ST JOHN’S UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA (SJUT)

DODOMA,TANZANIA.

FACULTY OF COMMERCE AND BUSINESS STUDIES

BACHELOR DEEGREE IN ACCOUNTANCY AND FINANCE

RESEACH PROPOSAL
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND ITS EFFECTS TO WOMEN
IN PERFORMING INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES IN
DODOMA MUNICIPALITY: A CASE OF CHANG’OMBE WARD

BY
KUYAN,SAMWEL L.

THE DESENTATION SHOULD BE SUBUMITED IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGREE IN
ACCOUNTANCY AND FINANCE

September, 2019

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 ABSTRACT

Domestic violence against women exists in every society, ranging from low income

countries to the highly developed ones. Many scholars have given a lot on how women

are facing different kind of violence including sexual violence, physical violence and

other types of violence but there has been missing information in the impacts of such

violence to women’s income generating activities. This study will be conducted in

Chang’ombe ward in Dodoma Municipality. To assess domestic violence is existing in

the area and its effects to women income generating activities. The sample size should be

85 including household heads of both male and female and officials in the ward. Both

primary and secondary types of data should be used in this study. The data which should

be collected should be processed, analyzed by using SPSS and the results presenting in

various forms including charts, tables, graphs and texts. Findings of the study showing

that verbal abuse (psychological violence), physical violence, threats of divorce

(psychological violence) and forced marriage are types of violence existing in the study

area, with all having impacts to women’s engagement in income generating activities.

Examples of the mentioned impacts included permanent disability, mental illness and

death. Various strategies should be taken to alleviate domestic violence including

conducting education programs, forming women groups and reporting cases to the

responsible bodies. The study bee recommends that policies and laws should be

strengthened so as to be active on dealing with the problem. Finally, the focus should be

on building their skills on expanding small business and creating conducive environment

for them to do business in the community.

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 DECLARATION
I, SAMWEL L KUYAN declare to the ST JOHN’S UNIVERSITY that the dissertation

entitled “Domestic Violence and its effects to Women Income Generating Activities a

Case of Chang’ombe Ward in Dodoma Municipality” is my own original work that is

going to be carried out by me under the guidance of Dr Kiangi.It has not been previously

submitted for the award of any academic qualification.

Signature ………………………………………. Date …………………………………….

Samwel L Kuyan.

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 COPYRIGHT
No part of this paper may be produced or transmitted in any form of and by any means
without permission of the writer or St John’s University. Legal measures will be
undertaken for whoever will dare to do so.

iv
 SUPERVISOR’S CERTICIFACTION PART.

It should be signed by my supervisor to certify that this dissertation titled “DOMESTIC

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND ITS EFFECTS ON IN PERFORMING
INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES’ is an independent research work carrying out
by Samwel L Kuyan student in St John’s University under my supervision and guidance.

……………………….

Dr Kiangi

Research Supervisor,

13 July, 2019, 16.00hrs

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to express my gratitude to Almighty God who, according to my
belief, will make me to perform all the tasks that Iam responsible to throughout the period
of three years for the purpose of getting my first degree. I do believe that God Almighty
will give me good knowledge, strength and health for the studies to be done
accordingly.All lecturers in SJUT are also not left apart because they are the ones making
me to be an educated person. They are a bit numbered, but Dr kiangi will represent them
all as he is my supervisor. Being my supervisor in this research work he is going to give
me guidance, encouragements, untiring contributions as well as criticism ideas and
patience throughout the research work. I feel privilege to have the opportunity of being
supervised by Dr Kiangi.

My deepest thanks are as ever, to my class members who have been close to me
throughout my life in SJUT. They give me much support as well as challenges that have
built me and I think will make me stronger in my whole life.

