Environmental

Models
Aimsun Next Microsimulation provides four Environmental Models, the Fuel Consumption Model, QUARTET Pollution Emission Model,
Panis et al Pollution Emission Model and the London Emissions Model. Each can be activated or deactivated using the scenario editor in
the Output/Details/Main tab folder (See next Figure).

Fuel Consumption and Instant emission options in the Dynamic Scenario editor

The following sections explain how these models work, describing their input requirements and the outputs generated.

NB: Units for Environmental Model functionality are metric.

Fuel Consumption Model

The Fuel Consumption Model assumes that each vehicle is either idling, or cruising at a constant speed, or accelerating or decelerating.
The state of each vehicle is determined and the model then uses the appropriate formula to calculate the fuel consumed for this state.

For idling and decelerating vehicles, the rate (in ml/s) can be assumed to be constant. For an accelerating vehicle, it is given by the
formula:

where c1 and c2 are constants and a and v are the vehicle acceleration and speed respectively.

The following fuel consumption equation for a cruising vehicle moving at speed v, has been determined by Akcelic 1982. It contains three
constants:k1, k2 and vm which need to be determined empirically for each vehicle type.

vm is the speed at which the fuel consumed per km is a minimum. Typically this is around 50 km/h.

The UK Department of Transport 1994 provides fuel consumption figures for all new cars. Amongst the figures given are the fuel
consumption in litres per 100 km, for vehicles travelling at speeds of 90 km/h and 120 km/h. These figures can be used to determine the
constants k1, k2 above. It is easy to show that if F1 and F2 are the fuel consumption rates in litres per 100 km/h for a vehicle travelling at a
constant speed of either v1, v2 respectively, then:

Then, for each time step in the simulation, the state of each vehicle will be determined as either idling, accelerating, or cruising or
decelerating. The fuel consumed during the simulation time step, t, will then be calculated for each vehicle according to its state using the
formulae given in next Table.
Vehicle State Fuel Consumed (ml) during t

Idling Fi Δ t

Accelerating with acceleration a(m/s/s) and speed v (m/s) *(c1 + c2av) Δ t

Cruising at speed v (m/s)

Decelerating Fd Δ t

where Fi and Fd are the fuel consumption rate in ml/s for idling and decelerating vehicles respectively and constants and need to be
calibrated.

Input Parameters
For each vehicle type, the following additional six parameters, which specify the vehicleÕs fuel consumption rates, have to be specified in
its editor:

Fi : the fuel consumption rate for idling vehicles in ml/s

c1 and c2 : the two constants in the equation for the fuel consumption rate for accelerating vehicles, , in ml/s
F1 : the fuel consumption rate, in litres per 100 km, for vehicles travelling at a constant speed of 90 km/h
F2 : the fuel consumption rate, in litres per 100 km, for vehicles travelling at a constant speed of 120 km/h
Vm : the speed at which the fuel consumption rate, in ml/s, is at a minimum for a vehicle cruising at constant speed
Fd : the fuel consumption rate for decelerating vehicles in ml/s.

Fuel Consumption values defined in the Vehicle Type editor

The following are example values of these input parameters, taken from Ferrerira 1982 and the UK Department of Transport 1994

The fuel consumption rate for idling vehicles in ml/s = 0.333, and in the equation for the fuel consumption rate for accelerating vehicles: =
0.420, = 0.260. The fuel consumption rate for decelerating vehicles in ml/s = 0.537. The fuel consumption rates for cruising vehicles for
three different cars are:
Vehicle Consumption Rates

Ford Fiesta: F1 = 4.7 (l/100km at 90 km/h)

F2 = 6.5 (l/100km at 120 km/h)

Vm = 50 km/h

Ford Escort: F1 = 5.4 (l/100km at 90 km/h)

F2 = 7.1 (l/100km at 120 km/h)

Vm = 50 km/h

Ferrari Testarossa F1 = 10.0 (l/100km at 90 km/h)

F2 = 11.4 (l/100km at 120 km/h)

Vm = 70 km/h

Output
Outputs produced by the Fuel Consumption model at the different levels of aggregation are as follows:

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 For the entire network, the total distance travelled (in km) by all the vehicles having finished their trip and the total fuel consumed
by all of them, in litres.
For each section and turn, the total km travelled by all the vehicles that have crossed that section and the total fuel consumed by
all of them, in litres.
For each route, the total distance travelled (in km) by all the vehicles that have followed that route and the total fuel consumed by
all of them, in litres.

