Nutrition Through The Lifespan: Nutrition Prior To Pregnancy

7/4/19
Nutrition prior to Pregnancy

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Nutrition through • Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight
• Choose an adequate and balanced diet
the Lifespan • Be physically active
Chapters 9 to14 • Receive regular medical care
• Avoid harmful influences
Pregnancy Weight Nutrient Allowances

• Underweight • Additional 340 kcal daily during the second

• Low birthweight infant trimester and an extra 450 kcal for the third.
• Overweight and Obesity • CHO: 135-175 grams/day
• Labor and delivery difficulty • For brain fuel
• Birth trauma • To spare CHON
• Cesarean section • CHON: 25 grams/day
• Folate and Vitamin B12 (400-600 mcg/day)
• Prevents Neural Tube Defects
Common Nutrition-Related
Nutrient Allowances
Concerns in Pregnancy
• Choline • Food Cravings and Aversion

• Nonfood cravings (Pica)
• Vitamin D and calcium for the bones • Morning sickness
• Iron and Vitamin C • Arise slowly
• Eat dry toast, crackers
• Zinc • Chew gum or suck hard candies
• Small frequent feeding
• Heartburn
• Eat slowly
• Chew food thoroughly
• Avoid spicy, greasy, caffeinated, carbonated food and drinks
• Wait an hour after eating before lying down
• Wait 2 hours after eating before exercising
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Problems in Pregnancy
Concerns in Pregnancy

• Constipation • Preexisting Diabetes
• Eat foods high in fiber • can lead to Macrosomia with physical and mental
• Be active abnormalities
• Increase fluids • Gestational Diabetes
• Respond promptly to urges • Hypertension (BP > or = 140/90)
• Preeclampsia (hypertension, proteinuria, edema)
• May complicate to eclampsia (preeclampsia with
seizure)
• Substance use
Lactation Benefits
• Nutritional Requirements • For infants

• Calories: Addition 1,000 kcal to aid in 850 ml milk • Provide appropriate composition and balance of
production nutrients with high bioavailability
• Protein: extra 20 grams • Provides hormone that promote physiological
development
• Calcium and Phosphorus: extra .5 mg • Improves cognitive development
• Vitamin A: additional 2,000 IU • Protects a variety of infections and illnesses
• Vitamin B1, Riboflavin, Vitamin C. • May protect against some chronic diseases—such as
• Fluids diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, asthma, and HTN
• Protects against food allergies
• Supports healthy weight
• Reduces risk for SIDS
Benefits Benefits
• For Mothers • Other

• Contracts the uterus • Cost and time savings
• Delays the return of regular ovulation • Environmental savings
• Conserves iron stores
• May protect against and ovarian cancer and reduce the
risk of diabetes
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Factors Affecting Milk Secretion Neonate to 1 year


• Diet • Breast milk or formula
• Meat and vegetables soups increases production but over • Breast feeding
intake of water decreases it
• Nutritional State of Mothers • Bottle feeding
• Healthy mother is healthy milk and milk production • Mixed feeding
• Emotional and Physical States • Complemented –to complete an insufficient
• Stress and anxiety may decrease production single breastfeeding
• Suckling • Supplemental –one a bottle is used to replace
• Cessation of suckling for a long time decreases production one or more feedings
• Use of Contraceptive and Drugs
• Contraceptives decreases productions. Drugs and other
substances decreases the quality
Nutrition Focus Feeding

• Higher fluid needs • Demand feeding

• Nutritional Requirement (NR): • Burping every after feeding
• At birth: 350-500 kcal • Regurgitation
• 12 months: 800-1,200 kcal: • Solids starts at 6 months (cereals, fruits,
• 2nd to the 7th month: 120 kcal/kg body weight vegetables, and strained meat
• 7th to 12th month: 100 kcal/kg body weight • Food are introduced one at a time (every 5 days)
• Feeding every 2.5-4 hours • Eruption of teeth (7-9 months), chewing starts
Toddler
Concerns
• Iron deficiency anemia –decreasing iron reserves • May start feeding themselves
• Bottle mouth syndrome –when babies are left with • By age 3 may eat adult table food
bottles and tend to suck on them may cause dental
decay • Meals should be short
• Diarrhea –immature immunity can lead to infections • Food refusal
• Vomiting –burping infants may prevent this • NR: 1000-1,400 Kcal per day
• Allergy –hypersensitivity reaction, introduce one food
at time • Iron, calcium, and Vit. C and A
• Constipation –immature GI tract can lead to this
• Colic
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Feeding Preschooler

• Make mealtime a pleasant time by avoiding • Eats adult food
tensions at the table and discussions of bad
behavior • Requires snacks between meals
• Offer a variety of simple, attractive foods in small • Should be guided and taught to use utensils
portions, and avoid meals that combine foods into
one dish, such as a stew
• Do not use food as a reward or punish a child who
does not eat
• Schedule meals, sleep, and snack times that will
allow for optimum appetite and behavior
• Avoid the routine use of sweet desserts.
School-Age Child Adolescent

• The adolescent’s need for nutrients and calories

• NR: 1,600-2,200 increases, particularly during the growth spurt.
Kcal/day
• Protein, calcium, vitamin D, iron, and B vitamins
• Protein-rich food increases during adolescence.
especially during • Calcium: 1,200 to 1,500 mg/day may help decrease
breakfast osteoporosis in later life.
• Independence in feeding • Peak bone mineralization:
may lead to malnutrition • 12.5 years in girls
• 14.0 years in boys
• Obesity may develop
Young Adults
Concerns
• Independence and psychological status may • Female: maintain adequate iron intake of about 18
increase risk of: mg as well as folate to prevent IDA
• Obesity
• Calcium, vitamin D and sum exposure
• Anorexia nervosa (15min3x/week) to prevent osteoporosis
• Bulimia
• Low fat/low cholesterol
• Obesity and Hypertension are common
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Middle-Aged Adult Older Adults


• Limit cholesterol and caloric intake • Fewer calories are needed
• 2-3 liters of fluids • More fiber
• Post menopausal women: calcium, vitamin D to • Decreased saliva and gastric juice may affect
reduce osteoporosis also antioxidants (vitamin A, nutrition
C, E) to prevent heart disease • Psychological, Emotional and Physical factors may
• Note: Decreased Metabolism! change eating habits

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7/4/19

Nutrition prior to Pregnancy

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Pregnancy Weight Nutrient Allowances

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• Underweight • Additional 340 kcal daily during the second

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• Choline • Food Cravings and Aversion

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• Nutritional Requirements • For infants

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• For Mothers • Other

Factors Affecting Milk Secretion Neonate to 1 year

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Nutrition Focus Feeding

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• Higher fluid needs • Demand feeding

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School-Age Child Adolescent

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• The adolescent’s need for nutrients and calories

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Middle-Aged Adult Older Adults

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