Finally my acknowledgement would not be completed without ensuring to the readers of

this dissertation that the mentioned people giving me enough support to the extent that
any mistake inaccuracies or tracts of poor report are entirely my own responsibilities.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................i
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................... iii
COPYRIGHT ..................................................................................................................................iv
vi
SUPERVISOR’S CERTICIFACTION ..........................................................................................v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..............................................................................................................vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ix
LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................................................x
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................xi
DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS ................................................................................................. xii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................14
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................14
1.1 Background Information of the Study ...................................................................................14
1.2 Statement of the Problem and Significance of the Study .....................................................15
1.3 Research Objectives .................................................................................................................16
1.4 Research Questions .................................................................................................................17
1.5 Scope of the Study ....................................................................................................................18
1.6 Conceptual Framework ...........................................................................................................18
CHAPTER TWO ...........................................................................................................................20
LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................20
2.1 Government Effort on elimination domestic violence against women ................................20
2.2 Violence in the Family .............................................................................................................20
2.3 Domestic violence .....................................................................................................................21
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................23
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...........................................................................................23
3.1 Selection of the Study Area .....................................................................................................23
3.2 Types and Sources of data .......................................................................................................23
3.3 Sampling Design .......................................................................................................................23
3.3.1 Sampling Frame ......................................................................................................................23

3.3.2 Sampling Unit .........................................................................................................................24

3.3.3 Sample Size.............................................................................................................................24

3.3.4 Sampling Procedure /Technique..........................................................................................24

3.4 Data Collection Methods ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5 Data Handling ..........................................................................................................................25
3.5.1 Data Processing .....................................................................................................................25
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3.5.2 Data analysis ..........................................................................................................................25

3.5.3 Data presentation ..................................................................................................................26

CHAPTER FOUR.............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1 Socio-economic Characteristics of Respondents ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 Sources of Domestic Violence against Women in the Study AreaError! Bookmark not defined.
4.3 Types of Violence Found in the Study Area .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4. Effects of Domestic Violence to Women Income Generating ActivitiesError! Bookmark not defined.
4.5 Strategies to Alleviate Women Domestic Violence .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5.1 Seminar and Campaign to Empower Women ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.5.2 Duration of Solving Domestic Violence ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2 Recommendations ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
REFERENCE ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………….…...………38

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Selected Socio – Economic Characteristics of Respondents .... Error! Bookmark

not defined.

Table 2: Categories of Domestic Violence Reported ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Table 3: Activities Performed by Women for Generating Income ... Error! Bookmark not

defined.

Table 4: Effects of Domestic Violence .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 5: Strategies Taken by Women to Reduce Domestic Violence .... Error! Bookmark

not defined.

Table 6: Duration taken to solve Domestic Violence Cases ............. Error! Bookmark not

defined.

Table 7: Suggested Options for Alleviating Domestic Violence against Women ......Error!

Bookmark not defined.

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework ...................................................................................... 19

LIST OF APPENDICES

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Appendix 1: Official questionnaire………………………………………………………38

Appendix 2: Household questionnaire…………………………………………………..40

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

SJUT St John’s University Of Tanzania

CEDW Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women

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FGM Female Genital Mutilation

MKUKUTA Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science

TGNP Tanzania Gender Network Program

UN United Nations

URT United Republic of Tanzania

USA United States of America

VAW Violence Against Women

WEO Ward Executive Officer

WHO World Health Organization

DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

Violence The use of physical force to apply a state to others contrary to

their wishes. Worldwide, violence is used as a tool

xii
 manipulation and also is an area of concern for law and culture
which make attempts to suppress and stop it.

Violence Against A technical term used to collectively refer to violent acts that
Women are primarily or exclusively committed against women

Income The consumption and savings opportunity gained by an entity

within a specified time frame, which is generally expressed in
monetary terms

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information of the Study

Domestic violence against women exists in every society, ranging from low income countries to

the highly developed ones. However, no national data on domestic violence is available (USA,

2008),but different sources Jayaraman (2004) report that at least one-third of all women have

experienced women violence (by their husbands/family members) in the lifetime. In rural

Tanzania, at least 25 % of the surveyed women are beaten by the husbands (Gonz’alez-Brenes,.