QUARTET Pollution Emission Model

Aimsun Next can model the pollution emissions for all the vehicles in the simulation. As in the Fuel Consumption Model, the vehicle state
(idling, cruising, accelerating or decelerating) and the vehicle speed / acceleration is used to evaluate the emission from each vehicle for
each simulation step. This is done by referencing look-up tables for each pollutant, which give emissions (in g/s) for every relevant
combination of vehicle behaviour, speed / acceleration. There are different sets of look-up tables for each vehicle type and for each
pollutant.

At the moment, a maximum of three pollutants are considered, corresponding to the three most widely used pollutants (Carbon
Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides and unburned Hydrocarbons), but it is conceivable that additional pollutants might be modelled if data
becomes available.

Input Parameters
The input required for the QUARTET pollution emission model is as follows:

For each vehicle type (i.e. cars, buses, trucks)

For each pollutant modelled (i.e. CO, NOx, HC)

Name of the pollutant
Emission rate for accelerating vehicles in g/s (AER parameter in the editor)
Emission rate for decelerating vehicles in g/s (DER parameter in the editor)
Emission rate for idling vehicles in g/s (IER parameter in the editor)
A look-up table for vehicles cruising at a constant speed consisting of a set of pairs (speed break point (km/h),
emission rate (g/s), for a maximum of 15 break points.
A look-up table for the slope impact on the pollution consisting of a set of triples (speed break point (km/h),
Slope %, Impact). Depending on the vehicle speed and slope %, the pollution will be multiplied by the impact.

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 QUARTET pollution emission values defined in the Vehicle Type editor

Emission values for petrol cars and buses, taken from QUARTET deliverable 1992, are summarised in the following two tables:
Emission rates for cars (g/s) CO NOx HC

Idling emission rate (g/s) 0.060 0.0008 0.0067

Accelerating emission rate (g/s) 0.377 0.0100 0.0200

Decelerating emission rate (g/s) 0.072 0.0005 0.0067

Cruising emission rate (g/s)

10 km/h 0.060 0.0006 0.0063

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 Emission rates for cars (g/s) CO NOx HC

20 km/h 0.091 0.0006 0.0078

30 km/h 0.130 0.0017 0.0083

40 km/h 0.129 0.0022 0.0128

50 km/h 0.090 0.0042 0.0097

60 km/h 0.110 0.0050 0.0117

70 km/h 0.177 0.0058 0.0136

Emission rates for buses (g/s) CO NOx HC

Idling emission rate (g/s) 0.050 0.0050 0.0383

Accelerating emission rate (g/s) 0.377 0.0100 0.0200

Decelerating emission rate (g/s) 0.072 0.0005 0.0067

Cruising emission rate (g/s)

10 km/h 0.097 0.018 0.078

20 km/h 0.056 0.020 0.044

30 km/h 0.050 0.023 0.042

40 km/h 0.069 0.036 0.056

50 km/h 0.056 0.067 0.078

60 km/h 0.042 0.083 0.067

70 km/h 0.000 0.133 0.067

Output
Output produced by the pollution model at the different levels of aggregation is:

For the entire network, the total distance travelled (in km) by all the vehicles that have finished their trip, and the kilograms of
each pollutant emitted by them all.
For each section and turn, the total km travelled by all the vehicles that have crossed that section, and kilograms of each
pollutant emitted by them all.
For each route, the total distance travelled (in km) by all the vehicles that have followed that route, and kilograms of each
pollutant emitted by them all.

