FAC 0025, Trimester May 2012

CHEMISTRY II (FAC 0025)

TUTORIAL 1

Set A

1. The vapor pressure of pure water at 600C is 149 torr. The vapor pressure of water
over a solution at 600C containing equal numbers of moles of water and ethylene
glycol is 67 torr. Is the solution ideal in terms of Raoult’s law? Justify your answer.

Answer:
Ideal solutions obey Raoult’s law. Calculate the vapor pressure predicted by
Raoult’s law and compare it to the experimental vapor pressure. Assume ethylene
glycol (eg) is the solute.

 H 2O   eg  0.500; PA   A PA0  0.500(149) torr  74.5 torr

The vapor pressure of the solution (PA), 67 torr, is less than the value predicted by
Raoult’s law for an ideal solution. The solution is non-ideal.

2. a. Write an expression for the solubility product, Ksp, of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2.

b. In a titration experiment in the school chemistry laboratory, 20.0 cm 3 of an

aqueous calcium hydroxide solution is completely neutralised by 18.2 cm3 of
hydrochloric acid solution with a molar concentration of 0.050 moldm-3.

i. Determine the hydroxide ion concentration.

ii. Calculate the solubility product of calcium hydroxide.

iii. State one use of calcium hydroxide which depends on its solubility in water.

Answer:

(a) Dissociation Equation: Ca(OH)2(aq) ↔ Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

Solubility constant, Ksp = [Ca2+][OH-]2

(b) (i) The ionic equation for neutralisation is H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)

Mole of H+ = 0.050 x (18.2/1000) = 9.10 x 10-4 mol

Since 1 mole of H+ reacts with 1 mole of OH-, thus:

Mole of OH- = 9.10 x 10-4 mol

Therefore, [OH-] = (9.10 x 10-4 mol) / (20.0/1000) = 0.0455 moldm-3

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 FAC 0025, Trimester May 2012

(ii) Dissociation Equation: Ca(OH)2(aq) ↔ Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

[Ca2+] = 1/2[OH-] = 0.0455/2

Therefore, Ksp = (0.0455/2)(0.0455)2 = 4.71 x 10-5

(iii) Calcium hydroxide is commonly used in agriculture to reduce the acidity of

soils i.e. ‘liming the soil’.

3. Lactose, C12H22O11, is a naturally occurring sugar found in mammalian milk. A 0.335

M solution of lactose in water has a density of 1.0432 g/mL at 20oC. Calculate:
a. the mole fraction,
b. the mass percentage,
c. the molality of the solution.

Answer:
MW C12H22O11 = 342.30 g/mol
Assume 1.00 L solution
Mass of solution = (1000 mL)(1.0432 g/ml) = 1043.2 g
g
mass of solute  0.335 mol  342.0  114 .7 g C12 H 22 O11
mol
mass of H2 O  1043 .2  114 .7  928 .5 g H2 O
mol C12 H 22 O11  0.335 mol
928 .5 g
mol H2 O   51 .53 mol
g
18.02
mol
0.335
a) mol fraction, X C12 H 22 O11   0.00646
0.335  51.53
114 .7 g
b ) mass % C12 H 22 O11   100  11 .0 mass %
1043 .2 g
0.335 mol
c) molality   0.361 m
0.9285 kg

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 FAC 0025, Trimester May 2012

4. Using data from Table 4, calculate the freezing and boiling points of each of the
following solutions.
a. 0.17 m glycerol in ethanol
b. 1.92 mol of naphthalene, C10H8, in 16.8 mol chloroform
c. 5.44 g KBr and 6.35 g glucose, C6H12O6, in 200 g of water

Solvent Normal Boiling Kb Normal Freezing Kf

0 0 0 0
Point ( C) ( C/m) Point ( C) ( C/m)
Water, H2O 100.0 0.52 0.0 1.86
Benzene, C6H6 80.1 2.53 5.5 5.12
Ethanol, C2H5OH 78.4 1.22 -114.6 1.99
Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 76.8 5.02 -22.3 29.8
Chloroform, CHCl3 61.2 3.63 -63.5 4.68

Answer:
T = K (m) ; first, calculate the molality of each solution

(a) 0.17 m

119 .4 g CHCl3
16.8 mol CHCl 3   2.006  2.01 kg ;
mol CHCl3
(b)
1.92 mol C 10 H 8
 0.9571  0.957 m
2.006 kg CHCl 3

(c)
1 mol KBr 2 mol particles
5.44 g KBr    0.09143  0.0914 mol particles
119 .0 g KBr 1 mol
1 mol C 6 H 12 O6
6.35 g C 6 H 12 O6   0.0352 mol particles
180.2 g C 6 H 12 O6

m
 0.09413  0.03524 mol particles
 0.63335  0.633 m
0.200 kg H 2 O

Then, f.p. = Tf – Kf(m); b.p. = Tb + Kb(m); T in 0C

m Tf -Kf(m) f.p. Tb +Kb(m) b.p.

