66 Croatia................................4.6 133 Ecuador ..............................2.7
67 Macedonia, FYR.................4.6

6.10 Tariff barriers (hard data)

Trade-weighted average tariff rate | 2008
1 Hong Kong SAR ....................0.0 68 Malaysia ................................5.9

1 Libya......................................0.0 69 Kuwait ...................................6.0
3 Singapore ..............................0.0 70 Azerbaijan..............................6.0
4 Georgia..................................0.7 71 Indonesia...............................6.1
5 Austria ...................................1.1 72 Uruguay.................................6.1
5 Belgium .................................1.1 73 South Africa ..........................6.1
5 Bulgaria .................................1.1 74 Nicaragua ..............................6.1
5 Cyprus ...................................1.1 75 Dominican Republic ..............6.2
5 Czech Republic .....................1.1 76 Paraguay ...............................6.5
5 Denmark ...............................1.1 77 Honduras...............................6.5
5 Estonia ..................................1.1 78 Thailand .................................7.6
5 Finland...................................1.1 79 Ecuador .................................7.7
5 France ...................................1.1 80 Kenya ....................................7.7
5 Germany ...............................1.1 81 Mozambique .........................7.7
5 Greece ..................................1.1 82 Benin .....................................7.8
5 Hungary.................................1.1 83 Argentina...............................7.9
5 Ireland ...................................1.1 84 Suriname ...............................7.9
5 Italy .......................................1.1 85 Mauritania .............................8.0
5 Latvia.....................................1.1 86 Korea, Rep. ...........................8.0
5 Lithuania................................1.1 87 Tanzania.................................8.1
5 Luxembourg ..........................1.1 88 Sri Lanka ...............................8.2
5 Malta .....................................1.1 89 Bolivia....................................8.3
5 Netherlands...........................1.1 90 Madagascar...........................8.3
5 Poland ...................................1.1 91 Macedonia, FYR....................8.4
5 Portugal .................................1.1 92 Namibia .................................8.5
5 Romania ................................1.1 93 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......8.5
5 Slovak Republic.....................1.1 94 Brazil .....................................8.6
5 Slovenia.................................1.1 95 Jamaica .................................8.9
5 Spain .....................................1.1 96 Australia ................................9.3
5 Sweden .................................1.1 97 Mexico ..................................9.8 413
5 United Kingdom ....................1.1 98 Mali .......................................9.8
32 New Zealand .........................1.1 99 Burkina Faso .........................9.8
33 Puerto Rico ...........................1.7 100 Senegal .................................9.8
33 United States ........................1.7 101 Colombia .............................10.2
35 Switzerland ...........................2.4 102 Ghana ..................................10.4
36 Canada ..................................2.4 103 Côte d’Ivoire........................10.5
37 Croatia ...................................2.4 104 India ....................................10.9
38 Peru.......................................2.9 105 Pakistan...............................11.4
39 Montenegro ..........................2.9 106 Guyana ................................11.4
40 Costa Rica .............................3.0 107 Cambodia ............................11.5
41 Kazakhstan ............................3.1 108 Malawi ................................11.5
42 Guatemala .............................3.3 109 Burundi................................11.6
43 El Salvador ............................3.4 110 Kyrgyz Republic...................11.7
44 Mauritius ...............................3.6 111 Ethiopia ...............................12.1
45 Japan.....................................3.6 112 Uganda ................................12.2
46 Turkey....................................3.8 113 Jordan .................................12.2
47 Albania ..................................4.0 114 Morocco ..............................12.2
48 Lesotho .................................4.2 115 Nigeria .................................12.7
49 Ukraine ..................................4.2 116 Nepal ...................................12.8
50 Philippines .............................4.2 117 Zimbabwe ...........................13.0
51 Iceland...................................4.3 118 Bangladesh .........................13.0
52 Serbia ....................................4.5 119 Armenia...............................13.6
53 Botswana ..............................4.6 120 China ...................................13.9
54 Chile ......................................4.6 121 Cameroon ...........................14.1
55 United Arab Emirates............4.8 122 Zambia ................................14.1
56 Israel .....................................4.8 123 Barbados .............................14.6
57 Norway..................................4.9 124 Chad ....................................14.7
58 Oman ....................................4.9 125 Russian Federation .............14.9
59 Qatar .....................................4.9 126 Vietnam ...............................14.9
60 Mongolia ...............................5.0 127 Venezuela ............................15.2
61 Bahrain ..................................5.0 128 Algeria .................................15.6
62 Trinidad and Tobago ..............5.2 129 Gambia, The........................16.2
63 Panama .................................5.3 130 Tunisia .................................16.8
64 Taiwan, China ........................5.4 131 Egypt ...................................22.2
65 Brunei Darussalam................5.7 132 Syria ....................................22.9
66 Tajikistan................................5.8 n/a Timor-Leste ...........................n/a
67 Saudi Arabia ..........................5.8
SOURCE: International Trade Centre

6.11 Prevalence of foreign ownership
How prevalent is foreign ownership of companies in your country? (1 = very rare; 7 = highly prevalent) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Hong Kong SAR .................6.6 68 Malaysia .............................5.0

2 Slovak Republic..................6.4 69 Malawi ...............................5.0
3 Singapore ...........................6.4 70 Israel ..................................5.0
4 Sweden..............................6.2 71 Brazil ..................................4.9
5 Luxembourg.......................6.2 72 Cyprus................................4.9
6 Ireland ................................6.2 73 Sri Lanka ............................4.9
7 Chile ...................................6.1 74 Lesotho ..............................4.9
8 Hungary..............................6.0 75 Turkey.................................4.9
9 Finland................................6.0 76 Portugal..............................4.9
10 United Kingdom .................5.9 77 Cambodia ...........................4.9
11 Gambia, The.......................5.9 78 Nigeria................................4.9
12 Belgium..............................5.9 79 Greece ...............................4.9
13 Uruguay..............................5.9 80 Thailand..............................4.8
15 Peru....................................5.8 82 Mongolia ............................4.8
16 Costa Rica ..........................5.8 83 Romania .............................4.8
17 Zambia ...............................5.8 84 Oman .................................4.7
18 Switzerland ........................5.8 85 Lithuania.............................4.7
19 Bahrain ...............................5.8 86 Morocco.............................4.6
20 Uganda...............................5.8 87 Mozambique ......................4.6
21 Denmark ............................5.7 88 Nicaragua ...........................4.6
22 Canada ...............................5.7 89 Colombia ............................4.6
23 Mexico ...............................5.7 90 Benin..................................4.6
25 Panama ..............................5.6 92 Bulgaria ..............................4.5
26 Austria................................5.6 93 Japan..................................4.4
27 France ................................5.6 94 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....4.4
29 Dominican Republic ...........5.6 96 Albania ...............................4.4
414 30 Côte d’Ivoire ......................5.5 97 Croatia................................4.4
31 Qatar ..................................5.5 98 China ..................................4.4
32 Czech Republic ..................5.5 99 Bangladesh ........................4.3
33 Puerto Rico ........................5.5 100 Serbia .................................4.3
34 Norway...............................5.5 101 Pakistan..............................4.3
35 El Salvador .........................5.4 102 Philippines..........................4.3
36 Azerbaijan...........................5.4 103 Paraguay ............................4.3
37 Namibia ..............................5.4 104 Slovenia..............................4.3
38 Jamaica ..............................5.4 105 Timor-Leste ........................4.3
39 Germany ............................5.4 106 Saudi Arabia .......................4.2
40 Guatemala..........................5.3 107 Vietnam..............................4.2
41 Indonesia............................5.3 108 Brunei Darussalam.............4.2
42 Ghana.................................5.3 109 Burkina Faso ......................4.2
43 Tunisia ................................5.3 110 Guyana ...............................4.2
44 Botswana ...........................5.3 111 Kazakhstan .........................4.1
45 South Africa .......................5.3 112 Italy ....................................4.1
46 United States .....................5.3 113 Kyrgyz Republic .................4.0
47 Honduras............................5.3 114 Macedonia, FYR.................4.0
48 United Arab Emirates.........5.3 115 Tajikistan.............................3.9
49 Spain ..................................5.3 116 Suriname............................3.9
50 Estonia ...............................5.3 117 Mali ....................................3.8
51 Taiwan, China.....................5.3 118 Ecuador ..............................3.8
52 Jordan ................................5.2 119 Mauritania ..........................3.8
53 Barbados ............................5.2 120 Russian Federation ............3.7
54 Poland ................................5.2 121 Ethiopia ..............................3.7
55 Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.2 122 Zimbabwe ..........................3.6
56 Latvia..................................5.2 123 Burundi...............................3.6
57 Cameroon ..........................5.2 124 Venezuela...........................3.6
58 Montenegro .......................5.2 125 Ukraine...............................3.6
59 Argentina............................5.2 126 Iceland................................3.5
60 Mauritius ............................5.2 127 Libya...................................3.5
61 Georgia...............................5.1 128 Chad...................................3.3
62 Korea, Rep. ........................5.1 129 Nepal..................................3.2
63 Senegal ..............................5.1 130 Bolivia.................................3.2
64 Malta ..................................5.0 131 Kuwait ................................3.2
65 India ...................................5.0 132 Syria ...................................3.2
66 Egypt..................................5.0 133 Algeria ................................3.1
67 Kenya .................................5.0

6.12 Business impact of rules on FDI

To what extent do rules governing foreign direct investment (FDI) encourage or discourage it? (1 = strongly discourage FDI; 7 = strongly
encourage FDI) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.7 68 United States .....................4.9

3 Hong Kong SAR .................6.5 70 Brazil ..................................4.9
4 Luxembourg.......................6.1 71 Germany ............................4.9
5 Slovak Republic..................6.0 72 Malawi ...............................4.9
6 Mauritius ............................6.0 73 Honduras............................4.9
7 Tunisia ................................5.9 74 Morocco.............................4.9
8 Bahrain ...............................5.9 75 Mozambique ......................4.8
9 Gambia, The.......................5.8 76 Saudi Arabia .......................4.8
10 Malta ..................................5.8 77 Senegal ..............................4.8
11 Uganda...............................5.8 78 Brunei Darussalam.............4.8
12 Czech Republic ..................5.8 79 Israel ..................................4.8
13 Qatar ..................................5.7 80 South Africa .......................4.8
14 Sweden..............................5.7 81 Romania .............................4.7
15 Chile ...................................5.7 82 Spain ..................................4.7
16 Estonia ...............................5.7 83 Nigeria................................4.7
17 United Kingdom .................5.6 84 Guatemala..........................4.7
18 Montenegro .......................5.6 85 Kenya .................................4.7
19 United Arab Emirates.........5.6 86 Latvia..................................4.7
21 Peru....................................5.6 88 Norway...............................4.6
22 Panama ..............................5.6 89 Armenia..............................4.6
23 China ..................................5.6 90 Lesotho ..............................4.6
24 Uruguay..............................5.5 91 Guyana ...............................4.6
25 Zambia ...............................5.5 92 Burkina Faso ......................4.6
26 Belgium..............................5.5 93 Libya...................................4.5
27 Vietnam..............................5.5 94 Colombia ............................4.5
28 Botswana ...........................5.5 95 Albania ...............................4.5
30 Switzerland ........................5.5 97 Philippines..........................4.5 415
31 Finland................................5.5 98 Japan..................................4.5
32 Barbados ............................5.5 99 Mali ....................................4.4
34 Puerto Rico ........................5.4 101 Tajikistan.............................4.3
35 Jamaica ..............................5.4 102 Syria ...................................4.3
36 Cyprus................................5.4 103 Slovenia..............................4.3
37 Jordan ................................5.4 104 Nicaragua ...........................4.3
38 Georgia...............................5.4 105 Madagascar........................4.3
39 Taiwan, China.....................5.4 106 Serbia .................................4.2
40 El Salvador .........................5.4 107 Kazakhstan .........................4.2
41 Indonesia............................5.3 108 Cameroon ..........................4.2
42 Portugal..............................5.3 109 Benin..................................4.2
43 Malaysia .............................5.3 110 Timor-Leste ........................4.2
44 Thailand..............................5.3 111 Greece ...............................4.1
45 India ...................................5.3 112 Burundi...............................4.1
46 Bangladesh ........................5.2 113 Nepal..................................4.0
47 Cambodia ...........................5.2 114 Bulgaria ..............................4.0
48 Austria................................5.2 115 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....4.0
49 Ghana.................................5.1 116 Lithuania.............................4.0
50 Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.1 117 Mongolia ............................4.0
51 Canada ...............................5.1 118 Paraguay ............................3.9
52 Oman .................................5.1 119 Iceland................................3.9
53 Turkey.................................5.1 120 Croatia................................3.9
54 Namibia ..............................5.1 121 Ukraine...............................3.8
55 Australia .............................5.1 122 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.7
56 Hungary..............................5.1 123 Italy ....................................3.7
57 Mexico ...............................5.1 124 Russian Federation ............3.6
58 Denmark ............................5.0 125 Algeria ................................3.5
59 Tanzania..............................5.0 126 Kuwait ................................3.5
60 Côte d’Ivoire ......................5.0 127 Suriname............................3.5
61 New Zealand ......................5.0 128 Argentina............................3.4
62 Dominican Republic ...........5.0 129 Chad...................................3.3
63 Egypt..................................5.0 130 Ecuador ..............................2.6
66 France ................................4.9 133 Bolivia.................................2.0
67 Pakistan..............................4.9

6.13 Burden of customs procedures
How would you rate the level of efficiency of customs procedures (related to the entry and exit of merchandise) in your country? (1 = extremely
inefficient; 7 = extremely efficient) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.4 68 Egypt..................................4.0

2 Hong Kong SAR .................6.1 69 Poland ................................3.9
3 United Arab Emirates.........5.9 70 Costa Rica ..........................3.9
4 New Zealand ......................5.9 71 India ...................................3.9
5 Chile ...................................5.8 72 Azerbaijan...........................3.9
6 Sweden..............................5.8 73 Barbados ............................3.9
7 Denmark ............................5.8 74 Uruguay..............................3.8
8 Luxembourg.......................5.8 75 Croatia................................3.8
9 Finland................................5.7 76 Peru....................................3.8
10 Estonia ...............................5.5 77 Colombia ............................3.8
11 Slovenia..............................5.4 78 Nicaragua ...........................3.8
12 Bahrain ...............................5.3 79 Lesotho ..............................3.8
13 Austria................................5.3 80 Burkina Faso ......................3.8
14 Iceland................................5.2 81 Zambia ...............................3.8
15 Netherlands........................5.2 82 Malawi ...............................3.7
16 Norway...............................5.2 83 Indonesia............................3.7
17 Ireland ................................5.1 84 Mali ....................................3.7
18 Cyprus................................5.1 85 Sri Lanka ............................3.7
19 Switzerland ........................5.1 86 Mexico ...............................3.7
20 Gambia, The.......................5.1 87 Paraguay ............................3.6
21 Germany ............................5.1 88 Bulgaria ..............................3.6
22 Oman .................................5.1 89 Pakistan..............................3.6
23 Taiwan, China.....................5.0 90 Madagascar........................3.6
25 Portugal..............................4.9 92 Albania ...............................3.6
27 Malta ..................................4.8 94 Kuwait ................................3.5
28 Malaysia .............................4.8 95 Libya...................................3.5
29 France ................................4.8 96 Ghana.................................3.4
416 30 Saudi Arabia .......................4.8 97 Benin..................................3.4
31 Canada ...............................4.7 98 Turkey.................................3.4
32 Puerto Rico ........................4.7 99 Uganda...............................3.4
33 Slovak Republic..................4.7 100 Jamaica ..............................3.4
34 Jordan ................................4.6 101 Serbia .................................3.3
36 Brunei Darussalam.............4.6 103 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.3
37 Mauritius ............................4.6 104 Kenya .................................3.3
38 Belgium..............................4.6 105 Ethiopia ..............................3.3
39 United States .....................4.6 106 Kazakhstan .........................3.3
40 Georgia...............................4.6 107 Cameroon ..........................3.2
41 China ..................................4.6 108 Tajikistan.............................3.2
43 Czech Republic ..................4.6 110 Mozambique ......................3.1
44 Qatar ..................................4.5 111 Nepal..................................3.1
45 Dominican Republic ...........4.5 112 Ecuador ..............................3.1
46 Senegal ..............................4.4 113 Nigeria................................3.1
47 Botswana ...........................4.4 114 Burundi...............................3.0
48 Spain ..................................4.4 115 Ukraine...............................3.0
49 Japan..................................4.4 116 Zimbabwe ..........................3.0
50 Panama ..............................4.3 117 Philippines..........................3.0
51 South Africa .......................4.3 118 Timor-Leste ........................3.0
52 Hungary..............................4.3 119 Tanzania..............................3.0
53 Guatemala..........................4.2 120 Syria ...................................2.9
54 Namibia ..............................4.2 121 Brazil ..................................2.9
57 Latvia..................................4.1 124 Argentina............................2.8
58 El Salvador .........................4.1 125 Bolivia.................................2.8
59 Romania .............................4.1 126 Guyana ...............................2.8
60 Thailand..............................4.1 127 Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.8
61 Greece ...............................4.1 128 Bangladesh ........................2.8
62 Macedonia, FYR.................4.0 129 Algeria ................................2.7
63 Honduras............................4.0 130 Russian Federation ............2.7
64 Mauritania ..........................4.0 131 Armenia..............................2.7
65 Montenegro .......................4.0 132 Chad...................................2.3
66 Italy ....................................4.0 133 Venezuela...........................1.8
67 Israel ..................................4.0

6.14 Degree of customer orientation

How well do companies in your country treat customers? (1 = generally treat their customers badly; 7 = are highly responsive to customers and
customer retention) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Japan..................................6.3 68 Uruguay..............................4.6
2 Austria................................6.1 69 Cambodia ...........................4.5
3 Switzerland ........................6.0 70 Azerbaijan...........................4.5
4 Hong Kong SAR .................5.8 71 China ..................................4.5
5 Sweden..............................5.8 72 Malawi ...............................4.5
6 Denmark ............................5.7 73 Kazakhstan .........................4.5
7 Taiwan, China.....................5.7 74 Latvia..................................4.5
8 United Arab Emirates.........5.7 75 Greece ...............................4.5
9 United States .....................5.7 76 Barbados ............................4.4
10 Singapore ...........................5.6 77 Ukraine...............................4.4
11 Germany ............................5.6 78 Syria ...................................4.4
13 Belgium..............................5.5 80 Vietnam..............................4.4
14 Norway...............................5.5 81 South Africa .......................4.4
15 Korea, Rep. ........................5.5 82 Malta ..................................4.4
16 New Zealand ......................5.5 83 Montenegro .......................4.4
17 Australia .............................5.5 84 Zambia ...............................4.3
18 Canada ...............................5.5 85 Guyana ...............................4.3
19 Senegal ..............................5.4 86 Croatia................................4.3
20 Netherlands........................5.4 87 Paraguay ............................4.3
21 Luxembourg.......................5.3 88 Tanzania..............................4.3
22 Ireland ................................5.3 89 Romania .............................4.3
23 Thailand..............................5.3 90 Panama ..............................4.3
24 Lithuania.............................5.3 91 Honduras............................4.3
25 Bahrain ...............................5.2 92 Bulgaria ..............................4.3
26 Malaysia .............................5.2 93 Mauritania ..........................4.2
27 Finland................................5.2 94 Macedonia, FYR.................4.2
28 Qatar ..................................5.2 95 Pakistan..............................4.2
29 Cyprus................................5.2 96 Serbia .................................4.2
30 Colombia ............................5.2 97 Bangladesh ........................4.2 417
31 France ................................5.2 98 Burundi...............................4.2
32 Sri Lanka ............................5.2 99 Albania ...............................4.2
33 Slovenia..............................5.1 100 Uganda...............................4.2
34 Estonia ...............................5.1 101 Burkina Faso ......................4.2
35 Philippines..........................5.1 102 Tajikistan.............................4.2
36 El Salvador .........................5.1 103 Ethiopia ..............................4.1
37 Saudi Arabia .......................5.1 104 Mali ....................................4.1
38 Guatemala..........................5.0 105 Cameroon ..........................4.1
39 Kenya .................................5.0 106 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.1
41 Mauritius ............................5.0 108 Hungary..............................4.0
42 Oman .................................5.0 109 Argentina............................4.0
43 Egypt..................................4.9 110 Suriname............................4.0
44 Gambia, The.......................4.9 111 Nepal..................................4.0
45 Costa Rica ..........................4.9 112 Russian Federation ............3.9
46 Morocco.............................4.9 113 Benin..................................3.9
47 Chile ...................................4.9 114 Namibia ..............................3.9
48 Tunisia ................................4.9 115 Lesotho ..............................3.9
49 Czech Republic ..................4.9 116 Ghana.................................3.8
50 Brazil ..................................4.9 117 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.8
51 Spain ..................................4.8 118 Nicaragua ...........................3.8
52 Peru....................................4.8 119 Georgia...............................3.8
53 Jordan ................................4.8 120 Libya...................................3.8
57 India ...................................4.8 124 Armenia..............................3.6
58 Turkey.................................4.8 125 Timor-Leste ........................3.5
59 Kuwait ................................4.7 126 Ecuador ..............................3.5
60 Brunei Darussalam.............4.7 127 Mongolia ............................3.5
61 Puerto Rico ........................4.7 128 Zimbabwe ..........................3.5
62 Italy ....................................4.7 129 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.5
63 Nigeria................................4.6 130 Chad...................................3.4
64 Mexico ...............................4.6 131 Algeria ................................3.4
65 Portugal..............................4.6 132 Venezuela...........................3.4
66 Slovak Republic..................4.6 133 Bolivia.................................3.2
67 Madagascar........................4.6

6.15 Buyer sophistication
In your country, how do buyers make purchasing decisions? (1 = based solely on the lowest price; 7 = based on a sophisticated analysis of
performance attributes) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Japan..................................5.3 68 Portugal..............................3.5
3 Sweden..............................5.1 70 Colombia ............................3.5
4 Taiwan, China.....................4.9 71 Ukraine...............................3.5
5 Luxembourg.......................4.9 72 Honduras............................3.5
6 Singapore ...........................4.9 73 Philippines..........................3.4
7 Hong Kong SAR .................4.9 74 Israel ..................................3.4
8 Denmark ............................4.7 75 Slovak Republic..................3.4
9 United States .....................4.7 76 Pakistan..............................3.4
10 United Kingdom .................4.7 77 El Salvador .........................3.4
11 Netherlands........................4.7 78 Kuwait ................................3.4
12 Australia .............................4.7 79 Kazakhstan .........................3.4
13 China ..................................4.7 80 Botswana ...........................3.4
14 Canada ...............................4.6 81 Morocco.............................3.4
16 Belgium..............................4.6 83 Armenia..............................3.3
17 Norway...............................4.6 84 Latvia..................................3.3
18 Finland................................4.5 85 Nicaragua ...........................3.2
19 Austria................................4.5 86 Dominican Republic ...........3.2
20 Cyprus................................4.5 87 Lithuania.............................3.2
21 France ................................4.4 88 Lesotho ..............................3.2
22 Germany ............................4.4 89 Croatia................................3.2
23 South Africa .......................4.4 90 Georgia...............................3.2
24 Ireland ................................4.4 91 Venezuela...........................3.2
26 Chile ...................................4.2 93 Hungary..............................3.1
27 Iceland................................4.2 94 Zambia ...............................3.1
28 United Arab Emirates.........4.2 95 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.1
29 New Zealand ......................4.2 96 Tajikistan.............................3.1
418 30 Indonesia............................4.2 97 Turkey.................................3.1
31 Czech Republic ..................4.1 98 Ecuador ..............................3.0
33 India ...................................4.0 100 Mongolia ............................3.0
34 Bahrain ...............................4.0 101 Brunei Darussalam.............3.0
35 Spain ..................................4.0 102 Kenya .................................3.0
38 Puerto Rico ........................4.0 105 Benin..................................2.9
39 Costa Rica ..........................3.9 106 Egypt..................................2.9
40 Italy ....................................3.9 107 Gambia, The.......................2.9
41 Poland ................................3.9 108 Zimbabwe ..........................2.8
42 Argentina............................3.8 109 Libya...................................2.8
43 Vietnam..............................3.8 110 Ethiopia ..............................2.8
44 Panama ..............................3.8 111 Serbia .................................2.8
45 Azerbaijan...........................3.8 112 Tanzania..............................2.8
46 Thailand..............................3.8 113 Ghana.................................2.8
47 Romania .............................3.8 114 Guyana ...............................2.8
48 Slovenia..............................3.8 115 Nepal..................................2.8
49 Tunisia ................................3.8 116 Syria ...................................2.7
50 Greece ...............................3.7 117 Paraguay ............................2.7
51 Jamaica ..............................3.7 118 Algeria ................................2.6
52 Oman .................................3.7 119 Mozambique ......................2.6
53 Peru....................................3.7 120 Malawi ...............................2.6
54 Montenegro .......................3.6 121 Bolivia.................................2.5
55 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.6 122 Burkina Faso ......................2.5
56 Qatar ..................................3.6 123 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.5
57 Brazil ..................................3.6 124 Madagascar........................2.5
58 Cambodia ...........................3.6 125 Mauritania ..........................2.5
59 Malta ..................................3.6 126 Cameroon ..........................2.4
60 Russian Federation ............3.6 127 Uganda...............................2.4
61 Mauritius ............................3.6 128 Timor-Leste ........................2.4
62 Mexico ...............................3.6 129 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.4
63 Estonia ...............................3.6 130 Mali ....................................2.3
64 Namibia ..............................3.6 131 Senegal ..............................2.3
65 Guatemala..........................3.5 132 Chad...................................2.2
66 Jordan ................................3.5 133 Burundi...............................2.1
67 Uruguay..............................3.5

Data Tables
Section VII
Labor market efficiency
419

7.01 Cooperation in labor-employer relations
2.2: Data Tables | Section VII: Labor market efficiency
How would you characterize labor-employer relations in your country? (1 = generally confrontational; 7 = generally cooperative) | 2008–2009
weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.3 68 Panama ..............................4.4

2 Switzerland ........................6.1 69 Benin..................................4.4
3 Denmark ............................6.0 70 Uganda...............................4.4
4 Sweden..............................5.9 71 Honduras............................4.4
5 Austria................................5.8 72 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....4.4
6 Norway...............................5.7 73 Belgium..............................4.3
7 Iceland................................5.7 74 Sri Lanka ............................4.3
8 Hong Kong SAR .................5.7 75 Mexico ...............................4.3
9 Netherlands........................5.7 76 Kazakhstan .........................4.3
10 Japan..................................5.7 77 Zambia ...............................4.3
11 Costa Rica ..........................5.5 78 Ghana.................................4.3
12 Luxembourg.......................5.4 79 Portugal..............................4.3
13 Gambia, The.......................5.4 80 Guyana ...............................4.3
14 Oman .................................5.3 81 Puerto Rico ........................4.3
15 New Zealand ......................5.3 82 Tajikistan.............................4.2
17 Taiwan, China.....................5.3 84 Lesotho ..............................4.2
18 Finland................................5.3 85 Bahrain ...............................4.2
19 Malaysia .............................5.3 86 Spain ..................................4.2
20 United Arab Emirates.........5.3 87 Brazil ..................................4.2
21 Cyprus................................5.2 88 Madagascar........................4.2
22 Qatar ..................................5.2 89 Burkina Faso ......................4.2
23 Ireland ................................5.1 90 Syria ...................................4.2
24 Germany ............................5.0 91 Montenegro .......................4.2
26 United States .....................5.0 93 Ukraine...............................4.1
27 El Salvador .........................5.0 94 Kyrgyz Republic .................4.1
28 Thailand..............................5.0 95 Poland ................................4.1
29 Tunisia ................................5.0 96 Zimbabwe ..........................4.1
420 30 Guatemala..........................4.9 97 Russian Federation ............4.1
31 Canada ...............................4.9 98 Libya...................................4.1
32 Saudi Arabia .......................4.9 99 Pakistan..............................4.0
33 Israel ..................................4.9 100 Mongolia ............................4.0
35 Dominican Republic ...........4.9 102 Paraguay ............................4.0
36 Slovak Republic..................4.9 103 Mozambique ......................4.0
37 Azerbaijan...........................4.8 104 Bangladesh ........................4.0
38 Mauritius ............................4.7 105 Cambodia ...........................4.0
39 Estonia ...............................4.7 106 Jamaica ..............................3.9
40 India ...................................4.7 107 Morocco.............................3.9
41 Malta ..................................4.7 108 Tanzania..............................3.9
42 Indonesia............................4.7 109 Cameroon ..........................3.9
43 Australia .............................4.7 110 Timor-Leste ........................3.9
44 Botswana ...........................4.6 111 Ethiopia ..............................3.9
45 Armenia..............................4.6 112 Bulgaria ..............................3.8
46 Egypt..................................4.6 113 Serbia .................................3.8
47 Czech Republic ..................4.6 114 Romania .............................3.8
48 Colombia ............................4.6 115 Turkey.................................3.8
49 Vietnam..............................4.6 116 Burundi...............................3.8
50 Malawi ...............................4.6 117 Ecuador ..............................3.7
52 Chile ...................................4.6 119 Suriname............................3.6
53 Senegal ..............................4.5 120 Greece ...............................3.6
54 Georgia...............................4.5 121 South Africa .......................3.6
55 Peru....................................4.5 122 Namibia ..............................3.5
56 Albania ...............................4.5 123 Italy ....................................3.5
57 Lithuania.............................4.5 124 Croatia................................3.5
58 Mauritania ..........................4.5 125 Algeria ................................3.5
59 Nicaragua ...........................4.5 126 France ................................3.5
60 China ..................................4.5 127 Bolivia.................................3.4
61 Kenya .................................4.5 128 Uruguay..............................3.3
62 Slovenia..............................4.4 129 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.3
63 Mali ....................................4.4 130 Chad...................................3.3
64 Latvia..................................4.4 131 Korea, Rep. ........................3.2
65 Philippines..........................4.4 132 Nepal..................................3.1
66 Jordan ................................4.4 133 Venezuela...........................2.9
67 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.4

7.02 Flexibility of wage determination

How are wages generally set in your country? (1 = by a centralized bargaining process; 7 = up to each individual company) | 2008–2009 weighted
average
1 Hong Kong SAR .................6.3 68 Guyana ...............................5.1