Panis et al Emission Model

Aimsun Next can model instantaneous pollution emissions caused by acceleration/deceleration and speed for all the vehicles in the
simulation based on the paper by Luc Int Panis, Steven Broekx, Ronghui Lui: Modelling instantaneous traffic emission and the influence
of traffic speed limits. Each simulation step it measures the emissions for each pollutant using the same formula, but considering different
factor values according to the vehicle type, the fuel type and instant acceleration/deceleration measures.

In particular, the instantaneous emission model considers Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOC) and Particulate Matter (PM).

Input Parameters
Each vehicle type involved in the simulation has to have the instantaneous emissions parameters defined. This can be done
using the vehicle type editor.

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 Panis et Al pollution emission values defined in the Vehicle Type editor

Note that the model assumes that Bus and HDV vehicles use Diesel. If the user sets a percentage in Petrol or LPG greater than 0, the
model will only calculate pollution values for Diesel vehicles.

Output
Once the simulation has been run, 8 time series will be added to the sections, nodes, turns and the replication, two for each kind of
pollutant (CO2, NOx, PM and VOC) in order to keep the values in g and in g/km. They can be accessed in the editor of the desired object,
in the time series folder.

If the store Statistics in Database is checked, the following tables will appear in the selected database: MISYSIEM, MISECTIEM,
MITURNIEM, MINODEIEM, MISTREAMIEM, MIPTIEM and MIODPAIRIEM. These are documented in the Database Outputs Section.

London Emission Model (LEM)

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The Aimsun microscopic, mesoscopic and hybrid simulators include the London Emission Model (LEM). which estimates the CO2 and the
NOx emissions for a vehicle using a calibrated emissions model developed in collaboration with Transport for London. The calibration
was carried out in 2017 using measurements taken in London.

The LEM was developed in response to observations that average speed models tended to under-predict emissions at low speeds and
that variability in vehicle activity meant that predictions based on average link speeds on short links or for short time periods had
significant uncertainty. External emissions models based on individual vehicle traces address these issues but are data intensive and
require microsimulation The approach taken by the LEM model is to derive the emissions for and individual vehicle using its average
speed in a set of micro trips that form its whole journey. A micro trip is defined as a segment of the trip where the speed rises from
stationary to > 5 km/h and back to stationary. This is illustrated below in a typical plot of speed vs time in an urban drive cycle.

LEM micro trips

The LEM then uses one of two polynomial relationships, derived by regression analysis, to fit an emission factor for CO2 and NOx

where y is the emission (grams/km) a,b,c,z,are derived constants and x is the average speed in the micro trip. The emissions per micro
trip are provided for micro, meso, and hybrid dynamic simulations.

Input Parameters
Each vehicle type involved in the simulation has a set of emissions parameters defined which determine the proportion of vehicles of a
particular fuel type and Euro class emissions. This is set in the [Vehicle Type Editor: Fleet Mix Tab]((VehicleTypeEditing.html#fleet_mix).

The model considers the following distribution of the parameters:

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 LEM Parameters I

Note the the taxi here is the ÒparticularÓ London Hackney Taxi (London Taxi Company) and that this category does not include "Private
Hire Vehicles" (PHVs) which will be defined as a generic "Car".

For LGV and HGV vehicle types, the model also considers other parameters. Both use the weight of the vehicle to determine emissions
and HGVs may be articulated vehicles. The distribution of these parameters are the following:

LGV:

LEM Parameters II

HGV:

LEM Parameters III

The model outputs are activated or deactivated in the environmental models section of the Scenario dialog Output/Outputs to Generate/
Statistics tab.

Output
Once the simulation has been run, two time series for CO2 and NOx will be added to the sections (g/km), links (g/h) and the replication (g/
km). These can be accessed in the time series tab of the editor of the selected object.

If the Store Statistics in Database option is checked, the three tables will appear in the selected database: SECTLEM, LINKLEM,
SYSLEM. These are documented in the Database Outputs Section.

Emissions Folder
The Emissions folder in the Project Window lists the current sets of fuel types and Euro standard emissions categories. These lists are
used by the London Emissions Model and are currently not editable but are provided for information and form the categories in the
Vehicle Type Fleet Mix editor.

Emissions Folder

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