1

PRIMER MÓDULO

FUNDAMENTOS GRAMATICALES

Objetivo General: El estudiante iniciará con el estudio del vocabulario del idioma inglés y
de terminología médica. Así mismo conocerá las diferentes estructuras gramaticales del
idioma inglés, incluyendo a los verbos modales, la voz pasiva en los diferentes tiempos, el
reconocimiento del sustantivo y adjetivo (s) en un enunciado y los usos del participio
presente y pasado de los verbos.

Contenido de aprendizaje:
 Aprendizaje del vocabulario
 Reconocimiento de estructuras gramaticales
 Reconocimiento de las partes de la oración
 Usos del participio, presente y pasado de los verbos

Objetivos Específicos:
 Al término del presente módulo, el alumno será capaz de:
 Crear una base de información en su memoria. Para lograr esto, se promueve la
disciplina de la memorización diaria de un grupo promedio de 25 palabras que les
serán útiles tanto para la clase del día como para la traducción futura. Para lo
anterior, se requiere el dictado y significación de las palabras contenidas en las
listas de material proporcionadas y las explicaciones convenientes relativas a
dicho vocabulario.
 Identificar cabalmente las estructuras gramaticales, ya que es esencial para la
correcta traducción de los textos. Lo anterior requiere que traduzcan y escriban
oraciones no complicadas del inglés al español y del español al inglés; así mismo,
cambien a las formas negativa e interrogativa.
 Distinguir las partes de una oración; además, reconocerá perfectamente los
sustantivos y los elementos que los describen.
 Reconocer los diferentes usos y formas de traducción de los verbos en participio,
presente y pasado.
EVALUACIÓN: La evaluación de este módulo requiere la aplicación de exámenes
objetivos los cuales incluirán palabras así como algunas oraciones relacionadas a tiempos
aprendidos en cada período, el último examen incluirá algunos enunciados y oraciones
relacionados a los temas de sustantivos, adjetivas pasivos y activos, usos del presente
participio y la expresión haber/existir. El promedio para aprobar es de 80.
 2

DIA 1

VERBS

To fast ______________________________________
To cause ______________________________________
To air ______________________________________
To fix ______________________________________
To melt ______________________________________
To find (found, found) ______________________________________
To bind (bound, bound) ______________________________________
To understand (understood, understood) ____________________________
To withdraw (withdrew, withdrawn) ________________________________
To undergo (underwent, undergone) ________________________________

NOUNS
muscle ______________________________________
weight ______________________________________
outlet ______________________________________
outcome ______________________________________
follow up ______________________________________
sleep ______________________________________
loss ______________________________________
age ______________________________________
pressure ______________________________________
dizziness ______________________________________
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS

I ___________________________ me ____________________________
you ____________________________ you ____________________________
he ____________________________ him ____________________________
she ____________________________ her ____________________________
it ____________________________ it ____________________________
we ____________________________ us ____________________________
you ____________________________ you ____________________________
they ____________________________ them ____________________________
 3

DIA 2

VERBS ADJECTIVES

To develop ________________________ causative _____________________

To insulate ________________________ main _____________________
To decode ________________________ harmful _____________________
To sample ________________________ harmless _____________________
To trace ________________________ meaningful _____________________
To set (set, set) ______________________ better _____________________
To bleed (bled, bled) __________________ double blind _____________________
To write (wrote, written) ________________ cross over _____________________

POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES

my _________________________
your _________________________
his _________________________
hers _________________________
its _________________________
our _________________________
your _________________________
their _________________________

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

no ______________________ some _______________________

nobody ______________________ somebody _______________________
nothing ______________________ something _______________________
no-one ______________________ someone _______________________
nowhere ______________________ somewhere _______________________
 4

DIA 3

VERBS

To be (was/were, been) _________________________

To have (had, had) _________________________
To sit (sit, sit) _________________________
To stand (stood, stood) _________________________
To record _________________________
To view _________________________
To polish _________________________
To test _________________________
To code _________________________

NOUNS

kidney _________________________
bile _________________________
brain _________________________
tissue _________________________
airway _________________________
drug _________________________
growth _________________________
platelet _________________________
cohort _________________________
flow _________________________

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

any _______________________every _________________________

anybody _______________________everybody _________________________
anything _______________________everything _________________________
anyone _______________________everyone _________________________
anywhere _______________________everywhere ________________________
 5

DIA 4

VERBS NOUNS

To match ________________________ body ___________________

To label ________________________ blood ___________________
To screen ________________________ heart ____________________
To overlap ________________________ lung ___________________
To scatter ________________________ liver ____________________
To make (made, made) ________________ vial ___________________
To take (took, taken) __________________ heart index ___________________
To rise (rose, risen __________________ heart output ___________________
To grow (grew, grown) _________________ workload ___________________
To know (knew, known) ________________ outlook ___________________
heart rate ___________________

ADVERBS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

where _________________________ myself _________________________

when _________________________ yourself _________________________
why _________________________ himself_________________________
how _________________________ herself _________________________
soon _________________________ itself _________________________
first _________________________ ourselves _________________________
last _________________________ yourselves _________________________
once _________________________ themselves _________________________
twice _________________________
thrice _________________________
hourly _________________________
daily _________________________
weekly ________________________
monthly ________________________
yearly _________________________
 6

DÍA 5 DIA 6

VERBS VERBS

To give ( gave, given )________________ To load ____________________

To see (saw, seen ) ________________ To heat ____________________
To fall ( fell, fallen ) ________________ To tremble ____________________
To prove ________________ To overload ____________________
To show ( showed, shown) ____________ To overheat ___________________
To empty ______________________ To need ___________________
To clear ______________________ To couple ___________________
To believe _______________________ To breathe ___________________
To train __________________________ To lower ___________________
To scan __________________________ To follow ____________________
ADJETIVES ADJETIVES

broad _______________________ avaliable ____________________

full _______________________ elderly ____________________
early _______________________ borderline ____________________
late _______________________ overall ____________________
sudden _____________________ wide ____________________
current ______________________ indwelling ___________________
actual ______________________ gross ____________________
single ______________________ key ____________________
dizzy ______________________ written ____________________
open ______________________ swollen ____________________

NOUNS
relaxation ___________________
population __________________
target __________________
response __________________
reagent __________________
stage __________________
value __________________
sample __________________
test __________________
poison __________________
 7

SE APLICA EL PRIMER EXAMEN

DIA 7 DIA 8

VERBS VERBS

To swell (swelled, swollen) _____________________ To live____________________

To read (read, read) _____________________ To die ____________________
To lead (led, led) _____________________ To fill ____________________
To feed (fed, fed) _____________________ To drop ___________________
To seek (sought, sought) ______________________ To link ____________________
To fulfill ______________________ To enroll __________________
To involve ______________________ To range _________________
To relate ______________________ To increase________________
To delay ______________________ To advocate________________
To provide ______________________ To remove ________________
NOUNS NOUNS

date ______________________ disease _____________________

rate ______________________ pattern _____________________
wave ______________________ knowledge _____________________
lenght ______________________ consumption _____________________
death ______________________ disturbance _____________________
data ______________________ size _____________________
time ______________________ risk _____________________
cell ______________________ trial _____________________
supply ______________________ site _____________________
fluid ______________________ screw _____________________
ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES

right _____________________ dead ______________________

left _____________________ healthy ______________________
wrong _____________________ clean ______________________
alive _____________________ thick ______________________
ill _____________________ empty ______________________
young _____________________ PRONOUNS
new _____________________ all ______________________
long _____________________ each ______________________
poor _____________________ another ______________________
safe _____________________ other ______________________
several ______________________
various ______________________
 8

DIA 9 DIA 10

VERBS VERBS

To store _____________________ To sumarize _____________________

To measure _____________________ To reinforce _____________________
To achieve _____________________ To randomize _____________________
To recruit _____________________ To vary _____________________
To deliver _____________________ To control _____________________
To remain _____________________ To confuse _____________________
To help _____________________ To advance _____________________
To interview _____________________ To consider _____________________
To release _____________________ To analyze _____________________
To poison _____________________ To obtain _____________________
ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES

big _____________________ widespread _____________________

true _____________________ frozen _____________________
rich _____________________ transient _____________________
old _____________________ consistent with____________________
short _____________________ expensive _____________________
aware _____________________ strong _____________________
bad _____________________ mild _____________________
slow _____________________ whole _____________________
loose _____________________ helpful _____________________
deep _____________________
upper _____________________
NOUNS NOUNS

mouse_______________________ profile _____________________

dog _______________________ confidence _____________________
pig _______________________ surface _____________________
mice _______________________ device _____________________
sheep_______________________ study _____________________
frog ______________________ dose _____________________
rat ______________________ water _____________________
monkey______________________ light _____________________
horse ______________________ detail _____________________
food ______________________ design _____________________