3 Estonia ...............................6.2 70 Costa Rica ..........................5.1
4 Qatar ..................................6.2 71 Montenegro .......................5.1
5 Uganda...............................6.2 72 Morocco.............................5.1
6 United Arab Emirates.........6.1 73 Nicaragua ...........................5.1
7 Lithuania.............................5.9 74 Ethiopia ..............................5.1
8 Latvia..................................5.9 75 Cambodia ...........................5.0
9 Macedonia, FYR.................5.9 76 Paraguay ............................5.0
10 Taiwan, China.....................5.8 77 Panama ..............................5.0
11 Japan..................................5.8 78 Sri Lanka ............................5.0
12 Bahrain ...............................5.8 79 Vietnam..............................5.0
13 Mongolia ............................5.8 80 Kenya .................................5.0
14 United States .....................5.8 81 Namibia ..............................4.9
15 Gambia, The.......................5.7 82 Zambia ...............................4.9
16 Georgia...............................5.7 83 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.8
17 Switzerland ........................5.7 84 Romania .............................4.8
18 United Kingdom .................5.7 85 Bangladesh ........................4.8
19 New Zealand ......................5.7 86 Burkina Faso ......................4.8
20 Chile ...................................5.7 87 France ................................4.8
21 El Salvador .........................5.7 88 Mexico ...............................4.8
22 Benin..................................5.7 89 Thailand..............................4.8
23 Jordan ................................5.7 90 Australia .............................4.8
24 Oman .................................5.6 91 Honduras............................4.7
25 Czech Republic ..................5.6 92 Indonesia............................4.7
26 Malawi ...............................5.6 93 Pakistan..............................4.7
27 Slovak Republic..................5.6 94 Barbados ............................4.7
28 Poland ................................5.6 95 Iceland................................4.7
29 Canada ...............................5.6 96 Philippines..........................4.6
30 Azerbaijan...........................5.6 97 Nepal..................................4.5 421
31 Bulgaria ..............................5.6 98 Senegal ..............................4.5
32 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....5.5 99 Cyprus................................4.5
33 Brunei Darussalam.............5.5 100 Luxembourg.......................4.5
35 Guatemala..........................5.5 102 Slovenia..............................4.4
36 Hungary..............................5.5 103 Bolivia.................................4.4
37 Dominican Republic ...........5.5 104 Denmark ............................4.4
38 Korea, Rep. ........................5.5 105 Mauritius ............................4.4
39 Peru....................................5.4 106 Portugal..............................4.4
40 Kazakhstan .........................5.4 107 Botswana ...........................4.3
41 Burundi...............................5.4 108 Ecuador ..............................4.3
42 Nigeria................................5.4 109 Mali ....................................4.3
43 Saudi Arabia .......................5.4 110 Brazil ..................................4.2
44 India ...................................5.3 111 Libya...................................4.2
45 Albania ...............................5.3 112 Ghana.................................4.2
46 Armenia..............................5.3 113 Mozambique ......................4.1
47 Israel ..................................5.3 114 Tanzania..............................4.0
48 Tajikistan.............................5.3 115 Spain ..................................4.0
49 Chad...................................5.3 116 Lesotho ..............................4.0
50 Syria ...................................5.3 117 Algeria ................................3.9
51 Malta ..................................5.3 118 Tunisia ................................3.9
52 Ukraine...............................5.3 119 Belgium..............................3.8
53 China ..................................5.3 120 Norway...............................3.8
54 Malaysia .............................5.3 121 Venezuela...........................3.7
55 Côte d’Ivoire ......................5.2 122 Netherlands........................3.5
56 Egypt..................................5.2 123 South Africa .......................3.3
57 Kyrgyz Republic .................5.2 124 Sweden..............................3.3
58 Mauritania ..........................5.2 125 Finland................................3.2
59 Russian Federation ............5.2 126 Italy ....................................3.2
60 Colombia ............................5.2 127 Ireland ................................3.2
61 Cameroon ..........................5.2 128 Greece ...............................3.1
62 Suriname............................5.1 129 Argentina............................3.1
63 Serbia .................................5.1 130 Germany ............................2.9
64 Puerto Rico ........................5.1 131 Zimbabwe ..........................2.8
65 Jamaica ..............................5.1 132 Uruguay..............................2.4
66 Croatia................................5.1 133 Austria................................2.3
67 Madagascar........................5.1

7.03 Rigidity of employment (hard data)
Rigidity of Employment Index on a 0–100 (worst) scale | 2008
1 Hong Kong SAR .......................0 68 Albania ...................................35

1 Singapore .................................0 68 Argentina................................35
1 United States ...........................0 68 Bangladesh ............................35
4 Australia ...................................3 68 Philippines ..............................35
4 Azerbaijan.................................3 72 Slovak Republic......................36
4 Uganda .....................................3 73 Ghana .....................................37
7 Canada .....................................4 73 Poland ....................................37
7 Jamaica ....................................4 75 Côte d’Ivoire...........................38
9 Brunei Darussalam...................7 75 Italy ........................................38
9 Georgia.....................................7 75 Kyrgyz Republic......................38
9 New Zealand ............................7 75 Mali ........................................38
9 Nigeria ......................................7 75 Montenegro ...........................38
9 Trinidad and Tobago .................7 75 Turkey.....................................38
14 Denmark ................................10 81 Serbia .....................................39
14 Malaysia .................................10 82 Benin ......................................40
16 Kuwait ....................................13 82 Indonesia................................40
16 Saudi Arabia ...........................13 84 Nepal ......................................42
16 United Arab Emirates.............13 84 Netherlands............................42
19 United Kingdom .....................14 84 South Africa ...........................42
20 Ireland ....................................17 87 Latvia......................................43
20 Japan......................................17 87 Pakistan..................................43
20 Kenya .....................................17 89 Germany ................................44
20 Switzerland ............................17 89 Russian Federation ................44
24 Thailand ..................................18 89 Sweden ..................................44
25 Belgium ..................................20 92 Cambodia ...............................45
25 Botswana ...............................20 92 Korea, Rep. ............................45
25 Namibia ..................................20 92 Mauritania ..............................45
28 Burkina Faso ..........................21 92 Ukraine ...................................45
28 Guyana ...................................21 96 Bosnia and Herzegovina ........46
422 28 Lesotho ..................................21 96 Brazil ......................................46
31 Bahrain ...................................23 96 Cameroon ..............................46
31 Kazakhstan .............................23 96 Chad .......................................46
31 Mauritius ................................23 100 Macedonia, FYR.....................47
31 Suriname ................................23 100 Norway...................................47
35 Chile .......................................24 102 Algeria ....................................48
35 Colombia ................................24 102 Finland....................................48
35 El Salvador .............................24 102 Lithuania.................................48
35 Israel ......................................24 102 Mexico ...................................48
35 Oman .....................................24 102 Peru........................................48
35 Vietnam ..................................24 102 Portugal ..................................48
41 Malawi ...................................25 108 Mozambique ..........................49
41 Puerto Rico ............................25 108 Tunisia ....................................49
43 China ......................................27 110 Croatia ....................................50
43 Egypt ......................................27 111 Ecuador ..................................51
43 Gambia, The...........................27 111 Greece ...................................51
43 Nicaragua ...............................27 111 Tajikistan.................................51
43 Qatar ......................................27 114 Honduras................................53
43 Sri Lanka ................................27 114 Taiwan, China .........................53
49 Costa Rica ..............................28 116 France ....................................56
49 Czech Republic ......................28 116 Spain ......................................56
49 Dominican Republic ...............28 118 Estonia ...................................58
49 Guatemala ..............................28 119 Paraguay ................................59
53 Bulgaria ..................................29 119 Slovenia..................................59
54 Burundi...................................30 121 Senegal ..................................61
54 Hungary..................................30 122 Luxembourg ...........................62
54 India .......................................30 122 Romania .................................62
54 Jordan ....................................30 124 Madagascar............................63
58 Armenia..................................31 124 Morocco .................................63
58 Iceland....................................31 124 Tanzania..................................63
58 Uruguay..................................31 127 Panama ..................................66
61 Austria ....................................33 128 Bolivia.....................................79
61 Zimbabwe ..............................33 128 Venezuela ...............................79
63 Ethiopia ..................................34 n/a Barbados ...............................n/a
63 Mongolia ................................34 n/a Cyprus ...................................n/a
63 Syria .......................................34 n/a Libya ......................................n/a
63 Timor-Leste ............................34 n/a Malta .....................................n/a
63 Zambia ...................................34

7.04 Hiring and firing practices

How would you characterize the hiring and firing of workers in your country? (1 = impeded by regulations; 7 = flexibly determined by
employers) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................5.9 68 Botswana ...........................3.9

2 Denmark ............................5.9 69 Morocco.............................3.9
3 Hong Kong SAR .................5.8 70 Barbados ............................3.8
4 Switzerland ........................5.6 71 Chad...................................3.8
5 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....5.5 72 Egypt..................................3.8
6 Iceland................................5.4 73 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.8
7 Georgia...............................5.4 74 Ireland ................................3.8
8 United States .....................5.4 75 Ghana.................................3.8
9 Nigeria................................5.4 76 Croatia................................3.8
10 Uganda...............................5.2 77 China ..................................3.8
11 Azerbaijan...........................5.1 78 Brunei Darussalam.............3.7
13 Qatar ..................................5.0 80 Finland................................3.7
15 Gambia, The.......................4.8 82 Slovak Republic..................3.6
17 Ukraine...............................4.7 84 Sri Lanka ............................3.6
18 El Salvador .........................4.7 85 Bahrain ...............................3.6
19 Mongolia ............................4.7 86 Estonia ...............................3.6
20 Albania ...............................4.7 87 Mauritius ............................3.5
21 Canada ...............................4.6 88 Burundi...............................3.5
22 Armenia..............................4.6 89 Timor-Leste ........................3.5
23 Kenya .................................4.6 90 New Zealand ......................3.5
24 Vietnam..............................4.6 91 Tanzania..............................3.5
25 Bangladesh ........................4.6 92 Peru....................................3.5
26 Kyrgyz Republic .................4.6 93 Poland ................................3.4
27 Guyana ...............................4.5 94 Jordan ................................3.4
30 Zambia ...............................4.4 97 Malta ..................................3.3 423
31 Turkey.................................4.4 98 Chile ...................................3.3
32 Tajikistan.............................4.4 99 Puerto Rico ........................3.3
33 Mali ....................................4.3 100 Austria................................3.3
34 Indonesia............................4.3 101 Nepal..................................3.3
35 Nicaragua ...........................4.3 102 Sweden..............................3.2
36 Cambodia ...........................4.3 103 India ...................................3.2
37 Madagascar........................4.3 104 Czech Republic ..................3.2
38 Pakistan..............................4.3 105 Algeria ................................3.2
39 Bulgaria ..............................4.3 106 Mexico ...............................3.2
40 Oman .................................4.2 107 Syria ...................................3.2
41 Cameroon ..........................4.2 108 Korea, Rep. ........................3.1
42 Mauritania ..........................4.2 109 Panama ..............................3.1
43 Russian Federation ............4.2 110 Philippines..........................3.1
44 Benin..................................4.2 111 Luxembourg.......................3.1
45 Israel ..................................4.2 112 Slovenia..............................3.0
46 Malaysia .............................4.2 113 Greece ...............................3.0
47 Guatemala..........................4.2 114 Netherlands........................3.0
48 Serbia .................................4.1 115 Belgium..............................3.0
49 Montenegro .......................4.1 116 Japan..................................3.0
50 United Kingdom .................4.1 117 Norway...............................2.9
51 Romania .............................4.1 118 Brazil ..................................2.9
52 Latvia..................................4.1 119 France ................................2.8
53 Burkina Faso ......................4.1 120 Uruguay..............................2.8
55 Senegal ..............................4.1 122 Spain ..................................2.7
56 Jamaica ..............................4.1 123 Zimbabwe ..........................2.7
57 Saudi Arabia .......................4.1 124 Libya...................................2.6
58 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.1 125 South Africa .......................2.5
59 Macedonia, FYR.................4.1 126 Germany ............................2.5
60 Dominican Republic ...........4.0 127 Bolivia.................................2.5
61 Ethiopia ..............................4.0 128 Italy ....................................2.5
62 Australia .............................4.0 129 Portugal..............................2.5
63 Malawi ...............................4.0 130 Suriname............................2.4
64 Cyprus................................4.0 131 Ecuador ..............................2.4
65 Hungary..............................3.9 132 Namibia ..............................2.4
66 Tunisia ................................3.9 133 Venezuela...........................2.1
67 Lesotho ..............................3.9

7.05 Firing costs (hard data)
Firing costs (in weeks of wages) | 2008
1 Denmark ..................................0 68 Brazil ......................................37

1 New Zealand ............................0 68 Slovenia..................................37
1 Puerto Rico ..............................0 70 Senegal ..................................38
1 United States ...........................0 71 Cambodia ...............................39
5 Austria ......................................2 71 Croatia ....................................39
6 Australia ...................................4 71 Luxembourg ...........................39
6 Bahrain .....................................4 71 Montenegro ...........................39
6 Brunei Darussalam...................4 75 Ethiopia ..................................40
6 Georgia.....................................4 76 Lesotho ..................................44
6 Japan........................................4 76 Panama ..................................44
6 Jordan ......................................4 78 Kenya .....................................47
6 Oman .......................................4 79 Côte d’Ivoire...........................49
6 Singapore .................................4 80 Nigeria ....................................50
14 Romania ...................................8 81 Chile .......................................52
15 Bulgaria ....................................9 81 Mexico ...................................52
15 Kazakhstan ...............................9 81 Peru........................................52
15 Mongolia ..................................9 84 Thailand ..................................54
18 Italy ........................................11 85 Albania ...................................56
19 Armenia..................................13 85 Guyana ...................................56
19 Iceland....................................13 85 India .......................................56
19 Norway...................................13 85 Spain ......................................56
19 Poland ....................................13 89 Colombia ................................59
19 Slovak Republic......................13 90 Hong Kong SAR .....................62
19 Switzerland ............................13 90 Jamaica ..................................62
19 Uganda ...................................13 92 Trinidad and Tobago ...............67
19 Ukraine ...................................13 93 Germany ................................69
27 Belgium ..................................16 93 Qatar ......................................69
28 Algeria ....................................17 95 Honduras................................74
28 Kyrgyz Republic......................17 96 Malaysia .................................75
424 28 Latvia......................................17 97 Kuwait ....................................78
28 Netherlands............................17 98 Saudi Arabia ...........................80
28 Russian Federation ................17 98 Syria .......................................80
28 Timor-Leste ............................17 100 Malawi ...................................84
28 Tunisia ....................................17 100 United Arab Emirates.............84
35 Tanzania..................................18 102 Morocco .................................85
36 Azerbaijan...............................22 103 El Salvador .............................86
36 Czech Republic ......................22 104 Vietnam ..................................87
36 Tajikistan.................................22 105 Dominican Republic ...............88
36 United Kingdom .....................22 106 Botswana ...............................90
40 Greece ...................................24 106 Nepal ......................................90
40 Ireland ....................................24 106 Pakistan..................................90
40 Namibia ..................................24 109 China ......................................91
40 Nicaragua ...............................24 109 Israel ......................................91
40 South Africa ...........................24 109 Korea, Rep. ............................91
45 Serbia .....................................25 109 Philippines ..............................91
46 Burundi...................................26 109 Taiwan, China .........................91
46 Finland....................................26 114 Argentina................................95
46 Gambia, The...........................26 114 Portugal ..................................95
46 Macedonia, FYR.....................26 114 Turkey.....................................95
46 Suriname ................................26 117 Guatemala ............................101
46 Sweden ..................................26 118 Bangladesh ..........................104
52 Canada ...................................28 119 Indonesia..............................108
53 Lithuania.................................30 120 Paraguay ..............................113
53 Madagascar............................30 121 Egypt ....................................132
55 Bosnia and Herzegovina ........31 122 Mozambique ........................134
55 Mali ........................................31 123 Ecuador ................................135
55 Mauritania ..............................31 124 Sri Lanka ..............................169
55 Uruguay..................................31 125 Ghana ...................................178
59 France ....................................32 125 Zambia .................................178
60 Cameroon ..............................33 127 Zimbabwe ............................446
61 Burkina Faso ..........................34 128 Bolivia .....................not possible
62 Costa Rica ..............................35 128 Venezuela ...............not possible
62 Estonia ...................................35 n/a Barbados ...............................n/a
62 Hungary..................................35 n/a Cyprus ...................................n/a
62 Mauritius ................................35 n/a Libya ......................................n/a
66 Benin ......................................36 n/a Malta .....................................n/a
66 Chad .......................................36

7.06 Pay and productivity

To what extent is pay in your country related to productivity? (1 = not related to worker productivity; 7 = strongly related to worker
productivity) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................5.7 68 Brazil ..................................4.0

2 Hong Kong SAR .................5.5 69 Finland................................4.0
3 Taiwan, China.....................5.4 70 Norway...............................4.0
4 Qatar ..................................5.3 71 Sweden..............................4.0
5 Switzerland ........................5.2 72 Portugal..............................3.9
6 Vietnam..............................5.2 73 Mauritius ............................3.9
7 Slovak Republic..................5.1 74 Philippines..........................3.9
8 United States .....................5.1 75 Turkey.................................3.9
9 Malaysia .............................5.0 76 Austria................................3.9
10 United Arab Emirates.........5.0 77 Ireland ................................3.9
11 Estonia ...............................5.0 78 Guyana ...............................3.9
12 China ..................................4.9 79 Dominican Republic ...........3.9
13 Japan..................................4.9 80 Nicaragua ...........................3.8
14 Czech Republic ..................4.9 81 Morocco.............................3.8
15 Tajikistan.............................4.8 82 Guatemala..........................3.8
16 Brunei Darussalam.............4.8 83 Nigeria................................3.8
17 Azerbaijan...........................4.8 84 Netherlands........................3.8
18 Lithuania.............................4.7 85 Botswana ...........................3.8
19 Albania ...............................4.7 86 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.8
20 Kazakhstan .........................4.7 87 Belgium..............................3.7
21 Gambia, The.......................4.6 88 Pakistan..............................3.7
22 Ukraine...............................4.6 89 Croatia................................3.6
23 Denmark ............................4.6 90 Peru....................................3.6
24 United Kingdom .................4.6 91 Spain ..................................3.6
25 Iceland................................4.6 92 Bangladesh ........................3.6
26 Canada ...............................4.6 93 Egypt..................................3.6
27 New Zealand ......................4.6 94 Barbados ............................3.6
28 Korea, Rep. ........................4.5 95 Cameroon ..........................3.6
29 Indonesia............................4.5 96 Benin..................................3.6
30 Bahrain ...............................4.5 97 Syria ...................................3.5 425
32 Oman .................................4.5 99 Mexico ...............................3.5
33 Australia .............................4.5 100 Malawi ...............................3.5
34 Chile ...................................4.5 101 Lesotho ..............................3.5
35 Russian Federation ............4.5 102 Senegal ..............................3.5
36 Slovenia..............................4.4 103 Zambia ...............................3.4
38 Thailand..............................4.4 105 South Africa .......................3.4
39 Georgia...............................4.3 106 Jamaica ..............................3.4
40 Kyrgyz Republic .................4.3 107 Tanzania..............................3.4
41 Kuwait ................................4.3 108 Honduras............................3.4
42 Romania .............................4.3 109 Suriname............................3.3
43 Latvia..................................4.2 110 Colombia ............................3.3
44 Kenya .................................4.2 111 Namibia ..............................3.3
45 Bulgaria ..............................4.2 112 Zimbabwe ..........................3.3
46 India ...................................4.2 113 Mauritania ..........................3.2
47 Luxembourg.......................4.2 114 Timor-Leste ........................3.2
48 Puerto Rico ........................4.2 115 Chad...................................3.2
49 Costa Rica ..........................4.2 116 Mali ....................................3.1
50 Cambodia ...........................4.2 117 Ghana.................................3.1
51 Hungary..............................4.2 118 Burkina Faso ......................3.1
52 Armenia..............................4.2 119 Bolivia.................................3.1
53 Madagascar........................4.2 120 Greece ...............................3.1
54 Germany ............................4.1 121 Paraguay ............................3.0
55 Malta ..................................4.1 122 Uganda...............................3.0
56 Jordan ................................4.1 123 Algeria ................................3.0
57 France ................................4.1 124 Italy ....................................2.9
58 Panama ..............................4.1 125 Nepal..................................2.9
59 Sri Lanka ............................4.1 126 Argentina............................2.9
60 Macedonia, FYR.................4.1 127 Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.9
61 Mongolia ............................4.1 128 Ecuador ..............................2.8
62 El Salvador .........................4.0 129 Venezuela...........................2.8
63 Montenegro .......................4.0 130 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.8
64 Poland ................................4.0 131 Uruguay..............................2.7
65 Tunisia ................................4.0 132 Burundi...............................2.7
66 Serbia .................................4.0 133 Libya...................................2.4
67 Cyprus................................4.0

7.07 Reliance on professional management
In your country, who holds senior management positions? (1 = usually relatives or friends without regard to merit; 7 = mostly professional
managers chosen for merit and qualifications) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Sweden..............................6.5 68 Guyana ...............................4.4

2 New Zealand ......................6.3 69 Saudi Arabia .......................4.4
3 Norway...............................6.2 70 Malta ..................................4.4
4 Finland................................6.2 71 Tanzania..............................4.4
5 Denmark ............................6.1 72 Cyprus................................4.4
6 Netherlands........................6.1 73 Mauritius ............................4.4
8 Singapore ...........................6.0 75 El Salvador .........................4.3
9 Canada ...............................6.0 76 Georgia...............................4.3
12 Ireland ................................5.8 79 Montenegro .......................4.2
13 United Kingdom .................5.7 80 Turkey.................................4.2
14 Qatar ..................................5.7 81 Colombia ............................4.2
15 Germany ............................5.7 82 Vietnam..............................4.2
16 Luxembourg.......................5.6 83 Bahrain ...............................4.1
17 Iceland................................5.6 84 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.1
18 Austria................................5.6 85 Hungary..............................4.1
19 Japan..................................5.6 86 Croatia................................4.1
20 Belgium..............................5.5 87 Mexico ...............................4.1
21 South Africa .......................5.5 88 Venezuela...........................4.1
22 Gambia, The.......................5.5 89 Uruguay..............................4.1
23 Chile ...................................5.4 90 Albania ...............................4.0
24 Israel ..................................5.4 91 Pakistan..............................4.0
25 Zimbabwe ..........................5.4 92 Ukraine...............................4.0
26 Czech Republic ..................5.3 93 Dominican Republic ...........4.0
27 Estonia ...............................5.3 94 Greece ...............................4.0
28 Puerto Rico ........................5.3 95 Azerbaijan...........................4.0
426 30 India ...................................5.3 97 Bangladesh ........................3.9
31 France ................................5.2 98 Kuwait ................................3.9
32 Slovak Republic..................5.2 99 Honduras............................3.9
33 Taiwan, China.....................5.2 100 Kazakhstan .........................3.9
35 Brazil ..................................5.1 102 Benin..................................3.8
36 Namibia ..............................5.1 103 Burkina Faso ......................3.8
37 Barbados ............................5.0 104 Mozambique ......................3.8
39 Spain ..................................5.0 106 Egypt..................................3.7
41 Oman .................................4.9 108 Tajikistan.............................3.7
42 Korea, Rep. ........................4.9 109 Cambodia ...........................3.7
43 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.9 110 Cameroon ..........................3.6
44 Botswana ...........................4.9 111 Suriname............................3.6
45 Poland ................................4.9 112 Senegal ..............................3.6
46 China ..................................4.9 113 Macedonia, FYR.................3.6
47 Malawi ...............................4.9 114 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.6
48 Philippines..........................4.8 115 Armenia..............................3.5
49 Costa Rica ..........................4.8 116 Nicaragua ...........................3.5
50 Tunisia ................................4.8 117 Timor-Leste ........................3.5
51 Zambia ...............................4.8 118 Serbia .................................3.5
52 Ghana.................................4.7 119 Nepal..................................3.5
53 Argentina............................4.7 120 Italy ....................................3.5
54 Peru....................................4.7 121 Bulgaria ..............................3.4
56 Jamaica ..............................4.7 123 Ecuador ..............................3.3
57 Romania .............................4.7 124 Syria ...................................3.3
58 Latvia..................................4.6 125 Algeria ................................3.2
59 Kenya .................................4.6 126 Mauritania ..........................3.2
60 Lithuania.............................4.6 127 Mali ....................................3.2
61 Thailand..............................4.6 128 Mongolia ............................3.2
62 Slovenia..............................4.5 129 Bolivia.................................3.1
63 Guatemala..........................4.5 130 Libya...................................3.1
64 Nigeria................................4.5 131 Burundi...............................3.1
65 Brunei Darussalam.............4.5 132 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.8
66 Panama ..............................4.4 133 Chad...................................2.5
67 Portugal..............................4.4

7.08 Brain drain

Does your country retain and attract talented people? (1 = no, the best and brightest normally leave to pursue opportunities in other countries;
7 = yes, there are many opportunities for talented people within the country) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 United States .....................6.0 68 Dominican Republic ...........3.2

2 Qatar ..................................6.0 69 Mauritius ............................3.2
3 United Arab Emirates.........5.8 70 Turkey.................................3.2
5 Singapore ...........................5.4 72 Pakistan..............................3.2
6 Norway...............................5.4 73 Honduras............................3.1
7 Sweden..............................5.2 74 Puerto Rico ........................3.1
8 Chile ...................................5.2 75 Latvia..................................3.1
9 Hong Kong SAR .................5.2 76 Vietnam..............................3.1
10 Bahrain ...............................5.2 77 Jordan ................................3.1
11 Netherlands........................5.1 78 Poland ................................3.1
12 Ireland ................................5.1 79 South Africa .......................3.1
13 Finland................................5.1 80 Nicaragua ...........................3.1
14 Canada ...............................5.1 81 Timor-Leste ........................3.1
15 Iceland................................5.0 82 Colombia ............................3.1
16 Costa Rica ..........................5.0 83 Greece ...............................3.0
17 Saudi Arabia .......................4.9 84 New Zealand ......................3.0
18 Denmark ............................4.9 85 Hungary..............................3.0
19 United Kingdom .................4.8 86 Morocco.............................3.0
20 Japan..................................4.8 87 Lesotho ..............................2.9
21 Belgium..............................4.7 88 Georgia...............................2.9
22 Oman .................................4.7 89 Suriname............................2.9
23 Luxembourg.......................4.7 90 Ghana.................................2.8
25 Indonesia............................4.6 92 Zambia ...............................2.8
26 Australia .............................4.6 93 Tanzania..............................2.8
27 Panama ..............................4.6 94 Benin..................................2.8
28 Austria................................4.4 95 Libya...................................2.8
29 Cyprus................................4.4 96 Ethiopia ..............................2.8
30 Germany ............................4.4 97 Malawi ...............................2.8 427
31 Malaysia .............................4.4 98 Croatia................................2.8
32 Thailand..............................4.3 99 Ukraine...............................2.8
33 Brunei Darussalam.............4.3 100 Lithuania.............................2.7
34 Brazil ..................................4.3 101 Albania ...............................2.7
35 Barbados ............................4.3 102 Romania .............................2.7
36 Korea, Rep. ........................4.2 103 Ecuador ..............................2.7
37 Israel ..................................4.2 104 Philippines..........................2.7
38 Spain ..................................4.2 105 Jamaica ..............................2.7
39 China ..................................4.2 106 Slovak Republic..................2.6
40 Kuwait ................................4.2 107 Armenia..............................2.6
41 India ...................................4.2 108 Uruguay..............................2.6
42 France ................................4.1 109 Tajikistan.............................2.6
43 Slovenia..............................4.1 110 Madagascar........................2.6
44 Czech Republic ..................3.9 111 Senegal ..............................2.6
45 Botswana ...........................3.9 112 Mongolia ............................2.6
46 Malta ..................................3.8 113 Paraguay ............................2.5
47 Guatemala..........................3.8 114 Bangladesh ........................2.5
48 Tunisia ................................3.8 115 Cameroon ..........................2.5
49 Estonia ...............................3.7 116 Mali ....................................2.5
50 Namibia ..............................3.7 117 Mauritania ..........................2.5
51 Cambodia ...........................3.6 118 Syria ...................................2.5
52 Sri Lanka ............................3.5 119 Chad...................................2.4
53 Russian Federation ............3.5 120 Burundi...............................2.4
54 Gambia, The.......................3.5 121 Uganda...............................2.4
55 Portugal..............................3.4 122 Venezuela...........................2.4
56 Argentina............................3.4 123 Egypt..................................2.4
58 Peru....................................3.4 125 Macedonia, FYR.................2.3
59 Kenya .................................3.4 126 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.3
60 El Salvador .........................3.4 127 Algeria ................................2.2
61 Kazakhstan .........................3.3 128 Bulgaria ..............................2.2
62 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.3 129 Nepal..................................2.0
64 Mexico ...............................3.3 131 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....1.9
65 Mozambique ......................3.3 132 Serbia .................................1.9
66 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.3 133 Guyana ...............................1.9
67 Burkina Faso ......................3.3

7.09 Female participation in labor force (hard data)
Female-to-male participation ratio in the labor force | 2007
1 Mozambique .......................1.16 68 Botswana ............................0.79

