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/fHo k|0ffnL ePsf d'n'sx?n] /fhtGqnfO{ klg ;+u;+u}
lnP/ uPsf 5g .
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lt zf;g nfu' ug{ ;S5 .
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bldt u/fOP . To;}n] @)$& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 dfq ;
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+3fTdstf ;DalGw jxzn] 6fpsf] p7fpg] df}sf kfof] .
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u/]kl5 ;f]xL kf6L{n] hgkf6L{ btf{ u/]sf] lyof] . ptf
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/fVbf /fHosf] cfwf/ k"0f{tM ef}uf]lnstfnfO{ lbPsf 5g\ .
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u/]eg] s'df/ of]+hgn] !! k|b]zsf] cjwf/0ff k|:tfj u/] .
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ofbjn] & k|b]zsf] cjwf/0ff cl3 a9fP . To;}u/L cd/]zs'df/
emfn] ( k|b]z k|:tfj u/]sf 5g . ptf dfcf]jfbL kf6L{n] rflxF
cfˆgf] ( /fHosf] k"j{jtL{ /fHo;+VofnfO{ a9fP/ !! kf/]sf]
5 . To;}u/L gofF gofF df]8nx? cfpg]qmd klg hf/L g} 5 .
h; cg';f/ of] n]vs :jo+n] @)^# >fj0fdf s0ff{nL k|b]z,
u08s k|b]z, dw]z k|b]z, g]kfn d08n / ls/ft k|b]z k|:tfj
u/]sf]df @)^$ >fj0f gsf6\b} To;nfO{ lnDj"jfg, vDa"jfg,
r'/]efj/, g]kfnd08n tfD;flnª\, td"jfg, du/ft, yf?jfg,
s0ff{nL k|b]z, / dw]z u/L !) k|fGtsf] kIfdf k'luof] .
To;}n] lgZro g} ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg
eO{ gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0fsfn;Dddf o;df yk x]/km]/
klg cfpg ;Sg] g} 5g . clxn]g} rfxLF pko{'Qm dWo]
lgs} 3tnfUbf] k|:tfj uh]Gb|gf/fo0f l;+xsf tkm{af6
g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{sf] b]lvg cfpF5, hf] o:tf] 5 M
!= k"jL{ kxf8L k|b]z–k"j{sf kxf8L lhNnf
@= dWo kxf8L k|b]z–sf7df8f}+ / jl/kl/
#= klZrdL k|b]z– dWo kxf8 / klZrd kxf8
$= k"jL{ t/fO{ k|b]z– u08sL gbL k"j{sf t/fO{ lhNnf
%= klZrdL t/fO{ k|b]z –u08sL gbL klZrdsf t/fO{ lhNnf

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 t/ g]kfnsf] w/ftlno oyfy{ dfGg] / k|sf]i7–@
k"jf{u|xaf6 d'Qm eO{ ;f]Rg] xf] eg] ef]6]:jfoQ If]q
xfnsf] If]lqo ljefhgnfO{ g} cfwf/ yf?jfg If]q
dfgL ltgnfO{ ;+l3otfdf nfg' ;a}eGbf lnDa'jfg If]q
j}1flgs, j:t'ut / Gofof]lrt ;d]t x'g] n]Krf If]q
b]lvG5 . cem /fHodfly cfOkg] d]r] If]q
{ vr{sf] jf]em 36fpg] xf] eg] dWo– lwdfn If]q
klZrdf~rn / ;'b"/ /fhj+zL If]q
klZrdf~rnnfO{ Pp6} /fHodf ldnfg ;tf/ :jfoQ If]q
u/L k"jf{~rn /fHo, dWodf~rn /fHo, emf+u8 If]q
klZrdf~rn /fHo / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn /fHo dfemL If]q
u/L rf/ /fHo;lxtsf] ;+l3otfdf hfg' yfdL If]q
g]kfnsf nflu ;a}eGbf plrt x'g]5 . dw];L If]q
g]jf Nof08
jxzdf cfPsf s]xL b/fO{ If]q
dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx? ysfnL If]q
7"nf] bjfjkl5 g]t[Tj ;+l3otfdf v;fg If]q