SE APLICA SEGUNDO EXÁMEN

 9

DIA 11 DIA 12

VERBS VERBS

To express _____________________ To deflect _____________________

To copy _____________________
To pulse _____________________
To detect _____________________
To block _____________________
To transduce _____________________
To influence _____________________
To inhibit _____________________
To decide _____________________
To determine _____________________
ADJECTIVES
To connect _____________________
To interconnect ____________________
To float _____________________
To apply _____________________
To descend _____________________
To compare _____________________
To treat _____________________
To double _____________________
To distinguish _____________________
ADJECTIVES

high _____________________ higher _____________________

low _____________________ lower _____________________
great _____________________ greater _____________________
smooth ____________________ useful _____________________
weak _____________________ useless _____________________
major _____________________ sucessful _____________________
tender _____________________ capable _____________________
middle _____________________ likely _____________________
the best _____________________ accurate _____________________
hollow _____________________
NOUNS NOUNS

tape _____________________ gender _____________________

lens _____________________ marrow _____________________
scan _____________________ amount _____________________
hole _____________________ ability _____________________
race _____________________ chapter _____________________
consent _____________________ relationship _____________________
comparison _____________________ rationale _____________________
dosage _____________________ clearance _____________________
pediatrician _____________________ chemical _____________________
surgery _____________________ extent _____________________
surgeon _____________________ surgical _____________________

DIA 13
VERBS
To limit _____________________
To alter _____________________
To expose _____________________
To induce _____________________
To tolerate _____________________
To administer _____________________
To decrease _____________________
To inhale _____________________
To establish _____________________
To repeat _____________________
ADJECTIVES
rough _____________________
small _____________________
able _____________________
narrow_____________________
hard _____________________
chief _____________________
near _____________________
far _____________________
wise _____________________
quick _____________________
NOUNS
managment _____________________
measurement _____________________
impairment _____________________
improvement _____________________
treatment _____________________
wave lenght _____________________
average _____________________
cathartics _____________________
technique _____________________
effusion _____________________
10
DIA 14
VERBS
To desire _____________________
To suggest _____________________
To use _____________________
To base _____________________
To air _____________________
To confirm _____________________
To adjust _____________________
To discuss _____________________
To supply _____________________
ADJECTIVES
thin _____________________
heavy _____________________
sour _____________________
fast _____________________
good _____________________
gentle _____________________
fortunate _____________________
steady _____________________
valuable _____________________
foreign _____________________
NOUNS
paper _____________________
glass _____________________
order _____________________
signal _____________________
summary ___________________
form _____________________
sheet _____________________
skin _____________________
disorder ___________________
noise ____________________
 11

DIA 15 DIA 16

VERBS PREPOSITIONS NOUNS

To indicate __________________ in______________ forearm __________

To require __________________ on _____________ status __________
To complete __________________ to ______________ mean __________
To inform __________________ at ______________ health ___________
To exclude __________________ between _________ harm ___________
To respond __________________ without __________
To augment __________________ through _________
To suspect __________________ from ___________
To cover __________________ into ____________
To compose __________________ by ____________

NOUNS ADVERBS

disability __________________ commercially __________________

coverage __________________ statistically __________________
uptake __________________ well __________________
reuptake __________________ dually __________________
ratio __________________ subsequently __________________
day __________________ increasingly __________________
night __________________ significantly __________________
week __________________ rapidly __________________
month __________________ succesfully __________________
year __________________ statically __________________

PRONOUNS PREPOSITIONS PRONOUNS

much ___________ of ___________ who ___________ neither______

many ___________ with ___________ whom ___________ none _______
little ___________ for ___________ what ___________ some ______
few ___________ after ___________ which ___________
enough ___________ as ___________ whose ___________
less ___________ before ___________ this ___________ these_________
more ___________ after _____________ that ___________ those_________
such ___________
same ___________ the former ___________
both ___________ the latter ___________
each other ___________
most ___________
either ___________
oneanother ___________
SE APLICA EL TERCER EXAMEN
 12

EJERCICIOS PARA LA GRAMATICA

EJERCICIO N° 1: VERBO TO BE EN PRESENTE. (am / is / are)

Traduzca al español:

1. (+) The doctor is in the hospital ___________________________________________

(-) _____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
2. (-) The nurse is not in the emergency room __________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?) _____________________________________________________________________
3. (-) The patients are not old _______________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
4. (?) Is the patient in the operating room? _____________________________________
(+) _____________________________________________________________________
(-) _____________________________________________________________________
5. (+) The trials are randomized ______________________________________________
(-)______________________________________________________________________
(?)______________________________________________________________________

EJERCICION N° 2: PRESENTE PROGRESIVO/CONTINUO.(sujeto + To be + gerundio)

Traduzca al español:

1. (+) The doctor is airing the airway _________________________________________

(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
2. (-) The patients are not undergoing a new treatment ___________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
3. (-) She is not fixing a Foley catheter ________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
4. (?) Is the S. aureus causing the infection? ___________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
5. (-) The scientists are not testing a vaccine for AIDS ____________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
 13

Traduzca al inglés:

6. (+) La presión está incrementando _________________________________________

(?)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
7. (-) El paciente no está ayunando __________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
8. (+) El paciente está perdiendo peso (to lose) _________________________________
(-) _____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
9. (?) Están los pacientes sometiéndose a un nuevo tratamiento? __________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
10. (+) Ella está suprimiendo el tratamiento _____________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________

EJERCICIO N° 3: VERBO TO BE EN PASADO (was / were)

Traduzca al español:

1. (+)They were in the hospital ______________________________________________

(-) _____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
2. (-)She was not the main surgeon __________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
3.(-) He was not in the hospital after the accident _________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
4. (?) Was the laboratory assistant sick? ______________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
5. (-)The doctors were not ophtalmologists ____________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
 14

EJERCICIO N° 4: PASADO PROGRESIVO / CONTINUO (sujeto + was/were +

gerundio)

Traduzca al inglés:

1. (?)Estaba el paciente sangrando? _________________________________________

(+)____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
2. (+) El doctor estaba escribiendo el tratamiento________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
3. (-) El médico no estaba aislando la bacteria __________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
4. (+) Ellos estaban muestreando a los pacientes ________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
5. (+) Nosotros estábamos descifrando los resultados ____________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________

EJERCICIO N° 5: PRESENTE SIMPLE (verbo auxiliar DO/DOES en formas negativa e

interrogativa)

Traduzca al español:
1. (+) They test the new drugs ______________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
2. (+) He records the results ________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
3. (-) Her kidney does not have a stone _______________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
4. (?) Does this disease spread in the hospital? _________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
5. (+) The doctor examines his brain by magnetic resonanse imaging (MRI)
_______________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
 15

Traduzca al inglés:

6. (+) Él visualiza al paciente _______________________________________________

(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
7. (-) El paciente no sangra _________________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
8. (-) Los pacientes no ayunan ______________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
9 (?) ¿Van ellos al hospital? _________________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
10. (-) La enfermera no tiene la vacuna (vaccine) ________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________

EJERCICIO N° 6: PASADO SIMPLE (verbo auxiliar DID en formas negativa e

interrogativa)

Traduzca al español:

1. (+) The kidney had stones ________________________________________________

(-)______________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
2. (+) The nurse matched the samples _________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
3. (-) The patient did not have cancer __________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
4. (?) Did the children go to the hospital? _______________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
5. (-) The relatives did not develop the disease__________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
Traduzca al inglés:

6. (-) El doctor no probó la vacuna ____________________________________________

(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
7. (-) Éllo no causó la enfermedad ____________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
 16

8. (?) ¿Descubrieron ellos la cura? ____________________________________________

(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
9. (-) La enfermera no etiquetó la muestra ______________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
10. (+) El paciente sabia la verdad ____________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________

EJERCICIO N° 7: PRESENTE PERFECTO (sujeto + have/has+ verbo en pasado

participio)

Traduzca al inglés:

1. (+) Él ha agrupado las muestras ___________________________________________

(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
2. (+) La enfermera ha llevado las muestras ___________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
3. (-) La presión no ha aumentado ___________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
4. (?) ¿Ha ella aumentado la dosis? __________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
5. (+) Nosotros hemos depurado la muestra ___________________________________
(-) _____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________

EJERCICIO N° 8: PASADO PERFECTO (sujeto + HAD + verbo en pasado participio)