2 Ghana ..................................0.99 69 Brunei Darussalam..............0.78
3 Burundi................................0.99 70 Hong Kong SAR ..................0.77
4 Tanzania...............................0.98 71 Ireland .................................0.77
5 Mongolia .............................0.97 72 Jamaica ...............................0.77
6 Malawi ................................0.96 73 Peru.....................................0.77
7 Finland.................................0.96 74 Mauritania ...........................0.77
8 Sweden ...............................0.95 75 Georgia................................0.76
9 Madagascar.........................0.94 76 Zimbabwe ...........................0.76
10 Chad ....................................0.94 77 Uruguay...............................0.76
11 Iceland.................................0.94 78 Brazil ...................................0.75
12 Lithuania..............................0.94 79 Zambia ................................0.75
13 Norway................................0.93 80 Kyrgyz Republic...................0.74
14 Vietnam ...............................0.92 81 Spain ...................................0.74
15 Uganda ................................0.92 82 Trinidad and Tobago ............0.73
16 Denmark .............................0.92 83 Albania ................................0.73
17 Estonia ................................0.92 84 Singapore ............................0.73
18 Lesotho ...............................0.91 85 Japan...................................0.72
19 Kazakhstan ..........................0.91 86 Timor-Leste .........................0.71
20 China ...................................0.91 87 Senegal ...............................0.71
21 Russian Federation .............0.91 88 Greece ................................0.71
22 Canada ................................0.90 89 Korea, Rep. .........................0.71
23 Ethiopia ...............................0.89 90 Italy .....................................0.70
24 Barbados .............................0.89 91 Argentina.............................0.70
25 Latvia...................................0.88 92 Cameroon ...........................0.70
26 Slovenia...............................0.88 93 Benin ...................................0.69
27 Ukraine ................................0.88 94 Puerto Rico .........................0.69
28 Cambodia ............................0.88 95 Bangladesh .........................0.69
29 Burkina Faso .......................0.88 96 Ecuador ...............................0.67
428 30 Israel ...................................0.88 97 Macedonia, FYR..................0.66
31 Azerbaijan............................0.87 98 Venezuela ............................0.65
32 Bulgaria ...............................0.87 99 Philippines ...........................0.62
33 France .................................0.87 100 Panama ...............................0.62
34 Kenya ..................................0.86 101 El Salvador ..........................0.61
35 Portugal ...............................0.86 102 Guyana ................................0.60
36 Armenia...............................0.86 103 Suriname .............................0.59
37 Paraguay .............................0.86 104 Indonesia.............................0.58
38 Switzerland .........................0.86 105 Sri Lanka .............................0.58
39 United States ......................0.85 106 Mali .....................................0.57
40 United Kingdom ..................0.85 107 Malaysia ..............................0.57
41 New Zealand .......................0.85 108 Chile ....................................0.57
42 Netherlands.........................0.85 109 Mauritius .............................0.57
43 Germany .............................0.85 110 Costa Rica ...........................0.56
44 Tajikistan..............................0.85 111 Nigeria .................................0.55
45 Gambia, The........................0.85 112 Guatemala ...........................0.54
46 Austria .................................0.84 113 Kuwait .................................0.54
47 Australia ..............................0.84 114 Mexico ................................0.53
48 Bosnia and Herzegovina .....0.84 115 Malta ...................................0.51
49 Colombia .............................0.84 116 Algeria .................................0.47
50 Namibia ...............................0.83 117 Côte d’Ivoire........................0.47
51 Poland .................................0.83 118 Qatar ...................................0.46
52 Montenegro ........................0.83 119 Honduras.............................0.46
53 Thailand ...............................0.82 120 Nicaragua ............................0.45
54 Belgium ...............................0.82 121 United Arab Emirates..........0.44
55 Hungary...............................0.81 122 India ....................................0.42
56 Czech Republic ...................0.81 123 Bahrain ................................0.41
57 Cyprus .................................0.81 124 Tunisia .................................0.38
58 Bolivia..................................0.81 125 Turkey..................................0.35
59 Slovak Republic...................0.81 126 Oman ..................................0.34
60 Romania ..............................0.81 127 Egypt ...................................0.34
61 South Africa ........................0.81 128 Libya....................................0.34
62 Taiwan, China1 ....................0.80 129 Morocco ..............................0.32
63 Dominican Republic ............0.80 130 Syria ....................................0.27
64 Croatia .................................0.80 131 Pakistan...............................0.25
65 Luxembourg ........................0.79 132 Saudi Arabia ........................0.24
66 Nepal ...................................0.79 133 Jordan .................................0.22
67 Serbia1 ................................0.79
SOURCE: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM) 5th Edition (March 2009 update)
1 2008

Data Tables
Section VIII
Financial market sophistication
429

8.01 Financial market sophistication
2.2: Data Tables | Section VIII: Financial market sophistication
How would you assess the level of sophistication of financial markets in your country? (1 = poor by international standards; 7 = excellent by
international standards) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Luxembourg.......................6.7 68 Guatemala..........................4.2
2 Switzerland ........................6.6 69 Poland ................................4.2
3 Canada ...............................6.4 70 Azerbaijan...........................4.2
4 Sweden..............................6.4 71 Philippines..........................4.2
5 Hong Kong SAR .................6.4 72 Tunisia ................................4.2
6 South Africa .......................6.3 73 Croatia................................4.1
8 Singapore ...........................6.2 75 Lithuania.............................4.1
9 Netherlands........................6.2 76 Kenya .................................4.1
10 France ................................6.2 77 Honduras............................4.1
11 United States .....................6.2 78 China ..................................4.0
12 Australia .............................6.2 79 Pakistan..............................4.0
13 Brazil ..................................6.0 80 Ghana.................................3.9
14 Finland................................6.0 81 Gambia, The.......................3.9
15 Denmark ............................6.0 82 Romania .............................3.9
16 Norway...............................6.0 83 Botswana ...........................3.9
17 Germany ............................6.0 84 Dominican Republic ...........3.8
18 Austria................................5.9 85 Egypt..................................3.8
19 Belgium..............................5.9 86 Ecuador ..............................3.8
20 Chile ...................................5.9 87 Senegal ..............................3.7
22 Israel ..................................5.7 89 Uruguay..............................3.7
23 New Zealand ......................5.7 90 Zimbabwe ..........................3.6
24 Spain ..................................5.6 91 Zambia ...............................3.6
25 Panama ..............................5.6 92 Russian Federation ............3.6
27 Estonia ...............................5.5 94 Malawi ...............................3.6
28 Bahrain ...............................5.5 95 Kazakhstan .........................3.5
29 Ireland ................................5.5 96 Georgia...............................3.5
430 30 United Arab Emirates.........5.4 97 Argentina............................3.4
31 Malaysia .............................5.4 98 Vietnam..............................3.4
33 Thailand..............................5.1 100 Ukraine...............................3.4
34 Cyprus................................5.1 101 Benin..................................3.3
35 Malta ..................................5.1 102 Nicaragua ...........................3.2
36 Namibia ..............................5.0 103 Armenia..............................3.2
37 Qatar ..................................5.0 104 Suriname............................3.1
38 El Salvador .........................5.0 105 Mozambique ......................3.1
39 Taiwan, China.....................5.0 106 Lesotho ..............................3.1
40 Turkey.................................5.0 107 Paraguay ............................3.1
42 Mauritius ............................4.9 109 Guyana ...............................3.0
43 Jamaica ..............................4.9 110 Bulgaria ..............................3.0
44 Japan..................................4.9 111 Serbia .................................3.0
45 Czech Republic ..................4.8 112 Bolivia.................................3.0
46 Jordan ................................4.8 113 Burkina Faso ......................3.0
47 Barbados ............................4.8 114 Nepal..................................2.9
48 Slovenia..............................4.7 115 Bangladesh ........................2.9
49 Peru....................................4.7 116 Uganda...............................2.9
51 Oman .................................4.6 118 Mali ....................................2.8
52 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.6 119 Tajikistan.............................2.8
53 Mexico ...............................4.6 120 Cambodia ...........................2.8
54 Kuwait ................................4.5 121 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.7
55 Sri Lanka ............................4.5 122 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.6
56 Indonesia............................4.5 123 Mauritania ..........................2.6
58 Greece ...............................4.5 125 Madagascar........................2.4
59 Montenegro .......................4.4 126 Syria ...................................2.3
60 Morocco.............................4.4 127 Algeria ................................2.3
61 Hungary..............................4.3 128 Cameroon ..........................2.3
62 Colombia ............................4.3 129 Chad...................................2.2
64 Brunei Darussalam.............4.3 131 Libya...................................2.1
65 Iceland................................4.3 132 Timor-Leste ........................2.1
66 Latvia..................................4.3 133 Burundi...............................2.1
67 Italy ....................................4.3

8.02 Financing through local equity market

How easy is it to raise money by issuing shares on the stock market in your country? (1 = very difficult; 7 = very easy) | 2008–2009 weighted
average
1 Hong Kong SAR .................5.3 68 Namibia ..............................3.9

2 Qatar ..................................5.2 69 Portugal..............................3.8
3 India ...................................5.0 70 Spain ..................................3.8
4 South Africa .......................4.9 71 Botswana ...........................3.8
5 Taiwan, China.....................4.9 72 Slovenia..............................3.8
6 Jordan ................................4.9 73 Lithuania.............................3.8
7 New Zealand ......................4.8 74 Italy ....................................3.7
8 France ................................4.8 75 Tanzania..............................3.7
10 United Arab Emirates.........4.8 77 Colombia ............................3.6
11 Vietnam..............................4.8 78 Romania .............................3.6
12 Malawi ...............................4.7 79 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.5
14 Chile ...................................4.7 81 Uganda...............................3.5
15 Malaysia .............................4.7 82 Serbia .................................3.5
16 Oman .................................4.7 83 Ireland ................................3.4
17 Canada ...............................4.7 84 Macedonia, FYR.................3.4
18 Malta ..................................4.7 85 Bulgaria ..............................3.4
19 Sweden..............................4.7 86 Benin..................................3.4
20 Kenya .................................4.6 87 Senegal ..............................3.3
22 Egypt..................................4.6 89 Mongolia ............................3.3
23 Montenegro .......................4.6 90 Azerbaijan...........................3.2
24 Nigeria................................4.6 91 Cameroon ..........................3.2
25 Nepal..................................4.6 92 El Salvador .........................3.2
26 Switzerland ........................4.6 93 Slovak Republic..................3.1
27 Australia .............................4.6 94 Burkina Faso ......................3.1
28 Zimbabwe ..........................4.6 95 Latvia..................................3.1
29 Norway...............................4.6 96 Russian Federation ............3.1
30 Japan..................................4.5 97 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.1 431
31 Panama ..............................4.5 98 Costa Rica ..........................3.1
32 Thailand..............................4.5 99 Kazakhstan .........................3.1
33 Bangladesh ........................4.5 100 Hungary..............................3.0
34 Sri Lanka ............................4.4 101 Guyana ...............................3.0
35 United States .....................4.4 102 Suriname............................2.9
36 Finland................................4.4 103 Tajikistan.............................2.9
38 Korea, Rep. ........................4.3 105 Gambia, The.......................2.9
39 Zambia ...............................4.3 106 Iceland................................2.8
40 Israel ..................................4.3 107 Ukraine...............................2.8
41 Austria................................4.3 108 Dominican Republic ...........2.8
42 Ghana.................................4.3 109 Mali ....................................2.8
44 Brazil ..................................4.2 111 Venezuela...........................2.7
45 Pakistan..............................4.2 112 Armenia..............................2.7
46 Netherlands........................4.2 113 Argentina............................2.7
47 Luxembourg.......................4.2 114 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.6
48 Morocco.............................4.2 115 Ecuador ..............................2.6
49 United Kingdom .................4.2 116 Bolivia.................................2.6
51 Mauritius ............................4.1 118 Syria ...................................2.6
52 Greece ...............................4.1 119 Algeria ................................2.5
53 Jamaica ..............................4.1 120 Lesotho ..............................2.5
54 Philippines..........................4.1 121 Guatemala..........................2.5
57 Denmark ............................4.1 124 Ethiopia ..............................2.4
58 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.0 125 Georgia...............................2.4
59 Germany ............................4.0 126 Honduras............................2.3
60 Cyprus................................4.0 127 Chad...................................2.3
61 Poland ................................4.0 128 Libya...................................2.3
62 Estonia ...............................4.0 129 Madagascar........................2.2
63 Puerto Rico ........................4.0 130 Cambodia ...........................2.2
64 Bahrain ...............................3.9 131 Mauritania ..........................2.1
65 Turkey.................................3.9 132 Uruguay..............................2.1
66 China ..................................3.9 133 Albania ...............................2.1
67 Peru....................................3.9

8.03 Ease of access to loans
How easy is it to obtain a bank loan in your country with only a good business plan and no collateral? (1 = very difficult; 7 = very
easy) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Luxembourg.......................5.0 68 Tanzania..............................2.9
2 Qatar ..................................4.8 69 Vietnam..............................2.9
3 Finland................................4.7 70 El Salvador .........................2.9
4 Bahrain ...............................4.7 71 Spain ..................................2.9
5 Singapore ...........................4.6 72 Albania ...............................2.8
6 Norway...............................4.6 73 Lithuania.............................2.8
7 United Arab Emirates.........4.5 74 Guatemala..........................2.8
8 Hong Kong SAR .................4.4 75 Turkey.................................2.8
9 Montenegro .......................4.4 76 Iceland................................2.8
10 Australia .............................4.4 77 Azerbaijan...........................2.8
11 Sweden..............................4.4 78 Croatia................................2.8
12 Denmark ............................4.3 79 Hungary..............................2.8
13 Malaysia .............................4.3 80 Korea, Rep. ........................2.8
14 Oman .................................4.3 81 Zambia ...............................2.7
16 Netherlands........................4.2 83 Uganda...............................2.7
17 Cyprus................................4.2 84 Nepal..................................2.7
19 New Zealand ......................4.0 86 Kazakhstan .........................2.7
20 Malta ..................................4.0 87 Ukraine...............................2.7
21 Indonesia............................4.0 88 Philippines..........................2.7
22 Slovak Republic..................4.0 89 China ..................................2.7
23 Taiwan, China.....................4.0 90 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.6
24 Belgium..............................3.9 91 Tajikistan.............................2.6
25 Canada ...............................3.9 92 Serbia .................................2.6
27 Chile ...................................3.9 94 Honduras............................2.6
28 Kenya .................................3.9 95 Cambodia ...........................2.6
29 Slovenia..............................3.8 96 Georgia...............................2.6
432 30 Kuwait ................................3.8 97 Timor-Leste ........................2.6
31 South Africa .......................3.7 98 Nicaragua ...........................2.6
33 United States .....................3.7 100 Latvia..................................2.6
34 India ...................................3.6 101 Uruguay..............................2.5
35 Thailand..............................3.6 102 Syria ...................................2.5
36 Estonia ...............................3.6 103 Guyana ...............................2.4
37 Czech Republic ..................3.5 104 Paraguay ............................2.4
38 Botswana ...........................3.5 105 Dominican Republic ...........2.4
39 Austria................................3.5 106 Malawi ...............................2.4
40 Puerto Rico ........................3.5 107 Suriname............................2.4
41 France ................................3.5 108 Bangladesh ........................2.4
42 Brunei Darussalam.............3.5 109 Venezuela...........................2.4
43 Peru....................................3.4 110 Ecuador ..............................2.4
44 Egypt..................................3.4 111 Macedonia, FYR.................2.3
45 Jordan ................................3.4 112 Algeria ................................2.3
46 Libya...................................3.3 113 Ethiopia ..............................2.3
47 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.3 114 Ghana.................................2.3
48 Romania .............................3.3 115 Benin..................................2.3
49 Bulgaria ..............................3.3 116 Mauritania ..........................2.3
50 United Kingdom .................3.2 117 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.3
51 Sri Lanka ............................3.2 118 Italy ....................................2.2
53 Pakistan..............................3.2 120 Zimbabwe ..........................2.2
54 Japan..................................3.2 121 Jamaica ..............................2.2
55 Israel ..................................3.1 122 Bolivia.................................2.1
57 Namibia ..............................3.1 124 Nigeria................................2.1
58 Greece ...............................3.1 125 Cameroon ..........................2.1
59 Morocco.............................3.1 126 Burundi...............................2.1
60 Colombia ............................3.1 127 Chad...................................2.1
61 Poland ................................3.1 128 Argentina............................2.0
62 Brazil ..................................3.0 129 Senegal ..............................1.9
63 Costa Rica ..........................3.0 130 Mongolia ............................1.8
64 Ireland ................................3.0 131 Mali ....................................1.8
65 Germany ............................3.0 132 Burkina Faso ......................1.7
66 Barbados ............................3.0 133 Côte d’Ivoire ......................1.5
67 Gambia, The.......................3.0

8.04 Venture capital availability

In your country, how easy is it for entrepreneurs with innovative but risky projects to find venture capital? (1 = very difficult; 7 = very
easy) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Hong Kong SAR .................4.6 68 Brazil ..................................2.7

2 Norway...............................4.4 69 Barbados ............................2.7
3 Singapore ...........................4.3 70 Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.7
4 Luxembourg.......................4.3 71 Bulgaria ..............................2.7
5 Sweden..............................4.3 72 Costa Rica ..........................2.7
7 United States .....................4.2 74 Nicaragua ...........................2.7
8 Taiwan, China.....................4.1 75 Greece ...............................2.7
9 Netherlands........................4.1 76 Colombia ............................2.6
10 Australia .............................4.0 77 Gambia, The.......................2.6
11 Bahrain ...............................3.9 78 Cambodia ...........................2.6
12 Malaysia .............................3.9 79 Latvia..................................2.6
13 United Arab Emirates.........3.9 80 Serbia .................................2.6
14 Israel ..................................3.9 81 Guatemala..........................2.6
15 Indonesia............................3.8 82 Tanzania..............................2.6
16 Panama ..............................3.8 83 Tajikistan.............................2.6
17 Denmark ............................3.8 84 Timor-Leste ........................2.5
18 Canada ...............................3.8 85 El Salvador .........................2.5
19 Cyprus................................3.8 86 Russian Federation ............2.5
20 Oman .................................3.7 87 Philippines..........................2.5
21 Estonia ...............................3.7 88 Benin..................................2.5
23 India ...................................3.6 90 Lesotho ..............................2.5
24 New Zealand ......................3.6 91 Ukraine...............................2.5
25 Switzerland ........................3.6 92 Honduras............................2.5
26 United Kingdom .................3.5 93 Nepal..................................2.4
27 Saudi Arabia .......................3.5 94 Hungary..............................2.4
28 Slovenia..............................3.5 95 Nigeria................................2.4
30 Chile ...................................3.5 97 Croatia................................2.4 433
31 France ................................3.5 98 Mexico ...............................2.4
32 Kuwait ................................3.4 99 Uruguay..............................2.4
33 South Africa .......................3.4 100 Syria ...................................2.3
34 Egypt..................................3.4 101 Albania ...............................2.3
35 Puerto Rico ........................3.3 102 Dominican Republic ...........2.3
36 Tunisia ................................3.3 103 Zambia ...............................2.3
37 Austria................................3.2 104 Italy ....................................2.3
38 China ..................................3.2 105 Guyana ...............................2.3
40 Qatar ..................................3.2 107 Turkey.................................2.3
41 Slovak Republic..................3.2 108 Burundi...............................2.3
42 Azerbaijan...........................3.2 109 Georgia...............................2.2
43 Malta ..................................3.1 110 Venezuela...........................2.2
45 Mauritius ............................3.1 112 Ethiopia ..............................2.2
47 Kenya .................................3.1 114 Ecuador ..............................2.2
48 Spain ..................................3.1 115 Ghana.................................2.1
49 Thailand..............................3.0 116 Uganda...............................2.1
50 Vietnam..............................3.0 117 Argentina............................2.1
51 Botswana ...........................3.0 118 Algeria ................................2.1
52 Peru....................................3.0 119 Suriname............................2.1
53 Germany ............................3.0 120 Jamaica ..............................2.1
54 Japan..................................3.0 121 Malawi ...............................2.0
55 Czech Republic ..................2.9 122 Bangladesh ........................2.0
56 Portugal..............................2.9 123 Chad...................................2.0
57 Iceland................................2.9 124 Zimbabwe ..........................2.0
58 Romania .............................2.9 125 Paraguay ............................2.0
59 Kazakhstan .........................2.9 126 Cameroon ..........................2.0
60 Sri Lanka ............................2.8 127 Senegal ..............................2.0
61 Macedonia, FYR.................2.8 128 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.0
62 Brunei Darussalam.............2.8 129 Armenia..............................1.9
63 Libya...................................2.8 130 Mali ....................................1.9
65 Morocco.............................2.8 132 Burkina Faso ......................1.7
66 Pakistan..............................2.8 133 Côte d’Ivoire ......................1.5
67 Namibia ..............................2.7

8.05 Restriction on capital flows
How restrictive are regulations in your country relating to international capital flows? (1 = highly restrictive; 7 = not restrictive at all) | 2008–2009
weighted average
1 Hong Kong SAR .................6.5 68 Philippines..........................4.5

3 Mauritius ............................6.0 70 Romania .............................4.4
4 Finland................................6.0 71 Honduras............................4.4
5 Uruguay..............................6.0 72 Saudi Arabia .......................4.4
6 Switzerland ........................6.0 73 India ...................................4.4
7 Estonia ...............................6.0 74 Pakistan..............................4.4
8 Sweden..............................5.9 75 Azerbaijan...........................4.4
9 United Arab Emirates.........5.9 76 Ghana.................................4.3
10 Germany ............................5.7 77 Costa Rica ..........................4.3
12 Austria................................5.7 79 Sri Lanka ............................4.3
14 Bahrain ...............................5.6 81 Albania ...............................4.2
15 Netherlands........................5.5 82 Croatia................................4.1
16 Georgia...............................5.5 83 Mongolia ............................4.1
17 Montenegro .......................5.4 84 Kenya .................................4.1
18 Denmark ............................5.4 85 Tanzania..............................4.1
19 Malta ..................................5.4 86 Taiwan, China.....................4.1
20 Oman .................................5.4 87 Thailand..............................4.0
21 Ireland ................................5.4 88 Nigeria................................4.0
22 United Kingdom .................5.3 89 Tunisia ................................4.0
23 Chile ...................................5.3 90 Macedonia, FYR.................4.0
24 Czech Republic ..................5.3 91 Brazil ..................................3.9
25 Peru....................................5.3 92 Bolivia.................................3.9
26 Qatar ..................................5.3 93 Lesotho ..............................3.9
27 Cyprus................................5.3 94 Bulgaria ..............................3.9
28 Botswana ...........................5.3 95 Iceland................................3.9
29 Slovak Republic..................5.3 96 Timor-Leste ........................3.9
434 30 Zambia ...............................5.3 97 Namibia ..............................3.8
31 Jordan ................................5.3 98 Italy ....................................3.8
32 Belgium..............................5.2 99 Serbia .................................3.8
33 Indonesia............................5.2 100 Tajikistan.............................3.7
34 Latvia..................................5.1 101 Burkina Faso ......................3.7
35 Guatemala..........................5.1 102 Suriname............................3.7
36 Turkey.................................5.1 103 Cameroon ..........................3.7
37 Canada ...............................5.1 104 Senegal ..............................3.7
38 Hungary..............................5.1 105 Mali ....................................3.7
39 Panama ..............................5.1 106 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.7
40 El Salvador .........................5.1 107 Benin..................................3.7
41 Australia .............................5.0 108 Malawi ...............................3.7
43 Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.0 110 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.6
44 Portugal..............................5.0 111 South Africa .......................3.6
45 Uganda...............................5.0 112 Mauritania ..........................3.6
46 Jamaica ..............................5.0 113 Syria ...................................3.5
47 Greece ...............................4.9 114 Barbados ............................3.5
48 Mexico ...............................4.9 115 Colombia ............................3.5
49 Norway...............................4.8 116 Kazakhstan .........................3.4
50 Guyana ...............................4.8 117 Morocco.............................3.4
51 France ................................4.8 118 Bangladesh ........................3.4
52 Japan..................................4.8 119 Nepal..................................3.4
53 Gambia, The.......................4.8 120 Libya...................................3.3
54 United States .....................4.8 121 Madagascar........................3.3
55 Paraguay ............................4.7 122 Russian Federation ............3.2
57 Armenia..............................4.7 124 Ukraine...............................3.1
58 Cambodia ...........................4.7 125 China ..................................3.1
59 Israel ..................................4.7 126 Ethiopia ..............................3.1
60 Malaysia .............................4.7 127 Burundi...............................3.1
61 Puerto Rico ........................4.6 128 Argentina............................3.0
62 Slovenia..............................4.6 129 Mozambique ......................2.9
63 Lithuania.............................4.6 130 Chad...................................2.9
64 Spain ..................................4.6 131 Algeria ................................2.4
65 Dominican Republic ...........4.5 132 Zimbabwe ..........................2.4
66 Egypt..................................4.5 133 Venezuela...........................1.4
67 Nicaragua ...........................4.5

8.06 Strength of investor protection (hard data)

Strength of Investor Protection Index on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2008
1 New Zealand .........................9.7 55 Sri Lanka ...............................5.3

2 Singapore ..............................9.3 55 Taiwan, China ........................5.3
3 Hong Kong SAR ....................9.0 55 Zambia ..................................5.3
4 Malaysia ................................8.7 71 Armenia.................................5.0
5 Canada ..................................8.3 71 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......5.0
5 Ireland ...................................8.3 71 China .....................................5.0
5 Israel .....................................8.3 71 Czech Republic .....................5.0
5 United States ........................8.3 71 Germany ...............................5.0
9 South Africa ..........................8.0 71 Kenya ....................................5.0
9 United Kingdom ....................8.0 71 Lithuania................................5.0
11 Kyrgyz Republic.....................7.7 71 Macedonia, FYR....................5.0
11 Mauritius ...............................7.7 71 Nicaragua ..............................5.0
11 Thailand .................................7.7 71 Oman ....................................5.0
14 Albania ..................................7.3 71 Qatar .....................................5.0
15 Belgium .................................7.0 71 Russian Federation ...............5.0
15 Japan.....................................7.0 71 Spain .....................................5.0
15 Puerto Rico ...........................7.0 71 Tanzania.................................5.0
18 Azerbaijan..............................6.7 71 Uruguay.................................5.0
18 Bangladesh ...........................6.7 86 Argentina...............................4.7
18 Norway..................................6.7 86 Netherlands...........................4.7
18 Peru.......................................6.7 86 Panama .................................4.7
18 Slovenia.................................6.7 86 Slovak Republic.....................4.7
18 Trinidad and Tobago ..............6.7 90 Brunei Darussalam................4.3
24 Colombia ...............................6.3 90 Cameroon .............................4.3
24 Denmark ...............................6.3 90 El Salvador ............................4.3
24 Kuwait ...................................6.3 90 Ethiopia .................................4.3
24 Mongolia ...............................6.3 90 Hungary.................................4.3
24 Montenegro ..........................6.3 90 Jordan ...................................4.3
24 Pakistan.................................6.3 90 Luxembourg ..........................4.3
24 Saudi Arabia ..........................6.3 90 Syria ......................................4.3 435
31 Botswana ..............................6.0 90 United Arab Emirates............4.3
31 Bulgaria .................................6.0 90 Zimbabwe .............................4.3
31 Chile ......................................6.0 100 Austria ...................................4.0
31 Georgia..................................6.0 100 Bolivia....................................4.0
31 Ghana ....................................6.0 100 Chad ......................................4.0
31 India ......................................6.0 100 Croatia ...................................4.0
31 Mexico ..................................6.0 100 Dominican Republic ..............4.0
31 Mozambique .........................6.0 100 Ecuador .................................4.0
31 Poland ...................................6.0 100 Guatemala .............................4.0
31 Portugal .................................6.0 100 Philippines .............................4.0
31 Romania ................................6.0 100 Timor-Leste ...........................4.0
42 Australia ................................5.7 100 Uganda ..................................4.0
42 Bahrain ..................................5.7 110 Burkina Faso .........................3.7
42 Estonia ..................................5.7 110 Lesotho .................................3.7
42 Finland...................................5.7 110 Mauritania .............................3.7
42 Indonesia...............................5.7 110 Tunisia ...................................3.7
42 Italy .......................................5.7 110 Ukraine ..................................3.7
42 Kazakhstan ............................5.7 115 Benin .....................................3.3
42 Latvia.....................................5.7 115 Burundi..................................3.3
42 Madagascar...........................5.7 115 Côte d’Ivoire..........................3.3
42 Nigeria ...................................5.7 115 Greece ..................................3.3
42 Paraguay ...............................5.7 115 Honduras...............................3.3
42 Sweden .................................5.7 115 Mali .......................................3.3
42 Turkey....................................5.7 115 Tajikistan................................3.3
55 Algeria ...................................5.3 122 Costa Rica .............................3.0
55 Brazil .....................................5.3 122 Morocco ................................3.0
55 Cambodia ..............................5.3 122 Senegal .................................3.0
55 Egypt .....................................5.3 122 Switzerland ...........................3.0
55 France ...................................5.3 126 Gambia, The..........................2.7
55 Guyana ..................................5.3 126 Venezuela ..............................2.7
55 Iceland...................................5.3 126 Vietnam .................................2.7
55 Jamaica .................................5.3 129 Suriname ...............................2.0
55 Korea, Rep. ...........................5.3 n/a Barbados ...............................n/a
55 Malawi ..................................5.3 n/a Cyprus ...................................n/a
55 Namibia .................................5.3 n/a Libya ......................................n/a
55 Nepal .....................................5.3 n/a Malta .....................................n/a
55 Serbia ....................................5.3

8.07 Soundness of banks
How would you assess the soundness of banks in your country? (1 = insolvent and may require a government bailout; 7 = generally healthy with
sound balance sheets) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Canada ...............................6.7 68 Syria ...................................5.2

2 New Zealand ......................6.6 69 Italy ....................................5.2
3 Australia .............................6.6 70 Netherlands........................5.2
4 Chile ...................................6.5 71 Uruguay..............................5.2
5 Hong Kong SAR .................6.4 72 Montenegro .......................5.2
7 Namibia ..............................6.3 74 Romania .............................5.2
8 Singapore ...........................6.3 75 Bolivia.................................5.2
9 Panama ..............................6.3 76 Tunisia ................................5.2
10 Brazil ..................................6.3 77 Slovenia..............................5.2
11 Finland................................6.3 78 Morocco.............................5.2
13 Malta ..................................6.3 80 Mozambique ......................5.1
14 Luxembourg.......................6.2 81 Armenia..............................5.1
16 Mauritius ............................6.2 83 Madagascar........................5.1
17 Qatar ..................................6.2 84 Japan..................................5.0
18 Bahrain ...............................6.1 85 Pakistan..............................5.0
19 Israel ..................................6.1 86 Egypt..................................5.0
20 Norway...............................6.1 87 Cameroon ..........................5.0
21 Sweden..............................6.0 88 Uganda...............................5.0
22 Cyprus................................6.0 89 Turkey.................................5.0
23 Trinidad and Tobago ...........6.0 90 Korea, Rep. ........................5.0
24 Spain ..................................6.0 91 Georgia...............................5.0
25 India ...................................5.9 92 Nigeria................................5.0
26 Peru....................................5.9 93 Poland ................................5.0
27 Austria................................5.9 94 Taiwan, China.....................4.9
28 Senegal ..............................5.9 95 Belgium..............................4.9
29 Czech Republic ..................5.9 96 Indonesia............................4.9
436 30 Costa Rica ..........................5.8 97 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.9
31 Malawi ...............................5.8 98 Ecuador ..............................4.9
32 El Salvador .........................5.8 99 Nepal..................................4.8
33 Saudi Arabia .......................5.8 100 Hungary..............................4.8
34 Estonia ...............................5.7 101 Bangladesh ........................4.8
35 Oman .................................5.7 102 Bulgaria ..............................4.8
36 United Arab Emirates.........5.7 103 Germany ............................4.8
37 Jordan ................................5.7 104 Albania ...............................4.7
38 Malaysia .............................5.7 105 Mali ....................................4.7
39 Brunei Darussalam.............5.7 106 Azerbaijan...........................4.7
40 France ................................5.7 107 Tanzania..............................4.7
41 Mexico ...............................5.7 108 United States .....................4.7
42 Gambia, The.......................5.6 109 Venezuela...........................4.6
43 Thailand..............................5.6 110 Serbia .................................4.6
44 Switzerland ........................5.6 111 Vietnam..............................4.6
45 Greece ...............................5.6 112 Nicaragua ...........................4.6
46 Guyana ...............................5.6 113 Mauritania ..........................4.5
47 Botswana ...........................5.6 114 Cambodia ...........................4.4
48 Kuwait ................................5.6 115 Latvia..................................4.3
49 Denmark ............................5.6 116 Libya...................................4.3
50 Jamaica ..............................5.5 117 Ethiopia ..............................4.2
51 Honduras............................5.5 118 Argentina............................4.2
52 Benin..................................5.5 119 Lesotho ..............................4.1
53 Zambia ...............................5.5 120 Tajikistan.............................4.1
54 Colombia ............................5.4 121 Ireland ................................4.1
55 Guatemala..........................5.4 122 Timor-Leste ........................4.0
56 Croatia................................5.4 123 Russian Federation ............4.0
57 Ghana.................................5.4 124 Chad...................................4.0
58 Philippines..........................5.4 125 Burundi...............................4.0
59 Dominican Republic ...........5.4 126 United Kingdom .................3.8
60 Sri Lanka ............................5.4 127 Algeria ................................3.7
61 Kenya .................................5.4 128 Kazakhstan .........................3.7
62 Portugal..............................5.4 129 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.7
63 Lithuania.............................5.4 130 Iceland................................3.7
64 Suriname............................5.3 131 Zimbabwe ..........................3.6
65 Puerto Rico ........................5.3 132 Mongolia ............................3.5
66 China ..................................5.2 133 Ukraine...............................3.4
67 Burkina Faso ......................5.2