2003).

Department of state adds that in Tanzania culture, family and social pressures are factor in

women’s reluctance to report domestic abuse and that police and other authorities seldom take

action against perpetrators (USA,.2008). Government of Tanzania adopted the National

strategies for Growth and reduction of poverty (URT, 2006a)’ which included eradicating

domestic and sexual violence as one of its main goals. The strategy also included a government

commitment to accelerate legislative process to enable women to access legal mechanism. In

addition on 24th May 2008, president Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete signed on to UNIFEM’ says NO to

violence against Women as a priority of his Government.

The incidence of domestic violence in Bangladesh has also been demonstrated in a number of

studies. Schuler et al, (1996) reported that 47 % of the reproductive-aged women in rural

Bangladesh were physically abused. Koenig et al. (2003), while considering two rural areas in

separate districts, found the rate of domestic violence around 42%. 66% of the rural married
14
women were physically abused (slapped/pushed/hit) regularly during their married life, whereas

33% were kicked/burned/hit by sticks (Koenig et al, 2003)

In a 2005 study on women’s health and domestic violence, (WHO, 2005), found that violence

affects millions of women in Africa; it was indicated that 41 % of women in Dar-es-salaam and

56% of women in Mbeya District who had a regular sexual partner ,had ever experienced

physical and sexual violence at the hands of their partner. In November 2007, The Guardian, a

newspaper in Dar es Salaam – Tanzania, reported that domestic violence committed against

women was increasing and that over 50% of Women were beaten daily by their partner (The

guardian, 2007).

The MKUKUTA status report 2006 indicated that in Tanzania 60 percent of women and 42% of

men believe that wife beating is acceptable (URT, 2006). In South Africa, reports by Amnesty

International, about one woman is killed by her husband or boyfriend every six hours. In Kenya,

the Attorney General’s office reported in 2003 that domestic violence accounted for 47 per cent

of all homicides; violence against women affects significantly not only its victims as individuals,

but the society as a whole.

Dodoma is among the part of Tanzania in which it is expected that VAW are likely to be

practiced. This research aimed at examining types of violence against women existing in

Dodoma municipality and their impacts to women income generating activities taking

Chang’ombe ward as a study area.

1.2 Statement of the Problem and Significance of the Study

Domestic violence is very common; researches show that it affects women in four forms in their

lifetime. All forms of domestic violence (psychological, financial, emotional and physical) come
15
from the abuser's desire for power and control over an intimate partner or other family members.

Domestic violence is repetitive and life-threatening, it tends to worsen over time and it destroys

the lives of women (Walby, 2004).

Crime statistics and research show that domestic violence is gender specific - that is, it is most

commonly experienced by women and perform by men, particularly when there is a pattern of

repeated and serious physical assault, or when it includes rape or sexual assault or results in

injury or death. Many scholars give details on how women are facing different kind of violence

they explain more on, sexual violence, physical violence and other types of violence but they do

not focus much on psychological impact of violence to women. The study focused much on

domestic violence and its effects to women income generating activities in Dodoma

Municipality.

The study will intend to generate and add new knowledge in recognizing, monitoring and control

of women domestic violence. The finding will help the policy makers to add knowledge in

understanding the new causes of domestic violence, impacts in women development and

remedial actions to be taken in control and monitoring of women domestic violence in order to

attain sustainable development. Moreover the study intends to add knowledge on monitoring,

control and removal of women domestic violence in the society.

1.3 Research Objectives

The general objective of the study is to asses women’s domestic violence and its effect to income

generating activities in Dodoma Municipality.

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The specific objectives of this study included:-

i. To identify types of domestic violence found in the area.

ii. To examine effects of domestic violence against violence to their activities.

iii. To explore strategies to alleviate domestic violence against women.