(a) 0.17 -114.6 -1.99(0.17) = -0.34 -114.9 78.4 1.22(0.17) = 78.6
0.21
(b) 0.957 -63.5 -4.68(0.957) = -4.48 -68.0 61.2 3.63(0.957) = 64.7
3.47
(c) 0.633 0.0 -1.86(0.633) = -1.20 -1.2 100.0 0.52(0.633) = 100.
0.33 3

5. Lysozyme is an enzyme that breaks bacterial cell walls. A solution containing 0.150
g of this enzyme in 210 mL of solution has an osmotic pressure of 9.53 torr at 25 0C.
What is the molar mass of this substance?

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 FAC 0025, Trimester May 2012

Answer:

  MRT ; M  ; T  25 0 C  273  298 K
RT
1 atm K mol 1
M  9.53 torr     5.128  10  5  5.13 M
760 torr 0.08206 L atm 298 K
mol  M  L  5.128  10  5  0.210 L  1.077  10 5  1.08  10  4 mol lysozyme
g 0.150 g g
MM   4
 1.39  10 3 lysozyme
mol 1.077  10 mol mol

Set B

1. Hydrogen sulfide, H2S, is a toxic gas responsible for the odor of rotten eggs. The
solubility of H2S (g) in water at STP is 0.195 M. What is the solubility of water at 0 oC
and a partial pressure of 25 mm Hg.

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 FAC 0025, Trimester May 2012

Answer:

STP  Temperature = 0oC, pressure = 1 atm

S M
S  kPg  Henry's law constant,
k  0.195
pg atm
1atm
P  25mmHg  0.0336atm
760mmHg
 M 
 0.0336  6.55 10 M
3
 solubilityof H2S at 25mmHg S  kPg   0.195
 atm
2. At 63.50C, the vapor pressure of H2O is 175 torr, and that of ethanol, C2H5OH, is 400
torr. A solution is made by mixing equal masses of H2O and C2H5OH.
(a) What is the mole fraction of ethanol in the solution?
(b) Assuming ideal-solution behavior, what is the vapor pressure of the solution at
63.50C?
(c) What is the mole fraction of ethanol in the vapor pressure above the solution?

Answer:
At 63.5 0 C , PH02O  175 torr , PEth
0
 400 torr

Let G  the mass of H 2 O and / or C 2 H 5 OH

G
46.07 g C 2 H 5 OH
(a)  Eth 
G G

46.07 g C 2 H 5 OH 18.02 g H 2 O

Multiplying top and bottom of the right side of the equation by 1/G gives:

1
46.07 0.02171
 Eth    0.2812
1 1 0.02171  0.05549

46.07 18.02

PT  PEth  PH 2O ; PEth   Eth PEth

0
; PH 2O   H 2O PH02O
 Eth  0.2812, PEth  0.2812(400 torr )  112 .48  112 torr
(b)
 H O  1  0.2812  0.7188 ; PH O  0.7188(175 torr )  125.8  126 torr
2 2

P  112 .5 torr  125.8 torr  238.3  238 torr

T

PEth 112 .5 torr

(c)  Eth in vapor    0.4721  0.472
Ptotal 238.3 torr

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 FAC 0025, Trimester May 2012

3. a. Calculate how much strontium fluoride will dissolve in 1 L of water given

Ksp = 2.5 x 10-9 at 25oC.

Answer:
 Write the equation for dissolving SrF2 in water:
SrF2(s) Sr2+(aq) + 2F-(aq)

Ksp = [Sr2+][F-]2 = 2.5 x 10-9

 Determine the relative concentrations of each ion:

at equilibrium [Sr2+] = x and [F-] = 2x (from the balanced chemical equation)

Substitute these vales into the equilibrium expression:

2.5 x 10-9 = [x][2x]2 = 4x3

Solve for x:

2.5 x 10-9 ÷ 4 = x3 = 6.25 x 10-10

x = 3√6.25 x 10-10 = 8.5 x 10-4M

The solubility of SrF2 at 25oC is 8.5 x 10-4 M

8.5 x 10-4 moles of SrF2 will dissolve in 1L of water at 25oC.

b. Chemical analysis gave [Sr2+] = 0.012 M, and [F-] = 0.024 M in a solution.

