Differentiation

The First Principle

Y=f(x)

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
(x+h,f(x+h)) f ( x)  lim
h  0 ( x  h)  h
(x,f(x))
The chord joiningPQ has gradient
y f ( x  h)  f ( x)

x ( x  h)  x

f ( x  h)  f ( x )

h
As Q is close to P,h is close to 0.
The gradientof the chord is closeto the gradientof tangentat P
In the limit,as h  0, gradientof the chord PQ  f ( x)
f( x  h)  f( x)
Therefore f ( x)  lim
h 0 h
• Find the derivative of the functions
f(x)=5
f(x)=x3
 f(x) f’(x)

Xn

u(x)+v(x)

u(x)-v(x)
• Differentiate the following with respect to
x:
y  x  4x  5
2

2
y x
3 5
x

yx  4
2
3
x
x  4x  x
2 0.3
y
x
 Application of differentiations
• Tangents & Normals

L1 normal to the curve at P

P
L2 tangent to the curve at P
• Find the equations of tangent and normal
to the curve y=9x-x3 at the point x=1
• Find the horizontal tangent(s) to the curve
y=4x-x3
 Increasing and Decreasing
functions, stationary points
A fu n ctio n ,f(x)is in crea sin g fo r a  x  b if f (x)  0 fo r a  x  b

A fu n ctio n ,f(x)is d ecrea sin g fo r a  x  b if f (x)  0 fo r a  x  b

At a sta tio n ayr p o in t,g ra d ien tis zero

2
dy d y
 0 and  0  ma ximu m p o in t
dx 2
dx
2
dy d y
 0 and  0  min imu m p o in t
dx 2
dx
 D(x4,y4)
B(x2,y2)

A(x1,y1) C(x3,y3)

f(x) is increasing for ?

f(x) is decreasing for?
B is a ……… point
C is a ……….point
• Locate and determine the nature of the
stationary point(s) of the curve

1
y  x
x
 Maxima and minima problem
(optimization)
•Draw a diagram if relevant
•Choose letters to represent unknown qualities
•Express the quality (eg. y) to be optimized in
terms of ONE variable (eg. x)
•Solve dy/dx = 0 to find the value of x
•Check that the value(s) gives a maximum or
minimum if necessary
• A sport area is to be designed in the form
of a rectangular field with semicircular
ends.
The perimeter of the sport area is to be
1400 metres.
What should be the dimensions of the
sport area if the rectangular field is to have
as large an area as possible?
 Chain Rule

y   f ( x ) n

 n f ( x) f ( x)
dy n 1

dx
 Related rate of change
• Rate of change refers to the rate of
change of the variable with respect to time
Eg. Rate of change of volume(V) is dV/dt
Eg. Rate of change of radius (r) is dr/dt
• Chain rule can be applied for related rate
of change

dA dA dB dC
   
dt dB dC dD dt
• The radius of a circular ink blot is
increasing at 3 cms-1.
a. Find the rate at which the area is
increasing when the radius is 2 cm
b. What is the rate of increase of the
circumference is when the radius is 3
cm?
• a. A spherical balloon is inflated which
pumps in air at rate of 15 cm3 per second.
Find in cm per second, the rate at which the
radius is increasing when the radius is 10 cm.
b. Once inflated, air is released from the balloon
at a rate of 20 cm3 per second. Find the rate
at which the surface area is increasing when
r= 10 cm.