Traduzca las oraciones del ejercicio 7 al tiempo pasado perfecto

1. (+) ___________________________________________________________________
(-) ___________________________________________________________________
(?)___________________________________________________________________
2. (+) ___________________________________________________________________
(-)___________________________________________________________________
(?)___________________________________________________________________
3. (-) ___________________________________________________________________
(+)___________________________________________________________________
(?)___________________________________________________________________
 17

4. (?) ___________________________________________________________________
(+)___________________________________________________________________
(-)___________________________________________________________________
5. (+) __________________________________________________________________
(-)___________________________________________________________________
(?)___________________________________________________________________

EJERCICIO N° 9: FUTURO SIMPLE (sujeto + WILL + verbo en forma simple)

Traduzca al español:

1. (+) I will go to the doctor __________________________________________________

(-) _____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
2. (+) They will see the patient tomorrow _______________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)______________________________________________________________________
3. (-) I will not give the new dosage ___________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)______________________________________________________________________
4. (?) Will you visit the patient? _______________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)______________________________________________________________________
5. (-) The nurse will not show the results _______________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?) _____________________________________________________________________
Traduzca al inglés:

6. (+) Los familiares esperarán afuera _________________________________________

(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
7. (-) El paciente no comerá _________________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
8. (?) ¿Llevarán las muestras sanguíneas al laboratorio?
_____________________________________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
9. (-) La enfermera no dará el medicamento ____________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
 18

10. (-) El paciente no creerá el resultado ______________________________________

(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________

EJERCICIO N° 10: CONDICIONAL (sujeto + WOULD +verbo en forma simple)

Traduzca al español:

1. (+) I would fast once a month ______________________________________________

(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
2. (-)They would not eat that food ____________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
3. (?) Would she take the drug daily? _________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
4. (-) We would not show the results ___________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
5. (-) He would not sleep the whole nigth _______________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________

Traduzca al inglés:

6. (+) Yo daría los resultados hoy _____________________________________________

(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
7. (+) Ella ventilaría la vía aérea ______________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
8. (+) Nosotros probaríamos la vacuna ________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
9. (?) ¿Veríamos al doctor mañana? __________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
10. (-) Nosotros no etiquetaríamos las muestras ________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
 19

EJERCICIO N° 11: FUTURO BRITANICO (I / we + SHALL + verbo en forma simple)

Traduzca al español:

1. (+) We shall follow the treatment ___________________________________________

(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
2. (+) I shall breathe deeply _________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
3. (-) We shall not lower the dosage ___________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
4. (?) Shall we need more reagent? ___________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
5. (-) We shall not heat the samples ___________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________

EJERCICIO N° 12. SHOULD= DEBERÍA (sujeto + SHOULD +verbo en forma simple)

Traduzca al español:

1. (+) The patient should follow the treatment __________________________________

(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
2. (-) We should not overheat the samples _____________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
3. (+) The hospital should provide the drugs ___________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
4. (?) Should the patient see the doctor tomorrow?
_____________________________________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
5. (+) The nurse should take the samples to the laboratory
_____________________________________________________________________
(-) _____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
 20

Traduzca al inglés:

6. (+) Los estudiantes deberían leer el artÍculo

_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
7. (+) La enfermera debería dar el medicamento temprano
_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
8. (?) ¿Debería el médico involucrar a la familia?
______________________________________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________

9. (-) El Dr. Johnson no debería mostrar los resultados ahora

_____________________________________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
10 (+) Ella debería agrupar las muestras ______________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________

EJERCICIO N° 13: CAN= PODER (sujeto + CAN + verbo en forma simple)

Traduzca al español:

1. (+) The patient can walk _________________________________________________

(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
2. (+) The physician can fulfill the expectations ________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(¿)_____________________________________________________________________
3. (+) The patient can take the drugs __________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
4. (?) Can the patient delay the treatment? _____________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
5. (?) Can the nurse feed the patient? _________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(-)_____________________________________________________________________
 21

Traduzca al inglés:

6. (+) El paciente puede leer sin problema _____________________________________

(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
7. (-) Él no puede dormir bien _______________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________
8. (?) ¿Puede el cirujano extirpar el tumor? _____________________________________
(+) _____________________________________________________________________
(-) _____________________________________________________________________
9. (-) Tú puedes conducir la cirugía __________________________________________
(+)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________

10. (+) Ella puede hablar ahora ______________________________________________

(-)_____________________________________________________________________
(?)_____________________________________________________________________

EJERCICIO NO. 14 COULD= PUDE, PODíA, PODRíA. (Sujeto + COULD + Verbo en

forma simple)

Traduzca al español:

1. (+) I could take another test. ___________________________________________

(-) ________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
2. (-) She could not go to the hospital yesterday ______________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
3. (?) Could the doctor enroll another patient?________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
4. (+) We could advocate other treatments
________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
5. (?) Could we store more vaccines?
________________________________________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
 22

Traduzca al inglés

6.(+) El paciente podría disminuir el riesgo. _____________________________

(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
7.(+) El paciente pudo ir al hospital
________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________

8.(+) Él podía respirar profundamente ______________________________________

(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________

9.(?) ¿Podría el cirujano internar a otro paciente?

________________________________________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
10.(+) El médico pudo extirpar el tumor _____________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________

EJERCICIO No. 15: MAY = PUEDO (sujeto + MAY+ Verbo en forma simple)

1. (+) We may have some problems during the surgery

________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
2. (+) Cancer may be the main cause of his death
________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
3. (?) May the physician help me now?
________________________________________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
4. (+) The patient may need help immediately
________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
 23

5. (+) They may die without treatment

________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
Traduzca al inglés:

6 .(+) El paciente puede morir durante la cirugía

________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
7.(+) Éllo puede ser un tumor benigno
________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
8.(?) ¿Puede el médico morir también?
________________________________________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
9.(+) El paciente puede vivir sin consecuencias
________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
10.(+) El paciente puede saber la verdad
________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________

Ejercicio No. 16 = Podría (Sujeto+ MIGHT +Verbo en forma simple)

Traduzca al español:

1. (+) She might have consequences after surgery

________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
2. (-) You might not remove the tumor
________________________________________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
3. (-) The patient might not be aware until tomorrow
________________________________________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
 24

4. (?) Might we store the vaccines?

________________________________________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
5. (+) She might remain in the hospital
________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
Traduzca al inglés:

6. (+) El doctor podría recomendar otro tratamiento

________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
7. (-) La enfermera podría no dar la dosis correcta
________________________________________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
8. (?) ¿Podría el paciente retrasar el tratamiento?
________________________________________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
9. (+) El médico podría dar otras alternativas
________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
10. (+) El laboratorio podría proporcionar más vacunas
______________________________________________________________________
(-)______________________________________________________________________
(?)______________________________________________________________________

EJERCICIO No.17: MUST = DEBER. (sujeto+ MUST +Verbo en forma simple)

Traduzca al español:

1. (+) They must measure the size of the node.

________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
2. (+) She must interview the patient again
________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
 25

3. (-) He must not give the results now

________________________________________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
4. (?) Must we take another blood sample?
________________________________________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
5. (-) The relatives must not remain in the same room
_______________________________________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________

Traduzca al inglés:

6. (+) Yo debo analizar el perfil de los pacientes

________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
7. (+) Nosotros debemos considerar a los familiares
________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(?)________________________________________________________________
8. (?) ¿Debe el médico extirpar el tumor?
________________________________________________________________
(+)________________________________________________________________
(-)________________________________________________________________
(+) La enfermera debe dar el medicamento al paciente diariamente
_______________________________________________________________________
(-)_______________________________________________________________________
(?)______________________________________________________________________
(+) El paciente debe decir la verdad
(-)_______________________________________________________________________
(?)______________________________________________________________________
 26

RESÚMEN DE GRAMÁTICA

1. Presente del Verbo TO BE (am / is / are)

We are in the emergency room. = Estamos en la sala de emergencias

2. Presente Progresivo/ Continuo

Sujeto + am / is / are + verbo en gerundio (_ando, -iendo)
She is evaluating the patient = Ella está evaluando al paciente

3. Pasado del Verbo TO BE (was/were).

We were in the emergency room. =Estuvimos/estábamos en la sala de
emergencias

4. Pasado Progresivo/ Continuo.

Sujeto + am / is / are + verbo en gerundio (_ando, -iendo)
She was evaluating the patient = Ella estaba evaluando al paciente

5. Presente Simple. (Para formas negativa e interrogativa: DO=I, you, we, you,
they /DOES = he, she it)
She shows the results. (Ella muestra los resultados) They show the results.
(Ellos…)
She does not show the results. They do not show the results
Does she show the results? Do they show the results?

