Machine Learning - A High level overview

Machine Learning is automated learning through algorithms by machines or by computer systems. It'd
data analytics technique and is a subset of Artificial Intelligence. It is a methodology that makes
computer system or machine to learn from experience like how human beings do. In CRISP - DM the
Cross-Industry Standard Process framework for Data Mining the fourth stage is the Modeling stage. In
the Modeling stage Machine Learning Models are prepared.

And where the Machine Learning models are being used?

Machine learning is applied where there is need for computer system to learn and to interpret
without precoded programs. Machine Learning Models are used in Predictive analytics.

In day today life we are asking Apple’s Siri or Google Assistant in the mobile phone “Get me the route
to Central Library” and we have the route map displayed on the screen from the current location. The
mobile phone has recognized the voice and it responded. The process of recognizing voice is called as
Speech Recognition and the underlying technology is Machine Learning Model which predicts the
best route or routes. You are adding photos in your Facebook page and FB is asking whether you want
to tag a friend. This is possible as FB is running Face Recognition application which in turn supported
by Machine Learning algorithm that identifies friends in the photo.

The Machine Learning models based on the task they perform and the nature of the output are
classified as :

Supervised Machine Learning

 Supervised machine learning algorithms uncover insights, patterns, and relationships from a
labeled training dataset. Here the target or output is known. Supervised Machine Learning
is further categorized into :

 Regression : and it’s application

Regression predicts a numerical value based on previous observed data.

Application : Based on performances in previous matches sports analyst predict

the number of runs a batsman would take in next match. Simple Linear
Regression is the handy tool used by the analyst here.

 Classification : and it’s application

Classification predicts the category the data belongs to.

Application : Our email has Spam folder which has the set of mails that are
classified as SPAM and most of the time the classification is right. In case Spam
folder has non-spam mail wrongly classified spam, we are marking the mail is
non-spam and the Machine Learning Model in e-mail server learns from our
action. Next time when one such mail is received, right classification will be done
by the mail server.

Unsupervised Learning Method

In unsupervised learning, an AI system is presented with unlabeled, uncategorized data and the
system’s algorithms act on the data without prior training.

 Clustering : and it’s application

Clustering is a Machine Learning technique that involves the grouping of data

points.

Application : In marketing there is a need for finding groups of customers with

similar behavior given a large database of customer data containing their
properties and past buying records.

 Anomaly detection : and it’s application

Anomaly detection is the identification of rare items, events, mismatch in logic,

finding outliers in given dataset.

Application : In cyber security engineer has to identify the intrusion attempts and
exploits and anomaly detection algorithms helps the engineer in billions of
connection attempts.
  Neural Networks : and it’s application

Neural networks NN are designed inspired by the structure of the brain. NN is

designed to recognize patterns. Real world data like text, image, sound are
translated to numerical vectors and NN helps us to cluster and classify.

Application : In customer relationship management, to identify whether the

customer is angry or happy with the service, NN Models are being used.

 Association Rule Mining : and it’s application

Association rule mining used in finding interesting associations and relationships

among large sets of data items.

Application : Market-basket analysis attempt to analyze customer buying

patterns by uncovering associations between items that customers put into their
baskets.

 Latent variable models : and it’s application

Latent variables are hidden variables that is never observed. Latent variable
model (LVM) is a probability distribution over two sets of variables x,z

x variables are observed at learning time in a dataset D and z are never observed.

Application : In the field of economics study of quality of life, business confidence,

morale and happiness these are all variables which cannot be measured directly. But

linking these latent variables to other observable variables like wealth, employment,

environment, physical and mental health, education etc., helps in inferring the

values of the latent variables.

Note : What is what

Machine Learning :- Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides
systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without
being explicitly programmed.

Machine Learning Algorithms :- Machine Learning Algorithms are step-by-step computational procedures for solving a
problem.

Machine Learning Models :- Algorithmic models that tell you which outcome is likely to hold true for your target
variable based on your training data.
Regression

Linear Regression :

Simple Linear Regression

Multiple Linear Regression