hfg] p2]Zon] c+tl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# JofF;L If]q
df klxnf] ;+zf]wg ug{ ljjz ePsf] cj:yf 8f]6]nL If]q
ePtfklg To;sf] :j?k, tl/sf / cfwf/ af/]sf] cjlw If]q
ljdz{ hf/L 5 . tyflk o; ljdz{sf qmddf ; td"jfg If]q
+l3otf / To;sf] :j?k ;+DaGwdf :joQtf r]kfª If]q
(Autonomy) :jzf;g (Self government) / tfDjf;flnª If]q
cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ (Right to self z]kf{v If]q
Determination) h:tf zAbx? jxzdf cfPsf 5g . ;'g'jf/ If]q
To;}u/L pQm clwsf/ ;lxtsf] ;+l3o vDj"jfg If]q
/fHosf] cfwf/ s] / slt x'g] eGg] /fhL If]q
;DaGwdf klg Tolts} jxz rn]sf 5g . o; du/ft If]q
qmddf lgDg jxzsf] 7f]; ;fGble{stf klg s"dfn If]q
5M kx/L If]q
-!_ k|fb]lzs ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/ yf?jfg If]q
-@_ txut 9fFrf lh/]n If]q
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-#_ k|b]zsf] ;+Vof / gfdfs/0f
-$_ clwsf/ / bfloTjsf] afF8kmfF8
-%_ hflto cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/
-!_ k|fb]lzs ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/
;+l3otfsf nflu k|b]z ljefhg klxnf] cfwf/ x'G5 t/ tL k|
b]z slt / To;sf] cfwf/ s] x'g] < xfd|f] h:tf] hflt, efiff,
wd{, e"uf]n / a;f]jf;sf] ljljwtf ePsf] d'n'sdf of] Pp6f
hl6n k|Zg x'g hfG5 eGg] tYo a]Unfa]Un} JolQmn]
j]Unfa]Nu} k|:tfj lbPaf6 klg :ki6 x'G5 . h;cg';f/
hghflto ;+u7g / JolQmx?n] hghflto a;f]af;sf] ;
3gtfnO{ d'Vo cfwf/ agfPsf 5g eg] dw]zL kIfn] If]q /
efiffnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] hflt /
If]qnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg vf]h]sf] 5 . ;ftbnn] hg;+Vof,
ef}uf]lns cg's"ntf, eflifs cfwf/, clfy{s ;fdflhs cGt/;
+aGw / ;fd"lxs tyf ;fF:s[lts klxrfgnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg
vf]h]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ljleGg ljb\jfgx?n] klg cf–cfˆgf]
b[li6sf]0fsf k'li6sf nflu a]Unf a]Un} cfwf/ lbPsf 5g .
o;/L ljrf/ lbg]df /fh]Gb| >]i7, zÍs/ kf]v/]n, g/xl/ cfrfo{,
kl/ yfkf, s'df/ of]~hg tfdf+u, ejfgL a/fn, uf]ljGb
Gof}kfg], ;'/]z cfn]du/, lktfDa/ zdf{ / xs{ u'?Ë d'Vo
5g . lo ;a}sf] ljrf/af6 ;+l3o k|b]z ;+/rgfsf nflu lgDg
tTjnfO{ k|d'v cfwf/ agfpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
-!_ ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt
-@_ a;f]af;sf] ;3gtf
-#_ eflifstf
-$_ cfly{s cGt{;DaGw
-%_ k|zf;lgs ;'udtf
-^_ k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf
-&_ P]ltxfl;stf
-@_ txut 9fFrf
k|fb]lzs /fHosf] txut ;f]kfg slt / s:tf] x'g] < ;+l3o
k|0ffnLdf of] klg sd dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf]Og . To;}n]
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j]Unfj]Un} JolQm, ;d"x / kf6L{n] o; ;DaGwdf klg cnu
cnu k|:tfj cl3 ;f/]sf 5g . t/ ltgsf] ;f/ sdf]j]z Pp6} 5 Tof]
xf] –s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfo u/L # txsf] 9fFrf .