6. Pasado simple(Para todas las personas en negativo e interrogativo: DID)

En los verbos regulares: terminación _ED
She recorded the data = Ella registró la información
She did not record the data
Did she record the data?

7. Presente Perfecto. (sujeto+ have/has + verbo en participio pasado)

They have tested that vaccine She has written the results
(Ellos han probado la vacuna) (Ella ha escrito los resultados)

8. Pasado Perfecto. (sujeto + had + verbo en participio pasado)

They had tested the vaccine. She had written the results
(Ellos habían probado la vacuna) (Ella había escrito los resultados)
 27

VERBOS MODALES:

1.- Futuro Simple: (WILL) = _é, _ás, _á, _emos, _án

I will evaluate the patient = Yo evaluaré al paciente

2.- Condicional: (WOULD) = _ía, _ías, _ía, _íamos, _ían

I would evaluate the patient = yo evaluaría al paciente

3.- Futuro Británico: (SHALL) = _é, _emos

I shall evaluate the patient = Yo evaluaré al paciente

4.- SHOULD (DEBERÍA) (RECOMENDACION)

I should evaluate the patient = Yo debería evaluar al paciente

5.- CAN (PUEDO) (habilidad)

I can evaluate the patient = Yo puedo evaluar al paciente

6.- COULD (PUDE, PODÍA, PODRÍA)

I could evaluate the patient = Yo pude / podía / podría evaluar al paciente

7.- MAY (PUEDO) (probabilidad)

I may die next year = Yo puedo morir el próximo año

8.- MIGHT (PODRÍA) (probabilidad)

I might die next year = Yo podría morir el próximo año

9.- MUST (DEBO) (obligación)

I must evaluate the patient = Yo debo evaluar al paciente

10.- OUGHT TO (DEBIERA) (SUGERENCIA)

I ought to evaluate the patient = Yo debiera evaluar al paciente

 28

EJERCICIO #31 ACTIVE VOICE

1-10 21-30

It is developing ____________________They were blocking________________

They are developing ______________________They are scanning ________________
They were controlling _____________________It is spreading ___________________
It was developing _____________________They absorbed____________________
he was insulating _____________________It applies to ______________________
It was controlling _____________________They heated______________________
We are viewing _____________________she has had______________________
They are causing ________________________It was spreading __________________
It is causing ___________________________He is breathing noisily _____________
We were labeling ________________________They have overlapped _____________
They are measuring _______________________

11-20 31-40

We are fasting __________________They were bleeding __________________

She was controlling __________________They are recording __________________
They were causing __________________We are analyzing ____________________
They had developed __________________We had sampled ____________________
We had controlled _________________ _We have determined _________________
She was polishing __________________It influenced ____________________
he is mixing ______________________They were observing _________________
It is growing ______________________It Is advancing ____________________
They developed ____________________They have confused __________________
It caused ________________________They have applied ___________________

41-50

They stored ______________________

They are inducing ____________________
She was fixing ______________________
It records _________________________
We have known _____________________
It had blocked ______________________
We were testing _____________________
They are withdrawing _________________
It is overheating _____________________
They have established ________________
 29

51-60

We had seen _____________________ They must not overlap_________________

It was blocking _____________________ They did not understand _______________
We should develop ___________________ 81-90

It would develop _____________________They are not scanning ________________

They might withdraw __________________They have not set____________________

We should match _____________________They had not fixed____________________

They ought to copy ___________________It might influence_____________________

They should screen __________________ We have analyzed____________________

61-70 It will inhibit_________________________

They could detect ____________________We have observed___________________

It would insulate _____________________ 91-100

They should control __________________ We must distinguish__________________

They will not spread __________________ They might live _______________________

They were not developing _____________ It has caused ______________________

We might control ____________________ They have achieved __________________

It might bind to ______________________ They will tolerate ____________________

It might not block ____________________ We would suggest ___________________

They had not fasted __________________ It delays ___________________________

They should not overheat______________ We should base ____________________

71-80 It dropped __________________________

It does not develop ___________________They should not use __________________

They did not scatter __________________
It will not deflect _____________________
They were not fasting _________________
She did not analyze __________________
We could not determine _______________
We can not distinguish ________________
They did not expose _________________
 30

101-110 We should have stood _____________

They should inform ________________ We have bought __________________
They must administer ___________________ 131-140
It may decrease __________________ He scans ____________________
They will discuss ____________________ It controls ____________________
They should remove ____________________ It causes ____________________
It ranges from…to … ___________________ He has labeled ___________________
We shall confirm ____________________ It had casued ____________________
They ranged from - ____________________ It deflects ____________________
They must not inhale ____________________ They melted ____________________
We can establish ____________________ It connects ____________________

110-120 141-150
We must air ____________________ They connect ____________________
It migth reinforce ____________________ It spreads ____________________
They underwent ____________________ It blocks ____________________
They had frozen ____________________ They had labeled _________________
It had fallen ____________________ He had fasted ___________________
They gave ____________________ He knows ____________________
We have known ____________________ We know ____________________
It was spreading ____________________ It binds to ____________________
It was taking ____________________ We controlled ____________________
We have seen ____________________ We screened ____________________

121-130 151-160

They had understood ____________________ We test ____________________

They have grown ____________________ It floats ____________________

They have said ____________________ They floats ____________________

It should have bound to __________________ We recorded ___________________

We will have found ____________________ It varied ____________________

They should have given ___________________ We blocked ____________________

We shall have shown ____________________ We tested ____________________

They had undergone ____________________ It lowers ____________________

 31

It determines ____________________ It will control ____________________

He scanned ____________________ We will know ____________________

It could deflect___________________

It would take ___________________

161-170 It can block ____________________
It involves ____________________
They involve ____________________ 191-200
She analyzes ____________________ It would melt ____________________
It had varied ____________________ It must block ____________________
He is taking ____________________ It might control___________________
We have found ____________________ We shall trace ___________________
It influences ____________________ it might not control_________________
It inhibits ____________________ He must express ________________
It is clearing ____________________ We would confuse_________________
They had found ____________________ It might not clear _________________
It will not float _________________
171-180

It exposed ____________________ 201-210

It absorbs ____________________ It si not causing ____________________

They absorb ____________________ It did not store causing ________________

It treats of ____________________ It does not block ____________________

It had deflected __________________ It can not absorb ____________________

It has lowered ____________________ It does not influence __________________

It stores ____________________ We can not know ____________________

They store ____________________ They cannot test _____________________

We have traced _________________ They should not limit _________________

He is coping ____________________ It would not insulate ___________________

We could not decode __________________

181-190

It suggest ____________________ 211-220

We suggest ____________________ It was not growing ___________________

 32

It may connect ____________________ It has not applied ___________________

It will block ____________________ It has not melted ____________________

they will develop __________________ It should lower ____________________

It must link ____________________ They will lower ____________________

They provided ____________________ We had obtained ____________________

They adjusted ____________________ It might involve ____________________

They accepted ____________________ They should follow ___________________

241-250 221-230

It will release____________________ It will alter ____________________

It would poison __________________ it will expose ____________________

It fall suddenly__________________ He will measure ____________________

She went ____________________ They would achieve _________________

It rose ____________________

They have shown_________________

It arose ____________________

He said ____________________

They found ____________________

They met ____________________

 33

Ejercicio # 2 PASSIVE VOICE

1-30 31-60

It should be fixed ___________________ It would have caused _________________

They must be measured_______________ It has been copied ___________________
It was bound to ______________________They were matched __________________
They were considered ________________ It will be absorbed ___________________
It will be tested ______________________ It had been observed _________________
It was reduced ______________________ It is expressed as ____________________
It might be blocked ___________________They might be altered _________________
It will be applied _____________________ It could be exposed __________________
It is connected to ____________________ They should be aired _________________
They are exposed ___________________ It was observed _____________________
It has been found ____________________ It will be lowered ____________________
It should be fixed_____________________It was grown from ____________________
It had been achieved _________________ It is coupled with ____________________
It will be blocked _____________________It will be confirmed ___________________
They should be aired _________________ They will be released _________________
It might be caused by _________________It might be involved __________________
It was administered __________________ It has been accepted _________________
It should be controlled ________________ It must be removed ___________________
It is not caused by ___________________ They were overloaded ________________
They will be increased ________________ It will be discussed ___________________
It has been provided _________________ It had been lowered __________________
It must be scanned ___________________They will be considered _______________
It might be inhibited __________________ It may be overheated _________________
It is linked with ______________________ It should be recorded _________________
It might be reinforced _________________ It was induced by ____________________
It has not been tested ________________ It will be tolerated ____________________
He might have been labeled ___________ It will be set ________________________
It will be compared with _______________ It is viewed as _______________________
They might be deflected _______________It is caused by ______________________
 34

