Province to Urban Migration: Students Social Behavior Adjustments

A Thesis
Presented to the
Senior High School Department
Adventist University of the Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
Practical Research 2 Quantitative

Jhun Marc A. Beniga

Jon Chito R. Bersaluna
Dennise Kate M. Cabiedes
Ricardonna J.E.T Ocampo

May 2018
 CHAPTER I

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Out of the 7107 different islands in the Philippines only a selected few of these

are urban or modernized, with each composed of its equally numerous and differing

provinces widespread education distribution is very difficult. And so, on an annual basis,

thousands of students from these provinces migrate to the urban cities and also to not get

left behind by the rapid educational advancements. Many students choose to study in

private schools while they get for public ones. Consequently, as the given environment of

each is fairly different the social adjustments that these students go through are also

different.

Generally, public schools allow more freedom to the students as individuals but

the system of actual educating is usually more ineffective whereas the system in private

schools are more effective due to the fact that they are usually stricter with their students

and apply higher standards according to the specific reasons that they are private. This

may also be one of the disadvantages of the students because their individual freedom is

restricted according to the fundamental principle of the school. All these factors

contribute to the students’ social adjustments differently to varied are these differences

that this study aims to find out how these students adjust and how the environment affects

their sociality.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this research is to identify the different social behavior adjustments the

individual undergoes when migrating from the rural to urban area. Specifically, the

following questions will be considered.

1. What are the profile of the respondents according to:

a. Place of origin

b. School type

2. What are the social behavior in terms of:

a. Adopting to the environment

b. Making new friends

3. Is there a significant difference between social behavior of the respondents in

terms of:

a. Place of origin

b. School type

HYPOTHESIS

There is no significant difference between social behavior of the respondents in

terms of place of origin and school type.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The results of this study will assume to benefit the following:

Students

This study will be beneficial specially for the students who are migrants from rural

areas to urban schools. They will be given information that can help them understand and

cope up with their new environment.

Teachers

This study will benefit the teachers by the data and findings of the social behavior

of the students migrating from province to urban areas that can help them deal with such

behaviors and how they will approach their students.

Parents

This study will be essential for the parents because they can be able to understand

the feelings of their children migrating from one place to another and they can know what

effect of migration can cause to their children.

Future Researchers

This study can aid the future researchers in their future studies because it will yield

new information for their researches.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This research study will cover the different behavioral adjustment of students

migrating from rural to urban schools. This will also include statistical reports of how the

respondents cope up in terms of adopting to the environment and making new friends, the

time it took them to adjust and the difference of province and urban schools.

This study will no further discuss the different behavior of parents, children,

adulthood, and etc. Because this limits to the students only. This will only focus on social

behavior of the students and will not include the academical adjustments and studies.

This will only discuss on rural to urban migration and not vice versa. Any article that is

not related to this research will be excluded.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In the past few years, both international and internal migration has dramatically

increased. Faster travel, and easier access to data about faraway places, family and

friends who have migrated and opportunities for making living standards easier and

higher education. Migration presents and challenges and opportunities for the society,

community, and people. According to UN Administrators, 2013, migration can affect

both the young migrants and those youth and elderly individuals that were left behind.

Social Behavior of youths migrating

According to Reyes M. 2008, Youths have different levels of tolerance or

acceptance of the scene depending on their “cognitive development”. For the youth, they

see migration as a way of unconstraint of their parents. His study in 2003 shows that

“children of migrants were generally fine and fairing better than the children of non-

migrants”. This was in contrast with the findings of Battistella and Conaco, which their

study shows that youths with migrant parents are experiencing higher anxiety and

loneliness. However, the low level of anxiety and loneliness can also be acquired through

the increase of family communication.

According to Xu H. and Xie Y. 2015, Youth migration has good effects on their

objective wellbeing but no negative effect on their subject wellbeing. There is little to no

difference between the individual left behind and non-migrant youth across the plethora

of life domains.
 According to the studies of McIntyre T., Barowsky E., and Tong V., 2011, the

resultant of self-identity for everyone will contain different characteristics. Each will vary

in degree, encompassing both the original and newfound cultures. The degree to which

each composite is represented in the new inter-cultural identity depends on their social

and educational experiences, cognitive abilities, skills, needs, and support systems. This

transition of entry into the new educational setting creates multiple cognitive, linguistic,

social, and psychological challenges for immigrant learners. For these youth, immigration

often entailed losing close friendships and social support networks, while having to create

new relationships in unfamiliar and often threatening surroundings (Hernandez and

McGoldrick, 2008)

According to Kimayer L., et al…, 2011, Among immigrants, the prevalence of

common mental health problems is initially lower than in the general population, but over

time, it increases. Migration pses specific stresses, yet, a plethora of immigrants adapt

well in their new environment.

According to the Global Migration Group, 2014, There are approximately 232

million international immigrants; youth is a pivotal stage of human development where

youths make the transition from childhood to adulthood and from dependence to

independence. A positive migration can set young migrants to a successful road leading

their successfulness and developing social and economic assets for their future. A

negative migration can jeopardize and can lead to traumatic consequences for the youth’s

short and long-term future.