Is the solution saturated, supersaturated or unsaturated?

Answer:
Qsp = [0.012] [0.024]2 = 6.9 x 10-6 > 2.5 x 10-9 (Ksp).

This question deals with the concept of ion product, Qsp.

If Qsp = [Pb2+][Br-]2 > Ksp the solution is supersaturated.

c. Will a precipitate form if 0.100 L of 0.30 M Ca(NO 3)2 is mixed with 0.200 L
of 0.060 M NaF? (Ksp for CaF2 at 25oC is 3.2 x 10-11)

Answer:

Method: Calculate Qsp and compare with Ksp.

First: What is the sparingly soluble salt? NaNO 3, like all Na+ and NO3- salts, is very
soluble in water  it must be CaF2.

 CaF2 (s) ⇌ Ca2+ (aq) + 2 F- (aq)

Ksp = [Ca2+][F-]2  need [Ca2+] and [F-].

We start with 0.30 M Ca(NO3)2 = 0.30 M [Ca2+] (100% dissociation)

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 FAC 0025, Trimester May 2012

We start with 0.060 M NaF = 0.060 M [F-] (100% dissociation)

-- but we are mixing two solutions, therefore both will be diluted.

Remember: MiVi = MfVf (i = initial, f = final)

[Ca 2 ]i Vi (0.30 M)(0.100 L)

 [Ca ]f = 2+
=
Vf (0.200 L  0.100 L)

 [Ca2+]f = 0.10 M

-
[F - ]i Vi (0.060 M)(0.200 L)
[F ]f = =
Vf (0.300 L)

 [F-]f = 0.040 M

Qsp = [Ca2+][F-]2 = (0.10)(0.040)2 = 1.6 x 10-4

Ksp = 3.2 x 10-11  Qsp > Ksp

 CaF2 (s) precipitates until Qsp = Ksp

4. In an aqueous solution of KNO3, the concentration is 0.9159 mol %. The solution

density is 1.0489 g mL-1. Calculate:

a. molal concentration of KNO3

b. molarity of KNO3 in the solution
Answer:
Assumption: total mol of solution is 1 mol

Mol of KNO3 = 0.9159/100 x 1 mol

= 9.159 x 10-3 mol
Mol of H2O = (100-0.9159)/100 x 1 mol
= 0.991 mol

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 FAC 0025, Trimester May 2012

a. molal concentration = mol of KNO3/kg of H2O

= 9.159 x 10-3 mol/(0.991 mol x 18 g/mol)
=9.159 x 10-3 mol/0.0178kg
= 0.513 mol/kg

b. molarity = mol of KNO3/L of solution

Vsolution = masssolution/solution
= (0.991 mol x 18 g/mol)/1.0489g/mL
= 17.0 mL

Molarity = 9.159 x 10-3 mol/0.017 L

= 0.539 M

5. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10.0 g of urea, CH4N2O in 150.0 g of water at

45oC. CH4N2O is a nonvolatile solute. The vapor pressure of water at 45oC is
71.93 mm Hg. The molal-boiling-point constant (Kb) for water is 0.51oC kg·mol-1.

a. What is the vapor pressure of the solution?

b. What is the boiling point (in oC) of the solution?

Answer:
a. Psolution = xH2O x P0H2O

xH2O = nH2O
nH2O + nCH4N2O
nH2O = 150.0 g/18 g/mol
= 8.33 mol

nCH4N2O = 10.0 g/60 g/mol

= 0.1667 mol

xH2O = 8.33 mol

8.33 mol + 0.1667 mol

= 0.980

Psolution = xH2O x P0H2O

= 0.980 x 71.93 mmHg
= 69.51 mmHg

b. Tb = Kb m
= 0.51 oC·kg/mol x (0.1667 mol CH4N2O/0.15 kg H2O)
= 0.567 oC

Tb (solution) = Tb(H2O) + Tb

= 100oC + 0.567oC

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 FAC 0025, Trimester May 2012

= 100.567oC