dfcf]jfbLn] s]Gb|, k|b]z, lhNnf / ufpFsf] cjwf/0ff cl3
;f/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf lo ;a} ;kf6 wf/0ff g} nfU5g . xfd|f] h:tf]
hflto ljljwtf / ljlzi6 lsl;dsf hflt k|hflt a;f]af; ul/ cfPsf]
d'n'sdf To;k|sf/sf] sf]/f laefhg k|o'St gx'g ;S5 . lsgeg]
xfdL hflto cfwf/df ;+l3otfdf uPsf] v08df ;a}
hfltnfO{ k[ys /fHo lbg g;Sg] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
xfdLn] ;'8fg / gfOh]l/ofsf] b'ef{Uo Joxf]g{gknf{ eGg]
5}g . To;}n] ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf txut 9fFrfsf] k|Zg
w]/}xb;Dd /fHo lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/n] to ug]{ cj:yf 5 .
olb xfdL hflto cfwf/df /fHo agfp5f} eg] k|fGtleq
hflto ljljwtf cg';f/sf] pk:jfoQ If]q agfpg' clgjfo{ b]lvG5 .
otfaf6 9fFrfsf] ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/ hflto / To;sf] ;+Vof
cgluGtL x'g]klg :ki6} 5 . To;}n] o; ;+be{df s] eGg
;lsG5 eg] klxnf /fHo lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ tof/ kfb}{ To;kl5
dfq txut 9fFrf lgSof}{n ug{ ;'ud x'G5 . sf]/f ;+Vof s'g}
;dfwfg x'g;Sb}g .
-#_ k|b]zsf] ;+Vof / gfdfs/0f
k|b]zsf] ;+Vof slt x'g] < of] klg sd k]lrnf] k|Zg
xf]Og . To;}n] o;sf nflu % b]lv ## ;Ddsf] ;+Vof cfPsf]
s'/f xfdLn] dfly klg pNn]v u¥of}+ . ;+u;+u} ljleGg
JolQmn] lbPsf ;+Vofx? klg pNn]v ul/P . To;}u/L ltgsf]
gfdfs/0f s;/L ug]{ < of] klg sd ljjfbfTds s'/f] xf]Og .
jf:tjdf !)) al9 hft\hflt / (@ a9L efiffefifL ePsf] ax'hflto
Pj+ ax';fF:s[lts d"n'sdf o:tf] x'g' c:jfefljs klg xf]Og t/ k|
Zg 5 ;dfwfg;Dd s;/L k'Ug] / ltgsf] cfwf/ s] agfpg] <
:jefjtM ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] uR5] / ;f]r cg';f/ cf–cfˆgf] ljj]s /
ts{sf cfwf/df k|b]zx?sf] ;+Vof lbg] u/]sf 5g / To;sf nflu
s;}n] efiffnfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf 5g t s;}n] hfltnfO{ clg
s;}n] If]qnfO{ . lgZrog} ;a}sf] ts{df s'g} g s'g}
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 c+zsf] cfwf/ cj:od]j 5 . t/ o;nfO{ s;/L ;di6Ltf k|bfg ug]{
< of] g} cxd\ dxTjsf] k|Zg x'g cfpF5 . hflto cfwf/af6
x]bf{ ToxL 7Ls nfU5 . clg P]ltxfl;s cfwf/ x]bf{ Tof] klg
s'g} unt ts{ x'Fb}g . To;}u/L efiff, If]q / a;f]af; klg
tflnsf g+= ! tflnsf g+= @
-lnDa' If]q_ -vDa"jfg If]q_
lnDa'jfg :jzfl;t k|b]z vDa"jfg :jzfl;t k|b]z
hfthflt hg; k|ltzt hfthflt hg; k|ltzt
+Vof +Vof
lnDa' 2,18,26 29=7 /fO{ 3,53,69 26=9
6 9 5 5
cGo 2,51,92 34=3 cGo 4,20,42 32=0
cflbjf;L 3 8 cflbjf;L 0 4