61-92

It was withdrawn ________________________________________

They should have labeled ________________________________________
They are confused ________________________________________
It will be obtained from ________________________________________
They should be analyzed ________________________________________
They were not screened ________________________________________
It must be insulated ________________________________________
They will have been developed_______________________________________
They should not be used ________________________________________
They have been established ________________________________________
They should be followed ________________________________________
It has been compared with ________________________________________
It has not been expressed ________________________________________
It should have been labeled ________________________________________
They may have been overlapped_____________________________________
They may have been applied________________________________________
They were posioned with ________________________________________
It ought to be considered ________________________________________
They will have been trained ________________________________________
It should not be advocated ________________________________________
They were interconnected ________________________________________
It might have been caused by________________________________________
It must have been connected________________________________________
They had not been controlled________________________________________
It should not be blocked ________________________________________
They could have been detected __________________________________
It would have been overheated __________________________________
It should be distinguished from __________________________________
It could have been expressed __________________________________
They may not be interconnected_____________________________________
 35

EJERCICIO # 3 ADJECTIVE + NOUN

Peripheral vasodilator____________________Vascular receptors___________________

Widespread infection ____________________Cardiac workload ____________________

Indwelling cannulas ____________________Demographic data____________________

Concomitant diseases____________________Causative factors ____________________

Meaningful alterations____________________Divergent results ____________________

Borderline significance____________________Minimum rate ____________________

Significant difference ____________________Sudden death ____________________

Avaliable knowledge ____________________Early detection ____________________

Eligible population ____________________Main outcomes ____________________

Endocardial infection ____________________Elderly patients ____________________

Bacterial proliferation ____________________Available reagent ____________________

Excitatory wavelenght____________________Initial severity ____________________

Intravenous injection ____________________Direct relaxation ____________________

Presymptomatic stages__________________Adverse events ____________________

 36

EJERCICIO # 4 NOUN + NOUN

Laboratory animals ____________________Target organs ____________________

Drug concentration ____________________Body weight ____________________

Validation procedure ____________________Time periods ____________________

Consumption values ____________________Excretion data ____________________

Flow measurements ____________________Sample size ____________________

Outlet obstruction ____________________Response data ____________________

Plasma concentrations____________________Blood samples ____________________

Sleep disturbance ____________________Urine samples ____________________

Multicenter trials ____________________Growth hormone ____________________

Follow-up methods ____________________Weight loss ____________________

Platelet inhibitors ____________________Risk factors ____________________

Treatment centers ____________________Cohort study ____________________

Disease progression ____________________Brain tissue ____________________

Growth impairment ____________________Laboratory tests ____________________

Confidence limits ____________________Control data ____________________

Blood pressure ____________________Average age ____________________

Baseline characteristics____________________Lung fluid ____________________

 37

EJERCICIO # 5 MULTIPLE ADJECTIVE

ADJEC. + ADJEC. + ADJEC. + NOUN

ADJEC. + ADJEC. + NOUN + NOUN

1) Overall clinical evaluation ________________________________________

2) Cardiac contractile patterns ________________________________________
3) Peripheral vascular diseases________________________________________
4) Body mass index ________________________________________
5) Data collection methods ________________________________________
6) Study quality markers________________________________________
7) Alpha adrenergic vascular receptors__________________________________
8) Direct smooth muscle relaxation_____________________________________
9) Preliminary metabolic identification studies_____________________________
10) Food consumption values ________________________________________
11) Maximum drug concentration________________________________________
12) Target organ studies ________________________________________
13) Acute oral administration ________________________________________
14) Indwelling bile cannulas ________________________________________
15) Individual summary data sheets______________________________________
16) Low potassium glass vials ________________________________________
17) Rat gastrointestinal tract ________________________________________
18) Meaningful clinical alterations________________________________________
19) Blood flow measurement ________________________________________
20) Serotonin reuptake inhibitor ________________________________________
21) Functional outlet obstruction ________________________________________
22) Overall response rate ________________________________________
23) Peak plasma concentrations ________________________________________
24) Clinical, chemical, hematological and urinary determinations_______________
25) Potent, orally active peripherical vasodilator____________________________
26) A low-molecualr-weight protease inhibitor______________________________
 38

EJERCICIO # 6

There + To be = Existe / hay

1. There is a blood sample on the table_____________________________________

2. There were some confusing results______________________________________

3. There should be another alternative_____________________________________

4. There will be more available vaccines____________________________________

5. There would be more patients__________________________________________

6. There are different options____________________________________________

7. There was only one solution ___________________________________________

8. There have been enough vaccines______________________________________

9. There had been more infected patients___________________________________

10. There may be another consequence_____________________________________

11. There should be more available reagents_________________________________

12. There must be a single-dose vaccine____________________________________

13. There would be more trained physicians__________________________________

14. There might be other swollen nodes_____________________________________

15. There has been a problema with the new dosage___________________________

 39

EJERCICIO # 7 ADJECTIVE + -ING

Gross pathological findings ___________________Key findings____________________

Isometric tension recording ___________________Curve tracing___________________

Postmortem HIV screening ___________________Drug testing____________________

General body trembling ___________________Direct viewing__________________

General testing ____________________8h fasting ____________________

Industrial poisoning ____________________Noise reducing_________________

Electron scattering ____________________Virus spreading________________

High-ratio pulsing ____________________Gastric emptying_______________

 40

EJERCICIO # 8 ING + NOUN

Surprising results ____________________Blocking device ____________________

Confusing results ____________________Limiting factors ____________________
Training project ____________________Reducing agent ____________________
Copying machine ____________________Inhibiting doses ____________________
Absorbing surface ____________________Insulating tape ____________________
Amplifying lens ____________________Bleeding ulcer ____________________
Deflecting action ____________________Melting point ____________________
Adjusting screw ____________________Binding sites ____________________
Depressing outlook ____________________Fixing acids ____________________
Remaining patients ____________________Airing hole ____________________
Signal transducing system ________________________________________
AIDS-defining diseases ________________________________________
Temporary clearing sites ________________________________________
Error-detecting system ________________________________________
Sitting diastolic blood pressure ________________________________________
Standing systolic blood pressure _______________________________________
Sitting heart rate ________________________________________
Resulting metabolite ________________________________________
Living organisms ________________________________________
Neutralizing agents ________________________________________
Controlling systems ________________________________________
Overlapping phases ________________________________________
Integrating constant ________________________________________
Interconnecting circuit ________________________________________
Participating personel ________________________________________
Monitoring techniques ________________________________________
Obstructing thrombi ________________________________________
Controlling member ________________________________________
 41

EJERCICIO # 9 VERB –ING = que + verb

1) The phenomena ocurring in all living things

__________________________________________________________________

2) Dixon estimated the gases in the blood entering and leaving the coronary vessels

of a cat

__________________________________________________________________

3) Those reporting any malignancy were...

__________________________________________________________________

4) The evidence indicating increased sodium is…

__________________________________________________________________

5) The doses inhibiting the therapeutic effects were…

__________________________________________________________________

6) Factors limiting the therapeutic effects were…

__________________________________________________________________

7) Drug concentrations resulting from dosage forms may be…

__________________________________________________________________

8) Various biotransformations involving Phase-I and Phase-II reactions…

__________________________________________________________________
 42

EJERCICIO # 10 PREPOSITION + -ING

1) There are no satisfactory procedures FOR determining…

__________________________________________________________________

2) The heart’s work consists IN discharging blood against pressure and IN imparting

velocity to it.