8.08 Regulation of securities exchanges

How would you assess the regulation of securities exchanges in your country? (1 = ineffective; 7 = effective) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Sweden..............................5.9 68 Botswana ...........................4.4

2 South Africa .......................5.9 69 Egypt..................................4.3
3 Switzerland ........................5.8 70 Spain ..................................4.3
5 New Zealand ......................5.8 72 Uruguay..............................4.2
6 Australia .............................5.8 73 Croatia................................4.2
7 Denmark ............................5.7 74 Macedonia, FYR.................4.2
8 Norway...............................5.7 75 Pakistan..............................4.2
9 Luxembourg.......................5.7 76 Italy ....................................4.2
10 Brazil ..................................5.6 77 Philippines..........................4.2
11 India ...................................5.6 78 Peru....................................4.2
12 Finland................................5.6 79 Latvia..................................4.2
13 Puerto Rico ........................5.6 80 El Salvador .........................4.1
15 Malta ..................................5.5 82 Zimbabwe ..........................4.1
17 France ................................5.3 84 Slovak Republic..................4.1
18 Qatar ..................................5.3 85 Ecuador ..............................4.1
19 Oman .................................5.3 86 Argentina............................4.1
20 Germany ............................5.3 87 Nicaragua ...........................4.0
21 Canada ...............................5.2 88 Romania .............................4.0
22 Panama ..............................5.2 89 Gambia, The.......................4.0
23 United Arab Emirates.........5.2 90 Vietnam..............................4.0
24 Barbados ............................5.2 91 China ..................................4.0
25 Jordan ................................5.2 92 Kuwait ................................4.0
26 Bahrain ...............................5.1 93 Dominican Republic ...........4.0
27 Belgium..............................5.1 94 Paraguay ............................4.0
28 Mauritius ............................5.0 95 Tanzania..............................4.0
29 Cyprus................................5.0 96 Uganda...............................3.9
30 Malaysia .............................5.0 97 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.9 437
31 Sri Lanka ............................5.0 98 Benin..................................3.8
32 Estonia ...............................5.0 99 Senegal ..............................3.8
33 Jamaica ..............................5.0 100 Kenya .................................3.7
34 Austria................................4.9 101 Brunei Darussalam.............3.7
35 Taiwan, China.....................4.9 102 Serbia .................................3.6
36 Thailand..............................4.9 103 Burkina Faso ......................3.6
37 Namibia ..............................4.9 104 Bolivia.................................3.6
38 Czech Republic ..................4.9 105 Nepal..................................3.6
39 Poland ................................4.9 106 Mozambique ......................3.6
40 Japan..................................4.9 107 Guyana ...............................3.5
41 Portugal..............................4.8 108 Bulgaria ..............................3.5
42 Montenegro .......................4.8 109 Azerbaijan...........................3.5
43 Tunisia ................................4.8 110 Venezuela...........................3.5
44 Zambia ...............................4.8 111 Lesotho ..............................3.4
45 Indonesia............................4.8 112 Syria ...................................3.3
46 United Kingdom .................4.8 113 Russian Federation ............3.3
47 United States .....................4.7 114 Suriname............................3.3
48 Ghana.................................4.7 115 Cameroon ..........................3.2
49 Iceland................................4.7 116 Kazakhstan .........................3.2
50 Greece ...............................4.7 117 Georgia...............................3.1
51 Lithuania.............................4.6 118 Armenia..............................3.1
52 Nigeria................................4.6 119 Mali ....................................3.1
53 Morocco.............................4.6 120 Mongolia ............................3.0
55 Korea, Rep. ........................4.5 122 Tajikistan.............................2.8
57 Israel ..................................4.5 124 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.7
58 Chile ...................................4.5 125 Libya...................................2.7
59 Malawi ...............................4.5 126 Cambodia ...........................2.7
60 Slovenia..............................4.5 127 Ukraine...............................2.7
61 Ireland ................................4.5 128 Albania ...............................2.6
62 Mexico ...............................4.5 129 Chad...................................2.6
63 Guatemala..........................4.4 130 Burundi...............................2.5
64 Saudi Arabia .......................4.4 131 Mauritania ..........................2.4
65 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.4 132 Madagascar........................2.4
66 Bangladesh ........................4.4 133 Algeria ................................2.3
67 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.4

8.09 Legal rights index (hard data)
Degree of legal protection of borrowers’ and lenders’ rights on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2008
1 Hong Kong SAR .....................10 58 Panama ....................................6

1 Kenya .....................................10 58 Slovenia....................................6
1 Malaysia .................................10 58 Spain ........................................6
1 Singapore ...............................10 71 Bosnia and Herzegovina ..........5
5 Albania .....................................9 71 Colombia ..................................5
5 Australia ...................................9 71 Costa Rica ................................5
5 Cambodia .................................9 71 El Salvador ...............................5
5 Denmark ..................................9 71 Gambia, The.............................5
5 Israel ........................................9 71 Kazakhstan ...............................5
5 Latvia........................................9 71 Lithuania...................................5
5 Montenegro .............................9 71 Mauritius ..................................5
5 New Zealand ............................9 71 Nepal ........................................5
5 Slovak Republic........................9 71 Suriname ..................................5
5 South Africa .............................9 71 Sweden ....................................5
5 Ukraine .....................................9 71 Uruguay....................................5
5 United Kingdom .......................9 83 Argentina..................................4
5 Zambia .....................................9 83 Bahrain .....................................4
18 Azerbaijan.................................8 83 Chile .........................................4
18 Bangladesh ..............................8 83 Ethiopia ....................................4
18 Bulgaria ....................................8 83 Guyana .....................................4
18 India .........................................8 83 Jordan ......................................4
18 Ireland ......................................8 83 Kuwait ......................................4
18 Jamaica ....................................8 83 Mexico .....................................4
18 Lesotho ....................................8 83 Oman .......................................4
18 Malawi .....................................8 83 Saudi Arabia .............................4
18 Namibia ....................................8 83 Sri Lanka ..................................4
18 Nigeria ......................................8 83 Taiwan, China ...........................4
18 Poland ......................................8 83 Thailand ....................................4
18 Puerto Rico ..............................8 83 Turkey.......................................4
438 18 Romania ...................................8 83 United Arab Emirates...............4
18 Switzerland ..............................8 98 Algeria ......................................3
18 Tanzania....................................8 98 Benin ........................................3
18 Trinidad and Tobago .................8 98 Brazil ........................................3
18 United States ...........................8 98 Burkina Faso ............................3
18 Zimbabwe ................................8 98 Cameroon ................................3
36 Armenia....................................7 98 Chad .........................................3
36 Austria ......................................7 98 Côte d’Ivoire.............................3
36 Belgium ....................................7 98 Dominican Republic .................3
36 Botswana .................................7 98 Ecuador ....................................3
36 Brunei Darussalam...................7 98 Egypt ........................................3
36 Finland......................................7 98 Greece .....................................3
36 France ......................................7 98 Indonesia..................................3
36 Germany ..................................7 98 Italy ..........................................3
36 Ghana .......................................7 98 Mali ..........................................3
36 Guatemala ................................7 98 Mauritania ................................3
36 Hungary....................................7 98 Morocco ...................................3
36 Iceland......................................7 98 Nicaragua .................................3
36 Japan........................................7 98 Paraguay ..................................3
36 Korea, Rep. ..............................7 98 Philippines ................................3
36 Kyrgyz Republic........................7 98 Portugal ....................................3
36 Luxembourg .............................7 98 Qatar ........................................3
36 Macedonia, FYR.......................7 98 Russian Federation ..................3
36 Norway.....................................7 98 Senegal ....................................3
36 Peru..........................................7 98 Tunisia ......................................3
36 Serbia .......................................7 98 Venezuela .................................3
36 Uganda .....................................7 123 Burundi.....................................2
36 Vietnam ....................................7 123 Madagascar..............................2
58 Canada .....................................6 123 Mozambique ............................2
58 China ........................................6 123 Tajikistan...................................2
58 Croatia ......................................6 127 Bolivia.......................................1
58 Czech Republic ........................6 127 Syria .........................................1
58 Estonia .....................................6 127 Timor-Leste ..............................1
58 Georgia.....................................6 n/a Barbados ...............................n/a
58 Honduras..................................6 n/a Cyprus ...................................n/a
58 Mongolia ..................................6 n/a Libya ......................................n/a
58 Netherlands..............................6 n/a Malta .....................................n/a
58 Pakistan....................................6

Data Tables
Section IX
Technological readiness
439

9.01 Availability of latest technologies
2.2: Data Tables | Section IX: Technological readiness
To what extent are the latest technologies available in your country? (1 = not available; 7 = widely available) | 2008–2009 weighted average

2 Sweden..............................6.7 69 Botswana ...........................4.8
3 Finland................................6.6 70 Libya...................................4.8
4 Norway...............................6.6 71 Latvia..................................4.7
5 United States .....................6.6 72 Indonesia............................4.7
7 Denmark ............................6.4 74 Costa Rica ..........................4.7
8 United Arab Emirates.........6.4 75 Montenegro .......................4.7
9 Canada ...............................6.3 76 Gambia, The.......................4.7
10 Netherlands........................6.3 77 Uruguay..............................4.6
12 Japan..................................6.3 79 Mexico ...............................4.6
13 Austria................................6.3 80 Poland ................................4.5
14 Singapore ...........................6.3 81 Vietnam..............................4.5
15 Israel ..................................6.3 82 Mauritania ..........................4.5
16 Germany ............................6.3 83 Kenya .................................4.4
17 France ................................6.3 84 Argentina............................4.4
20 Luxembourg.......................6.1 87 China ..................................4.3
21 Australia .............................6.0 88 Cameroon ..........................4.3
22 Puerto Rico ........................6.0 89 Romania .............................4.3
23 Portugal..............................5.9 90 Ukraine...............................4.3
25 Qatar ..................................5.9 92 Honduras............................4.3
26 Estonia ...............................5.9 93 Georgia...............................4.3
27 New Zealand ......................5.9 94 Mongolia ............................4.2
28 Bahrain ...............................5.9 95 Peru....................................4.2
29 Barbados ............................5.8 96 Colombia ............................4.2
440 30 Malta ..................................5.8 97 Zambia ...............................4.2
31 Cyprus................................5.8 98 Ghana.................................4.1
32 Chile ...................................5.8 99 Syria ...................................4.1
33 Taiwan, China.....................5.7 100 Cambodia ...........................4.1
34 Ireland ................................5.7 101 Kazakhstan .........................4.1
35 Jordan ................................5.6 102 Russian Federation ............4.1
36 Malaysia .............................5.6 103 Macedonia, FYR.................4.1
37 South Africa .......................5.5 104 Mozambique ......................4.1
38 Slovenia..............................5.5 105 Albania ...............................4.1
39 India ...................................5.5 106 Mali ....................................4.1
40 Tunisia ................................5.5 107 Bulgaria ..............................4.0
41 Spain ..................................5.5 108 Guyana ...............................4.0
42 Senegal ..............................5.4 109 Bangladesh ........................3.9
43 Saudi Arabia .......................5.4 110 Venezuela...........................3.9
45 Namibia ..............................5.3 112 Malawi ...............................3.8
46 Jamaica ..............................5.3 113 Burkina Faso ......................3.8
47 Turkey.................................5.3 114 Serbia .................................3.8
48 Czech Republic ..................5.3 115 Armenia..............................3.8
49 Brazil ..................................5.3 116 Uganda...............................3.8
50 Lithuania.............................5.2 117 Benin..................................3.8
51 Brunei Darussalam.............5.2 118 Paraguay ............................3.8
54 Hungary..............................5.1 121 Tajikistan.............................3.7
55 Kuwait ................................5.1 122 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.7
56 Guatemala..........................5.1 123 Ecuador ..............................3.7
57 Philippines..........................5.1 124 Ethiopia ..............................3.6
59 Oman .................................5.0 126 Algeria ................................3.5
60 Azerbaijan...........................5.0 127 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.5
61 Croatia................................5.0 128 Nepal..................................3.5
63 Morocco.............................4.9 130 Burundi...............................3.3
64 Greece ...............................4.9 131 Chad...................................3.2
65 Italy ....................................4.9 132 Zimbabwe ..........................3.2
66 Egypt..................................4.8 133 Timor-Leste ........................3.0
67 Panama ..............................4.8

9.02 Firm-level technology absorption

To what extent do businesses in your country absorb new technology? (1 = not at all; 7 = aggressively absorb) | 2008–2009 weighted average

2 Japan..................................6.4 69 Jamaica ..............................4.8
3 Switzerland ........................6.3 70 Gambia, The.......................4.8
4 United Arab Emirates.........6.2 71 Kenya .................................4.8
5 United States .....................6.2 72 Hungary..............................4.7
6 Sweden..............................6.2 73 Botswana ...........................4.7
7 Denmark ............................6.1 74 Nigeria................................4.7
8 Norway...............................6.1 75 Morocco.............................4.7
9 Finland................................6.1 76 Madagascar........................4.6
10 Austria................................6.1 77 Mexico ...............................4.6
11 Israel ..................................6.1 78 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.6
12 Taiwan, China.....................6.1 79 El Salvador .........................4.6
13 Singapore ...........................6.0 80 Mali ....................................4.6
14 Germany ............................6.0 81 Syria ...................................4.6
15 Korea, Rep. ........................6.0 82 Cameroon ..........................4.5
16 Australia .............................5.9 83 Argentina............................4.5
17 Hong Kong SAR .................5.9 84 Peru....................................4.5
18 New Zealand ......................5.8 85 Kazakhstan .........................4.5
19 Qatar ..................................5.7 86 Mauritania ..........................4.5
20 Luxembourg.......................5.7 87 Italy ....................................4.5
21 Canada ...............................5.7 88 Latvia..................................4.4
22 United Kingdom .................5.6 89 Mozambique ......................4.4
23 Puerto Rico ........................5.6 90 Romania .............................4.4
24 Jordan ................................5.6 91 Honduras............................4.4
25 Netherlands........................5.5 92 Montenegro .......................4.4
26 France ................................5.5 93 Cambodia ...........................4.4
27 Belgium..............................5.5 94 Mongolia ............................4.4
28 Senegal ..............................5.5 95 Colombia ............................4.4
29 Estonia ...............................5.5 96 Uruguay..............................4.4
30 India ...................................5.5 97 Ukraine...............................4.4 441
31 Chile ...................................5.5 98 Greece ...............................4.3
33 South Africa .......................5.4 100 Albania ...............................4.3
35 Czech Republic ..................5.4 102 Croatia................................4.2
36 Brazil ..................................5.4 103 Zambia ...............................4.2
37 Malaysia .............................5.4 104 Russian Federation ............4.2
38 Tunisia ................................5.4 105 Armenia..............................4.2
39 Cyprus................................5.4 106 Nicaragua ...........................4.1
40 Saudi Arabia .......................5.4 107 Bulgaria ..............................4.1
41 Barbados ............................5.3 108 Benin..................................4.1
42 Kuwait ................................5.3 109 Bangladesh ........................4.1
43 Malta ..................................5.2 110 Ghana.................................4.1
44 Guatemala..........................5.2 111 Burundi...............................4.1
46 Sri Lanka ............................5.2 113 Venezuela...........................4.0
47 China ..................................5.1 114 Guyana ...............................4.0
48 Egypt..................................5.1 115 Georgia...............................4.0
49 Spain ..................................5.1 116 Ecuador ..............................3.9
50 Côte d’Ivoire ......................5.1 117 Suriname............................3.9
51 Vietnam..............................5.1 118 Malawi ...............................3.9
52 Turkey.................................5.1 119 Tajikistan.............................3.9
53 Costa Rica ..........................5.1 120 Paraguay ............................3.8
54 Philippines..........................5.1 121 Ethiopia ..............................3.8
55 Azerbaijan...........................5.0 122 Uganda...............................3.8
56 Slovenia..............................5.0 123 Zimbabwe ..........................3.8
57 Brunei Darussalam.............5.0 124 Lesotho ..............................3.8
58 Panama ..............................4.9 125 Serbia .................................3.7
59 Bahrain ...............................4.9 126 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.7
60 Oman .................................4.9 127 Macedonia, FYR.................3.7
61 Thailand..............................4.9 128 Chad...................................3.6
62 Mauritius ............................4.9 129 Nepal..................................3.6
63 Namibia ..............................4.9 130 Algeria ................................3.5
65 Indonesia............................4.8 132 Bolivia.................................3.3
66 Libya...................................4.8 133 Timor-Leste ........................3.2
67 Poland ................................4.8

9.03 Laws relating to ICT
How would you assess your country’s laws relating to the use of information technology (e.g., electronic commerce, digital signatures, consumer
protection)? (1 = nonexistent; 7 = well developed) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................6.0 68 Thailand..............................3.9

2 Denmark ............................5.8 69 Uruguay..............................3.8
3 Estonia ...............................5.8 70 Vietnam..............................3.8
4 Sweden..............................5.8 71 Philippines..........................3.8
5 Austria................................5.6 72 Brunei Darussalam.............3.8
6 Norway...............................5.6 73 Jamaica ..............................3.8
7 Korea, Rep. ........................5.6 74 Macedonia, FYR.................3.8
8 Australia .............................5.6 75 Latvia..................................3.8
9 United States .....................5.5 76 Guatemala..........................3.7
10 United Arab Emirates.........5.5 77 Nigeria................................3.7
11 New Zealand ......................5.5 78 Greece ...............................3.7
12 Canada ...............................5.5 79 Poland ................................3.7
13 Hong Kong SAR .................5.5 80 Serbia .................................3.6
14 Iceland................................5.4 81 Peru....................................3.6
15 Finland................................5.4 82 Kenya .................................3.6
16 Luxembourg.......................5.4 83 El Salvador .........................3.6
17 Switzerland ........................5.4 84 Mali ....................................3.5
18 Germany ............................5.3 85 Romania .............................3.5
19 France ................................5.3 86 Benin..................................3.4
20 United Kingdom .................5.3 87 Zambia ...............................3.4
22 Portugal..............................5.3 89 Morocco.............................3.4
23 Taiwan, China.....................5.2 90 Ukraine...............................3.4
24 Slovenia..............................5.2 91 Honduras............................3.4
25 Malta ..................................5.2 92 Burkina Faso ......................3.3
26 Malaysia .............................5.1 93 Russian Federation ............3.3
27 Chile ...................................5.1 94 Botswana ...........................3.3
28 Bahrain ...............................5.0 95 Pakistan..............................3.3
442 30 Belgium..............................4.8 97 Georgia...............................3.2
31 South Africa .......................4.8 98 Namibia ..............................3.2
32 Czech Republic ..................4.8 99 Kuwait ................................3.2
33 Japan..................................4.8 100 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.1
34 Tunisia ................................4.7 101 Tajikistan.............................3.1
35 Puerto Rico ........................4.7 102 Argentina............................3.1
36 Oman .................................4.6 103 Mozambique ......................3.1
37 Cyprus................................4.5 104 Ethiopia ..............................3.1
38 Spain ..................................4.5 105 Nicaragua ...........................3.1
39 India ...................................4.5 106 Malawi ...............................3.0
40 Qatar ..................................4.5 107 Ecuador ..............................3.0
41 Brazil ..................................4.4 108 Burundi...............................3.0
42 Barbados ............................4.3 109 Uganda...............................3.0
43 Bulgaria ..............................4.3 110 Venezuela...........................2.9
44 Azerbaijan...........................4.3 111 Armenia..............................2.9
45 Saudi Arabia .......................4.3 112 Chad...................................2.9
46 Lithuania.............................4.3 113 Lesotho ..............................2.9
48 China ..................................4.2 115 Cameroon ..........................2.8
49 Turkey.................................4.2 116 Ghana.................................2.8
50 Colombia ............................4.2 117 Mauritania ..........................2.8
51 Egypt..................................4.2 118 Cambodia ...........................2.8
52 Mauritius ............................4.1 119 Zimbabwe ..........................2.7
53 Sri Lanka ............................4.1 120 Mongolia ............................2.7
54 Croatia................................4.1 121 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.7
55 Kazakhstan .........................4.1 122 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.7
56 Israel ..................................4.1 123 Guyana ...............................2.6
59 Jordan ................................4.0 126 Syria ...................................2.4
60 Gambia, The.......................4.0 127 Algeria ................................2.4
61 Senegal ..............................4.0 128 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.4
62 Dominican Republic ...........4.0 129 Timor-Leste ........................2.3
63 Italy ....................................4.0 130 Libya...................................2.3
65 Indonesia............................3.9 132 Suriname............................2.0
67 Mexico ...............................3.9

9.04 FDI and technology transfer

To what extent does foreign direct investment (FDI) bring new technology into your country? (1 = not at all; 7 = FDI is a key source of new
technology) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Ireland ................................6.3 68 El Salvador .........................4.8

2 Singapore ...........................6.2 69 Austria................................4.8
3 Luxembourg.......................5.9 70 Cyprus................................4.8
4 Slovak Republic..................5.9 71 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.8
6 United Arab Emirates.........5.7 73 Korea, Rep. ........................4.8
7 Costa Rica ..........................5.6 74 Jamaica ..............................4.7
8 Malaysia .............................5.6 75 Colombia ............................4.7
9 Canada ...............................5.4 76 Zambia ...............................4.7
10 Malta ..................................5.4 77 China ..................................4.7
11 Australia .............................5.4 78 Norway...............................4.7
12 Panama ..............................5.4 79 Georgia...............................4.7
13 Saudi Arabia .......................5.4 80 Germany ............................4.7
14 Czech Republic ..................5.4 81 Serbia .................................4.7
15 Bahrain ...............................5.4 82 Lithuania.............................4.6
16 Belgium..............................5.4 83 Albania ...............................4.6
17 Hong Kong SAR .................5.4 84 Tanzania..............................4.5
19 India ...................................5.4 86 Finland................................4.5
20 Portugal..............................5.4 87 Madagascar........................4.5
21 Chile ...................................5.4 88 Senegal ..............................4.5
22 Uruguay..............................5.3 89 Nigeria................................4.5
23 Brazil ..................................5.3 90 Mali ....................................4.5
24 United Kingdom .................5.2 91 Libya...................................4.5
25 Tunisia ................................5.2 92 Brunei Darussalam.............4.5
26 Hungary..............................5.2 93 Latvia..................................4.5
27 Peru....................................5.2 94 Burkina Faso ......................4.4
28 Puerto Rico ........................5.2 95 Cameroon ..........................4.4
29 Estonia ...............................5.2 96 Pakistan..............................4.4
30 Egypt..................................5.1 97 Iceland................................4.4 443
31 Guatemala..........................5.1 98 Ghana.................................4.3
33 Azerbaijan...........................5.1 100 Benin..................................4.3
34 Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.1 101 Greece ...............................4.3
35 Poland ................................5.1 102 Slovenia..............................4.2
36 Dominican Republic ...........5.1 103 Russian Federation ............4.2
37 Mauritius ............................5.1 104 Bulgaria ..............................4.2
38 Sweden..............................5.1 105 Bangladesh ........................4.2
39 Sri Lanka ............................5.1 106 Italy ....................................4.1
40 Denmark ............................5.1 107 Argentina............................4.1
41 Mozambique ......................5.1 108 Macedonia, FYR.................4.1
42 Barbados ............................5.1 109 Croatia................................4.1
43 Israel ..................................5.1 110 Guyana ...............................4.1
44 Namibia ..............................5.1 111 Burundi...............................4.1
45 South Africa .......................5.1 112 Tajikistan.............................4.0
46 Oman .................................5.0 113 Kazakhstan .........................4.0
47 Mexico ...............................5.0 114 Mongolia ............................4.0
49 Indonesia............................5.0 116 Ukraine...............................3.9
50 Thailand..............................5.0 117 Syria ...................................3.9
51 Switzerland ........................5.0 118 Mauritania ..........................3.9
52 Jordan ................................5.0 119 Ethiopia ..............................3.8
53 Romania .............................5.0 120 Ecuador ..............................3.8
54 France ................................5.0 121 Lesotho ..............................3.8
55 Honduras............................5.0 122 Suriname............................3.8
56 Cambodia ...........................5.0 123 Kuwait ................................3.8
57 Japan..................................5.0 124 Nicaragua ...........................3.8
58 Netherlands........................5.0 125 Venezuela...........................3.8
59 Spain ..................................4.9 126 Paraguay ............................3.8
60 Morocco.............................4.9 127 Timor-Leste ........................3.6
61 Turkey.................................4.9 128 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.6
62 Botswana ...........................4.9 129 Nepal..................................3.6
63 Gambia, The.......................4.9 130 Chad...................................3.5
65 Kenya .................................4.9 132 Zimbabwe ..........................3.1
66 Uganda...............................4.9 133 Algeria ................................3.0
67 New Zealand ......................4.9

9.05 Mobile telephone subscriptions (hard data)
Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population | 2008
1 United Arab Emirates........207.8 68 Barbados1 ...........................87.8

2 Qatar .................................196.6 69 United States ......................87.6
3 Estonia ..............................189.7 70 Jordan .................................86.8
4 Bahrain ..............................182.8 71 Turkey..................................86.8
5 Hong Kong SAR ................156.3 72 Japan...................................86.3
6 Italy ...................................150.3 73 Ecuador ...............................86.0
7 Luxembourg ......................149.8 74 Honduras.............................85.7
8 Lithuania............................149.0 75 Tunisia .................................82.1
9 Saudi Arabia ......................142.9 76 Algeria2 ...............................81.4
10 Singapore ..........................142.0 77 Mauritius .............................81.3
11 Bulgaria .............................140.2 78 Bosnia and Herzegovina .....80.7
12 Portugal .............................139.8 79 Vietnam ...............................79.1
13 Czech Republic .................135.3 80 Botswana ............................78.0
14 Russian Federation ...........132.2 81 Brazil ...................................77.6
15 Croatia ...............................130.2 82 Azerbaijan............................76.7
16 Germany ...........................129.9 83 Philippines ...........................76.0
17 Finland...............................129.0 84 Peru.....................................74.2
18 Austria ...............................128.9 85 Libya2 ..................................73.0
19 Israel .................................127.5 86 Dominican Republic ............72.8
20 United Kingdom ................123.8 87 Morocco ..............................72.2
21 Thailand2 ...........................123.8 88 Suriname1 ...........................70.8
22 Greece ..............................123.5 89 Mexico ................................69.9
23 Macedonia, FYR................122.6 90 Gambia, The........................66.5
24 Hungary.............................122.2 91 Mauritania ...........................65.3
25 Ukraine ..............................121.4 92 Canada ................................64.7
26 Oman ................................121.4 93 Armenia2 .............................62.5
27 Netherlands.......................121.1 94 Indonesia.............................60.0
28 Denmark ...........................120.1 95 Georgia2 ..............................59.1
29 Cyprus ...............................117.7 96 Sri Lanka .............................57.1
444 30 Switzerland .......................116.9 97 Egypt ...................................53.7
31 Argentina...........................116.5 98 Nicaragua ............................53.5
32 Ireland ...............................115.3 99 Côte d’Ivoire........................53.2
33 Romania ............................114.6 100 Pakistan...............................52.7
34 Sweden2 ...........................113.7 101 Namibia ...............................50.0
35 Trinidad and Tobago2.........113.2 102 Bolivia..................................49.8
36 Belgium .............................112.8 103 Ghana ..................................48.3
37 Panama .............................111.9 104 China ...................................47.4
38 Spain .................................111.4 105 Senegal ...............................42.5
39 Puerto Rico .......................111.0 106 Kenya ..................................42.1
40 Norway2 ............................110.5 107 Costa Rica ...........................41.6
41 Taiwan, China ....................110.3 108 Nigeria .................................41.6
42 New Zealand .....................109.6 109 Kyrgyz Republic2 .................40.8
43 Guatemala .........................109.2 110 Benin ...................................36.9
44 Iceland2 .............................108.8 111 Tajikistan2 ............................34.9
45 Poland2..............................108.7 112 Syria ....................................34.5
46 Montenegro1.....................107.3 113 Mongolia2............................34.4
47 Australia ............................105.6 114 Cameroon ...........................32.6
48 Uruguay.............................104.7 115 Tanzania...............................31.4
49 Slovenia.............................102.7 116 India ....................................29.2
50 Slovak Republic.................102.4 117 Zambia ................................29.1
51 Malaysia ............................100.4 118 Cambodia ............................28.8
52 El Salvador ........................100.0 119 Lesotho ...............................28.8
53 Jamaica ...............................99.8 120 Bangladesh .........................27.7
54 Albania ................................97.9 121 Uganda ................................26.8
55 Latvia2 .................................97.4 122 Mali .....................................25.7
56 Serbia ..................................97.4 123 Madagascar.........................23.9
57 Kuwait2 ...............................97.3 124 Mozambique .......................20.2
58 Venezuela ............................96.3 125 Burkina Faso .......................16.8
59 Kazakhstan ..........................96.0 126 Chad ....................................16.3
60 Malta ...................................94.5 127 Malawi ................................12.5
61 Korea, Rep. .........................94.3 128 Zimbabwe ...........................12.3
62 France .................................93.6 129 Nepal2 .................................11.6
63 Paraguay .............................92.8 130 Timor-Leste2..........................6.8
64 South Africa ........................92.2 131 Burundi..................................5.4
65 Brunei Darussalam2 ............89.4 132 Ethiopia .................................3.7
66 Colombia .............................88.5 n/a Guyana ..................................n/a
67 Chile ....................................88.1
1 2006 2 2007

9.06 Internet users (hard data)

Estimated Internet users per 100 population | 2008
1 Netherlands.........................86.8 68 Romania2 ............................24.0