1.4 Research Questions

This study will be guided by the following questions;

i. What is the main domestic violence faced by women of Dodoma municipality

particularly in Chang’ombe ward?

Variables

 Psychological violence

 Sexual violence

 Physical violence

ii. What are the resulting /consequences from that violence practiced on their lives?

Variables

 Death

 Separation of family

 Poverty

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  Emotional abuse

 Psychological problems

iii. What are the strategies involved in control women domestic violence?

Variables

 Education

 Empowerment of women

 Policy implementation

1.5 Scope of the Study

The research study will be conducted in Dodoma municipal district at Dodoma Region,

particularly at Chang’ombe ward. The reasons for choosing Chang’ombe ward to be the studying

area is due to presence of interesting issues relating to research problem such as presence of high

reported women domestic violence cases. This study therefore, intends to examine women

domestic violence in Dodoma Municipal district in Dodoma region particularly in Chang’ombe

ward and assess its effects on women generating.

Various reports show that there is strictly domestic violence (WHO, 2005). Therefore, the study

focuses on undertaking and evaluating the concept of women domestic violence, its causes, the

impact to women development, the avoidance and its control by taking Dodoma municipal

district community.

1.6 Conceptual Framework

Violence is the act; today the whole world is aware about it. Many efforts, nationally as well as
internationally, are undertaken to combat the violence. Violence against someone carries the

18
elements of crime, i.e. harm, brought about by human conduct, which state desires to prevent
through different modes and fixes certain procedures to address it. Violence does not only
include beatings, rape or sexual abuse, it is anything which infringes on the rights of the person
to be treated as human being. That violence which occurs within the periphery of household is
domestic violence. In the recent development of criminal law around the world, domestic
violence is being included in the definition of violence and various efforts are undertaken to
control this crime by fixing certain legal proceeding.

Intermediat
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
e variables

 Awareness
creation
 Education  Domestic Peace
 Legal issues
level and Security
 Religious
 Culture  Status of
institutions
 Policy issues income
 Gender
generating
aspects
activities
 Loans

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Government Effort on elimination domestic violence against women

The government makes a lot of effort to promote gender equality, many female students is enroll

in primary schools, secondary schools, and universities and also all girls getting division three

and above on the results of form four 2010 all selected to join form five in the government

school at 2011.At the inter governmental level, one significant event was the United Nations

meeting on

2.2 Violence in the Family

Violence in the family held in Vienna in 1986. The UN Publication, Violence against Women in

the Family (United Nations, 1986) notes that approval by the UN General Assembly of

Resolution 40/36 of 29 November 1985, recognizing the importance of violence in the home,

was a milestone. The resolution advocated “concerted and multidisciplinary action” both within

and outside the United Nations system, to deal with the problem. It also urged governments to

adopt specific criminal legislation to obtain an equitable and human response from judicial

systems regarding the victimization of women. The resolution marked the recognition by

intergovernmental bodies that violence against women is an issue affecting all countries and all

cultures and should be a priority for national and international action.

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Subordination and women’s low social status and value was articulated at different stages of the

women’s movement in each country. The United Nations Decade for Women (1975-1985), the

World Conference on Women in Nairobi, through the International Conference on Human

Rights (Vienna) to the Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing) reaffirmed the principle

that women’s subordination in the home and society cannot be combated through development

programs that do not recognize and subvert the underpinnings of female subordination, including

cultural, religious, legal economic and political structures. The expansion and inclusion of a

human rights framework further brought home feminist insights that gender based violence is a

human rights violation. Women’s rights cannot be viewed in isolation and can only be promoted

when the surrounding social, economic and political conditions are made conducive to their

advancement.