hghflt
cfwf/ x'g ;S5g\ t/ lo efj'stfsf s'/f eP . ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5
efj'stfdf /fHo rNg ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu w/ftlno oyfy{df
hfg}k5{ . To;}n] 8f= xs{ u'?Ën] vf]n} lkR5]sf] hfghflt
x'G5 / <Æ eGg] k|Zgsf] cfwf/df g]kfnnfO{ @%
lhNnfsf] cjwf/0ff lbPsf x'g\ . b'Mvsf] s'/f cfh pgL
xfdLaLr 5}gg . To;}n] of] ;d:ofsf] xn xfdL cfkm}n]
lgsfNg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . To;afx]s tnsf tflnsfx?nfO{ Psk6s
x]/f}+
tflnsf g+= %
tflnsf g+= ^
-ef]hk'/L If]q_
-ldlynf If]q_
ef]hk'/L -alHhsf_ :jzfl;t Onfsf
ldlynf :jzfl;t Onfsf
efiff hg; k|ltzt
hfthflt hg; k|ltzt
+Vof
+Vof
d}ynL 21,359 1=33
d}ynL 23,17,6 77=2
ef]hk'/L / 12,57, 78=5
32 4
alHhsf 689 3 tflnsf g+= $
tflnsf g+= # 3=57 ef]hk'/L 1,20,97 4=03
yf? 57,089 -td' If]q_
-g]jf/52,717
cGo cflbjf;L If]q_ 3=29 9
td' -u'?Ë_ :jzfl;t k|b]z
g]jf/ :jzfl;t k|b]z yf?
hfthflt 1,24,31
hg; 4=14
k|ltzt
/ hghflt
hfthflt hg; k|ltzt 8
g]kfnL 1,42,6 8=99 +Vof
+Vof
hflt / 2,03,46 23=3
hflt / hghflt 5,82,37 35=4
Chaitanya Institute of Management
hghflt 1 8
0 0
g]jf/
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3,37,96 20=5
u'?Ë 1,92,54 22=1
www.chaitanya.org.np 3 2
4 4
cGo cflbjf;L 31,013 1=90 01-4782427
cGo 1,30,38 14=9
/ hghflt cflbjf;L / 4 8
hft -afx'g / 6,27,45 38=1 hghflt
 pko'{Qm tYof+s, w/ftlno oyfy{ / xfd|f]
P]ltxfl;stf ;d]tn] xfd|f nflu ;a}eGbf /fd|f] k|fb]lzs ;+Vof
/ cfwf/ xfnsf] % If]qLo ljefhgnfO{ /fHosf] :t/ lbb}
To;nfO{ ;do / ;+l3otfsf] k|0ffnL cg'?k ljsl;t ub}
{ nfg' ;a}eGbf Gofof]lrt x'g]5 . eGg] af/] dfly klg
pNn]v ul/of] . hflto ljljwtf / jlu{o c;dfgtf ePsf]
d"n'sdf ;Lldt hflt / ju{nfO{ dfq cu|flwsf/ lbObf lglZrt
hfltk|lt t"i6Ls/0f ePklg To;n] ;dfwfg lbg ;Sb}g . To;}n]
# hflto /fHoaf6 z'? ePsf] ;'8fgsf] ;+l3o /fHosf] ofqf cfh
@^ /fHodf k'u]sf] xf] eg] Tolt g} ;+Vofaf6 z'? ePsf]
gfOh]l/ofsf] ;+3;+Vof #^ k'lu;s]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f klg
z+s/ kf]v/]nsf] of] egfO{ lgs} cy{k"0f{ nfU5 hxfF
pgn]– k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0fsf ;+be{df h'g k|b]zdf h'g hflt jf
;d'bfosf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 p;sf] eflifs / ;fF:s[lts
ljz]iftfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ To;f] ubf{ pQm gfd
hfltjfrs / ;d'bfojfrs gxf]; eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbOg'k5{ .