__________________________________________________________________

3) IN making such study…

__________________________________________________________________

4) Difficulty IN fixing the actual date…

__________________________________________________________________

5) The risk OF developing leukemia…

__________________________________________________________________

6) The utility IN treating the patients’ disease…

__________________________________________________________________

7) A good opportunity FOR correlating…

__________________________________________________________________

8) It is helpful IN deciding…

__________________________________________________________________

9) It is useful FOR understanding the effects of…

__________________________________________________________________
 43

EJERCICIO # 11 -ED + NOUN

Controlled studies ____________________Altered blood flow ____________________

Limited supply ____________________Known pattern ____________________

Advanced age ____________________Impaired kidney ____________________

Delayed effects ____________________Undesired effects ____________________

Limited factors ____________________Written report_______________________

Marked dizziness ____________________Observed excretion data_______________

Excreted drugs ____________________Dually labeled particles _______________

Activated charcoal ____________________Non-drug related reasons ____________

Computed tomography scan ________________________________________

Serotonin-induced contractions ________________________________________

Written informed consent ________________________________________

The highest permitted dosage ________________________________________

SE APLICA EL CUARTO EXÁMEN

 44

Primer Repaso:

1. She is fasting weekly ________________________________________

2. She has found the results ________________________________________

3. It had raised yesterday _______________________________________

4. It is spreading in the hospital _____________________________________

5. They will write the rates on the labels____________________________________

6. We would take the blood samples_______________________________________

7. They were growing different bacteria_____________________________________

8. We do not believe in the double-blind trial_________________________________

9. It did not scatter in one week _____________________________________

10. Do we test it again? ______________________________________________

11. She is undergoing a new test ________________________________________

12. They melted the last week ________________________________________

13. She does not believe in the current rates__________________________________

14. We had a sudden problema ___________________________________________

15. We were coupling the values yesterday___________________________________

16. He measured the blood pressure________________________________________

17. I had followed the long term-term trial____________________________________

18. He was dizzy for three hours ___________________________________________

19. They did not give the drug yesterday____________________________________

20. She has not remembered the actual date_________________________________

 45

Segundo Repaso:

1. They should heat the samples twice_____________________________________

2. We ought to do it now ___________________________________________

3. They must do the triall this year_________________________________________

4. We ought to summarize the results______________________________________

5. We should label the samples___________________________________________

6. They must interview the patients before the surgery_________________________

7. I shall need another sample ___________________________________________

8. She could see another doctor tomorrow__________________________________

9. You can provide the drug weekly________________________________________

10. They may range daily_________________________________________________

11. She could delay her surgery ___________________________________________

12. We should consider the dates__________________________________________

13. He can not feed by himself ___________________________________________

14. He might die without treatment _________________________________________

15. We shall enroll more patients __________________________________________

16. We must help her___________________________________________________

17. They might not help me ___________________________________________

18. We could remove the tumor last year____________________________________

19. He ought to interview the patient tomorrow morning_________________________

20. We must study for the exam __________________________________________

 46

Repaso Final:

VOZ PASIVA

It should be fixed____________________It would have caused ____________________

It is connected to____________________They should be aired ____________________
It had been achieved ________________It is coupled with ____________________
It might be inhibited__________________It may be overheated ____________________
It will be compared with_______________It is view as ____________________

ADJETIVO+SUSTANTIVO

Concomitant diseases____________________ Causative factors_________________

Endocardial infection ____________________
Presymptomatic stages____________________
Consumption values______________________
Plasma concentrations____________________
Platelet inhibitors ____________________
Elderly patients___________________
Side effects______________________
Excretion data____________________
Blood samples___________________
Risk factors______________________

ADJETIVOS MÚLTIPLES

Maximum drug concentration ________________________________________

Rat gastrointestinal tract
Blood enzyme data
Computed tomography scan
A low-weight protease inhibitor
Broad physiologic effects
Dually labeled particles
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

SUSTANTIVAR VERBOS

Isometric tensión recording________________Curve tracing___________________

Industrial poisoning ____________________Noise reducing ____________________

ADJETIVOS ACTIVOS

Surprising results ____________________Blocking device ____________________

Absorbing surface ____________________Insulating tape ____________________

 47

THERE + TO BE

There has been a problem ________________________________________

There will be a new drug ________________________________________
There would be a new vaccine ________________________________________
There should be a new option ________________________________________
There might be another alternative ________________________________________
GERUNDIO = QUE

The doses inhibiting the therapeutic effects were…

________________________________________________________________________
Drug concentrations resulting from dosages
________________________________________________________________________
PREPOSICIÓN + GERUNDIO = PREPOSICION + INFINITIVO

There are no satisfactory procedures FOR determinating

________________________________________________________________________

The heart’s work consist IN discharging blood against presure and IN imparting velocity to it.

________________________________________________________________________

IN making such study…

________________________________________________________________________

The risk OF developing leukemia…

________________________________________________________________________

ADJETIVO PASIVO

Computed tomography scan __________________________________________

Serotonin-induced contractions ________________________________________

The highest permitted dosage ________________________________________

El presente material ha sido desarrollado por y para uso exclusivo de IMIPAS, A.C.
Queda prohibida la reproducción parcial o total, así como cualquier forma de edición del contenido sin autorización previa por los
autores
 48

SEGUNDO MÓDULO

FUNDAMENTOS GRAMATICALES II

Objetivo general: el estudiante continuará el estudio del vocablo relacionado a la terminología

médica, incluirá preposiciones y conjunciones en inglés; así mismo aprenderá la metodología para
la traducción al español de textos en inglés; iniciará la traducción de artículos y aprenderá la
manera de traducir la voz pasiva impersonal:

Contenidos de aprendizaje:

- Aprendizaje de vocabulario.
- Preposiciones y conjunciones en inglés.
- Metodología para la traducción.
- Traducción oral de textos.
- Voz pasiva impersonal.

Objetivos Específicos:

Al terminar el presente módulo el alumno será capaz de:

- Continuar con el proceso de memorización de vocabulario considerando al alumno en el

desarrollo de la disciplina para el estudio de las palabras, para tal efecto se solicita al
alumno el estudio del nuevo vocabulario fuera del tiemplo de clase.
- Reconocer perfectamente las preposiciones y conjunciones, mismas que les ayudarán a
fraccionar los textos para su traducción.
- Reconocer las partes de una oración así como las estructuras gramaticales tomándose
como instrumento para el ejercicio de la metodología para la traducción de textos.
- Leer textos en voz alta y corregir errores de lectura
- traducir textos reconociendo y utilizando la voz pasiva.
- Abordará la traducción escrita a través de artículos traducidos individualmente.

EVALUACION: La evaluación de este módulo requiere la aplicación de exámenes objetivos

que abarcaran las preposiciones y conjunciones así como el vocabulario contenido para
este módulo. Los exámenes incluyen párrafos en inglés para su traducción así como
algunas oraciones con la voz pasiva impersonal. El alumno debe presentar por escrito la
traducción completa de dos artículos leídos durante el curso del módulo. El promedio
mínimo a aprobar es de 80.
 49

PREPOSITIONS

hardly apenas
about acerca de, cerca de how como
above por arriba de, encima de how + adj. que tan + adj.
above all sobre todo in en
across a través de instead en cambio
against contra, en contra de into en, dentro de
ahead delante de lately últimamente
alike parecido like como, tipo
altogether en conjunto, en total maybe tal vez , quizás
along with junto con near cerca de
among entre (varios) no longer ya no
anyhow de cualquier manera of de
any longer ya no on en, sobre
anyway de cualquier manera once in a while de vez en cunado
apart aparte on the other hand por otro lado
as a medida que, como onto sobre
aside a un lado out fuera de
as many as tantos…como over mayor de, sobre, durante
as much as tanto… como so that por lo que, de modo que
as twice as much lo doble de through a través de
at a, en throughout por todo, en todo
at no time en ningún momento to a, hacia, para
at presente al momento to some extent hasta cierto punto
backward hacia atrás, al revés toward hacia
barely escasamente ultimately finalmente
beforehand de antemano under bajo, por debajo de
behind detrás de up hacia arriba
below por debajo de, más adelante upon en, sobre
beneath bajo, abajo, debajo whatsoever absolutamente
beside al lado de whenever cuando, siempre que
between entre (dos) with con
by por, mediante, junto a without sin
by no means de ninguna manera within dentro de, en
elsewhere en algún lado
except excepto
for por, para
from de, a partir de
further además, posterior
 50

CONJUNTIONS

after después de
although aunque
and y

because debido a
before antes de
but pero, sino

consequently consecuentemente
/por consiguinete
for para, por
furthermore además

however sin embargo

if si
indeed de hecho
in fact de hecho

moreover además

nevertheless sin embargo

nor ni

or o

since dado que, ya que, desde

so entonces, de tal manera que,
por lo tanto, a medida que
then entonces
therefore por lo tanto

unless a menos que

until hasta

when (ever) cuando

whereas mientras que
while mientras
 51

yet aun, todavía

SE APLICA PRIMER EXAMEN

DIA 1 DIA 2

VERBS VERBS

To mask enmascarar To cluster aglutinarse

To prompt acelerar, provocar To elicit obtener, provocar
To pool agrupar, aglutinar To encode codificar
To work trabajar / funcionar To avoid evitar
To lack carecer To hide ocultar
To detach separar (se), desprender (se) To share compartir
To appear aparecer, parecer To behave comportar (se)
To relieve aliviar To take up capturar
To threaten amenazar, poner en peligro To handle manejar
To rely (on) depender de, confiar To make up formar, conformar