2.3 Domestic violence

Domestic violence derives from cultural, social and religious patterns, which enforce and justify

lower status of women in the family and society at large. Domestic violence is aggravated by

social pressures (i.e. shame in exposing certain abuses); women's lack of access to legal

information; lack of effective laws, inadequate efforts by public authorities to promote awareness

of and enforce existing laws, and absence of educational and other means to address the causes

and consequences of violence. Images in the media of violence against women, in particular

those that depict women as sex objects are all factors that contribute to the continued prevalence

of such violence

2.4 Elimination of violence against women

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The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women is the first international human

rights instrument to exclusively and explicitly address the issue of violence against women. It

affirms that the phenomenon violates, impairs or nullifies women's human rights and their

exercise of fundamental freedoms. The Declaration provides a definition of gender-based abuse,

calling it "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical,

sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or

arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life “This has been also

reflected in the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination

against Women (CEDAW Convention).

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Selection of the Study Area

The research study will be conducted in Dodoma municipality particularly at Chang’ombe ward.

The reasons for choosing Chang’ombe ward as study area is due to presence of interesting issues

relating to research problem such as presence of high reported women domestic violence cases.

The area is covered with squatter houses/unplanned settlement. Socio-economic activities of the

area include; small scale business. other activities includes livestock keeping where by cattle

and goats are kept in small scale. Residents are Gogo, Hehe, Chaga are among the tribes found

in that area.

3.2 Types and Sources of data

Type of data will base on qualitative and quantative data which deal with assessing the quality

and amount respectively and general reality of the problem. Sources of data based on primary

source where by information from the sample responds was considered, however secondary

sources such as published data related to research problem was considered.

3.3 Sampling Design

3.3.1 Sampling Frame

This is the way of obtaining samples as the representative from the entire population. The

selection of representative sample will base on random sampling.

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3.3.2 Sampling Unit

In this study the researcher are much interested with the household members so as to have much

understanding of what is going on there. Therefore a sampling unit is a household in the

Chang’ombe ward. Others few respondents will be trader, and employer. This is due to Joseph

(2009) who recommended that unity of analysis is the major entity that a researcher is analyzing

in the study, for example individual, group, artifact, geographical unit or social interactions

3.3.3 Sample Size

The sample size will be 95 of the house hold from Chang’mbe ward, the composition of the size

will include both male and female. The standard formular is as follows; n=N/1+N(e)2

(Yamane2000)

Where:

n=sample size

N=total number of population

e=standard error (e=10%) will be used to obtain manageable respondents.

Thus,n=2000/[1+2000e2]=95

3.3.4 Sampling Procedure /Technique

The study to be used is both probability and non probability sampling

 Probability sampling will be used to obtain sample required by using simple random

selection

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  Non probability sampling (purposive) or judgment was employed in order to get a

number of respondents needed as key informant in order to avoid biasness.

3.3.5 Data collection tools

 Checklist
Under this tool, the semi structured interview will be employed where the list of items to
be discussed will be indicated. This will be used for focusing group discussion and
discussion with key informants

 Questionnaire
Structured questionnaire will be used as a technique of data collection from respondents
to generate information needed in this study. The questionnaires to be used to enable face
–to –face meeting in which the interviewer will be asking the interviewee questions and
record the responses. Therefore interview will beconducted in order to collect data from
different respondents

3.5 Data Handling

3.5.1 Data Processing

Data processing will be done though editing, clarifying and tabulating the information obtained

gradually during the field by using computer programmed such as statistical package for social

science (SPSS) and excel

3.5.2 Data analysis

Smith (2010) data analysis is a practice in which raw data is ordered and organized so that useful

information can be extracted from it. Data gathered were processed, analyzed and finally

presented in such way that a good visual look, and that helped those who will pass through.

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Data analysis was viewed by observing both variables with regards to their relationship

moreover the qualitative and quantitative analysis was considered where by the quality of data

was analyzed and those which had no value with regard to variables of the problem were left

aside.

3.5.3 Data presentation

This is the way on how data are being seen in a visual form .with response to nature of this study

.the information obtained were suitable for making data gathered to have good interpretation.

The data were presented using pie chart, tables and different pictorial graphs by using computer

program.

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