-$_ clwsf/ / bfloTjsf] afF8kmfF8

;+l3otfdf hfg' / tx lgdf{0f ug'{ dfqn] hgtf alnof x'G5g
eGg] s'/f xf]Og . ;+l3otfdf klg ci6«]lnof, hd{gL, ef/t,
dn]lzof, d]S;Lsf], kfls:tfgn] Pp6f df]8]n ckgfPsf 5g eg]
gfOh]l/of, cd]/Lsf, a|flhn, Sofg8f / :jL6h/Nof08n]
a]Unfa]Un} df]8]n ckgfPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L s]Gb|aLr
:yfgLo OsfO{;Dd /fHosf sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf /
Joj:yflksLo clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 s;/L ug]{ < :yfgLo k|
fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]t / /fli6«o:t/sf ;fwg;|f]t Pj+ ljb]zL
;/;xof]ux?sf] ljt/0f / efuef]u s;/L ug]{ < of] lgZrog}
;fdfGo s'/f xf]Og . h;n] s]Gb| / /fHosf aLr s:tf] vfnsf]
ljjfb pTkGg ug{ ;S5 eGg] pbfx/0f ef/tn] klg af/+af/
b]vfpg] u/]s} 5 . ptf ef/tdf ;+l3otfsf] 7"nf] cfwf/ hfltotf
xf]Og eflifstf jf ef}uf]lnstf g} ePsf] :ki6} 5 t/ xfdL
d'Vo?kdf hflto cfwf/dfg} ;+l3otfdf hfg] r]i6f ub}{5f} .
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o; cj:yfdf hflto /fHoleq pkhflto :jfoQtflbg] ;Ddsf] h'g
cEof;sf] kl/sNkgf xfdL ub}{5f} o;n] hl6ntfnO{ c? ;3g
agfpg] 5 .
cGoyf ;+l3o Joj:yfdf /Iff, k//fi6«, df}lb|s, ;+rf/ h:tf
dxTjk"0f{ ljifo afx]s c? k|fGtLo ;/sf/n] kfpg] cEof; c:ki6
5}g . To;}u/L /fHon] k|fb]lzs txsf zflGt ;'/Iff, Jofkf/,
pBf]u, >d Joj:yf, ;8s, hldgsf] Joj:yfkg / pkef]u lzIff /
:jf:Yosf] k|aGw h:tf clwsf/ / bfloTj kfpg] x'G5 .
To;}u/L :yfgLo lgsfon] rflxF :yfgLo ;8s lgdf{0f / ;+/If0f,
;/;kmfO{, :yfgLo of]hgf, :yflgo s/, ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo / lzIff,
u|fld0f oftfoft Pj+ k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfklso
clwsf/ kfpF5g . l;4fGttM o;sf nflu zlQm x:tfGt/0f (Power
Delegation) / zlQm ;+of]hg (Power Devolution) sf] gLlt cjnDag
ul/g' plrt x'G5 . t/ o;df Jofks ;xdlt / ;xglzntfsf] ;F:s[lt
cjnDag ul/Pg eg] Tof] g} ;+l3o k|0ffnLsf nflu r"gf}tL
eP/ v8f x'G5 .