NOUNS NOUNS

channel canal breath aliento, respiración

gate compuerta, paso breadth amplitud
kind clase width salud
insight visión, perspectiva strength fuerza
range rango amount cantidad
depth profundidad choice elección
length longitud duración gauge calibre
truth verdad degree grado
waste desecho fold doblez, pliegue

ADVERBS ADVERBS

always siempre very muy

usually usualmente rather mas que
often a menudo quite bastante
sometimes algunas veces fairly regularmente
seldom rara vez (pl.), pocas veces barely escasamente, apenas
never nunca almost casi
ever alguna vez, siempre, nunca (negativo) nearby casi
here aquí yet aun, todavía
there ahí, allí, alla even aun
 52

still todavía too también / demasiado

División de textos

The human brain contains millions of neurons, grouped in complex networks

communicating between one another by chemical substances called

neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters produce changes in the neuron

permeability generating electric differences wich may be recorded by

medical equipment such as encephalography. Whenever a group of neurons

move involuntarily giving rise to the phenomenon know as convulsive

seizure.

The human brain contains millions of neurons, grouped in complex networks

communicating between one another by chemical substances called

neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters produce changes in the neuron

permeability generating electric differences wich may be recorded by

medical equipment such as encephalography. Whenever a group of neurons

move involuntarily giving rise to the phenomenon know as convulsive seizur

 53

TRADUCCION DE TEXTOS

Para iniciar a los alumnos en la traducción precisa de textos, es necesario que primeramente se les
discipline a fraccionar los párrafos correctamente. Para este fin se consideran los siguientes
elementos:

A) PUNTUACIÓN. (comas, puntos, punto y coma)

B) VERBOS (no importa la manera en que este conjugando)
C) PREPOSICIONES Y OCNJUNCIONES (por ejemplo: a, hacia, pero, desde debido, etc.)

Para este fin el maestro utilizara un texto pequeño y con vocabulario no complejo y se pide a los
alumnos que lo fraccionen considerando los aspectos antes señalados.

A partir de estas divisiones, en su mayoría, siempre se inicia la traducción por el final. Existen
algunos casos en que se lee la primer palabra, como cuando se encuentra un artículo (un, una) o
números.

Una vez que se ha traducido esa fracción, se lee la palabra que ha servido como referencia y se
fracciona nuevamente, para reiniciar el proceso de manera sucesiva.

Es importante mencionar a los alumnos que al traducir al español deben agregar el articulo (el, la,
los, las), genero (masculino y femenino) y número (singular y plural) correspondientes a efecto de
que la traducción sea más coherente a nuestro idioma.

Ejemplo:

The human brain contains millions of neurons, grouped in complex networks

communicating between one another by chemical substances called neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters produce changes in the neuron permeability generating electric
differences which may be recorded by medical equipment such as encephalography.
Whenever a group of neurons move involuntarily giving rise to the phenomenon know as
convulsive seizure.
 54

DIA 3 DIA 4

VERBS VERBS

To convey conducir, transmitir To enlarge agrandar

To raise elevar, aumentar, dar origen a To enable permitir
To try tratar, intentar To heal sanar, cicatrizar
To term definir to highlight destacar
To attach adherirse, unir To await esperar
To bite morder, picar To arise surgir
To send enviar To overlook pasar por alto
To further provocar, fomentar To reject rechazar
To leak filtrar (se) To resemble parecerse, semejarse a
To disturb alterar To rule out eliminar, descartar
To elapse transurrir

NOUNS NOUNS
tip punta environtment medio ambiente
row hilera arrangement serie, configuración
edge borde movement movimiento
advantage ventaja performance desempeño, eficiencia
mesh malla withdrawal supresión, retiro
random azar coating recubrimiento
branch rama branching ramificación
spread propagación, transmisión ending terminación
meaning significado wrappling envoltura
spike espiga signaling señalización, señales

ADVERBS ADVERBS

so tan, así already ya

as… as tan… como then entonces, después
so… as tan… como indeed de hecho
more… than más… que because debido a que
the most… el más… why ¿por qué?
now ahora despite a pesar de
today hoy en día only solo, solamente
inward hacia adentro (adj. interno) also también
outward hacia afuera (adj. exterior) somehow de alguna manera
 55

downward hacia abajo (adj. descendente) next próximo, siguiente

alone solo
whereby mediante el cual

DIA 5 DIA6

VERBS VERBS

To coin acuñar To call llamar

To trigger disparar, desencadenar To support apoyar, sostener
To outline perfilar To swell inflamarse
To start iniciar To ascertain verificar, confirmar
To exert ejercer To impair lesionar, dañar, deteriorar
To blunt amortiguar, disminuir To surmount superar
To deserve merecer To seem parecer
To isolate aislar To furnish suministrar, proporcionar
To improve mejorar To enter entrar, registrarse
To regard considerar To accomplish lograr

NOUNS NOUNS

relief alivio array serie, configuración

belief creencia need necesidad
proof prueba approach método, enfoque
height talla, estatura, altura sheath vaina
injury lesión, traumatismo insult lesión
root raíz removal remoción, extracción
brain steem tallo cerebral shape forma
success éxito lack carencia, falta
pump bomba layer capa
behavior comportamiento level nivel

ADVERBS ADVERBS

again otra vez, nuevamente upwardhacia arriba (ascendente)

together junto forward hacia adelante (delantero)
hitherto hasta el momento backward hacia atrás (trasero, posterior)
nowadays hoy en día hereby por este medio
ago hace herein aquí
thereafter posteriormente, después thereby con ello
perhaps quizá elsewhere en otro lado
 56

but pero formerly anteriormente

beforehand de antemano tomorrow mañana
soon after poco después
SE APLICA EL SEGUNDO EXÁMEN

VOZ PASIVA “SE”

A) Cuando se considere conveniente, siempre y cuando no se cambie el significado de un

texto, a efecto de que la traducción tenga mayor similitud al idioma español, se puede
modificar la traducción de la voz pasiva fundamentalmente en los tiempos simples. En vez
de empezar con el verbo SER en el tiempo que corresponda y seguir con el verbo en
participio pasado, se inicia con la palabra “se”, enseguida del verbo de acuerdo al tiempo
de la estructura pasiva.

Ejemplos:
Seizures are produced by an excessive electric discharge.
They were considered as thee main sources of…
Some patients will be considered as…

B) Existen otros casos en los que es indispensable iniciar la traducción de las estructuras
pasiva con la palabra “Se”, seguida de la voz pasiva (considerando su tiempo), se agrega la
conjugación que, se menciona al sujeto y se continua con el verbo en infinitivo, que para
este caso ahora conjuga.

Ejemplos:

Vitamin A is know to combine with… Se sabe que la vitamina A se combina con…

A B C B A C

Heparin was foun to inhibit… Se encontró que la heparina inhibe…

A B C B A C

Estrogens have been found to affect… Se ha demostrado que los estrógenos afectan…

A B C B A C
 57

DIA 7 DIA 8

VERBS VERBS

To yield resultar To allow premitir

To urge exhortar, instar To branch ramificarse
To dampen amortiguar, disminuir To forecast predecir, indicar
To relapse reincidir, recaer To approach aproximarse
To concern preocuparse, interesar To perform realizar
To lie yacer, radicar To asume suponer, asumir
To display mostrar To carry llevar, transportar
To coat recubrir To thicken engrosarse
To arrange configurar To profile perfilar
To target tener como objetivo To ask preguntar, pedir

NOUNS NOUNS

clamp pinza outline perfil

tree árbol input entrada
likerlihood probabilidad intake ingesta
content contenido danger peligro
carrier portador top punto superior
ring anillo cloud nube
specimen muestra onset inicio
bulk volumen goal objetivo, meta
score escala, indicador childbearing edad fértil
picture cuadro loop asa, ciclo