2 United Arab Emirates..........85.7 69 Serbia ..................................23.9
3 Norway2 ..............................85.0 70 Panama ...............................22.9
4 Denmark .............................84.9 71 Ukraine ................................22.6
5 Sweden2 .............................80.0 72 China ...................................22.3
6 United Kingdom ..................79.9 73 Mexico ................................21.6
7 Finland2 ...............................79.0 74 Russian Federation2 ............21.1
8 Luxembourg2 ......................78.0 75 Thailand2 .............................21.0
9 Korea, Rep. .........................77.4 76 Vietnam2 .............................20.5
10 Switzerland .........................76.4 77 Syria ....................................17.4
11 Germany .............................75.7 78 Egypt ...................................16.4
12 Canada2...............................73.0 79 Trinidad and Tobago2...........16.0
13 United States ......................71.2 80 Albania1 ...............................15.0
14 New Zealand2 .....................70.0 81 Kyrgyz Republic2 .................14.1
15 Singapore2 ..........................70.0 82 Kazakhstan2 ........................12.3
16 Japan2 .................................68.9 83 Mongolia2............................12.0
17 Iceland2 ...............................67.2 84 El Salvador2 .........................11.1
18 Belgium2 .............................67.0 85 Pakistan...............................11.1
19 Taiwan, China ......................65.7 86 Azerbaijan2 ..........................10.9
20 Ireland .................................64.6 87 Indonesia2 ...........................10.8
21 Estonia2...............................64.0 88 Oman ..................................10.7
22 Malaysia ..............................62.5 89 Zimbabwe ...........................10.5
23 Austria .................................59.0 90 Bolivia2 ................................10.5
24 Spain ...................................58.7 91 Algeria2 ...............................10.3
25 Australia ..............................56.8 92 Guatemala1 .........................10.2
26 Hong Kong SAR ..................56.7 93 Ecuador .................................9.7
27 Jamaica2 .............................55.3 94 Suriname2 .............................9.6
28 Latvia2 .................................55.0 95 Honduras...............................9.1
29 Hungary...............................55.0 96 Kenya ....................................8.7
30 Lithuania..............................52.7 97 Paraguay2 ..............................8.7 445
31 Slovak Republic...................51.4 98 South Africa ..........................8.6
32 France2................................51.2 99 Georgia2 ................................8.2
33 Qatar ...................................50.9 100 Senegal .................................8.0
34 Slovenia...............................49.6 101 Uganda ..................................7.8
35 Italy .....................................49.4 102 Nigeria ...................................7.3
36 Croatia .................................49.3 103 Tajikistan2 ..............................7.2
37 Malta ...................................49.0 104 India2 .....................................6.9
38 Czech Republic2 ..................49.0 105 Gambia, The..........................6.5
39 Brunei Darussalam2 ............48.2 106 Philippines2 ...........................6.0
40 Montenegro2.......................46.8 107 Sri Lanka ...............................5.9
41 Poland2................................44.0 108 Zambia ..................................5.8
42 Macedonia, FYR..................42.9 109 Armenia1 ...............................5.7
43 Portugal ...............................41.7 110 Namibia .................................5.4
44 Uruguay...............................40.0 111 Libya2 ....................................4.7
45 Cyprus2 ...............................38.0 112 Botswana ..............................4.2
46 Colombia .............................36.6 113 Ghana ....................................4.2
47 Brazil2 ..................................35.2 114 Lesotho .................................3.6
48 Costa Rica2 .........................33.6 115 Côte d’Ivoire..........................3.4
49 Bahrain2 ..............................33.2 116 Cameroon2 ............................3.0
50 Bosnia and Herzegovina .....33.2 117 Nicaragua1.............................2.8
51 Morocco ..............................32.6 118 Malawi ..................................2.2
52 Greece ................................32.5 119 Benin .....................................1.7
53 Chile ....................................32.5 120 Mozambique .........................1.6
54 Turkey..................................32.3 121 Madagascar...........................1.6
55 Kuwait2 ...............................31.6 122 Mauritania2............................1.4
56 Bulgaria2..............................31.0 123 Nepal2 ...................................1.4
57 Mauritius .............................29.9 124 Tanzania.................................1.3
58 Israel2 ..................................28.9 125 Chad ......................................1.2
59 Saudi Arabia ........................28.5 126 Mali .......................................1.0
60 Argentina.............................28.1 127 Burkina Faso .........................0.9
61 Tunisia .................................26.8 128 Burundi..................................0.7
62 Dominican Republic ............25.9 129 Cambodia2 ............................0.5
63 Guyana2 ..............................25.7 130 Ethiopia .................................0.4
64 Venezuela ............................25.5 131 Bangladesh2 ..........................0.3
65 Peru.....................................25.3 132 Timor-Leste2..........................0.1
66 Puerto Rico .........................25.1 n/a Barbados ...............................n/a
67 Jordan .................................24.5
1 2006 2 2007

9.07 Personal computers (hard data)
Number of personal computers per 100 population | 2007
1 Canada4...............................94.6 68 Brunei Darussalam3 ..............8.8

2 Switzerland .........................92.6 69 South Africa3 .........................8.4
3 Netherlands4 .......................91.2 70 Colombia ...............................7.6
4 Sweden4 .............................88.2 71 Philippines4 ...........................7.5
5 United Kingdom4 ................81.2 72 Tunisia ...................................7.4
6 United States4 ....................79.9 73 Jordan5..................................7.2
7 Israel2 ..................................77.0 74 Oman4...................................6.9
8 Singapore ............................76.9 75 Jamaica3 ...............................6.8
9 Taiwan, China ......................76.0 76 Zimbabwe4............................6.6
10 Luxembourg4 ......................67.5 77 El Salvador ............................6.6
11 Hong Kong SAR ..................65.9 78 Thailand .................................6.2
12 France4................................65.9 79 Bosnia and Herzegovina4 ......6.2
13 Germany4 ............................65.3 80 Turkey4 ..................................5.9
14 Norway4 ..............................63.1 81 China4 ...................................5.6
15 Austria3 ...............................61.0 82 Georgia..................................5.4
16 Ireland4................................58.9 83 Botswana4 ............................5.1
17 Korea, Rep. .........................57.8 84 Egypt .....................................4.9
18 Japan...................................57.4 85 Ukraine4 ................................4.6
19 Denmark .............................55.1 86 Panama3................................4.6
20 New Zealand4 .....................54.2 87 Suriname3 .............................4.5
21 Iceland4 ...............................53.9 88 Mauritania4............................4.4
22 Estonia ................................52.4 89 Nicaragua3.............................4.0
23 Slovak Republic...................51.5 90 Guyana3 ................................3.9
24 Finland3 ...............................50.0 91 Albania4 .................................3.8
25 Slovenia...............................42.9 92 Sri Lanka ...............................3.7
26 Belgium4 .............................42.2 93 Morocco ................................3.5
27 Spain ...................................39.8 94 Dominican Republic ..............3.5
28 Cyprus4 ...............................38.4 95 Gambia, The..........................3.3
29 Italy3 ....................................37.0 96 India ......................................3.2
446 30 Macedonia, FYR..................36.8 97 Azerbaijan..............................2.4
31 Croatia .................................33.8 98 Bangladesh4 ..........................2.4
32 Latvia4 .................................32.6 99 Bolivia3 ..................................2.4
33 Costa Rica5 .........................31.1 100 Libya3 ....................................2.2
34 United Arab Emirates4 ........30.1 101 Senegal3................................2.1
35 Brazil5 ..................................29.2 102 Guatemala3 ...........................2.1
36 Czech Republic3 ..................27.4 103 Indonesia4 .............................2.0
37 Chile ....................................26.0 104 Honduras...............................2.0
38 Hungary...............................25.6 105 Côte d’Ivoire3 ........................1.8
39 Puerto Rico .........................24.6 106 Uganda4 ................................1.7
40 Namibia ...............................24.1 107 Kyrgyz Republic5 ...................1.6
41 Malaysia4 ............................23.4 108 Kenya3...................................1.4
42 Kuwait3 ...............................22.3 109 Mozambique3........................1.4
43 Romania ..............................19.3 110 Tajikistan3 ..............................1.3
44 Qatar4..................................18.7 111 Cameroon3 ............................1.2
45 Bahrain4 ..............................18.3 112 Zambia3 .................................1.1
46 Serbia ..................................18.3 113 Algeria3 .................................1.1
47 Lithuania4 ............................18.1 114 Nigeria3 .................................0.9
48 Mauritius4 ...........................17.5 115 Tanzania4 ...............................0.9
49 Portugal ...............................17.2 116 Burundi4 ................................0.8
50 Poland4................................16.8 117 Mali .......................................0.8
51 Barbados3 ...........................14.8 118 Benin .....................................0.7
52 Paraguay5 ............................14.4 119 Burkina Faso4 ........................0.7
53 Saudi Arabia4 ......................13.9 120 Ethiopia .................................0.6
54 Mexico4...............................13.8 121 Ghana3 ..................................0.6
55 Mongolia4............................13.4 122 Pakistan.................................0.6
56 Russian Federation4 ............13.3 123 Madagascar3 .........................0.5
57 Trinidad and Tobago ............13.2 124 Nepal3 ...................................0.5
58 Uruguay3 .............................13.0 125 Cambodia ..............................0.4
59 Ecuador4 .............................12.7 126 Lesotho3 ...............................0.3
60 Peru3 ...................................10.0 127 Malawi3 .................................0.2
61 Armenia3 ...............................9.8 128 Chad3 ....................................0.2
62 Vietnam4 ...............................9.5 n/a Australia ................................n/a
63 Greece4 .................................9.4 n/a Kazakhstan ............................n/a
64 Venezuela3 ............................9.3 n/a Malta1....................................n/a
65 Argentina3 .............................9.0 n/a Montenegro ..........................n/a
66 Syria ......................................9.0 n/a Timor-Leste ...........................n/a
67 Bulgaria .................................8.9
1 2001 2 2003 3 2005 4 2006 5 2008

9.08 Broadband Internet subscribers (hard data)

Total fixed broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population | 2008
1 Sweden ...............................37.3 68 Russian Federation2 ..............2.8

2 Denmark .............................36.8 69 Trinidad and Tobago2.............2.7
3 Netherlands.........................35.0 70 Peru.......................................2.6
4 Norway................................34.0 71 Dominican Republic ..............2.3
5 Switzerland .........................33.0 72 Tunisia ...................................2.2
6 Iceland.................................32.9 73 Jordan ...................................2.1
7 Korea, Rep. .........................32.0 74 El Salvador ............................1.8
8 Finland.................................30.6 75 Morocco ................................1.5
9 Luxembourg ........................30.3 76 Paraguay ...............................1.5
10 Canada ................................29.0 77 Vietnam2 ...............................1.5
11 France .................................28.6 78 Thailand2 ...............................1.4
12 United Kingdom ..................28.3 79 Oman ....................................1.2
13 Belgium ...............................28.3 80 Albania ..................................1.1
14 Germany .............................27.4 81 Georgia2 ................................1.1
15 Hong Kong SAR ..................26.8 82 Egypt .....................................1.0
16 United States ......................25.6 83 Algeria2 .................................0.8
17 Australia ..............................24.5 84 South Africa2 .........................0.8
18 Malta ...................................24.2 85 Azerbaijan..............................0.7
19 Estonia ................................23.9 86 Armenia3 ...............................0.6
20 Japan...................................23.5 87 Guatemala1 ...........................0.6
21 Israel ...................................22.7 88 Suriname1 .............................0.6
22 Singapore ............................22.3 89 Philippines2 ...........................0.6
23 Taiwan, China ......................21.8 90 Sri Lanka ...............................0.5
24 New Zealand .......................21.7 91 India ......................................0.4
25 Austria .................................21.4 92 Senegal .................................0.4
26 Slovenia...............................21.3 93 Bolivia2 ..................................0.4
27 Barbados1 ...........................20.5 94 Nicaragua1.............................0.3
28 Ireland .................................20.4 95 Mongolia2..............................0.3
29 Spain ...................................20.2 96 Ecuador .................................0.3
30 Italy .....................................19.1 97 Honduras1 .............................0.2 447
31 Lithuania..............................17.5 98 Botswana2 ............................0.2
32 Czech Republic ...................17.3 99 Mauritania .............................0.2
33 Portugal ...............................15.9 100 Libya1 ....................................0.2
34 Hungary...............................15.4 101 Indonesia2 .............................0.1
35 Greece ................................13.5 102 Zimbabwe2............................0.1
36 Bahrain ................................12.1 103 Pakistan.................................0.1
37 Qatar ...................................12.1 104 Tajikistan................................0.1
38 Cyprus .................................12.0 105 Ghana ....................................0.1
39 Romania ..............................11.8 106 Cambodia2 ............................0.1
40 United Arab Emirates..........11.7 107 Kyrgyz Republic2 ...................0.1
41 Croatia .................................11.5 108 Côte d’Ivoire1 ........................0.1
42 Slovak Republic...................11.5 109 Syria ......................................0.1
43 Bulgaria ...............................11.2 110 Kenya2...................................0.0
44 Poland2..................................9.0 111 Zambia ..................................0.0
45 Macedonia, FYR....................8.8 112 Mali .......................................0.0
46 Uruguay.................................8.6 113 Nepal2 ...................................0.0
47 Chile ......................................8.5 114 Madagascar...........................0.0
48 Argentina...............................8.0 115 Bangladesh2 ..........................0.0
49 Turkey....................................7.6 116 Benin2 ...................................0.0
50 Mexico ..................................7.1 117 Nigeria ...................................0.0
51 Latvia2 ...................................6.4 118 Gambia, The2 ........................0.0
52 China .....................................6.2 119 Uganda ..................................0.0
53 Mauritius ...............................5.7 120 Burkina Faso1 ........................0.0
54 Brazil .....................................5.2 121 Namibia2 ...............................0.0
55 Malaysia ................................4.8 122 Malawi2 .................................0.0
56 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......4.8 123 Timor-Leste2..........................0.0
57 Panama .................................4.6 124 Cameroon1 ............................0.0
58 Serbia ....................................4.6 125 Burundi..................................0.0
59 Montenegro1.........................4.3 126 Ethiopia2................................0.0
60 Saudi Arabia ..........................4.1 127 Tanzania1 ...............................0.0
61 Colombia ...............................4.1 n/a Chad ......................................n/a
62 Venezuela ..............................3.9 n/a Guyana ..................................n/a
63 Costa Rica .............................3.9 n/a Kuwait ...................................n/a
64 Kazakhstan ............................3.6 n/a Lesotho .................................n/a
65 Jamaica .................................3.6 n/a Mozambique .........................n/a
66 Ukraine ..................................3.5 n/a Puerto Rico............................n/a
67 Brunei Darussalam2 ..............2.9
1 2006 2 2007 3 2009

Data Tables
Section X
Market size
449

10.01 Domestic market size index (hard data)
2.2: Data Tables | Section X: Market size
Sum of gross domestic product plus value of imports of goods and services, minus value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7
(best) scale | 2008
1 United States ........................7.0 68 Ethiopia .................................3.4

2 China .....................................6.5 69 Guatemala .............................3.4
3 Japan.....................................6.2 70 Tunisia ...................................3.4
4 India ......................................6.0 71 Lithuania................................3.3
5 Germany ...............................5.8 72 Kenya ....................................3.3
6 United Kingdom ....................5.7 73 Slovenia.................................3.2
7 France ...................................5.7 74 Tanzania.................................3.2
8 Russian Federation ...............5.6 75 Qatar .....................................3.2
9 Brazil .....................................5.6 76 Costa Rica .............................3.1
10 Italy .......................................5.6 77 El Salvador ............................3.1
11 Mexico ..................................5.5 78 Oman ....................................3.1
12 Spain .....................................5.4 79 Libya......................................3.1
13 Korea, Rep. ...........................5.4 80 Uruguay.................................3.0
14 Canada ..................................5.3 81 Ghana ....................................3.0
15 Turkey....................................5.1 82 Latvia.....................................3.0
16 Indonesia...............................5.1 83 Jordan ...................................3.0
17 Australia ................................5.0 84 Honduras...............................3.0
18 Poland ...................................4.9 85 Uganda ..................................3.0
19 Taiwan, China ........................4.9 86 Cameroon .............................3.0
20 Netherlands...........................4.8 87 Bolivia....................................3.0
21 Argentina...............................4.7 88 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......3.0
22 Thailand .................................4.7 89 Azerbaijan..............................2.9
23 South Africa ..........................4.7 90 Nepal .....................................2.9
24 Pakistan.................................4.6 91 Panama .................................2.9
25 Egypt .....................................4.6 92 Cambodia ..............................2.8
26 Colombia ...............................4.5 93 Paraguay ...............................2.8
27 Saudi Arabia ..........................4.5 94 Côte d’Ivoire..........................2.8
28 Belgium .................................4.5 95 Luxembourg ..........................2.7
29 Greece ..................................4.5 96 Estonia ..................................2.7
450 30 Ukraine ..................................4.4 97 Georgia..................................2.7
31 Philippines .............................4.4 98 Albania ..................................2.7
32 Sweden .................................4.4 99 Senegal .................................2.6
33 Venezuela ..............................4.4 100 Jamaica .................................2.6
34 Austria ...................................4.3 101 Cyprus ...................................2.6
35 Romania ................................4.3 102 Botswana ..............................2.6
36 Malaysia ................................4.3 103 Mozambique .........................2.6
37 Switzerland ...........................4.3 104 Armenia.................................2.6
38 Hong Kong SAR ....................4.3 105 Macedonia, FYR....................2.6
39 Vietnam .................................4.3 106 Nicaragua ..............................2.5
40 Portugal .................................4.2 107 Madagascar...........................2.5
41 Czech Republic .....................4.2 108 Bahrain ..................................2.5
42 Bangladesh ...........................4.2 109 Trinidad and Tobago ..............2.5
43 Nigeria ...................................4.2 110 Zambia ..................................2.4
44 Peru.......................................4.2 111 Burkina Faso .........................2.4
45 Chile ......................................4.1 112 Mauritius ...............................2.4
46 Norway..................................4.1 113 Mali .......................................2.3
47 Israel .....................................4.1 114 Kyrgyz Republic.....................2.3
48 Denmark ...............................4.0 115 Malawi ..................................2.3
49 Singapore ..............................4.0 116 Tajikistan................................2.3
50 Hungary.................................4.0 117 Benin .....................................2.3
51 Finland...................................4.0 118 Namibia .................................2.2
52 Algeria ...................................4.0 119 Iceland...................................2.2
53 Ireland ...................................3.9 120 Chad ......................................2.2
54 Kazakhstan ............................3.9 121 Brunei Darussalam................2.1
55 Morocco ................................3.8 122 Malta .....................................2.0
56 United Arab Emirates............3.8 123 Mongolia ...............................2.0
57 Slovak Republic.....................3.7 124 Montenegro ..........................1.9
58 New Zealand .........................3.7 125 Mauritania .............................1.7
59 Bulgaria .................................3.7 126 Lesotho .................................1.5
60 Ecuador .................................3.6 127 Barbados ...............................1.5
61 Sri Lanka ...............................3.6 128 Timor-Leste ...........................1.4
62 Serbia ....................................3.6 129 Burundi..................................1.4
63 Syria ......................................3.5 130 Guyana ..................................1.4
64 Croatia ...................................3.5 131 Suriname ...............................1.3
65 Puerto Rico ...........................3.5 132 Zimbabwe .............................1.0
66 Dominican Republic ..............3.5 133 Gambia, The..........................1.0
67 Kuwait ...................................3.4
SOURCE: Authors’ calculation. For more details please refer to Appendix A in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.

10.02 Foreign market size index (hard data)

Value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2008
1 China .....................................7.0 68 Ecuador .................................4.6

2 United States ........................6.7 69 Croatia ...................................4.6
3 Germany ...............................6.6 70 Lithuania................................4.5
4 India ......................................6.2 71 New Zealand .........................4.5
5 Japan.....................................6.2 72 Syria ......................................4.4
6 Korea, Rep. ...........................6.2 73 Panama .................................4.4
7 Russian Federation ...............6.2 74 Bahrain ..................................4.4
8 Hong Kong SAR ....................6.1 75 Sri Lanka ...............................4.3
9 United Kingdom ....................6.1 76 Costa Rica .............................4.2
10 France ...................................6.1 77 Estonia ..................................4.2
11 Singapore ..............................6.1 78 Dominican Republic ..............4.2
12 Taiwan, China ........................6.0 79 Trinidad and Tobago ..............4.1
13 Italy .......................................6.0 80 Serbia ....................................4.1
14 Netherlands...........................6.0 81 Bolivia....................................4.1
15 Canada ..................................5.9 82 Guatemala .............................4.1
16 Mexico ..................................5.9 83 Jordan ...................................4.1
17 Saudi Arabia ..........................5.9 84 Latvia.....................................4.1
18 Thailand .................................5.9 85 Cambodia ..............................4.1
19 Malaysia ................................5.9 86 Honduras...............................4.1
20 Spain .....................................5.8 87 Kenya ....................................4.0
21 Belgium .................................5.8 88 Paraguay ...............................4.0
22 Brazil .....................................5.7 89 Côte d’Ivoire..........................4.0
23 Indonesia...............................5.6 90 Ghana ....................................4.0
24 Poland ...................................5.6 91 Brunei Darussalam................4.0
25 Turkey....................................5.5 92 Botswana ..............................3.9
26 Egypt .....................................5.5 93 Uruguay.................................3.9
27 Czech Republic .....................5.5 94 El Salvador ............................3.9
28 Austria ...................................5.5 95 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......3.9
29 Vietnam .................................5.5 96 Cyprus ...................................3.8
30 Australia ................................5.4 97 Cameroon .............................3.8 451
31 Sweden .................................5.4 98 Tanzania.................................3.7
32 Nigeria ...................................5.4 99 Macedonia, FYR....................3.7
33 Switzerland ...........................5.4 100 Chad ......................................3.7
34 South Africa ..........................5.4 101 Mauritius ...............................3.7
35 United Arab Emirates............5.4 102 Jamaica .................................3.7
36 Hungary.................................5.3 103 Malta .....................................3.7
37 Ukraine ..................................5.3 104 Namibia .................................3.6
38 Ireland ...................................5.3 105 Mozambique .........................3.6
39 Argentina...............................5.3 106 Kyrgyz Republic.....................3.6
40 Norway..................................5.2 107 Uganda ..................................3.5
41 Philippines .............................5.2 108 Georgia..................................3.5
42 Algeria ...................................5.2 109 Mongolia ...............................3.5
43 Venezuela ..............................5.2 110 Ethiopia .................................3.5
44 Denmark ...............................5.1 111 Iceland...................................3.5
45 Chile ......................................5.1 112 Nicaragua ..............................3.5
46 Slovak Republic.....................5.1 113 Senegal .................................3.4
47 Kazakhstan ............................5.0 114 Tajikistan................................3.4
48 Kuwait ...................................5.0 115 Madagascar...........................3.4
49 Finland...................................5.0 116 Albania ..................................3.3
50 Romania ................................5.0 117 Nepal .....................................3.3
51 Israel .....................................5.0 118 Mali .......................................3.3
52 Greece ..................................5.0 119 Mauritania .............................3.2
53 Libya......................................4.9 120 Montenegro ..........................3.2
54 Portugal .................................4.9 121 Barbados ...............................3.2
55 Colombia ...............................4.9 122 Malawi ..................................3.2
56 Luxembourg ..........................4.9 123 Suriname ...............................3.2
57 Peru.......................................4.9 124 Zambia ..................................3.1
58 Qatar .....................................4.8 125 Armenia.................................3.1
59 Azerbaijan..............................4.8 126 Guyana ..................................3.0
60 Bulgaria .................................4.8 127 Lesotho .................................2.9
61 Puerto Rico ...........................4.7 128 Benin .....................................2.8
62 Pakistan.................................4.7 129 Burkina Faso .........................2.8
63 Bangladesh ...........................4.7 130 Gambia, The..........................2.6
64 Morocco ................................4.7 131 Zimbabwe .............................2.6
65 Tunisia ...................................4.6 132 Burundi..................................1.2
66 Oman ....................................4.6 133 Timor-Leste ...........................1.0
67 Slovenia.................................4.6
SOURCE: Authors’ calculation. For more details please refer to Appendix A in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.

10.03 GDP valued at PPP (hard data)
Gross domestic product valued at purchasing power parity in millions of international dollars | 2008
1 United States ...............14,264.6 68 Serbia ..................................79.7

2 China ..............................7,916.4 69 Dominican Republic ............76.3
3 Japan..............................4,354.4 70 Azerbaijan............................74.7
4 India ...............................3,288.3 71 Ethiopia ...............................71.0
5 Germany ........................2,910.5 72 Puerto Rico .........................70.6
6 Russian Federation ........2,260.9 73 Guatemala ...........................67.0
7 United Kingdom .............2,230.5 74 Oman ..................................66.9
8 France ............................2,130.4 75 Lithuania..............................63.6
9 Brazil ..............................1,981.2 76 Kenya ..................................60.4
10 Italy ................................1,814.6 77 Slovenia...............................59.3
11 Mexico ...........................1,548.0 78 Tanzania...............................53.7
12 Spain ..............................1,396.9 79 Costa Rica ...........................48.7
13 Korea, Rep. ....................1,342.3 80 El Salvador ..........................43.7
14 Canada ...........................1,303.2 81 Bolivia..................................43.4
15 Turkey................................915.2 82 Uruguay...............................42.5
16 Indonesia...........................908.2 83 Cameroon ...........................41.7
17 Australia ............................795.3 84 Luxembourg ........................40.0
18 Taiwan, China ....................711.4 85 Latvia...................................38.8
19 Netherlands.......................675.4 86 Panama ...............................38.6
20 Poland ...............................666.1 87 Uganda ................................36.9
21 Saudi Arabia ......................593.4 88 Ghana ..................................34.3
22 Argentina...........................572.9 89 Côte d’Ivoire........................34.0
23 Thailand .............................546.1 90 Honduras.............................32.7
24 South Africa ......................492.7 91 Nepal ...................................31.6
25 Egypt .................................442.6 92 Jordan .................................31.1
26 Pakistan.............................439.6 93 Bosnia and Herzegovina .....30.4
27 Colombia ...........................396.6 94 Paraguay .............................29.4
28 Belgium .............................389.5 95 Cambodia ............................28.2
29 Malaysia ............................384.1 96 Estonia ................................27.2
452 30 Venezuela ..........................358.6 97 Trinidad and Tobago ............27.0
31 Sweden .............................341.9 98 Bahrain ................................27.0
32 Greece ..............................341.1 99 Botswana ............................26.5
33 Ukraine ..............................336.9 100 Cyprus .................................22.7
34 Austria ...............................328.6 101 Albania ................................21.8
35 Philippines .........................320.4 102 Senegal ...............................21.7
36 Nigeria ...............................315.4 103 Georgia................................21.4
37 Switzerland .......................312.8 104 Jamaica ...............................21.0
38 Hong Kong SAR ................307.1 105 Madagascar.........................19.7
39 Romania ............................270.3 106 Brunei Darussalam..............19.7
40 Czech Republic .................262.2 107 Macedonia, FYR..................18.8
41 Norway..............................256.5 108 Armenia...............................18.7
42 Peru...................................245.9 109 Mozambique .......................18.6
43 Chile ..................................243.0 110 Burkina Faso .......................17.8
44 Vietnam .............................240.4 111 Zambia ................................17.4
45 Singapore ..........................238.8 112 Nicaragua ............................16.6
46 Portugal .............................235.9 113 Chad ....................................16.1
47 Algeria ...............................233.1 114 Mauritius .............................15.2
48 Bangladesh .......................224.9 115 Mali .....................................15.0
49 Denmark ...........................204.1 116 Namibia ...............................13.5
50 Israel .................................200.6 117 Tajikistan..............................13.0
51 Hungary.............................196.1 118 Benin ...................................13.0
52 Finland...............................190.9 119 Iceland.................................12.7
53 Ireland ...............................188.1 120 Kyrgyz Republic...................11.6
54 United Arab Emirates........185.0 121 Malawi ................................11.4
55 Kazakhstan ........................177.5 122 Malta .....................................9.8
56 Kuwait ...............................137.2 123 Mongolia ...............................9.4
57 Morocco ............................136.7 124 Montenegro ..........................6.9
58 Slovak Republic.................119.3 125 Mauritania .............................6.2
59 New Zealand .....................115.7 126 Barbados ...............................5.2
60 Ecuador .............................107.0 127 Suriname ...............................4.4
61 Syria ....................................94.4 128 Lesotho .................................3.2
62 Qatar ...................................94.2 129 Burundi..................................3.1
63 Bulgaria ...............................93.6 130 Guyana ..................................3.1
64 Sri Lanka .............................92.0 131 Timor-Leste ...........................2.5
65 Libya....................................90.3 132 Gambia, The..........................2.3
66 Croatia .................................82.3 133 Zimbabwe1............................2.2
67 Tunisia .................................82.2
1 2007

10.04 Imports as a percentage of GDP (hard data)

Imports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP | 2008
1 Singapore ..........................215.3 68 Kenya ..................................42.6