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-%_ hflto cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/
hflto cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] s'/f g]kfnsf ;
+3LotfjfbLx?n] Hofb} rfvsf ;fy p7fPsf 5g / Tof] eg]sf]
g]kfnaf6 5'l§P/ k[ys/fHo agfpg] clwsf/sf ?kdf a'em]sf
5g . ltgsf] ljrf/df of] clwsf/ n]lggn] ?;L u0f/fHox?
nfO{ lbP ;/x dfq xf]Og ;+o"Qm /fi6« ;+3 ;d]tn] ;f]xL
cy{df pNn]v u/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfk|fKt clwsf/ xf] .
jf:tjdf gt n]lggn] pNn]v u/]sf] cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/
g]kfndf k|o"St x'G5 g ;+o"Qm /fi6« ;+3n] g} hfltx?
nfO{ ljb|f]xåf/f cnu /fHo agfpg ;Sg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 .
jf:tljstf slt dfq xf] eg] n]lggn] lbPsf] cfTdlg0f{osf]
clwsf/ To:tf /fHox?nfO{ xf] hf] ?;L hf/n] ank"j{s
cfˆgf] ;fd|fHodf ufe]sf lyP . To;}u/L ;+o"Qm /fi6« ;
+3n] pNn]v u/]sf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ eg]sf] klg
cfly{s ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts ljsfzsf nflu dfq cfTdlg0f{o
xf] . ;fj{ef}d/fHoaf6 :jtGq x'g] cfTd lg0f{o xf]Og .
dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff !($* xf]; jf gfu/Ls tyf
/fhgLlts clwsf/sf] cle;GwL !(^^ / cfly{s ;fdflhs /
;fF:s[lts clwsf/sf] cle;GwL !(^^ ;a}n] pQm
efjgfnfO{ dfq g} k|ltljlDjt u/]sf 5g .
pQm k[i7e"lddf g]kfndf klg a]Unfa]Un} JolQm jf ;
+u7gn] a]Unfa]Un} a'emfO{ ljsl;t u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . h;
cg';f/ sf]xL To; clwsf/sf] ljkIfdf 5g\ eg] sf]xL rflx kIfdf
5g . kIfdf pleg]x? cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] kIfkf]if0f t
u5{g t/ To;leq cnu x'g] clwsf/ b]Vb}gg\ . tbg'?k
dfcf]jfbLn] klxnf] clwsf/sf] kIfkf]if0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg]
bf];|f]sf] kIfdf clbjf;L hghftL dxf;+3 nufotsf hflto ;
+u7gx? plePsf 5g . of] g} o:tf] sf/0f xf], >fj0f @@ ut]
/ ebf} !# -@)^$_ g]kfn cflbjf;L hghftL dxf;+3 / dw]zL
hgclwsf/ kmf]/dn] g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu u/]sf] ;xdtLdf
g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfnfO{ pRr k|
fyldstf lbOof] . t/fO{df cnu /fHo / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/
eg]sf] :jtGq /fHodf;Dd hfg kfOg] s'/f pl7/x]sf] a]nf
lgZro g} o;sf] ljlzi6 dxTj 5 . JolQmut ?kdf l;dfÍg
cfrfo{ / nlntafb'/ a:g]t nufotsf a'l4hLljx? cfTdlg0f{o
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Sures Acharya, Fiscal Fedaralism, unpublish article.
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A.C Kapur, Principles of The Political Science, 1997
J.S. Mill, Representative Government, 1893
M. Venkatarangaiya, Federalism in Government, 1935
Vil, M.J.C. The Structure of American Federalism, 1961
K.C. Where, Federal Government, 1963
D. Sundar Ram (ed.),Federal System and Coalition government in India, 2007
-%_ sfo{kq -c+u|]hL_
Mahendra Lawoti, Fedaralism in Nepal: Inclusive Modalities & Structure, A paper
present at the seminar held at Dhulikhel on 2064 Asar 18, Organized by LAN &
SCUS.
Surendra Bhandari, How do we know the correctness of a policy structure or an
Institution ? A paper present at Dhulikhel, Ibid.
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