Rural to province migration and its human social behavior effects

According to Miranda J, et al…, 2001, Migration is an important health issue

since, as changes in the physical and social environment may influence disease patterns,

especially related to mental health. Rural areas are recognized to have a much stronger

social structure thus, it is expected that migration from rural to urban setting to alter

social capital and mental health risk.

According to Xu H and Xie Y, 2013, For both male and female, having attended

kindergarten was associated with a higher probability of migration. Being born in a

hospital instead of a home or in some other non-clinic setting was also positively related

to migration of girls. The Father’s education and having at least a male sibling were

positively related to the migration for male but not for the female. Living in a less

urbanized country will yield with a reduced likelihood of migration, and the strength of

this relationship was greater as the degree of urbanization decreased.

According to Lu Y, 2013, Migration is more than the mobility of people. It is

closely connected to many aspects of individual and family life. One of the most

prevalent illness is depression, which can lead to poor quality of life and renders

vulnerability to their mental health which can lead to the use of drugs and tobacco.

According to Yang X, 2013, Despite its plethora of advantages, urban living has

been associated with poorer mental health and health risk sexual behavior. The temporary

separation of the migrants will detach them from their supporting family or social

networks and results in disruption of family and sexual life and as well as losing of

familiar living or social environments thus becoming an “an unremitting source of

anxiety” for most temporary rural-urban migrants. This also creates a behavioral control

vacuum in which the temporary migrants feel liberty from family monitoring and feel

less constrained by social norms since the things they do away from home can remain

largely anonymous which can both greatly contribute to the migrant’s likelihood of risky

sexual behavior.

According to Xie Y and Xu H, 2015, Migrant youth do fairly in their native peer.

The only advantage achieved by the urban native children is the time allocated for

academic work. But they were more depressive and show less diverse diet compared to

the migrant youths.

Causes of rural urban migration

According to Maarifa M 2015, One of the reason an individual migrates from rural

to urban is because of the job and work opportunities are higher in urban areas because of

the location of industries in the area. For the low prices of agricultural product. This

makes the income for people living in rural areas low since agriculture is the major

source of income in rural areas. The nature of the education system in which higher

learning institution are in urban areas making the youth migrate when they reach college.

Wage gap where in urban areas, the jobs are paying in a higher wage making people

migrate to urban areas in search for higher wage.

According to H Ali 2015, Majority of individuals before migrating from rural to

urban, farming was the main occupation but after migration, no one engaged in farming.

This means that individuals migrating from rural to urban were engaged in private jobs

and business.
 According to Emigration 2010, the different push factors of why an individual

migrates from rural to urban includes Agriculture where Increased agricultural efficiency

that displaced farm workers. Transportation where developments in transportation

systems such as new roads, railroads and canals New technology and inventions then

gave way to the automobile and airplanes. This makes it easier for people to travel vast

distances. New invention where new inventions required lower skill levels and cheap

ready-made goods. Skilled workers who traditionally worked in rural areas, such as

blacksmiths and carpenters, were displaced and needed new employment. Infrastructure

where people moved from rural areas and population levels dropped less money was

spent on roads, bridges, construction, schools and hospitals. Cultural factor where there is

less money to spend on cultural facilities. Goods and Services because the goods and

services in rural areas are limited. Excitement and adventure where rural traditions were

considered old fashioned and boring. Education where less money is spent on education

in rural areas giving urban education a higher standard. Health and Medical Center since

there are fewer doctors and medical facilities in rural areas. Freedom where Activities can

be restricted in rural areas due to resistance to change and adherence to traditional values.

Opportunities where urban areas tend to yield more opportunities while rural areas give

limited opportunities. And lastly, the lack of investment since the government tends to

prioritize the industry rather than on rural areas. Urban areas however have these pull

factors such as agricultural works tend to move to cities to do factory labor that requires

unskilled labor but higher wage. The easier way traveling and new transportation which

enables the individual to move from rural to urban area quickly and cheaply. The

infrastructure of towns and cities increased as new building and convenient facilities were
made available to the increasing population. City and town living provides easy access to

goods and services that ensure convenience and variety. Educational facilities in towns

and cities offer a range of choice and access to education for all ages and easy access to

colleges and universities providing better education. Big companies offering new

employment opportunities, career advancement and high wages are generally based in

major towns and cities. Good health care and hospitals in easy reach of city dwellers.

Government money is made available to highly populous areas.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

According to Zhou Y et al., students attending universities in a culture different

from their own have to contend with a novel social and educational organizations,

behavior and expectations – as well as dealing with the problems of adjustments common

to student in general. This difficult enough when the newcomer is aware of the

differences in advance, but even more difficult when the newcomer is unaware and

falsely assumes that the new society operates like their home country. Newcomers easily

becomes ‘lost in translation’. The collective impact of such of unfamiliar experiences on

cultural travelers in general has been termed culture shock. Students sojourners are an

example of such travelers increasing in numbers in many English-speaking countries.