2 Hong Kong SAR ................201.6 69 Portugal ...............................42.2
3 Luxembourg ......................150.7 70 Albania ................................42.1
4 Lesotho .............................117.2 70 Guatemala ...........................42.1
5 Guyana ..............................111.7 72 Israel ...................................42.0
6 Puerto Rico .........................99.6 73 Ecuador ...............................41.3
7 Jordan .................................94.8 74 Chile ....................................41.1
8 Kyrgyz Republic...................93.6 75 Kazakhstan ..........................41.0
9 Vietnam ...............................93.1 76 Germany .............................40.9
10 Belgium ...............................92.6 77 Trinidad and Tobago ............40.9
11 Slovak Republic...................85.0 78 Saudi Arabia ........................40.5
12 Bahrain ................................84.8 79 Finland.................................40.3
13 Malta ...................................83.9 80 Libya....................................39.9
14 Bulgaria ...............................83.3 81 Armenia...............................39.6
15 Honduras.............................81.6 82 Dominican Republic ............39.4
16 Estonia ................................80.7 83 Botswana ............................38.8
17 Malaysia ..............................80.3 84 Sri Lanka .............................38.8
18 Hungary...............................79.9 85 Madagascar.........................38.7
19 Montenegro1.......................79.6 86 South Africa ........................38.5
20 Panama ...............................75.6 87 Philippines ...........................38.1
21 Bosnia and Herzegovina1 ....73.7 88 Mali1....................................37.1
22 Thailand ...............................73.6 89 Oman ..................................35.6
23 United Arab Emirates..........73.2 90 Syria ....................................35.5
24 Czech Republic ...................71.8 91 Bolivia..................................35.3
25 Slovenia...............................71.4 92 Burundi................................35.0
26 Ghana ..................................71.0 93 Côte d’Ivoire........................34.3
27 Lithuania..............................71.0 94 Nigeria .................................33.7
28 Macedonia, FYR..................70.9 95 Canada ................................33.3
29 Timor-Leste .........................70.6 96 New Zealand .......................33.1
30 Nicaragua ............................70.1 97 Uganda ................................33.0 453
31 Taiwan, China ......................69.4 98 Bangladesh .........................32.8
32 Mozambique .......................69.1 99 Uruguay...............................32.3
33 Ireland .................................69.0 100 Spain ...................................32.2
34 Netherlands.........................68.8 101 United Kingdom ..................32.0
35 Cambodia ............................68.8 102 Greece ................................31.9
36 Mauritius .............................67.1 103 Nepal1 .................................31.4
37 Mongolia1............................65.7 104 Chad ....................................31.1
38 Malawi ................................65.4 105 Tanzania...............................30.6
39 Mauritania1..........................64.9 105 Zambia ................................30.6
40 Zimbabwe ...........................64.2 107 Mexico ................................30.5
41 Gambia, The........................62.7 108 India ....................................30.3
42 Jamaica ...............................62.2 109 Italy .....................................29.3
43 Namibia ...............................61.4 110 Azerbaijan............................29.3
44 Suriname1 ...........................61.2 111 China ...................................29.2
45 Paraguay .............................58.8 112 France .................................28.9
46 Cyprus .................................58.4 113 Norway................................28.8
47 Georgia................................57.7 114 Indonesia.............................28.6
48 Croatia .................................57.3 115 Turkey..................................28.5
49 Barbados1 ...........................56.0 116 Brunei Darussalam1 ............27.8
50 Costa Rica ...........................55.6 117 Algeria .................................27.6
51 Latvia...................................54.9 118 Benin ...................................27.5
52 Ukraine ................................54.3 119 Kuwait .................................27.0
53 Korea, Rep. .........................54.1 119 Qatar ...................................27.0
54 Austria .................................53.9 121 Peru.....................................26.8
55 Denmark .............................52.5 122 Cameroon ...........................26.7
56 Tajikistan..............................51.4 123 Australia ..............................23.9
57 El Salvador ..........................49.5 124 Ethiopia ...............................22.9
58 Iceland.................................47.6 125 Pakistan...............................22.1
59 Sweden ...............................46.8 126 Colombia .............................22.0
60 Morocco ..............................46.2 127 Russian Federation .............22.0
61 Tunisia .................................45.9 128 Argentina.............................20.3
62 Switzerland .........................45.9 129 Venezuela ............................19.6
63 Serbia ..................................45.8 130 United States ......................17.7
64 Egypt ...................................45.5 131 Japan...................................17.3
65 Senegal ...............................44.1 132 Brazil ...................................14.2
66 Romania ..............................43.5 133 Burkina Faso .......................13.3
67 Poland .................................42.8
SOURCE: Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (July 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; World Trade
Organization, Statistics Database (July 2009); IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); national sources
1 2007

10.05 Exports as a percentage of GDP (hard data)
Exports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP | 2008
1 Singapore ..........................234.3 68 Finland.................................44.2

2 Hong Kong SAR ................212.3 69 Côte d’Ivoire........................43.5
3 Luxembourg ......................179.3 70 Ghana ..................................42.6
4 Bahrain ..............................110.5 71 Latvia...................................41.8
5 Malaysia ............................103.5 72 Mozambique .......................41.6
6 United Arab Emirates..........93.4 73 Bolivia..................................40.2
7 Belgium ...............................92.1 74 Israel ...................................40.0
8 Libya....................................86.6 75 Poland .................................39.4
9 Slovak Republic...................82.6 76 Bosnia and Herzegovina1 ....39.1
10 Hungary...............................81.4 77 Jamaica ...............................38.3
11 Ireland .................................80.9 78 Philippines ...........................38.0
12 Malta ...................................80.1 79 China ...................................37.8
13 Guyana ................................79.9 80 Tajikistan..............................37.6
14 Vietnam ...............................79.5 81 Ecuador ...............................37.0
15 Panama ...............................79.2 82 Morocco ..............................35.8
16 Netherlands.........................76.9 83 South Africa ........................35.4
17 Czech Republic ...................76.8 84 Canada ................................34.9
18 Puerto Rico .........................76.8 85 Nicaragua ............................33.7
19 Thailand ...............................76.4 86 Syria ....................................33.4
20 Estonia ................................76.3 87 Portugal ...............................32.8
21 Azerbaijan............................76.2 88 Venezuela ............................31.8
22 Taiwan, China ......................74.2 89 New Zealand .......................31.3
23 Suriname1 ...........................72.5 90 Russian Federation .............31.3
24 Saudi Arabia ........................71.3 91 Romania ..............................30.9
25 Slovenia...............................68.6 92 Indonesia.............................29.8
26 Trinidad and Tobago ............67.9 93 United Kingdom ..................28.9
27 Brunei Darussalam1 ............67.7 94 Italy .....................................28.8
28 Kuwait .................................66.4 95 Georgia................................28.7
29 Mongolia1............................64.3 96 Malawi ................................28.3
454 30 Qatar ...................................63.9 97 Mexico ................................28.3
31 Barbados1 ...........................61.8 98 Uruguay...............................28.3
32 Oman ..................................61.5 99 Sri Lanka .............................27.6
33 Lesotho ...............................60.8 100 El Salvador ..........................27.5
34 Bulgaria ...............................60.5 101 Peru.....................................27.4
35 Lithuania..............................59.8 102 Mali1....................................27.3
36 Austria .................................59.2 103 Dominican Republic ............26.8
37 Namibia ...............................57.7 104 Spain ...................................26.4
38 Gambia, The........................57.7 105 France .................................26.4
39 Mauritania1..........................57.7 106 Kenya ..................................26.0
40 Kyrgyz Republic...................56.5 107 Guatemala ...........................25.9
41 Cambodia ............................56.3 108 Cameroon ...........................25.3
42 Switzerland .........................56.2 109 Argentina.............................24.2
43 Nigeria .................................55.8 110 Madagascar.........................24.1
44 Jordan .................................54.8 111 India ....................................24.0
45 Denmark .............................54.7 111 Senegal ...............................24.0
46 Sweden ...............................54.2 113 Turkey..................................23.9
47 Mauritius .............................54.0 114 Australia ..............................23.6
48 Paraguay .............................53.1 115 Greece ................................23.1
49 Korea, Rep. .........................52.9 116 Serbia ..................................22.3
50 Zimbabwe ...........................51.9 117 Bangladesh .........................22.2
51 Kazakhstan ..........................51.5 118 Albania ................................20.1
52 Algeria .................................51.4 119 Zambia ................................18.3
52 Tunisia .................................51.4 120 Colombia .............................18.3
54 Chad ....................................51.2 121 Japan...................................17.4
55 Macedonia, FYR..................48.8 122 Tanzania...............................17.3
56 Honduras.............................48.6 123 Uganda ................................17.1
57 Norway................................48.1 124 Armenia...............................14.8
58 Croatia .................................47.8 125 Brazil ...................................14.3
59 Montenegro1.......................47.5 126 Benin ...................................14.3
60 Germany .............................47.2 127 Nepal1 .................................13.1
61 Cyprus .................................47.1 128 United States ......................13.0
62 Ukraine ................................46.9 129 Pakistan...............................12.1
63 Botswana ............................46.2 130 Burkina Faso .........................9.0
64 Costa Rica ...........................46.0 131 Ethiopia .................................8.1
65 Egypt ...................................45.8 132 Burundi..................................3.0
66 Chile ....................................45.1 133 Timor-Leste ...........................2.8
67 Iceland.................................44.7
SOURCE: Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (July 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; World Trade
Organization, Statistics Database (July 2009); IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); national sources
1 2007

Data Tables
Section XI
Business sophistication
455

11.01 Local supplier quantity
2.2: Data Tables | Section XI: Business sophistication
How numerous are local suppliers in your country? (1 = largely nonexistent; 7 = very numerous) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Japan..................................6.3 68 Hungary..............................4.7
4 Qatar ..................................5.9 71 Egypt..................................4.7
5 Switzerland ........................5.8 72 Mauritius ............................4.7
6 Austria................................5.8 73 Mauritania ..........................4.7
7 United States .....................5.7 74 Vietnam..............................4.7
8 Czech Republic ..................5.7 75 Philippines..........................4.7
9 Netherlands........................5.6 76 Oman .................................4.6
10 Brazil ..................................5.6 77 Gambia, The.......................4.6
11 China ..................................5.6 78 Mali ....................................4.6
13 Spain ..................................5.5 80 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....4.6
14 Belgium..............................5.5 81 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.6
15 France ................................5.5 82 Estonia ...............................4.6
16 Taiwan, China.....................5.4 83 New Zealand ......................4.6
17 Canada ...............................5.4 84 Azerbaijan...........................4.6
18 United Kingdom .................5.4 85 Macedonia, FYR.................4.6
19 Tunisia ................................5.4 86 Romania .............................4.6
20 Denmark ............................5.4 87 Serbia .................................4.6
21 Saudi Arabia .......................5.4 88 Malawi ...............................4.6
22 Italy ....................................5.3 89 Madagascar........................4.5
23 Hong Kong SAR .................5.3 90 Zambia ...............................4.5
24 Thailand..............................5.3 91 Ghana.................................4.5
25 Korea, Rep. ........................5.3 92 Burkina Faso ......................4.5
26 Kuwait ................................5.3 93 Bangladesh ........................4.5
27 Malaysia .............................5.3 94 Guyana ...............................4.4
28 Poland ................................5.3 95 Honduras............................4.4
29 Turkey.................................5.2 96 Pakistan..............................4.4
456 30 Sweden..............................5.2 97 Chad...................................4.4
31 Chile ...................................5.2 98 Montenegro .......................4.4
32 Australia .............................5.2 99 Ukraine...............................4.4
33 Guatemala..........................5.2 100 Algeria ................................4.4
34 Jordan ................................5.2 101 Burundi...............................4.3
35 Colombia ............................5.1 102 Russian Federation ............4.3
36 Slovak Republic..................5.1 103 Barbados ............................4.3
37 Norway...............................5.1 104 Croatia................................4.3
38 Malta ..................................5.1 105 Kazakhstan .........................4.3
39 Ireland ................................5.1 106 Uruguay..............................4.2
40 Slovenia..............................5.1 107 Nepal..................................4.2
41 Nigeria................................5.1 108 Jamaica ..............................4.1
42 Finland................................5.1 109 Latvia..................................4.1
43 Puerto Rico ........................5.1 110 Paraguay ............................4.1
44 Singapore ...........................5.0 111 Luxembourg.......................4.1
45 South Africa .......................5.0 112 Armenia..............................4.1
46 Israel ..................................5.0 113 Ecuador ..............................4.0
47 Cameroon ..........................5.0 114 Tanzania..............................4.0
48 Kenya .................................5.0 115 Suriname............................4.0
49 Cyprus................................5.0 116 Benin..................................4.0
50 Indonesia............................5.0 117 Ethiopia ..............................4.0
51 Senegal ..............................5.0 118 Bahrain ...............................4.0
52 Lithuania.............................5.0 119 Albania ...............................4.0
53 Costa Rica ..........................5.0 120 Namibia ..............................4.0
54 Syria ...................................4.9 121 Tajikistan.............................3.9
55 Mexico ...............................4.9 122 Mozambique ......................3.9
57 Peru....................................4.9 124 Botswana ...........................3.8
58 Bulgaria ..............................4.9 125 Cambodia ...........................3.8
60 Iceland................................4.9 127 Zimbabwe ..........................3.7
61 Panama ..............................4.8 128 Lesotho ..............................3.6
62 Uganda...............................4.8 129 Mongolia ............................3.6
63 Brunei Darussalam.............4.8 130 Georgia...............................3.5
64 Greece ...............................4.8 131 Bolivia.................................3.5
65 Dominican Republic ...........4.8 132 Timor-Leste ........................3.5
66 Morocco.............................4.7 133 Venezuela...........................3.4
67 El Salvador .........................4.7

11.02 Local supplier quality

How would you assess the quality of local suppliers in your country? (1 = very poor; 7 = very good) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Austria................................6.3 68 Argentina............................4.5
3 Germany ............................6.3 70 Dominican Republic ...........4.5
4 Japan..................................6.2 71 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.5
5 Belgium..............................5.9 72 Mauritius ............................4.4
6 Sweden..............................5.9 73 Bulgaria ..............................4.4
7 Netherlands........................5.8 74 Croatia................................4.4
8 Canada ...............................5.8 75 Uruguay..............................4.4
9 United States .....................5.8 76 Montenegro .......................4.4
10 Denmark ............................5.8 77 Philippines..........................4.4
11 France ................................5.7 78 Brunei Darussalam.............4.3
12 Norway...............................5.7 79 Nigeria................................4.3
13 Finland................................5.6 80 Romania .............................4.3
14 New Zealand ......................5.6 81 Jamaica ..............................4.3
15 Czech Republic ..................5.6 82 Bahrain ...............................4.3
16 Australia .............................5.6 83 Morocco.............................4.2
18 Puerto Rico ........................5.5 85 Macedonia, FYR.................4.2
19 Iceland................................5.5 86 Azerbaijan...........................4.2
20 Hong Kong SAR .................5.5 87 Namibia ..............................4.1
22 South Africa .......................5.4 89 Benin..................................4.1
23 Qatar ..................................5.4 90 Guyana ...............................4.1
24 United Arab Emirates.........5.4 91 Bangladesh ........................4.1
25 Estonia ...............................5.3 92 Vietnam..............................4.0
26 Chile ...................................5.3 93 Uganda...............................4.0
27 United Kingdom .................5.3 94 Syria ...................................4.0
28 Singapore ...........................5.3 95 Ukraine...............................4.0
29 Cyprus................................5.3 96 Burkina Faso ......................4.0
30 Israel ..................................5.2 97 Kazakhstan .........................4.0 457
31 Slovenia..............................5.2 98 Paraguay ............................4.0
32 Spain ..................................5.2 99 Zambia ...............................4.0
33 Costa Rica ..........................5.2 100 Nicaragua ...........................4.0
34 Italy ....................................5.1 101 Madagascar........................3.9
35 Brazil ..................................5.1 102 Libya...................................3.9
36 Guatemala..........................5.1 103 Serbia .................................3.9
37 Luxembourg.......................5.1 104 Egypt..................................3.9
38 Korea, Rep. ........................5.1 105 Ghana.................................3.9
39 Poland ................................5.1 106 Mali ....................................3.9
40 Thailand..............................5.0 107 Malawi ...............................3.9
41 India ...................................5.0 108 Suriname............................3.9
42 Malaysia .............................5.0 109 Cameroon ..........................3.9
44 Lithuania.............................5.0 111 Ecuador ..............................3.8
45 Senegal ..............................4.9 112 Armenia..............................3.8
46 Kuwait ................................4.9 113 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.8
47 Mexico ...............................4.9 114 Cambodia ...........................3.7
48 Colombia ............................4.9 115 Botswana ...........................3.7
49 Slovak Republic..................4.9 116 Albania ...............................3.7
50 Sri Lanka ............................4.9 117 Lesotho ..............................3.7
51 Panama ..............................4.8 118 Mauritania ..........................3.6
52 Turkey.................................4.8 119 Tanzania..............................3.6
53 China ..................................4.8 120 Algeria ................................3.6
54 Barbados ............................4.8 121 Ethiopia ..............................3.6
55 Jordan ................................4.7 122 Tajikistan.............................3.5
56 El Salvador .........................4.7 123 Burundi...............................3.5
58 Indonesia............................4.7 125 Zimbabwe ..........................3.5
59 Tunisia ................................4.7 126 Nepal..................................3.4
60 Peru....................................4.7 127 Venezuela...........................3.4
61 Greece ...............................4.7 128 Mongolia ............................3.4
62 Oman .................................4.7 129 Georgia...............................3.3
63 Malta ..................................4.7 130 Bolivia.................................3.3
64 Hungary..............................4.7 131 Mozambique ......................3.2
65 Gambia, The.......................4.7 132 Chad...................................3.2
66 Latvia..................................4.7 133 Timor-Leste ........................2.7
67 Kenya .................................4.6

11.03 State of cluster development
In your country’s economy, how prevalent are well-developed and deep clusters? (1 = nonexistent; 7 = widespread in many fields) | 2008–2009
weighted average
1 Japan..................................5.5 68 Malta ..................................3.4

3 Italy ....................................5.4 70 Kuwait ................................3.4
4 Hong Kong SAR .................5.4 71 Argentina............................3.4
5 Singapore ...........................5.3 72 Brunei Darussalam.............3.4
6 Taiwan, China.....................5.3 73 Zambia ...............................3.4
7 Finland................................5.3 74 Namibia ..............................3.3
8 Canada ...............................5.1 75 Tunisia ................................3.3
10 Sweden..............................5.1 77 Estonia ...............................3.3
11 Germany ............................4.9 78 Senegal ..............................3.2
12 United Kingdom .................4.9 79 Honduras............................3.2
13 Netherlands........................4.8 80 Morocco.............................3.2
14 Denmark ............................4.8 81 El Salvador .........................3.2
15 Bahrain ...............................4.7 82 Jamaica ..............................3.2
16 China ..................................4.7 83 Malawi ...............................3.2
18 Vietnam..............................4.6 85 Georgia...............................3.1
20 India ...................................4.6 87 Greece ...............................3.1
21 Norway...............................4.6 88 Uruguay..............................3.1
22 Austria................................4.6 89 Libya...................................3.0
23 Korea, Rep. ........................4.5 90 Russian Federation ............3.0
26 France ................................4.4 93 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.0
27 Belgium..............................4.4 94 Nepal..................................3.0
29 Brazil ..................................4.2 96 Ghana.................................3.0
458 30 Cyprus................................4.2 97 Nicaragua ...........................2.9
31 Sri Lanka ............................4.1 98 Botswana ...........................2.9
32 Spain ..................................4.1 99 Hungary..............................2.9
33 South Africa .......................4.1 100 Romania .............................2.9
34 Czech Republic ..................4.1 101 Guyana ...............................2.9
36 Qatar ..................................4.0 103 Timor-Leste ........................2.9
37 Australia .............................4.0 104 Poland ................................2.9
38 Puerto Rico ........................4.0 105 Madagascar........................2.9
39 Kenya .................................4.0 106 Croatia................................2.8
40 Saudi Arabia .......................3.9 107 Zimbabwe ..........................2.8
41 Egypt..................................3.9 108 Bulgaria ..............................2.8
42 Slovenia..............................3.9 109 Macedonia, FYR.................2.8
43 Panama ..............................3.9 110 Uganda...............................2.8
44 Mauritius ............................3.9 111 Azerbaijan...........................2.8
45 Chile ...................................3.9 112 Burundi...............................2.8
46 Jordan ................................3.9 113 Latvia..................................2.8
47 Guatemala..........................3.8 114 Ecuador ..............................2.8
48 Iceland................................3.8 115 Mauritania ..........................2.8
49 Israel ..................................3.8 116 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.8
50 Pakistan..............................3.8 117 Serbia .................................2.7
51 Colombia ............................3.8 118 Benin..................................2.6
52 Turkey.................................3.8 119 Syria ...................................2.6
53 Mexico ...............................3.8 120 Chad...................................2.6
54 Oman .................................3.8 121 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.6
55 Cambodia ...........................3.7 122 Armenia..............................2.6
56 New Zealand ......................3.7 123 Mongolia ............................2.6
57 Portugal..............................3.7 124 Mali ....................................2.6
58 Gambia, The.......................3.7 125 Tajikistan.............................2.6
59 Philippines..........................3.6 126 Cameroon ..........................2.5
61 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.6 128 Montenegro .......................2.4
62 Nigeria................................3.6 129 Bolivia.................................2.4
63 Dominican Republic ...........3.5 130 Albania ...............................2.4
64 Tanzania..............................3.5 131 Algeria ................................2.4
65 Bangladesh ........................3.5 132 Burkina Faso ......................2.4
66 Barbados ............................3.5 133 Venezuela...........................2.3
67 Slovak Republic..................3.4

11.04 Nature of competitive advantage

On what is based the competitive advantage of your country’s companies in international markets? (1 = on low-cost or natural resources; 7 = on
unique products and processes) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Germany ............................6.4 68 Oman .................................3.4

2 Switzerland ........................6.4 69 Egypt..................................3.3
3 Japan..................................6.3 70 New Zealand ......................3.3
5 Finland................................6.1 72 Guatemala..........................3.2
6 Sweden..............................6.0 73 Cambodia ...........................3.2
7 Israel ..................................5.8 74 Mexico ...............................3.2
8 Austria................................5.8 75 Burundi...............................3.2
9 Netherlands........................5.8 76 Turkey.................................3.2
10 Belgium..............................5.7 77 Zambia ...............................3.2
12 Italy ....................................5.6 79 Kazakhstan .........................3.2
13 Singapore ...........................5.5 80 South Africa .......................3.1
14 Luxembourg.......................5.5 81 Georgia...............................3.1
16 United States .....................5.5 83 Benin..................................3.1
18 Ireland ................................5.3 85 Romania .............................3.0
19 Hong Kong SAR .................5.2 86 Chad...................................3.0
20 Barbados ............................5.2 87 Senegal ..............................3.0
21 Taiwan, China.....................4.9 88 Guyana ...............................3.0
22 Cyprus................................4.8 89 Brazil ..................................3.0
23 Puerto Rico ........................4.8 90 Chile ...................................3.0
24 Norway...............................4.8 91 Mongolia ............................2.9
26 Slovenia..............................4.4 93 Pakistan..............................2.9
27 Jamaica ..............................4.4 94 Tajikistan.............................2.9
29 Malta ..................................4.3 96 Peru....................................2.9
30 Spain ..................................4.2 97 Uruguay..............................2.9 459
31 Malaysia .............................4.2 98 Tanzania..............................2.9
32 Costa Rica ..........................4.1 99 Slovak Republic..................2.9
33 Panama ..............................4.0 100 Qatar ..................................2.9
34 Indonesia............................4.0 101 Honduras............................2.8
35 Czech Republic ..................3.9 102 Bahrain ...............................2.8
36 Greece ...............................3.9 103 Russian Federation ............2.8
37 Sri Lanka ............................3.8 104 Malawi ...............................2.8
39 Saudi Arabia .......................3.8 106 Ghana.................................2.8
40 Mauritius ............................3.8 107 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.8
41 Armenia..............................3.7 108 Ukraine...............................2.8
42 Azerbaijan...........................3.7 109 Albania ...............................2.8
43 Lithuania.............................3.7 110 Nepal..................................2.8
44 El Salvador .........................3.7 111 Serbia .................................2.7
45 Lesotho ..............................3.7 112 Mali ....................................2.7
47 Kuwait ................................3.6 114 Madagascar........................2.7
48 Canada ...............................3.6 115 Ecuador ..............................2.7
49 Montenegro .......................3.6 116 Mauritania ..........................2.7
50 Brunei Darussalam.............3.6 117 Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.6
51 Portugal..............................3.6 118 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.6
52 Estonia ...............................3.6 119 Syria ...................................2.6
53 Poland ................................3.6 120 Algeria ................................2.6
54 Nigeria................................3.5 121 Zimbabwe ..........................2.6
55 Gambia, The.......................3.5 122 Cameroon ..........................2.6
56 Hungary..............................3.5 123 Ethiopia ..............................2.6
57 Croatia................................3.5 124 Nicaragua ...........................2.6
58 Botswana ...........................3.5 125 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.5
59 Philippines..........................3.5 126 Argentina............................2.5
60 Namibia ..............................3.5 127 Macedonia, FYR.................2.5
61 China ..................................3.5 128 Suriname............................2.5
62 Tunisia ................................3.5 129 Paraguay ............................2.4
63 Thailand..............................3.5 130 Bangladesh ........................2.4
64 Latvia..................................3.4 131 Bolivia.................................2.3
65 Timor-Leste ........................3.4 132 Libya...................................2.3
66 Kenya .................................3.4 133 Venezuela...........................2.1
67 India ...................................3.4

11.05 Value chain breadth
In your country, do exporting companies have a narrow or broad presence in the value chain? (1 = narrow—primarily involved in individual steps
of the value chain (e.g., resource extraction or production); 7 = broad—present across the entire value chain (i.e., do not only produce but also
perform product design, marketing sales, logistics, and after-sales services)) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Germany ............................6.2 68 Romania .............................3.5

2 Japan..................................6.1 69 Pakistan..............................3.5
3 Switzerland ........................6.0 70 Montenegro .......................3.5
4 Sweden..............................5.9 71 Kuwait ................................3.5
5 France ................................5.9 72 Egypt..................................3.5
6 Netherlands........................5.6 73 Honduras............................3.5
7 Austria................................5.6 74 Peru....................................3.4
8 Denmark ............................5.6 75 Bulgaria ..............................3.4
9 Finland................................5.5 76 Uruguay..............................3.4
10 Hong Kong SAR .................5.4 77 Vietnam..............................3.4
11 United States .....................5.4 78 Australia .............................3.4
13 Korea, Rep. ........................5.4 80 Latvia..................................3.3
14 Italy ....................................5.3 81 Macedonia, FYR.................3.3
16 Taiwan, China.....................5.2 83 Bahrain ...............................3.3
17 Belgium..............................5.1 84 Lesotho ..............................3.3
18 Luxembourg.......................4.8 85 South Africa .......................3.3
19 Ireland ................................4.8 86 Guyana ...............................3.2
20 Slovenia..............................4.7 87 Burundi...............................3.2
21 Czech Republic ..................4.7 88 Benin..................................3.2
22 Malaysia .............................4.7 89 Georgia...............................3.2
23 Poland ................................4.6 90 Ukraine...............................3.2
24 Spain ..................................4.6 91 Ecuador ..............................3.2
25 Israel ..................................4.5 92 Russian Federation ............3.1
26 India ...................................4.4 93 Serbia .................................3.1
27 Mauritius ............................4.4 94 Argentina............................3.1
29 Saudi Arabia .......................4.3 96 Kazakhstan .........................3.1
460 30 Costa Rica ..........................4.3 97 Chad...................................3.0
31 Iceland................................4.3 98 Madagascar........................3.0
32 Tunisia ................................4.3 99 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.0
33 Lithuania.............................4.3 100 Bangladesh ........................3.0
34 Sri Lanka ............................4.2 101 Cambodia ...........................3.0
35 Indonesia............................4.2 102 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.0
36 Puerto Rico ........................4.2 103 Armenia..............................3.0
37 Cyprus................................4.1 104 Nepal..................................3.0
38 Canada ...............................4.1 105 Mali ....................................2.9
39 Malta ..................................4.1 106 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.9
40 Norway...............................4.1 107 Tajikistan.............................2.9
41 Turkey.................................4.0 108 Bolivia.................................2.9
42 Thailand..............................4.0 109 Botswana ...........................2.9
44 Slovak Republic..................3.9 111 Nigeria................................2.9
45 Barbados ............................3.9 112 Cameroon ..........................2.9
46 China ..................................3.9 113 Mozambique ......................2.8
47 Hungary..............................3.9 114 Qatar ..................................2.8
48 Guatemala..........................3.8 115 Tanzania..............................2.8
49 Senegal ..............................3.8 116 Nicaragua ...........................2.8
50 Morocco.............................3.8 117 Albania ...............................2.8
51 Estonia ...............................3.8 118 Ethiopia ..............................2.7
52 Jordan ................................3.8 119 Malawi ...............................2.7
53 New Zealand ......................3.8 120 Zambia ...............................2.7
54 Mexico ...............................3.8 121 Paraguay ............................2.7
55 El Salvador .........................3.8 122 Ghana.................................2.7
56 Colombia ............................3.7 123 Timor-Leste ........................2.7
57 Brazil ..................................3.7 124 Uganda...............................2.7
58 Greece ...............................3.7 125 Namibia ..............................2.6
59 Panama ..............................3.7 126 Brunei Darussalam.............2.6
60 Chile ...................................3.7 127 Suriname............................2.3
61 Philippines..........................3.6 128 Algeria ................................2.3
63 Azerbaijan...........................3.6 130 Mongolia ............................2.3
64 Jamaica ..............................3.6 131 Mauritania ..........................2.2
65 Gambia, The.......................3.6 132 Libya...................................2.2
66 Kenya .................................3.6 133 Venezuela...........................2.0
67 Oman .................................3.6

11.06 Control of international distribution

To what extent are international distribution and marketing from your country owned and controlled by domestic companies? (1 = not at all, they
take place through foreign companies; 7 = extensively, they are primarily owned and controlled by domestic companies) | 2008–2009 weighted
average
1 Germany ............................5.5 68 Ethiopia ..............................3.9

2 Japan..................................5.4 69 Mexico ...............................3.9
3 Switzerland ........................5.4 70 Uruguay..............................3.9
4 Iceland................................5.2 71 Guatemala..........................3.9
5 United States .....................5.2 72 Macedonia, FYR.................3.9
6 Austria................................5.1 73 Guyana ...............................3.9
7 Sweden..............................5.1 74 Croatia................................3.9
8 France ................................5.1 75 Israel ..................................3.9
9 Saudi Arabia .......................5.0 76 Ukraine...............................3.9
10 Cyprus................................4.9 77 Barbados ............................3.9
11 Netherlands........................4.9 78 Brunei Darussalam.............3.8
12 United Arab Emirates.........4.9 79 Romania .............................3.8
13 Denmark ............................4.9 80 Ecuador ..............................3.8
14 Taiwan, China.....................4.8 81 Pakistan..............................3.8
15 Syria ...................................4.8 82 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.8
16 Finland................................4.8 83 Argentina............................3.8
18 Sri Lanka ............................4.7 85 Russian Federation ............3.8
19 Slovenia..............................4.6 86 Malawi ...............................3.8
20 Senegal ..............................4.6 87 Peru....................................3.8
21 Hong Kong SAR .................4.6 88 Suriname............................3.8
23 Belgium..............................4.6 90 Honduras............................3.7
24 Korea, Rep. ........................4.6 91 Czech Republic ..................3.7
25 Lithuania.............................4.6 92 Georgia...............................3.7
26 Brazil ..................................4.6 93 Albania ...............................3.7
27 Norway...............................4.5 94 Slovak Republic..................3.7
28 Kuwait ................................4.5 95 Tanzania..............................3.7
29 Oman .................................4.5 96 Qatar ..................................3.7
30 Chile ...................................4.5 97 Bulgaria ..............................3.6 461
31 Malaysia .............................4.5 98 Puerto Rico ........................3.6
32 Mauritius ............................4.5 99 Cameroon ..........................3.6
33 Canada ...............................4.5 100 Libya...................................3.6
34 Australia .............................4.5 101 Hungary..............................3.6
35 Bahrain ...............................4.5 102 Tajikistan.............................3.6
36 Turkey.................................4.5 103 Ghana.................................3.6
37 Jordan ................................4.5 104 Namibia ..............................3.6
38 South Africa .......................4.4 105 Mali ....................................3.6
40 Italy ....................................4.4 107 Serbia .................................3.6
42 Poland ................................4.4 109 Latvia..................................3.6
43 Luxembourg.......................4.3 110 Paraguay ............................3.6
44 India ...................................4.3 111 Nicaragua ...........................3.6
45 China ..................................4.3 112 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.5
46 Spain ..................................4.3 113 Armenia..............................3.5
47 Tunisia ................................4.2 114 Jamaica ..............................3.5
48 Gambia, The.......................4.2 115 Burundi...............................3.5
49 Nigeria................................4.2 116 Zimbabwe ..........................3.5
50 Montenegro .......................4.2 117 Uganda...............................3.4
51 Kenya .................................4.2 118 Venezuela...........................3.4
52 Malta ..................................4.2 119 Zambia ...............................3.4
53 Ireland ................................4.2 120 Benin..................................3.4
55 Greece ...............................4.2 122 Madagascar........................3.4
56 Dominican Republic ...........4.2 123 Cambodia ...........................3.4
57 Portugal..............................4.1 124 Algeria ................................3.3
59 Estonia ...............................4.1 126 Burkina Faso ......................3.3
60 Singapore ...........................4.0 127 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.2
61 El Salvador .........................4.0 128 Bangladesh ........................3.2
62 Thailand..............................4.0 129 Chad...................................3.2
63 Colombia ............................4.0 130 Lesotho ..............................3.2
64 Philippines..........................4.0 131 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.0
65 Panama ..............................4.0 132 Timor-Leste ........................3.0
66 Egypt..................................4.0 133 Mongolia ............................3.0
67 Mauritania ..........................4.0

