RISK ANALYSIS OF BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Automotive battery management is much more demanding than the previous two
examples. It has to interface with a number of other on board systems, it has to work in real time
in rapidly changing charging and discharging conditions as the vehicle accelerates and brakes,
and it has to work in a harsh and uncontrolled environment. This example describes a complex
system as an illustration of what is possible, however not all applications will require all the
functions shown here.

The functions of a BMS suitable for an electric vehicle are as follows:

 Monitoring the conditions of individual cells which make up the battery

 Maintaining all the cells within their operating limits

 Protecting the cells from out of tolerance conditions

 Providing a "Fail Safe" mechanism in case of uncontrolled conditions, loss of

communications or abuse

 Isolating the battery in cases of emergency

 Compensating for any imbalances in cell parameters within the battery chain

 Setting the battery operating point to allow regenerative braking charges to be absorbed
without overcharging the battery.

 Providing information on the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery. This function is often
referred to as the "Fuel Gauge" or "Gas Gauge "

 Providing information on the State of Health (SOH) of the battery. This measurement
gives an indication of the condition of a used battery relative to a new battery.

 Predicting the range possible with the remaining charge in the battery (Only EVs require
this)

 Accepting and implementing control instructions from related vehicle systems

 Providing the optimum charging algorithm for charging the cells

 Providing pre-charging to allow load impedance testing before switch on and two stage
charging to limit inrush currents

 Providing means of access for charging individual cells

 Responding to changes in the vehicle operating mode

  Recording battery usage and abuse. (The frequency, magnitude and duration of out of
tolerance conditions) Known as the Log Book function

 Emergency "Limp Home Mode" in case of cell failure.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

1. Hardware Implementation

There is no application circuit available than one given in datasheet.

There are 11mosfets used in application circuit. But part no is not specified. Out of these
11FETs, 8are used for cell balancing. Cell balancing is an essential function related to battery
life and as per circuit ,it depends upon the proper triggering of FETs.

Only 8 cells can be connected in series to this IC and ISL 94203

cannot be interconnected to increase the range due to the following reasons:

The first major issue is dealing with absolute maximum specifications on each device. If there is
a short circuit of the pack output, the top device will see a large negative voltage - damaging the
device. Many extra external components are needed to protect the device from this, and other,
conditions.
Second, depending on the application, the built in FET drive might not be sufficient to turn the
power FETs on and off in a high current, parallel FET, configuration.
Third, an external uC is needed that over-rides some of the automatic functions of the ISL94203.
Fourth, is the need for isolated I2C communication and some status and control lines - adding
additional components.

As these ICs cannot be interconnected, an external microcontroller has to be connected to

retrieve data from this IC. This IC will act as slave and microcontroller will act as master. For
this type of implementation,

This configuration has the advantages that it does not need printed circuit boards connected to
individual cells and high voltage batteries can be accommodated by adding more modules and
since the main battery current does not pass through slaves, it can also be used for high current
batteries. Signal processing is shared between the master and the slaves simplifying the
management of the information processing load. Internal communications are by means of I2C
buses. Disadvantages are that the communications between the sensors and the slaves are in
analogue form, and thus susceptible to noise, and the very large number of sensor wires, four per
cell, which are required. Opto-isolated connections between the slaves and the master are also
required since the voltages on the slaves would otherwise be progressively higher, up to the full
battery voltage, as connections are taken from further up the cell chain.
2. Software Implementation

ISL 94203 has to be programmed properly before use. The software

to program this has to be purchased or check for trial version. Microcontroller which can be
interfaced with this IC has to be selected and programmed properly.

If the programming has not done properly, battery management cannot be done.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

Part NO Total Cost Link to buy

numbers
required (rupees)

LTC 6801HG 2*24=48 659.70/pc http://in.element14.com/linear-

technology/ltc6801hg-pbf/battery-monitor-
=31,665.6 multicell-36ssop/dp/1839115

LTC 68021G 2*24=48 1,131.19/pc http://in.element14.com/linear-

technology/ltc6802ig-2-pbf/ic-battery-monitor-
=54,297.12 44ssop/dp/1847457

BQ7693001DBT 2*24=48 521.20/pc http://in.element14.com/texas-

instruments/bq7693001dbt/batt-monitor-li-ion-pol-
=25,017.6 tssop/dp/2471159

380/pc http://www.mouser.com/Texas-
= 19,000 Instruments/Semiconductors/Power-Management-
ICs/Battery-Management/BQ76930-Series/_/N-
wnwk?P=1yw2nhsZ1z0zls6

BQ296103DSGT 4*24=96 78.10/pc http://in.element14.com/texas-

instruments/bq296103dsgt/batt-ov-protector-li-ion-
=7497.6 20v-wson/dp/2483123?MER=MER-BPR-4PPM-
SP-TI-SMI

ISL 78600 2*24=48 3000- https://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&Index

15000/48pc
Area=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=isl78600

bq77PL900 2*24=48 15495/50pc http://www.aliexpress.com/w/wholesale-

bq77pl900.html
ISL 94203 2*24=48 304.5/pc http://www.mouser.in/Intersil/Battery-
Management/ISL94203-Series/_/N-
=14,616/- 1yzn5odZwnwkZ1yyn163