2

Answer all the questions

1 Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of cells from the lining of the small intestine.

goblet cell

cell B

nucleus C

magnification ×6000

Fig. 1.1

(a) Identify the structures labelled A and state their role for the cell.

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(b) There are many mitochondria in cell B.

Suggest why cell B contains a large number of mitochondria.

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(c) Calculate the actual length of the nucleus C.

Show your working and express your answer to the nearest 0.1

answer .....................................................[3]

(d) There are many goblet cells within the epithelium lining the trachea and the bronchi in the gas
exchange system.

Describe the role of goblet cells in the gas exchange system.

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(e) State two ways in which the cells lining the alveoli in the lungs differ from cell B shown in
Fig. 1.1.

1. ..............................................................................................................................................

2. ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

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2 There are many types of amino acids, but only twenty that are polymerised to make polypeptides
and proteins in animals.

(a) Name the type of chemical reaction that occurs when two amino acids form a dipeptide.

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(b) Fig. 3.1 shows two amino acids, glycine and valine. Use the space below to make a drawing
to show what happens when these two molecules join together to form a dipeptide.

glycine valine

H H O H H O
N C C N C C
H H O H H CH O H
H3C CH3

[5]

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3 (a) A student cut thin sections of a root tip of Allium cepa and stained them to show chromosomes.
A photomicrograph of part of one of these sections is shown in Fig. 4.1.

E D
Fig. 4.1

Table 4.1 shows the behaviour of chromosomes and the changes that occur to the nuclear
envelope during a mitotic cell cycle in the root tip of A. cepa.

Complete Table 4.1.

Table 4.1

name of stage cell in Fig. 4.1 behaviour of chromosomes nuclear envelope

B chromosomes uncoiled, may
be replicating

prophase intact, but then breaks

down

metaphase not present

anaphase chromosomes / chromatids,

moving to opposite poles

telophase chromosomes uncoiling

[10]
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(b) Tobacco smoke is known to cause increased production of macrophage elastase. MMP12 is
the gene coding for macrophage elastase. Copies of this gene are produced as messenger
RNA (mRNA).

Describe how this mRNA is used in translation to produce macrophage elastase.

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4 The photomicrographs in Fig. 3.1 show stages of the mitotic cell cycle occurring in the root tip
of the onion, Allium sp. They are all of the same magnification. Stages A to C are in the correct
sequence and stages K to N are not in the correct sequence.

B stages in correct sequence

stages not in correct sequence

Fig. 3.1

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(a) Name stages A and C.

A ...................................................................

C ................................................................... [1]

(b) Put stages K to N in the correct sequence, starting with the stage that immediately follows
stage C.

C
.......... .......... .......... .......... [1]

(c) Explain how the behaviour of the chromosomes and spindle during stage L in Fig. 3.1 ensures
that the two daughter cells will be genetically identical.

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[Total: 5]

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5 Match the description for each of statements A to E to a correct cell structure.

A Double membrane-bound organelle, absent in animal cells, that produces ATP.

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B Partially permeable membrane surrounding the large permanent vacuole of plant cells.

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C Formed from microtubules during mitosis.

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D Has peptidoglycan as one of its major components.

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E Site of assembly of 80S ribosomes.

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[5]

[Total: 5]

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6 High fructose corn syrup, made from maize, can be used as a replacement for sucrose to sweeten
food and drink products.

Commercial production of high fructose corn syrup involves the enzyme glucose isomerase,
extracted from bacteria.

(a) Fructose and sucrose are both sugars.

State two structural differences between fructose and sucrose.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

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2 ................................................................................................................................................

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(b) The glucose isomerase used in the production of high fructose corn syrup is extracted from a
strain of a bacterium, Thermus thermophilus, which is found in hot springs. The enzyme has
an optimum temperature of 95 °C.

Suggest and explain the advantages of using glucose isomerase from T. thermophilus to
produce high fructose corn syrup, rather than using glucose isomerase that has an optimum
temperature of 37 °C.

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(c) The amino acid sequence of the enzyme glucose isomerase has been determined. The first
five amino acids of this sequence are shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.2 (on page 11) shows the genetic code (mRNA codons).

A student was asked to use Table 3.2 to work out an mRNA nucleotide sequence that would
correspond to the first five amino acids of glucose isomerase. The student’s sequence is
shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1

amino acid sequence met tyr glu pro lys

student’s nucleotide
AUG UAU GAC CCU UGU
sequence
correct = 3
incorrect = 7

(i) Complete Table 3.1 using a 3 or a 7 to indicate whether the student has used Table 3.2
correctly to identify the codons for each amino acid in the nucleotide sequence. [1]

(ii) Discuss, with reasons, how an mRNA nucleotide sequence worked out to correspond to
the first five amino acids using Table 3.2 may not be the same as the mRNA nucleotide
sequence for those amino acids present in the bacterial cell.

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Table 3.2

first second position third

position position

U C A G
phe ser tyr cys U

phe ser tyr cys C

U
leu ser STOP STOP A

leu ser STOP trp G

leu pro his arg U

leu pro his arg C

C
leu pro gln arg A

leu pro gln arg G

ile thr asn ser U

ile thr asn ser C

A
ile thr lys arg A

met thr lys arg G

val ala asp gly U

val ala asp gly C

G
val ala glu gly A

val ala glu gly G

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 (iii) In a person with lung cancer one or more healthy cells undergo changes to produce
cancerous cells that can form a tumour.

Suggest and explain the cellular changes that occur in the development of lung cancer.

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7 Fig. 6.1 represents one complete cell cycle for a eukaryotic cell.

(i) Complete Fig. 6.1 by naming the stages represented by J, K and L.

J...............................................

K...............................................

L...............................................

[3]