11.07 Production process sophistication
In your country, how sophisticated are production processes? (1 = not at all—labor-intensive methods or previous generations of process
technology prevail; 7 = highly—the world’s best and most efficient process technology prevails) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Japan..................................6.4 68 Namibia ..............................3.6

2 Germany ............................6.4 69 Latvia..................................3.6
3 Switzerland ........................6.3 70 Guatemala..........................3.5
4 Sweden..............................6.2 71 Colombia ............................3.5
5 Finland................................6.0 72 Ukraine...............................3.5
6 Netherlands........................6.0 73 Vietnam..............................3.5
7 Denmark ............................5.9 74 Romania .............................3.4
8 United States .....................5.9 75 Uruguay..............................3.4
9 Austria................................5.8 76 Russian Federation ............3.4
10 Belgium..............................5.8 77 Peru....................................3.4
11 France ................................5.7 78 Albania ...............................3.4
12 Norway...............................5.7 79 Croatia................................3.3
13 Singapore ...........................5.6 80 Montenegro .......................3.3
14 Iceland................................5.6 81 Senegal ..............................3.3
15 Taiwan, China.....................5.6 82 Syria ...................................3.3
17 Luxembourg.......................5.4 84 Nigeria................................3.2
18 Ireland ................................5.3 85 Tajikistan.............................3.2
19 United Kingdom .................5.3 86 Pakistan..............................3.2
20 Canada ...............................5.3 87 Kenya .................................3.2
21 Korea, Rep. ........................5.1 88 Libya...................................3.2
22 Israel ..................................5.1 89 El Salvador .........................3.2
24 Puerto Rico ........................5.0 91 Brunei Darussalam.............3.2
25 New Zealand ......................4.9 92 Bulgaria ..............................3.2
27 Czech Republic ..................4.7 94 Lesotho ..............................3.1
28 Italy ....................................4.7 95 Jamaica ..............................3.1
29 United Arab Emirates.........4.7 96 Mongolia ............................3.0
462 30 Saudi Arabia .......................4.7 97 Suriname............................3.0
31 Brazil ..................................4.6 98 Macedonia, FYR.................3.0
32 Spain ..................................4.5 99 Armenia..............................2.9
33 Malaysia .............................4.5 100 Mozambique ......................2.9
34 Chile ...................................4.5 101 Georgia...............................2.9
36 Cyprus................................4.4 103 Botswana ...........................2.9
37 Slovak Republic..................4.4 104 Algeria ................................2.8
38 Estonia ...............................4.4 105 Venezuela...........................2.8
39 Oman .................................4.3 106 Ecuador ..............................2.8
40 Portugal..............................4.3 107 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.8
41 South Africa .......................4.3 108 Guyana ...............................2.8
42 Malta ..................................4.3 109 Serbia .................................2.8
43 India ...................................4.3 110 Zambia ...............................2.8
44 Costa Rica ..........................4.2 111 Cambodia ...........................2.8
45 Poland ................................4.1 112 Tanzania..............................2.8
46 Turkey.................................4.1 113 Gambia, The.......................2.7
47 Azerbaijan...........................4.1 114 Nicaragua ...........................2.7
48 Bahrain ...............................4.0 115 Cameroon ..........................2.7
49 Tunisia ................................3.9 116 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.7
50 China ..................................3.9 117 Bolivia.................................2.7
51 Sri Lanka ............................3.9 118 Benin..................................2.6
52 Jordan ................................3.9 119 Timor-Leste ........................2.6
53 Kuwait ................................3.8 120 Madagascar........................2.6
55 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.8 122 Ghana.................................2.6
56 Egypt..................................3.8 123 Mali ....................................2.5
57 Panama ..............................3.8 124 Ethiopia ..............................2.5
59 Lithuania.............................3.7 126 Mauritania ..........................2.4
60 Indonesia............................3.7 127 Burundi...............................2.4
61 Barbados ............................3.7 128 Zimbabwe ..........................2.4
63 Greece ...............................3.7 130 Malawi ...............................2.3
64 Argentina............................3.6 131 Burkina Faso ......................2.3
65 Morocco.............................3.6 132 Uganda...............................2.3
66 Thailand..............................3.6 133 Chad...................................2.2
67 Mexico ...............................3.6

11.08 Extent of marketing

In your country, to what extent do companies use sophisticated marketing tools and techniques? (1 = very little; 7 = extensively) | 2008–2009
weighted average
1 United States .....................6.4 68 Uruguay..............................4.2

4 Sweden..............................5.9 71 Mauritius ............................4.2
5 France ................................5.9 72 Croatia................................4.1
6 Germany ............................5.8 73 Jamaica ..............................4.1
8 Denmark ............................5.8 75 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.1
9 Austria................................5.7 76 Vietnam..............................4.1
10 Canada ...............................5.6 77 Namibia ..............................4.1
11 Japan..................................5.6 78 Romania .............................4.0
12 Hong Kong SAR .................5.6 79 Oman .................................4.0
13 Australia .............................5.5 80 Morocco.............................4.0
14 Singapore ...........................5.4 81 Azerbaijan...........................4.0
15 Belgium..............................5.4 82 Colombia ............................3.9
17 South Africa .......................5.3 84 Kazakhstan .........................3.9
18 Norway...............................5.3 85 Egypt..................................3.8
20 Chile ...................................5.3 87 Ukraine...............................3.8
21 New Zealand ......................5.3 88 Ecuador ..............................3.8
22 Qatar ..................................5.3 89 Russian Federation ............3.8
23 Ireland ................................5.3 90 Nigeria................................3.8
24 Luxembourg.......................5.3 91 Pakistan..............................3.7
25 Brazil ..................................5.3 92 Venezuela...........................3.6
26 Puerto Rico ........................5.2 93 Brunei Darussalam.............3.6
27 Iceland................................5.2 94 Mongolia ............................3.5
28 Spain ..................................5.1 95 Bulgaria ..............................3.5
29 Panama ..............................5.1 96 Tanzania..............................3.5
30 Korea, Rep. ........................5.1 97 Georgia...............................3.5 463
31 Finland................................5.0 98 Cameroon ..........................3.5
32 Poland ................................5.0 99 Macedonia, FYR.................3.5
33 India ...................................4.9 100 Zambia ...............................3.5
34 Czech Republic ..................4.9 101 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.5
35 Malaysia .............................4.9 102 Paraguay ............................3.4
36 Slovenia..............................4.9 103 Ghana.................................3.4
37 Cyprus................................4.8 104 Madagascar........................3.4
38 Saudi Arabia .......................4.7 105 Serbia .................................3.4
40 Sri Lanka ............................4.7 107 Mozambique ......................3.4
41 Costa Rica ..........................4.7 108 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.3
42 Portugal..............................4.7 109 Gambia, The.......................3.3
44 Turkey.................................4.6 111 Suriname............................3.3
46 China ..................................4.6 113 Guyana ...............................3.2
47 Thailand..............................4.6 114 Cambodia ...........................3.2
48 Argentina............................4.6 115 Syria ...................................3.2
49 Italy ....................................4.6 116 Lesotho ..............................3.1
51 Estonia ...............................4.5 118 Armenia..............................3.1
52 Malta ..................................4.5 119 Libya...................................3.1
53 Senegal ..............................4.5 120 Malawi ...............................3.1
54 Greece ...............................4.5 121 Benin..................................3.0
55 El Salvador .........................4.4 122 Botswana ...........................3.0
56 Indonesia............................4.4 123 Tajikistan.............................3.0
57 Kuwait ................................4.4 124 Algeria ................................2.8
58 Philippines..........................4.4 125 Mali ....................................2.8
59 Lithuania.............................4.4 126 Uganda...............................2.7
61 Peru....................................4.4 128 Burkina Faso ......................2.7
62 Mexico ...............................4.3 129 Nepal..................................2.6
63 Latvia..................................4.3 130 Ethiopia ..............................2.6
64 Montenegro .......................4.2 131 Timor-Leste ........................2.4
65 Tunisia ................................4.2 132 Chad...................................2.4
66 Jordan ................................4.2 133 Mauritania ..........................2.3
67 Israel ..................................4.2

11.09 Willingness to delegate authority
In your country, how do you assess the willingness to delegate authority to subordinates? (1 = low—top management controls all important
decisions; 7 = high—authority is mostly delegated to business unit heads and other lower-level managers) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Sweden..............................6.2 68 Brunei Darussalam.............3.8

2 Denmark ............................5.9 69 Honduras............................3.7
3 Netherlands........................5.8 70 Ghana.................................3.7
4 Norway...............................5.7 71 Uruguay..............................3.7
5 United States .....................5.4 72 Dominican Republic ...........3.7
6 Finland................................5.4 73 Latvia..................................3.7
7 Switzerland ........................5.3 74 Korea, Rep. ........................3.7
8 Germany ............................5.2 75 Guyana ...............................3.7
9 New Zealand ......................5.2 76 Thailand..............................3.6
10 Canada ...............................5.1 77 Mexico ...............................3.6
11 Luxembourg.......................5.1 78 Nicaragua ...........................3.6
12 Austria................................5.0 79 Vietnam..............................3.6
13 Australia .............................5.0 80 Tunisia ................................3.6
14 Belgium..............................5.0 81 Lesotho ..............................3.6
15 Iceland................................4.9 82 Croatia................................3.6
16 Japan..................................4.8 83 Ethiopia ..............................3.6
18 United Arab Emirates.........4.8 85 Romania .............................3.5
19 Singapore ...........................4.8 86 Pakistan..............................3.5
20 Malaysia .............................4.6 87 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.5
21 Ireland ................................4.6 88 Malawi ...............................3.5
22 Costa Rica ..........................4.6 89 Botswana ...........................3.5
23 Slovak Republic..................4.6 90 Zambia ...............................3.4
24 Estonia ...............................4.5 91 Syria ...................................3.4
25 South Africa .......................4.5 92 Kazakhstan .........................3.4
26 Indonesia............................4.5 93 Ecuador ..............................3.4
27 Kuwait ................................4.5 94 Greece ...............................3.4
28 Bahrain ...............................4.5 95 Turkey.................................3.3
464 30 Montenegro .......................4.4 97 Senegal ..............................3.3
31 Egypt..................................4.4 98 Albania ...............................3.3
32 Czech Republic ..................4.4 99 Russian Federation ............3.3
33 Saudi Arabia .......................4.3 100 Macedonia, FYR.................3.2
34 Guatemala..........................4.3 101 Serbia .................................3.2
35 Panama ..............................4.3 102 Paraguay ............................3.2
36 India ...................................4.3 103 Ukraine...............................3.2
37 Philippines..........................4.2 104 Bolivia.................................3.2
40 Brazil ..................................4.2 107 Georgia...............................3.1
41 Gambia, The.......................4.2 108 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.1
42 France ................................4.2 109 Suriname............................3.1
43 Taiwan, China.....................4.2 110 Tajikistan.............................3.1
44 Sri Lanka ............................4.2 111 Cambodia ...........................3.1
45 El Salvador .........................4.1 112 Uganda...............................3.1
46 Israel ..................................4.1 113 Italy ....................................3.0
47 Spain ..................................4.1 114 Bulgaria ..............................3.0
48 Chile ...................................4.1 115 Hungary..............................3.0
49 Namibia ..............................4.1 116 Qatar ..................................3.0
50 Mauritius ............................4.0 117 Bangladesh ........................2.9
51 Oman .................................4.0 118 Timor-Leste ........................2.9
52 Cyprus................................4.0 119 Nepal..................................2.9
53 Nigeria................................4.0 120 Mali ....................................2.9
56 Kenya .................................3.9 123 Burundi...............................2.8
58 Azerbaijan...........................3.9 125 Armenia..............................2.8
59 Peru....................................3.9 126 Benin..................................2.7
60 Argentina............................3.9 127 Cameroon ..........................2.7
61 Tanzania..............................3.9 128 Algeria ................................2.6
62 Poland ................................3.9 129 Chad...................................2.6
63 Barbados ............................3.9 130 Libya...................................2.5
64 Zimbabwe ..........................3.9 131 Mauritania ..........................2.5
65 China ..................................3.9 132 Mongolia ............................2.5
67 Colombia ............................3.8

Data Tables
Section XII
Innovation
465

12.01 Capacity for innovation
2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation
In your country, how do companies obtain technology? (1 = exclusively from licensing or imitating foreign companies; 7 = by conducting formal
research and pioneering their own new products and processes) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Japan..................................5.9 68 Latvia..................................3.0
3 Switzerland ........................5.8 70 Philippines..........................2.9
4 Sweden..............................5.7 71 Montenegro .......................2.9
5 Finland................................5.6 72 Tajikistan.............................2.9
6 United States .....................5.5 73 Bulgaria ..............................2.9
7 Denmark ............................5.3 74 Jordan ................................2.9
8 Israel ..................................5.2 75 Lesotho ..............................2.8
9 France ................................5.1 76 Gambia, The.......................2.8
10 Netherlands........................4.9 77 Barbados ............................2.8
12 Belgium..............................4.8 79 Mongolia ............................2.8
14 Norway...............................4.8 81 Madagascar........................2.8
15 Korea, Rep. ........................4.7 82 Serbia .................................2.8
17 Slovenia..............................4.5 84 Peru....................................2.8
19 Luxembourg.......................4.4 86 Macedonia, FYR.................2.7
20 Canada ...............................4.4 87 Oman .................................2.7
21 Czech Republic ..................4.2 88 Morocco.............................2.7
22 China ..................................4.2 89 Timor-Leste ........................2.7
25 Malaysia .............................4.1 92 Cambodia ...........................2.6
26 Australia .............................4.0 93 Honduras............................2.6
27 Italy ....................................3.9 94 Mauritius ............................2.6
28 Brazil ..................................3.9 95 Botswana ...........................2.6
29 Azerbaijan...........................3.9 96 Egypt..................................2.6
466 30 Ireland ................................3.8 97 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.6
31 Saudi Arabia .......................3.7 98 Suriname............................2.6
32 Ukraine...............................3.7 99 Guyana ...............................2.6
33 Vietnam..............................3.7 100 Panama ..............................2.6
34 Spain ..................................3.7 101 Greece ...............................2.6
35 India ...................................3.6 102 Benin..................................2.6
36 South Africa .......................3.6 103 Jamaica ..............................2.6
37 Estonia ...............................3.6 104 Uganda...............................2.6
39 United Arab Emirates.........3.5 106 Ethiopia ..............................2.6
40 Cyprus................................3.5 107 Nicaragua ...........................2.5
41 Costa Rica ..........................3.5 108 Tanzania..............................2.5
42 Russian Federation ............3.5 109 Qatar ..................................2.5
44 Indonesia............................3.4 111 Chad...................................2.5
45 Kenya .................................3.3 112 Malawi ...............................2.5
46 Turkey.................................3.3 113 Namibia ..............................2.5
47 Nigeria................................3.3 114 Ecuador ..............................2.5
48 Hungary..............................3.3 115 Zambia ...............................2.5
49 Sri Lanka ............................3.3 116 Burundi...............................2.5
50 Kazakhstan .........................3.3 117 Bolivia.................................2.4
52 Croatia................................3.2 119 Georgia...............................2.4
53 Lithuania.............................3.2 120 Albania ...............................2.3
54 Puerto Rico ........................3.2 121 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.3
55 Slovak Republic..................3.1 122 Mali ....................................2.3
56 Pakistan..............................3.1 123 Bangladesh ........................2.3
57 Poland ................................3.1 124 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.3
58 Bahrain ...............................3.1 125 Venezuela...........................2.3
59 Thailand..............................3.1 126 Nepal..................................2.2
60 Chile ...................................3.1 127 Ghana.................................2.2
61 Malta ..................................3.1 128 Syria ...................................2.2
62 Colombia ............................3.0 129 Algeria ................................2.2
63 Guatemala..........................3.0 130 Paraguay ............................2.2
64 Romania .............................3.0 131 Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.2
65 Uruguay..............................3.0 132 Zimbabwe ..........................2.2
66 Armenia..............................3.0 133 Libya...................................2.1
67 Senegal ..............................3.0

12.02 Quality of scientific research institutions

How would you assess the quality of scientific research institutions in your country? (1 = very poor; 7 = the best in their field
internationally) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Switzerland ........................6.2 68 Ghana.................................3.7

2 United States .....................6.2 69 Malta ..................................3.7
3 Israel ..................................6.0 70 Jordan ................................3.7
4 United Kingdom .................5.9 71 Turkey.................................3.6
5 Germany ............................5.8 72 Mali ....................................3.6
6 Sweden..............................5.7 73 Botswana ...........................3.6
7 Netherlands........................5.7 74 Tanzania..............................3.6
8 Belgium..............................5.7 75 Bulgaria ..............................3.6
9 Denmark ............................5.7 76 Uruguay..............................3.6
10 Australia .............................5.7 77 Greece ...............................3.6
11 Canada ...............................5.7 78 Gambia, The.......................3.6
12 Singapore ...........................5.6 79 Italy ....................................3.6
13 Finland................................5.6 80 Kazakhstan .........................3.6
14 New Zealand ......................5.4 81 Pakistan..............................3.6
15 Japan..................................5.3 82 Romania .............................3.5
16 Ireland ................................5.3 83 Kuwait ................................3.5
17 France ................................5.2 84 Zambia ...............................3.5
18 Taiwan, China.....................5.2 85 Mauritius ............................3.5
19 Czech Republic ..................5.1 86 Slovak Republic..................3.5
20 Norway...............................5.1 87 Colombia ............................3.5
21 Austria................................5.1 88 Tajikistan.............................3.5
22 Korea, Rep. ........................5.0 89 Malawi ...............................3.5
23 Hungary..............................5.0 90 Macedonia, FYR.................3.4
24 Iceland................................4.9 91 Libya...................................3.4
26 Slovenia..............................4.9 93 Namibia ..............................3.3
27 Estonia ...............................4.8 94 Burundi...............................3.2
28 Malaysia .............................4.7 95 Benin..................................3.2
29 South Africa .......................4.7 96 Guatemala..........................3.2
30 Costa Rica ..........................4.6 97 Brunei Darussalam.............3.2 467
32 Qatar ..................................4.6 99 Mozambique ......................3.2
33 Puerto Rico ........................4.6 100 Morocco.............................3.2
34 Hong Kong SAR .................4.4 101 Egypt..................................3.2
35 China ..................................4.4 102 Philippines..........................3.2
37 Saudi Arabia .......................4.3 104 Cameroon ..........................3.1
38 Barbados ............................4.3 105 Zimbabwe ..........................3.0
39 Azerbaijan...........................4.3 106 Mongolia ............................3.0
40 Kenya .................................4.3 107 Cambodia ...........................3.0
41 Brazil ..................................4.2 108 Bangladesh ........................3.0
42 Russian Federation ............4.2 109 Madagascar........................3.0
43 Indonesia............................4.2 110 Syria ...................................3.0
44 Spain ..................................4.2 111 Algeria ................................3.0
45 Sri Lanka ............................4.1 112 Bahrain ...............................2.9
46 Lithuania.............................4.1 113 Lesotho ..............................2.9
47 Montenegro .......................4.1 114 Ethiopia ..............................2.9
48 Poland ................................4.1 115 Nigeria................................2.9
50 Croatia................................4.1 117 Nicaragua ...........................2.9
51 Jamaica ..............................4.1 118 Peru....................................2.9
52 Cyprus................................4.1 119 Honduras............................2.8
53 United Arab Emirates.........4.1 120 Guyana ...............................2.8
54 Serbia .................................4.0 121 Dominican Republic ...........2.8
55 Senegal ..............................3.9 122 Chad...................................2.8
56 Ukraine...............................3.9 123 Georgia...............................2.7
57 Chile ...................................3.9 124 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.6
58 Burkina Faso ......................3.9 125 El Salvador .........................2.6
59 Argentina............................3.8 126 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.6
60 Thailand..............................3.8 127 Nepal..................................2.5
61 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.8 128 Albania ...............................2.5
62 Panama ..............................3.8 129 Ecuador ..............................2.5
63 Oman .................................3.8 130 Bolivia.................................2.5
64 Vietnam..............................3.7 131 Mauritania ..........................2.3
65 Mexico ...............................3.7 132 Timor-Leste ........................2.2
66 Latvia..................................3.7 133 Paraguay ............................1.9
67 Uganda...............................3.7

12.03 Company spending on R&D
To what extent do companies in your country spend on research and development (R&D)? (1 = do not spend on R&D; 7 = spend heavily on
R&D) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Switzerland ........................6.0 68 Ukraine...............................3.0

2 Japan..................................5.9 69 Uruguay..............................3.0
3 Sweden..............................5.9 70 Brunei Darussalam.............3.0
4 Germany ............................5.8 71 Madagascar........................2.9
5 United States .....................5.6 72 Colombia ............................2.9
6 Denmark ............................5.5 73 Botswana ...........................2.9
7 Finland................................5.3 74 Romania .............................2.9
8 Singapore ...........................5.1 75 Argentina............................2.9
9 Taiwan, China.....................5.0 76 Turkey.................................2.9
10 Korea, Rep. ........................4.9 77 Jamaica ..............................2.9
11 Israel ..................................4.9 78 Mexico ...............................2.9
12 Netherlands........................4.8 79 Benin..................................2.9
13 France ................................4.8 80 Pakistan..............................2.8
15 Belgium..............................4.6 82 Mali ....................................2.8
16 Luxembourg.......................4.6 83 Cameroon ..........................2.8
17 Austria................................4.4 84 Namibia ..............................2.8
18 Norway...............................4.4 85 Hungary..............................2.8
19 Malaysia .............................4.3 86 Guyana ...............................2.8
20 Australia .............................4.2 87 Bahrain ...............................2.8
22 Canada ...............................4.2 89 Malawi ...............................2.8
23 China ..................................4.2 90 Peru....................................2.7
24 Iceland................................4.1 91 Chad...................................2.7
25 Czech Republic ..................4.1 92 Burkina Faso ......................2.7
27 Vietnam..............................3.8 94 Bulgaria ..............................2.7
28 Indonesia............................3.8 95 Latvia..................................2.7
29 Brazil ..................................3.8 96 Morocco.............................2.7
468 30 United Arab Emirates.........3.8 97 Mauritania ..........................2.7
31 New Zealand ......................3.8 98 Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.7
32 Costa Rica ..........................3.8 99 Algeria ................................2.7
33 Hong Kong SAR .................3.7 100 Kuwait ................................2.6
34 Saudi Arabia .......................3.6 101 Greece ...............................2.6
35 South Africa .......................3.6 102 Suriname............................2.6
36 India ...................................3.6 103 Uganda...............................2.6
37 Kenya .................................3.6 104 Timor-Leste ........................2.6
38 Cyprus................................3.6 105 Dominican Republic ...........2.6
39 Spain ..................................3.6 106 Gambia, The.......................2.6
40 Nigeria................................3.5 107 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.6
41 Sri Lanka ............................3.5 108 Jordan ................................2.6
42 Italy ....................................3.4 109 Honduras............................2.6
43 Tunisia ................................3.3 110 Serbia .................................2.6
46 Russian Federation ............3.3 113 Zambia ...............................2.6
47 Thailand..............................3.3 114 Macedonia, FYR.................2.6
48 Lesotho ..............................3.2 115 Armenia..............................2.5
49 Croatia................................3.2 116 El Salvador .........................2.5
50 Puerto Rico ........................3.2 117 Nicaragua ...........................2.5
51 Panama ..............................3.2 118 Ethiopia ..............................2.5
52 Lithuania.............................3.2 119 Tajikistan.............................2.5
53 Malta ..................................3.2 120 Ecuador ..............................2.5
54 Egypt..................................3.2 121 Burundi...............................2.4
56 Chile ...................................3.2 123 Venezuela...........................2.4
57 Poland ................................3.2 124 Georgia...............................2.3
58 Senegal ..............................3.1 125 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.3
59 Montenegro .......................3.1 126 Albania ...............................2.3
61 Philippines..........................3.1 128 Paraguay ............................2.2
62 Oman .................................3.1 129 Libya...................................2.2
64 Qatar ..................................3.0 131 Syria ...................................2.2
66 Mauritius ............................3.0 133 Ghana.................................2.1
67 Barbados ............................3.0

12.04 University-industry collaboration in R&D

To what extent do business and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D) in your country? (1 = do not collaborate at all;
7 = collaborate extensively) | 2008–2009 weighted average

2 Switzerland ........................5.7 69 Italy ....................................3.4
4 Singapore ...........................5.6 71 Gambia, The.......................3.3
5 Sweden..............................5.6 72 Uganda...............................3.3
6 Denmark ............................5.5 73 Romania .............................3.3
7 United Kingdom .................5.4 74 Zambia ...............................3.3
9 Canada ...............................5.2 76 Poland ................................3.3
10 Germany ............................5.2 77 Kazakhstan .........................3.3
12 Taiwan, China.....................5.1 79 Tanzania..............................3.3
13 Ireland ................................5.0 80 Slovak Republic..................3.3
14 Australia .............................4.9 81 Serbia .................................3.3
15 Norway...............................4.9 82 Dominican Republic ...........3.3
16 Austria................................4.9 83 Malawi ...............................3.3
17 Iceland................................4.8 84 Panama ..............................3.2
18 New Zealand ......................4.7 85 Burundi...............................3.2
19 Luxembourg.......................4.7 86 Latvia..................................3.2
20 Japan..................................4.7 87 Nigeria................................3.2
21 Israel ..................................4.6 88 Tajikistan.............................3.2
22 Malaysia .............................4.6 89 Philippines..........................3.2
23 China ..................................4.6 90 Greece ...............................3.2
24 Korea, Rep. ........................4.6 91 Mauritius ............................3.2
25 South Africa .......................4.5 92 Pakistan..............................3.1
26 Czech Republic ..................4.4 93 Burkina Faso ......................3.1
29 Costa Rica ..........................4.3 96 Egypt..................................3.1
30 Slovenia..............................4.2 97 Madagascar........................3.1 469
31 Hungary..............................4.2 98 Mongolia ............................3.1
32 Estonia ...............................4.1 99 Kuwait ................................3.1
33 Portugal..............................4.1 100 Mali ....................................3.0
34 Brazil ..................................4.1 101 Bahrain ...............................3.0
35 Barbados ............................4.0 102 Bulgaria ..............................3.0
36 Colombia ............................4.0 103 Namibia ..............................3.0
37 Saudi Arabia .......................4.0 104 Peru....................................3.0
38 Qatar ..................................4.0 105 Honduras............................2.9
39 United Arab Emirates.........3.9 106 Suriname............................2.9
40 Kenya .................................3.9 107 Lesotho ..............................2.9
41 Chile ...................................3.9 108 Zimbabwe ..........................2.9
42 France ................................3.9 109 Cambodia ...........................2.9
44 Thailand..............................3.8 111 Nicaragua ...........................2.9
45 Lithuania.............................3.8 112 Benin..................................2.8
46 India ...................................3.8 113 Morocco.............................2.8
47 Cyprus................................3.8 114 Armenia..............................2.8
48 Russian Federation ............3.8 115 Libya...................................2.8
49 Spain ..................................3.7 116 Cameroon ..........................2.8
50 Guatemala..........................3.7 117 Guyana ...............................2.7
51 Sri Lanka ............................3.7 118 Ghana.................................2.6
52 Tunisia ................................3.7 119 Chad...................................2.6
53 Oman .................................3.6 120 Algeria ................................2.6
55 Azerbaijan...........................3.6 122 Georgia...............................2.5
56 Senegal ..............................3.6 123 Syria ...................................2.5
57 Malta ..................................3.5 124 Ecuador ..............................2.5
58 Botswana ...........................3.5 125 Bangladesh ........................2.4
59 Vietnam..............................3.5 126 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.4
60 Jamaica ..............................3.5 127 Nepal..................................2.4
61 Croatia................................3.5 128 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.4
62 Mexico ...............................3.5 129 Mauritania ..........................2.4
63 Argentina............................3.5 130 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.3
64 Ukraine...............................3.5 131 Timor-Leste ........................2.3
65 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.5 132 Paraguay ............................2.3
66 Uruguay..............................3.4 133 Albania ...............................2.2
67 Turkey.................................3.4

12.05 Government procurement of advanced technology products
Do government procurement decisions foster technological innovation in your country? (1 = no, not at all; 7 = yes, extremely
effectively) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Singapore ...........................5.5 68 India ...................................3.6