ADJETIVES ADJETIVES

up-to-date actualizado, moderno encouraging alentador

night time nocturno surprising sorprendente
day time diurno underlying subyacente
bed-ridden encamado (paciente) unceasing incesamente
inborn congénito encumbering gravoso
up-dated actualizado sharp abrupto, pronunciado, filoso
overt evidente, franco unexplainable inexplicable
ripe maduro two fold dos veces, doble
 58

hazzardous riesgoso six fold seis veces, sextuple

stringent estricto hundred fold cien veces

DIA 9 DIA 10

VERBS VERBS

To sequester aislar, secuestrar To line revestir, forrar

To mix mezclar To fail fallar, no lograr + infinitivo
To depend on depender de To occur presentarse
To assess evaluar, valorar To change cambiar
To span extenderse , abarcar To play jugar
To deem considerar, juzgar To enhance aumentar
To aid auxiliar, ayudar To happen suceder
To rank clasificar To sign firmar
To herald anunciar, indicar To place colocar, situar
To offer ofrecer To impinge hacer contacto, invadir,
Incidir

NOUNS NOUNS

challenge reto half medio, mitad

cleft hendidura half-life media vida
feedback retroalimentación trend tendencia
set grupo safety seguridad
bloodstream torrente sanguíneo field campo
birth nacimiento strand hebra, filamento, fibra
odds probabilidades hazzard peligro,riesgo
aim meta, objetivo speed velocidad
dozen docena schedule programa, protocolo
sequestration secuestro bedtime hora de dormir
meal alimento, comida
purpose propósito, intención
adjetives smoking tabaquismo
remaining restante needle aguja
increasing creciente gauge calibre, medida
pending pendiente, colgado forecaster predictor
impending inminente mammalian mamifero
threatening amenazador clue calve, indicio
slender esbelto array serie, configuración
stepwise gradual, escalonado riddle enigma, misterio
mature maduro
prone propenso, posic. prona
brief breve
 59

DIA 11 DIA 12

VERBS VERBS

To portend indicar To forget olvidar

To harness aprovechar To remember rocordar
To try tratar, probar To underline subrayar, acentuar
To circumvent evitar, evadir To hallmark indicar (característica principal)
To spare conservar, no dañar To supervene sobrevenir
To counsel asesorar To suspect sospechar
To clot coagular (se) To exert ejercitar (el cuerpo), ejercer (infl.)
To outweigh superar, ser mejor que To maintain mantener
To age envejecer To shift desplazar, cambiar
To tend tender a
To hinder obstruir, obstaculizar

NOUNS NOUNS

source fuente packingo compresa

resource recurso rise aumento
derangement alteración, trastorno dye tinción, tinte, colorante
life span promedio de vida, periodo forerunner precursor
coworker colaborador seizure convulsión, crisis
jeopardy riesgo, peligro wall pared
glimpse vislumbre, mirada breve gasp (ing) disnea, jadeo
tool herramienta damage daño
time course curso temporal chamber cámara
reward gratificación remainder resto
score escala, indicador, registro shingles herpes
maturity madurez old age vejez
instance caso, ejemplo aging envejecimiento
scavenger capturador youth juventud
overview panorama, revisión global debris detritus
newborn recién nacido way modo, manera
trait rasgo, característica suspicion sospecha
underpinnings fundamento, base domain dominio
rickets raquitismo dozen docena
fashion modo, manera tiredness cansancio
 60

SE APLICA EL TERCER EXAMEN

DIA 13 DIA 14

ADJETIVES ADJETIVES

entire entero, completo higly muy, sumamente

scantly escaso readily fácilmente
trorough meticuloso wisely prudente, acertadamente
blind ciego weakly débilmente
gentle suave greatly enormemente
ready fácil, dispuesto a largely en gran parte, en su mayoría
valuable valioso clearly claramente, evidentemente
scarce escaso widely ampliamente
free libre broadly ampliamente
deaf sordo troroughly minuciosamente
large grande scarcely escasamente
fortunate afortunado likely probablemente
chief principal subsequently posteriormente
suitable aceptable steadily fijamente, con firmeza, sin parar
ultimate final ultimately finalmente
wise acertado, prudente safely de manera segura, con seguridad
chiefly principalmente
slightly ligeramente
suitably adecuadamente

PREFIXES: Non- (No)

Non__ (no)

Nonpathogenic no patogénico
Non-contagious no contagioso
Non-blocking no bloqueador
Non-chronic no crónico
Nonprofessional no profesional
Non-connective no conectivo/ no conjuntivo
 61

DIA 15 DIA 16
ill_ (mal)
PREFIXES
Ill-defined mal definido
Ill-being malestar
Un__ (des, in, im) ill-founded malfundado
Ill-conditioned mal condicionado
unknown desconocido
unlikely improbable well__ (bien)
unable incapaz
unbearable inaguantable well-known bien conocido
unconscicious inconsciente well-being bienestar
unattached independiente well-founded bien fundado
well-balanced bien balanceado

Mis__ (mal) __er (verb+er=el que hace la acción)

misapplied mal aplicado
misdated mal fechado carrier portador
misdiagnosed mal diagnosticado blocker bloqueador
misinterpreted malinterpretado marker marcador
misinformed malinformado user usuario
misreported mal reportado

Dis__ (dis, des) SUFFIX

to disable discapacitar __en (verbalizar adjetivos o sustantivos)
to disagree en desacuerdo *adjectives
to disappear desaparecer dark to darken obscurecer(se)
disability discapacidad deaf to deafen ensordecer
discharge descarga, depuración, egreso
disappereance desaparición wide to widen ensanchar
ripe to ripenmadurar
thick to thicken engrosar
under__ (sub) soft to soften suavizar
worse To worsen empeorar
underexposed subexpuesto
to underlie subyacer *nouns
to underline subrayar
underage menor de edad heigt to heigthen aumentar
underdeveloped subdesarrolado lenght to lengthen alargar, elongarse
undergrowth subdesarrollo, hipotrofia
strenght to strengthen fortalecer

El presente material ha sido desarrollado por y para uso exclusivo de IMIPAS, A.C.

Queda prohibida la reproducción parcial o total, así como cualquier forma de edición del contenido sin autorización
previa por los autores
 62

VERBOS REGULARES

INFINITIVO(PRESENTE) PASADO PARTICIPIO PASADO ESPAÑOL

to achieve achieved achieved lograr
to advocate advocated advocated recomendar,aconsejar
to air aired aired ventilar
to believe believed believed creer
to clear cleared cleared depurar, aclarar
to couple coupled coupled acoplar, asociar
to delay delayed delayed demorar, retrasar
to deliver delivered delivered dar a luz,aportar
to develop developed developed desarrollar
to drop dropped dropped disminuir(bruscamente)
to die died died morir
to empty emptied emptied vaciar
to enroll enrolled enrolled incluir, internar
to fast fasted fasted ayunar
to fill filled filled llenar
to fix fixed fixed fijar
to follow followed followed seguir
to help helped helped ayudar
to increase increased increased aumentar,incrementar
to insulate insulated insulated aislar
to label labeled labeled etiquetar
to link linked linked asociar,unir,enlazar
to live lived lived vivir
to load loaded loaded cargar
to lower lowered lowered disminuír
to match matched matched agrupar, coincidir
to measure measured measured medir
to need needed needed necesitar
to overlap overlapped overlapped traslapar
to provide provided provided proporcionar
to record recorded recorded registrar
to recruit recruited recruited reclutar, internar, incluir
to remain remained remained permanecer
to remove removed removed eliminar,extirpar
to sample sampled sampled muestrear
to scan scanned scanned analizar, buscar
to scatter scattered scattered dispersar
to screen screened screened analizar
to store stored stored almacenar
to test tested tested examinar, probar
to train trained trained entrenar, capacitar
to tremble trembled trembled temblar
to view viewed viewed visualizar
 63

VERBOS IRREGULARES

INFINITIVO (PRESENTE) PASADO PARTICIPIO PASADO ESPAÑOL

to be was/were been ser,estar
to bleed bled bled sangrar
to do did done hacer
to fall fell fallen disminuir
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to find found found encontrar,descubrir
to give gave given dar, suministrar
to go went gone ir
to grew grow grown cultivar,desarrollar
to have had had tener,haber(v.auxiliar)
to know knew known saber,conocer
to lead led led llevar,conducir
to make made made hacer
to rise rose risen aumentar,incrementar
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to seek sought sought buscar,solicitar
to set set set establecer,fijar
to show showed shown mostrar
to swell swelled swollen inflamarse
to take took taken tomar,llevar
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar,creer
to understand understood understood entender
to write wrote written escribir
to withdraw withdrew withdrawn suprimir,retirar,extraer

VERBOS REGULARES

to interview interviewed interviewed entrevistar

To base based based basar, fundamentar
To distinguish distinguished distinguished distinguir
To poison poisoned poisoned entrevistar
to release released released liberar
To summarize summarized summarized resumir
To supply supplied supplied suministrar
to threaten threatened threatened amenazar