There are estimated to be more than million students and scholars attending

institution of higher education abroad (Taylor 2005). The quality of the psychological,

sociocultural, and education experiences of this large group of people is important, not

least inss promoting global intercultural understanding. It no surprise that the literature

has been concerned with student’s adaptation problems. Students sojourners are probably
the best research group of cross-cultural travelers as they tend to be easily accessed as

research participants. Many studies have explored social and friendship networks(Related

to culture learning theory), social skill acquisition (connected to stress and coping

theory), inter-group perceptions and relations (linked with social identification theories)

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Migration- movement from one part of something to another

Urban- in relating to a characteristic of a city or a town

Rural- in relating to a characteristic of the countryside rather than a town

Social Behavior- refers to the array of every physical action and observable emotion

associated with individuals.

Adjustments- a small alteration or movement made to achieve a desired fit, appearance,

or result.
 RESEARCH PARADIGM

Independent Variable: Dependent Variable:

Province to Urban Migration Social Behavior

Moderator Variable:

Age and Religion

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the research design and the methodology used in the

conduct of this study. It incorporates the sampling technique, sources of data, the research

subjects, population of the study, the instrument utilized to gather data, as well as the

statistical tools employed in processing the data. This chapter shows how the researchers

came to the necessary data for this study, and how these data were analyzed, interpreted

and presented in the easiest way possible.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Quantitative, descriptive, correlational research design was used in this study.

Descriptive method is widely used and the most common research method in studies.

Kowalczyk D. 2018 stated that descriptive research is a study designed to depict the

participants in an accurate way. More simply put, descriptive research is all about

describing people who take part in the study. Posinasetti NR. 2014 opined that the

descriptive type of research used to obtain information concerning the current status of

the phenomena. The methods involved range from the survey which investigates the

relationship between variables, to developmental studies which seek to determine

changes over time. McLeod S. 2008 stated that correlation means association and more

specific it is a measure of the extent to which two variables are related. He also opined

that if the one variable increases and it tends to be associated with an increase in other

then it is known as a positive correlation. According to Dr. Waters 2017, A correlational

study is a quantitative method of research in which it has to have two or more

quantitative variables from the same group of participants and a researcher is trying to

determine the relationship between the two variables. Theoretically, any two quantitative

variables of the same group can be correlated as long as it has the numerical scores on

these variables from the same participants. However, he stated that it can be a waste of

time to collect and analyze a data if there is a little chance of possibility that these

variables can be correlated.

A descriptive method of analyzing the data of the province to urban migration and

was followed by the analysis of the variable social behavior of students was performed.

The study attempts to aim that the quantitative variables of province to urban migration

and the social behavior of students has correlation.

POPULATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

The population of the research study includes all of the high school students of

Adventist University of the Philippines Academy who experienced migrating from rural

to urban places for higher education purposes. The sampling technique that will be used

was stratified sampling, it is a type of sampling method in which the total population is

divided into smaller groups or strata to complete the sampling process. The strata is

formed based on some common characteristics in the population data. After dividing the

population into strata, the researcher randomly selects the sample proportionally. The

reason this sampling technique was used is because it was the most effective way to

conduct the study.

To have the necessary population respondents for the study, researchers will

gather all the students who experienced migrating from rural to urban places. Each of the
students will be asked if they are migrants from province to cities for educational

advancement and if the student responded yes, they will be included for the strata on

which they will be chosen to be the respondents for the research questionnaire. The

maximum population to be included in the survey are roughly 20 persons.

INSTRUMENTATION

The appropriate use of instrumentations in conducting the study is very essential

because this gathers the enough data needed for the research. The social behaviour of the

students who migrated from rural to urban places are the main variables in this study that

will be used to assess for the following instruments that are used.

The questionnaire design will come up with a close-ended questions. The type of

questionnaires that are included in the survey are Importance questions, Dichotomous,

Rating Scale questions, and multiple choice. The personal sheet data will also be included

to know the background and personal information of the respondents.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES

To start the survey, researchers will ask students if they experienced rural to urban

migration for the reason of higher education. If the respondents answered yes, the survey

will then be conducted. A maximum of 20 people will be the population and be included

to fill out the research questionnaires. Afterwards, the researchers will gather all the

respondents and they will be given the survey questions. After answering the survey,

researchers will collect the data. The researcher will have to spend 1-2 days of gathering

participants for the survey and a day to analyze and assess the data gathered from the

respondents. The private information gathered will remain confidential.

ANALYSIS OF DATA

The appropriate methods of analyzing survey data include the frequency

distributions and descriptive statistics. Frequency distribution shows how many people

answered the questionnaires and a descriptive statistics describe a set of data through

descriptive measures such as means and standard deviations for analyzing the correlation

between two variables. The statistical treatment used in the research problems is Data

analysis, it summarizes the data as a graph and it also includes inferential statistics which

it makes predictions and test hypothesis about the data.

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