2 United Arab Emirates.........5.2 69 Russian Federation ............3.6
3 Luxembourg.......................4.9 70 Uruguay..............................3.5
5 Qatar ..................................4.7 72 Egypt..................................3.5
6 Finland................................4.7 73 Mauritius ............................3.5
7 Taiwan, China.....................4.7 74 Morocco.............................3.5
8 Denmark ............................4.6 75 Romania .............................3.4
9 Malaysia .............................4.6 76 Cambodia ...........................3.4
10 Tunisia ................................4.6 77 Tanzania..............................3.4
11 Vietnam..............................4.5 78 South Africa .......................3.4
12 Oman .................................4.5 79 Lesotho ..............................3.4
13 China ..................................4.4 80 Albania ...............................3.4
14 Sweden..............................4.4 81 El Salvador .........................3.4
15 Korea, Rep. ........................4.4 82 Honduras............................3.4
18 Bahrain ...............................4.3 85 Ukraine...............................3.3
19 Cyprus................................4.3 86 Serbia .................................3.3
20 Iceland................................4.3 87 Pakistan..............................3.3
22 Saudi Arabia .......................4.2 89 Turkey.................................3.3
23 Czech Republic ..................4.2 90 Puerto Rico ........................3.3
24 Switzerland ........................4.2 91 Greece ...............................3.3
25 Canada ...............................4.2 92 Uganda...............................3.3
26 Israel ..................................4.2 93 Mexico ...............................3.3
27 Gambia, The.......................4.2 94 Croatia................................3.3
28 Hong Kong SAR .................4.2 95 Georgia...............................3.3
29 Poland ................................4.2 96 Guatemala..........................3.3
470 30 Norway...............................4.1 97 Bulgaria ..............................3.3
31 Netherlands........................4.1 98 Jamaica ..............................3.2
32 Brunei Darussalam.............4.1 99 Libya...................................3.2
33 Montenegro .......................4.1 100 Lithuania.............................3.2
34 Indonesia............................4.1 101 Zambia ...............................3.2
35 Belgium..............................4.1 102 Latvia..................................3.2
36 Estonia ...............................4.0 103 Namibia ..............................3.2
37 France ................................4.0 104 Peru....................................3.2
38 Costa Rica ..........................4.0 105 Cameroon ..........................3.2
39 Senegal ..............................4.0 106 Macedonia, FYR.................3.2
40 Botswana ...........................4.0 107 Chad...................................3.2
41 Mali ....................................4.0 108 Timor-Leste ........................3.2
42 Australia .............................4.0 109 Mauritania ..........................3.1
44 Colombia ............................4.0 111 Slovak Republic..................3.0
45 Germany ............................3.9 112 Guyana ...............................3.0
46 Barbados ............................3.9 113 Nicaragua ...........................3.0
47 Benin..................................3.9 114 Kuwait ................................3.0
48 Jordan ................................3.9 115 Nigeria................................3.0
49 Japan..................................3.9 116 Ghana.................................3.0
50 Panama ..............................3.9 117 Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.9
51 Madagascar........................3.9 118 Hungary..............................2.9
52 Sri Lanka ............................3.9 119 Philippines..........................2.9
53 Burkina Faso ......................3.8 120 Italy ....................................2.8
54 Chile ...................................3.8 121 Argentina............................2.8
55 Austria................................3.8 122 Algeria ................................2.8
56 Mozambique ......................3.8 123 Suriname............................2.8
57 New Zealand ......................3.8 124 Armenia..............................2.8
58 Thailand..............................3.7 125 Ecuador ..............................2.8
59 Ireland ................................3.7 126 Nepal..................................2.7
60 Brazil ..................................3.7 127 Bangladesh ........................2.7
61 Slovenia..............................3.7 128 Paraguay ............................2.7
62 Kazakhstan .........................3.6 129 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.6
63 Dominican Republic ...........3.6 130 Venezuela...........................2.5
64 Kenya .................................3.6 131 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.5
65 Ethiopia ..............................3.6 132 Zimbabwe ..........................2.5
66 Spain ..................................3.6 133 Bolivia.................................2.3
67 Tajikistan.............................3.6

12.06 Availability of scientists and engineers

To what extent are scientists and engineers available in your country? (1 = not at all; 7 = widely available) | 2008–2009 weighted average
1 Finland................................6.0 68 Slovenia..............................4.1
2 Japan..................................5.9 69 Bangladesh ........................4.1
3 Sweden..............................5.6 70 Lithuania.............................4.1
4 India ...................................5.6 71 Cameroon ..........................4.1
5 United States .....................5.6 72 Kuwait ................................4.1
6 Canada ...............................5.5 73 Benin..................................4.0
7 Taiwan, China.....................5.5 74 Kazakhstan .........................4.0
8 Iceland................................5.4 75 Mongolia ............................4.0
9 Tunisia ................................5.4 76 Zambia ...............................4.0
10 Switzerland ........................5.3 77 Serbia .................................4.0
11 France ................................5.3 78 Hong Kong SAR .................4.0
12 Ireland ................................5.3 79 Luxembourg.......................4.0
13 Qatar ..................................5.2 80 Croatia................................3.9
14 Singapore ...........................5.2 81 Macedonia, FYR.................3.9
15 Puerto Rico ........................5.1 82 Malta ..................................3.9
16 Israel ..................................5.1 83 Pakistan..............................3.9
17 Belgium..............................5.1 84 Argentina............................3.9
18 Denmark ............................5.1 85 Mali ....................................3.9
19 Norway...............................5.1 86 Guatemala..........................3.9
20 Greece ...............................5.1 87 Uruguay..............................3.9
21 Cyprus................................5.0 88 Bulgaria ..............................3.9
23 Chile ...................................4.9 90 Panama ..............................3.8
24 Czech Republic ..................4.9 91 Armenia..............................3.7
25 Korea, Rep. ........................4.9 92 Uganda...............................3.7
26 Jordan ................................4.8 93 Dominican Republic ...........3.7
27 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.8 94 Mexico ...............................3.6
28 United Arab Emirates.........4.7 95 Philippines..........................3.6
29 Costa Rica ..........................4.7 96 Georgia...............................3.6
30 Austria................................4.7 97 Lesotho ..............................3.6 471
31 Indonesia............................4.7 98 Ghana.................................3.6
33 Malaysia .............................4.7 100 Botswana ...........................3.5
34 Australia .............................4.7 101 Peru....................................3.5
35 Germany ............................4.6 102 Oman .................................3.5
36 China ..................................4.6 103 Tanzania..............................3.5
37 Spain ..................................4.6 104 Latvia..................................3.5
38 Senegal ..............................4.6 105 Malawi ...............................3.5
39 Italy ....................................4.5 106 Venezuela...........................3.4
40 Hungary..............................4.5 107 Mauritius ............................3.4
41 Nigeria................................4.5 108 Tajikistan.............................3.3
42 Bahrain ...............................4.5 109 Honduras............................3.3
43 Syria ...................................4.5 110 Brunei Darussalam.............3.3
45 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.5 112 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.3
46 Portugal..............................4.5 113 Cambodia ...........................3.3
47 Saudi Arabia .......................4.5 114 Chad...................................3.2
48 Russian Federation ............4.4 115 Albania ...............................3.2
49 Azerbaijan...........................4.4 116 Mauritania ..........................3.2
50 Ukraine...............................4.4 117 Jamaica ..............................3.2
51 Turkey.................................4.4 118 El Salvador .........................3.1
52 Slovak Republic..................4.4 119 Nicaragua ...........................3.1
53 Egypt..................................4.3 120 Gambia, The.......................3.1
54 Thailand..............................4.3 121 Nepal..................................3.1
55 Kenya .................................4.3 122 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.1
56 Romania .............................4.3 123 South Africa .......................3.1
57 Algeria ................................4.3 124 Ethiopia ..............................3.1
58 Poland ................................4.3 125 Mozambique ......................3.1
59 New Zealand ......................4.2 126 Zimbabwe ..........................3.0
60 Brazil ..................................4.2 127 Bolivia.................................3.0
61 Madagascar........................4.2 128 Namibia ..............................2.8
62 Vietnam..............................4.2 129 Ecuador ..............................2.8
63 Barbados ............................4.2 130 Guyana ...............................2.8
64 Morocco.............................4.2 131 Burundi...............................2.8
65 Montenegro .......................4.2 132 Paraguay ............................2.8
66 Libya...................................4.2 133 Timor-Leste ........................2.7
67 Estonia ...............................4.2

12.07 Utility patents (hard data)
Number of utility patents (i.e., patents for invention) granted between January 1 and December 31, 2008, per million population | 2008
1 Taiwan, China ....................279.3 68 Thailand .................................0.3

2 Japan.................................263.3 69 Armenia.................................0.3
3 United States ....................250.9 70 Colombia ...............................0.3
4 Israel .................................166.6 71 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......0.3
5 Korea, Rep. .......................156.0 72 Azerbaijan..............................0.2
6 Finland...............................155.5 73 Guatemala .............................0.2
7 Switzerland .......................148.3 74 Turkey....................................0.2
8 Sweden .............................115.2 75 Dominican Republic ..............0.2
9 Germany ...........................108.1 76 Tunisia ...................................0.2
10 Canada ..............................102.2 77 Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.2
11 Singapore ............................88.7 78 Philippines .............................0.2
12 Iceland.................................85.8 79 Ecuador .................................0.1
13 Netherlands.........................80.5 80 Morocco ................................0.1
14 Denmark .............................71.1 81 Kenya ....................................0.1
15 Australia ..............................61.5 82 Bolivia....................................0.1
16 Norway................................58.1 82 Sri Lanka ...............................0.1
17 Austria .................................55.1 84 Chad ......................................0.1
18 France .................................51.1 85 Kazakhstan ............................0.1
19 Luxembourg ........................50.8 86 Egypt .....................................0.0
20 United Kingdom ..................50.7 87 Indonesia...............................0.0
21 Belgium ...............................48.6 88 Pakistan.................................0.0
22 Hong Kong SAR ..................42.6 89 Nigeria ...................................0.0
23 Ireland .................................37.3 90 Albania ..................................0.0
24 New Zealand .......................25.0 90 Algeria ...................................0.0
25 Italy .....................................23.0 90 Bahrain ..................................0.0
26 Slovenia.................................7.0 90 Bangladesh ...........................0.0
27 Spain .....................................6.8 90 Barbados ...............................0.0
28 Hungary.................................6.6 90 Benin .....................................0.0
29 Malaysia ................................5.6 90 Botswana ..............................0.0
472 30 Kuwait ...................................5.2 90 Brunei Darussalam................0.0
31 Malta .....................................4.9 90 Burkina Faso .........................0.0
32 Czech Republic .....................4.7 90 Burundi..................................0.0
33 Puerto Rico ...........................3.5 90 Cambodia ..............................0.0
34 Lithuania................................3.2 90 Cameroon .............................0.0
35 Croatia ...................................3.0 90 Côte d’Ivoire..........................0.0
36 Bulgaria .................................2.1 90 El Salvador ............................0.0
37 Greece ..................................2.1 90 Ethiopia .................................0.0
38 United Arab Emirates............2.0 90 Gambia, The..........................0.0
39 South Africa ..........................1.9 90 Ghana ....................................0.0
40 Oman ....................................1.9 90 Guyana ..................................0.0
41 Estonia ..................................1.5 90 Honduras...............................0.0
42 Jamaica .................................1.5 90 Jordan ...................................0.0
43 Poland ...................................1.4 90 Lesotho .................................0.0
44 Russian Federation ...............1.2 90 Libya......................................0.0
45 Saudi Arabia ..........................1.2 90 Madagascar...........................0.0
46 Qatar .....................................1.2 90 Malawi ..................................0.0
47 Cyprus ...................................1.2 90 Mali .......................................0.0
48 Portugal .................................1.0 90 Mauritania .............................0.0
49 Slovak Republic.....................0.9 90 Mauritius ...............................0.0
50 China .....................................0.9 90 Mongolia ...............................0.0
51 Costa Rica .............................0.9 90 Montenegro ..........................0.0
52 Panama .................................0.9 90 Mozambique .........................0.0
53 Argentina...............................0.8 90 Nepal .....................................0.0
54 Chile ......................................0.8 90 Nicaragua ..............................0.0
55 Trinidad and Tobago ..............0.8 90 Paraguay ...............................0.0
56 Uruguay.................................0.6 90 Peru.......................................0.0
57 Romania ................................0.6 90 Senegal .................................0.0
58 India ......................................0.5 90 Suriname ...............................0.0
59 Brazil .....................................0.5 90 Syria ......................................0.0
60 Mexico ..................................0.5 90 Tajikistan................................0.0
61 Macedonia, FYR....................0.5 90 Tanzania.................................0.0
62 Venezuela ..............................0.5 90 Timor-Leste ...........................0.0
63 Namibia .................................0.5 90 Uganda ..................................0.0
64 Ukraine ..................................0.5 90 Vietnam .................................0.0
65 Georgia..................................0.5 90 Zambia ..................................0.0
66 Latvia.....................................0.4 90 Zimbabwe .............................0.0
67 Serbia ....................................0.4
SOURCE: The United States Patent and Trademark Office (June 2009)

Technical Notes and Sources
The following section complements the Data Tables 2.08 Telephone lines
by providing additional information and definitions for Main telephone lines per 100 population | 2008
A main telephone line is a telephone line connecting the sub-
the hard data indicators that enter the composition of scriber’s terminal equipment to the public switched telephone
the Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010. In the network and that has a dedicated port in the telephone
exchange equipment.
following pages, the number next to the variable corre-
sponds to the number of the Data Table that shows the Source: International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national
ranks and scores for all countries/economies on this sources
particular indictor.
The data used in this Report represent the best
available estimates from various international agencies, Section III: Macroeconomic stability
national sources and data providers at the time the
3.01 Government budget balance
Report was prepared. It is possible that some data will Government gross budget balance as a percentage of
have been updated or revised after publication. GDP | 2008
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009);
IMF country reports; European Commission, Eurostat
Database (June 2009); European Bank for Reconstruction
Basic indicators and Development; African Development Bank; Economist
Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009);
0.01 GDP valued at current prices national sources 473
Gross domestic product (current prices) in millions of US
dollars | 2008 3.02 National savings rate
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); National savings rate as a percentage of GDP | 2008
national sources According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, aggregate
national savings is defined as public and private sector savings
0.02 Population as a percentage of nominal GDP. National savings equals gross
Population in millions | 2008 domestic investment plus the current-account balance.
Source: UNFPA, State of World Population 2008; Economist Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database
Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009) (June 2009); IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April
2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009;
0.03 GDP (current prices) per capita national sources
Gross domestic product (current prices) per capita in US
dollars | 2008 3.03 Inflation
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2008); Annual percent change in consumer price index
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; national (year average) | 2008
sources Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009);
national sources
0.04 GDP (PPP) as share of world total
Gross domestic product (valued at purchasing power 3.04 Interest rate spread
parity) as a percentage of world GDP | 2008 Average interest rate spread (difference between typical
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009) lending and deposit rates) | 2008
This measures the difference between the typical short-term
lending and deposit rates.
Section II: Infrastructure Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics (June 2009);
Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June
2.06 Available seat kilometers 2009); national sources
Scheduled available seat kilometers per week originating in

3.05 Government debt
country (in millions) | 2009
This variable measures an airline’s passenger-carrying capacity; Government gross debt as a percentage of GDP | 2008
it is composed of the number of seats available on each flight Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009);
multiplied by the flight distance in kilometers. The resulting vari- IMF country reports; OECD, OECD Economic Outlook no. 85
able is an average of the total for all scheduled flights in a week (June 2009); European Central Bank; European Bank for
during January (winter schedule) and July (summer schedule) Reconstruction and Development; Economist Intelligence Unit,
2009. CountryData Database (June 2009); national sources
Source: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser;

national sources

Section IV: Health and primary education 5.02 Tertiary enrollment

Gross tertiary education enrollment rate | 2007
4.02 Malaria incidence According to the World Bank’s World Development Indicators,
Number of malaria cases per 100,000 population | 2006 this corresponds to the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of
Source: World Health Organization, World Malaria Report 2008; age, to the population of the age group that officially corre-
national sources sponds to the tertiary education level. Tertiary education,
whether or not leading to an advanced research qualification,
normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the
4.04 Tuberculosis incidence
successful completion of education at the secondary level.
Number of tuberculosis cases per 100,000 population | 2007
Source: World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis database Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (June 2009); The World
(June 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources
2009; national sources
4.06 HIV prevalence

HIV prevalence as a percentage of adults aged 15–49 Section VI: Goods market efficiency
years | 2007
Source: UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 Report on the Global AIDS 6.05 Total tax rate
Epidemic; UNDP, Human Development Report 2007/2008 This variable is a combination of profit tax (% of profits),
online database (June 2009); national sources labor tax and contribution (% of profits), and other taxes
(% of profits) | 2008
4.07 Infant mortality Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009
Infant (children aged 0–12 months) mortality per 1,000
live births | 2006 6.06 Number of procedures required to start a business
Source: World Health Organization, WHO Statistical Information Number of procedures required to start a business | 2008
System (WHOSIS) (May 2009); national sources Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009
4.08 Life expectancy 6.07 Time required to start a business

Life expectancy at birth (years) | 2007 Number of days required to start a business | 2008
Source: World Health Organization, WHO World Health Statistics Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009
2009; The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009;
national sources 6.10 Tariff barriers
Trade-weighted average tariff rate | 2008
4.10 Primary enrollment This indicator is calculated as the average of the applied tariff
Net primary education enrollment rate | 2007 rates, including preferential rates that a country applies to the
According to the World Bank’s World Development Indicators, rest of the world. The trade pattern of the importing country’s
474 this corresponds to the ratio of children of official school age reference group (2007 data) is used as a weighting.
(as defined by the national education system) who are enrolled
in school to the population of the corresponding official school Source: International Trade Centre
age. Primary education provides children with basic reading,
writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary under-
standing of such subjects as history, geography, natural science,
social science, art, and music. Section VII: Labor market efficiency
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (June 2009); national 7.03 Rigidity of employment
sources
Rigidity of Employment Index on a 0–100 (worst)
scale | 2008
4.11 Education expenditure
This index is the average of three subindexes: Difficulty of
Adjusted savings: Public education expenditure as hiring, Rigidity of hours, and Difficulty of firing. The three
percentage of GNI | 2007 subindexes have several components and all take values
This represents current operating expenditures in education, between 0 and 100, with higher values indicating more rigid
including wages and salaries and excluding capital investments regulation.
in buildings and equipment.
Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009
Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009;
national sources 7.05 Firing costs
Firing costs (in weeks of wages) | 2008
This variable estimates the cost of advance notice requirements,
severance payments, and penalties due when terminating a
Section V: Higher education and training redundant worker, expressed in weekly wages.
5.01 Secondary enrollment Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009
Gross secondary education enrollment rate | 2007
According to the World Bank’s World Development Indicators, 7.09 Female participation in labor force
this corresponds to the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of Female-to-male participation ratio in the labor force | 2007
age, to the population of the age group that officially corre- This measure is the percentage of women aged 14–65
sponds to the secondary education level. Secondary education participating in the labor force divided by the percentage of
completes the provision of basic education that began at the men aged 14–65 participating in the labor force.
primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong
learning and human development, by offering more subject- or Source: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the
skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers. Labour Market (KILM) 5th Edition (March 2009 update)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (June 2009); The World

Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources

Section VIII: Financial market sophistication Section X: Market size
8.06 Strength of investor protection 10.01 Domestic market size index
Strength of Investor Protection Index on a 0–10 (best) Sum of gross domestic product plus value of imports of
scale | 2008 goods and services, minus value of exports of goods and
This variable is a combination of the Extent of disclosure index services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2008
(transparency of transactions), the Extent of director liability The size of the domestic market is calculated as the natural log
index (liability for self-dealing), and the Ease of shareholder of the sum of the gross domestic product valued at PPP plus
suit index (shareholders’ ability to sue officers and directors the total value (PPP estimates) of imports of goods and services,
for misconduct). minus the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and
services. Data are then normalized on a 1–7 scale. PPP estimates
Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009 of imports and exports are obtained by taking the product of
exports as a percentage of GDP and GDP valued at PPP.
8.09 Legal rights index
Degree of legal protection of borrowers and lenders’ rights Source: Authors’ calculation. For more details please refer to
on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2008 Appendix A in Chapter 1.1 of this Report
This index measures the degree to which collateral and bank-
ruptcy laws protect borrowers and lenders’ rights and thus 10.02 Foreign market size index
facilitate lending. Value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a
1–7 (best) scale | 2008
Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009 The size of the foreign market is estimated as the natural
log of the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and
services, normalized on a 1–7 scale. PPP estimates of exports
are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage
Section IX: Technological readiness of GDP and GDP valued at PPP.
9.05 Mobile telephone subscriptions Source: Authors’ calculation. For more details please refer to
Appendix A in Chapter 1.1 of this Report
Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population | 2008
According to the World Bank mobile cellular telephone subscrip-
10.03 GDP valued at PPP
tions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service
using cellular technology, which provides access to switched Gross domestic product valued at purchasing power parity
telephone technology. Post-paid and prepaid subscriptions are in millions of international dollars | 2008
included. This can also include analogue and digital cellular sys- Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009);
tems but should not include non-cellular systems. Subscribers national sources
to fixed wireless, public mobile data services, or radio paging
services are not included. 10.04 Imports as a percentage of GDP
Imports of goods and services as a percentage of
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World
GDP | 2008
475
sources Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database
(July 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators
2009; World Trade Organization, Statistics Database (July 2009);
9.06 Internet users
IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); national
Estimated Internet users per 100 population | 2008 sources
Internet users are people with access to the worldwide network.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World 10.05 Exports as a percentage of GDP

Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national Exports of goods and services as a percentage of
sources GDP | 2008
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database
9.07 Personal computers (July 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators
Number of personal computers per 100 population | 2007 2009; World Trade Organization, Statistics Database (July 2009);
IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); national
According to the World Bank, personal computers are self-
sources
contained computers designed to be used by a single individual.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World

sources Section XII: Innovation
9.08 Broadband Internet subscribers 12.07 Utility patents
Total fixed broadband Internet subscribers per 100 Number of utility patents (i.e., patents for invention) granted
population | 2008 between January 1 and December 31, 2008, per million
The International Telecommunication Union considers broadband population | 2008
to be any dedicated connection to the Internet of 256 kilobits Utility patents are recorded such that the origin of the patent
per second or faster, in both directions. Broadband subscribers is determined by the first-named inventor at the time of the
refers to the sum of DSL, cable modem, and other broadband grant. Patents per million population are calculated by dividing
(for example, fiber optic, fixed wireless, apartment LANs, satellite the number of patents granted to a country in 2008 by that
connections) subscribers. country’s population in the same year.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Source: The United States Patent and Trademark Office (June
Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national 2009)
sources

About the Authors
About the Authors
Jennifer Blanke Thierry Geiger

Jennifer Blanke is Director, Senior Economist, and Head Thierry Geiger is Economist and Associate Director within
of the Global Competitiveness Network at the World the Global Competitiveness Network and a Global
Economic Forum. Since joining the team in 2002, she has Leadership Fellow at the World Economic Forum. His
written and lectured extensively on issues related to responsibilities include the development and computation
national competitiveness and has served as lead editor on of a wide range of indexes as well as analysis for a num-
a number of regional and topical competitiveness reports. ber of regional and topical projects. His main areas of
From 1998 to 2002, she was Senior Programme Manager interest include econometrics, trade, and finance, while
responsible for developing the business, management, his geographical focus is Asia. He is a co-author of The
and technology section of the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report, The Global Information
Annual Meeting in Davos. Before joining the Forum, Dr Technology Report, and The Global Enabling Trade Report.
Blanke worked for a number of years as a management He is also a contributor to The Financial Development
consultant for Eurogroup, Mazars Group in Paris, France, Report and co-editor of The Ukraine Competitiveness
where she specialized in banking and financial market Report series. A Swiss national, Mr Geiger holds a BA in
organization. Dr Blanke obtained a Master of International Economics from the University of Geneva with a special-
Affairs from Columbia University and an MA and a PhD in ization in monetary and financial economics, and an MA
International Economics from the Graduate Institute of in Economics from the University of British Columbia.
International Studies (Geneva). Prior to joining the Forum, he worked for the World Trade
Organization and Caterpillar Inc. He is also Co-founder of
Ciara Browne Procab Studio SA, an IT company based in Geneva.
477
Ciara Browne is Associate Director of the Global
Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Irene Mia
Forum, where her responsibilities include coordinating the Irene Mia is Director and Senior Economist with the Global
Executive Opinion Survey process and managing the net- Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum.
work of over 150 Partner Institutes worldwide, as well as She is also responsible for competitiveness research on
providing input into The Global Competitiveness Report Latin America and Iberia. She has written and spoken
and several of the Forum’s other benchmarking studies. extensively on issues related to national competitiveness,
She also works closely with the Forum’s media team in serving as lead author and editor on a number of regional
articulating the findings of the various competitiveness and topical competitiveness papers and reports; notably,
reports to the media and the public. Before joining the she is the co-editor of The Global Information Technology
Forum, she served for several years with the International Report series. Before joining the Forum, she worked at
Organization for Migration, where she worked for a mass the headquarters of Sudameris Bank in Paris for a num-
claims processing program. She has a BA (Hons) degree ber of years, holding various positions in the international
from the University of Manchester. affairs and international trade divisions. Her main research
interests are in the fields of development, international
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz trade, economic integration (with special reference to the
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz is Director and Senior Latin American region), and competitiveness. Dr Mia
Economist with the Global Competitiveness Network at holds an MA in Latin American Studies from the Institute
the World Economic Forum, where she researches and of Latin American Studies, London University, and a PhD
writes on issues of national competitiveness, in particular in International Economic and Trade Law from Bocconi
related to the Arab world, Eastern Europe, and interna- University.
tional trade. She is lead author or editor of a number of
regional and topical reports and papers, including The
Global Enabling Trade Report. Previously, she oversaw
the economic modeling for some of the Forum’s scenario
projects and was charged with developing the economics
section of the program for the World Economic Forum’s
Annual Meeting in Davos. Before joining the Global
Competitiveness Network, Dr Drzeniek Hanouz worked
for several years with the International Trade Centre in
Geneva, where she was in charge of relations with
Central and Eastern European countries. Dr Drzeniek
Hanouz received a Diploma in Economics from the
University of Münster and holds a PhD in International
Economics from the University of Bochum, both in
Germany.

About the Authors
Xavier Sala-i-Martin
Xavier Sala-i-Martin is a Professor in the Department of
Economics at Columbia University. He was previously
Associate Professor at the Department of Economics at
Yale University and a Visiting Professor at Universitat
Pompeum Fabra. His research interests include economic
growth, macroeconomics, public finance and social secu-
rity, health and population economics, monetary econom-
ics, poverty, inequality, estimation of the world distribu-
tion of income, and measuring competitiveness. He is a
consultant on growth and competitiveness for a number
of countries, international institutions, and corporations.
Professor Sala-i-Martin is a Research Associate at the
National Bureau of Economic Research. He earned his
MA and his PhD in Economics from Harvard University.
He collaborates closely with the World Economic Forum
in his capacity as Chief Advisor to the Global
Competitiveness Network.
478

Acknowledgments
The World Economic Forum would like to thank the Africa Commission and
FedEx for their invaluable support of this Report.
The Africa Commission was launched by the Prime Minister of Denmark in 2008 to help Africa
benefit more from globalization. The Commission consisted of Heads of State and governments,
politicians, experts, and representatives from international and regional organizations as well as
the business community, civil society and the academic world. The majority of the
Commissioners were from Africa, which reflected the Commission’s overriding commitment to
ensure African ownership of its recommendations and initiatives.
The Africa Commission presented its findings in the report Realising the Potential of Africa’s
Youth, which was published in May 2009. Drawing on existing analyses and best practices, the
Africa Commission presented specific policy recommendations and launched five international
initiatives aimed at creating jobs for young men and women in Africa through private sector-led
growth and improved competitiveness of African economies. Special emphasis was given to cre-
ating decent jobs, fostering entrepreneurship, and providing greater opportunities through educa-
tion, skills development and access to finance. The Africa Commission is supported by a
Secretariat established within the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
For further information about the Africa Commission and the Danish Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, visit www.africacommission.um.dk.
FedEx continues to support the World Economic Forum’s annual Global Competitiveness Report,
479
providing reliable global distribution services.
FedEx is committed to advancing free trade and driving global commerce and economic
development. We support the World Economic Forum’s dedication to improving the state of the
world by engaging leaders in regulatory, industry, and economic cooperation.
Recently, FedEx looked deeper into factors impacting the global economy, commissioning a
second study by SRI International titled “The Dynamic Force of Access: An Update of the
Access Index.” The study provides a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the impact of
how people, businesses, and nations “access” ideas, goods, technology, and markets. The infor-
mation gleaned from this study is complementary to the insights in the Forum’s Global
Competitiveness Report. As FedEx continues to explore Access, we look forward to better
understanding how to harness the momentum of the global economy to continue to create posi-
tive change around the world.
FedEx Corp. (NYSE: FDX) provides customers and businesses worldwide with a broad port-
folio of transportation, e-commerce, and business services. With annual revenues of $35 billion,
the company offers integrated business applications through operating companies competing
collectively and managed collaboratively, under the respected FedEx brand. Consistently ranked
among the world’s most admired and trusted employers, FedEx inspires its more than 280,000
team members to remain “absolutely, positively” focused on safety, the highest ethical and pro-
fessional standards, and the needs of their customers and communities.
For more information, visit www.news.fedex.com.

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Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum

Professor Klaus Schwab

Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

Professor Klaus Schwab All rights reserved. No part of this publication

GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS NETWORK

We thank Hope Steele for her superb editing

The terms country and nation as used in this

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

Partner Institutes v Part 2: Data Presentation 59

Preface xi 2.1 Country/Economy Profiles 61

Part 1: Measuring Competitiveness 1 2.2 Data Tables 333

About the Authors 477

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

Index 2009–2010: Contributing decades.World GDP is expected to contract by a record

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

Figure 1: The 12 pillars of competitiveness

Innovation and sophistication factors Key for

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

Box 1: An expert assessment of national competitiveness prospects (cont’d.)

Figure 1: Survey of experts results and GCI variation (2009–2010)

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

Table 1: Comparison of responses from business economists and macroeconomists

Austria 2.83 3.57 –0.74

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Table 3: List of countries/economies at each stage of development

Stage 1 Transition from 1 to 2 Stage 2 Transition from 2 to 3 Stage 3

Bangladesh Algeria Albania Bahrain Australia

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GCI 2009–2010 GCI 2008–2009 GCI 2009–2010 GCI 2008–2009

Switzerland 1 5.60 2 Colombia 69 4.05 74

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Table 5: The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010

Switzerland 1 5.60 3 5.98 3 5.39 3 5.68

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Latvia 68 4.06 60 4.45 51 4.21 86 3.36

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Table 6: The Global Competitiveness Index: Basic requirements

Albania 90 4.04 87 3.62 104 2.84 95 4.24 66 5.48

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Libya 68 4.38 67 3.88 105 2.83 4 6.19 104 4.61

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Table 7: The Global Competitiveness Index: Efficiency enhancers

Albania 93 3.63 90 3.55 97 3.89 65 4.41 90 3.93 89 3.19 106 2.82

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The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

Table 8: The Global Competitiveness Index: Innovation and sophistication factors

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The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

Box 2: Is the United States losing its competitive edge?

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The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum

of the 12 recent EU accession countries, see Box 3. (Cont’d.)

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