Tagalog

At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking t

present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions,
though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars on various
Tagalog dialects. Ethnologue lists Lubang, Manila, Marinduque, Bataan, Batangan, Bulacan,
Tanay-Paete, and Tayabas as dialects of Tagalog.However, there appear to be four main
dialects of which the aforementioned are a part; Northern (exemplified by the Bulacan species),
Central (including Manila), Southern (having the Batangan dialect as of prime example), and
Marinduque.

Some example of dialectal differences are:

* Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after
consonants and before vowels. This has been lost in standard Tagalog. For example standard
Tagalog ngayon (now, today), sinigang (stew), gabi (night), matamis (sweet), are pronounced
and written ngay-on, sinig-ang, gab-i, and matam-is in other dialects.

* In Morong Tagalog, [r] is usually preferred over [d]. For example, bundók, dagat, dingdíng, and
isdâ become bunrok, ragat, ringring, and isra.

* In many southern dialects, the progressive aspect prefix of -um- verbs is na-. For example,
standard Tagalog kumakain (eating) is nákáin in Quezon and Batangas Tagalog. This is the butt
of some jokes by other Tagalog speakers since a phrase such as nakain ka ba ng pating is
interpreted as "did a shark eat you?" by those from Manila but in reality means "do you eat
shark?" to those in the south.

Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in Marinduque. Linguist Rosa
Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern with the former being closer to the
Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas and Quezon.

Boholano
The Boholano dialect, in all its pureness can be heard in far-flung areas of Bohol. In the
city area, especially in Tagbilaran, the language is almost interchangeable with the Cebuano
language. There are also other parts of Bohol, aside from Tagbilaran, that uses Cebuano. It
would be quite difficult, even for an all-knowing tourist to spot the difference, thus, you will have
the impression that the locals speak one and the same dialect. One has to be wary to notice the
difference. The most specific differences between the widely used Cebuano and the locally
used Boholano language is in the way ‘y’ and ‘k’ are spoken. In Boholano language, ‘y’ sounds
‘j’ while ‘k’ sounds ‘h’.

Tourists, however, must never be afraid to understand the locals and be understood as
well. A lot of Boholanos speak English aside from Filipino and Cebuano. This is an interesting
aspect that actually draws tourists. It is always difficult to mix with the locals when you do not
know how to talk like them. That is never a problem when you are in Bohol. One of the reasons
Bohol tourism is glowing is the fact that the locals worked hard to be friendly as possible. Being
aware that learning English is the easiest way possible to deal with all kinds of people, they did
not wait another moment to study.
Tausug
Tausug (Tausug: Bahasa Sūg, Malay: Bahasa Suluk) is a regional language spoken in
the province of Sulu in the Philippines, in the eastern area of the state of Sabah, Malaysia, and
in North Kalimantan, Indonesia by the Tausūg people. It is widely spoken in the Sulu
Archipelago (Tawi-Tawi), Zamboanga Peninsula (Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay,
Zamboanga del Sur, and Zamboanga City), Southern Palawan, Malaysia (eastern Sabah) and
Indonesia (North Kalimantan). Tausug and Chavacano are the only Philippine languages
spoken on the island of Borneo. The Tausug language is very closely related to the Surigaonon
language of the provinces Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur and Agusan del Sur, and to the
Butuanon language of northeastern Mindanao.

Ilocano
The original Ilocano homeland is in Northwest Luzon (the provinces of Ilocos Norte,
Ilocos Sur, Abra, and La Union), but Ilocanos have populated many regions of the Philippines,
and in many cases they predominate over the native ethnic group of the new lands to which
they migrate. Such is the case in the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Tarlac, and
Benguet. There are also sizable communities of Ilocanos throughout the United States, most
notably in HAWAII and CALIFORNIA where the language is taught in certain schools. Because
of the importance of Ilocano in Northern Luzon, it has been called the "National Language of the
North." Many ethnic groups from the northern regions of the country are more at home in their
second language, Ilocano, than the national language of the country, Tagalog (Pilipino). This is
undoubtedly due to the historical prestige of the language and the accessibility of its speakers.
There has been a national language shift, however, in the last few years due to the extensive
use of Tagalog in the media and the national program to promote the Pilipino language in
elementary and secondary schools. Ilocano remains a regional langauge with no political power
or use in education past the early elementary years.

ILOCANO DIALECTS. Because of the remarkably stable history of the Ilocano language owing
to the fact that the Ilocano people have populated much of the Kailokuan from a small
homogeneous homeland, dialect diversity is minimal. The original Ilocano speaking areas (in the
provinces of Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur) are said to speak the "purest" form of the language,
called by Ilocanos 'nauneg nga Iloko' (deep Ilocano). However, due to the migration of the
Ilocanos southward and eastward, much of northern Luzon is heavily influenced by Ilocano
language and culture. La Union and Pangasinan provinces are dominated in most areas by
Ilocano speakers speaking the southern dialect. The southern dialect has minimal lexical
differences from the northern one, but a major phonological difference-- the addition of a high
back unrounded vowel represented in the orthography by the letter 'e'. As this sound exists also
in Pangasinan, we might be able to attribute this difference as a remnant left behind by ethnic
Pangasinenses who are now mother tongue speakers of Ilocano.

Maranao
Maranao (Mëranaw [ˈmәranaw])[3] is an Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao
people in the provinces of Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur in the Philippines, and
in Sabah, Malaysia.Iranun was once considered a dialect.
Unique among other Danao languages, Maranaoan is spoken with a distinct downstep accent,
as opposed to stress accent.
Maranao is spoken in the following areas (Ethnologue).

 Lanao del Sur

 Lanao del Norte
 northwestern Maguindanao
 northwestern Cotabato
 northwestern Bukidnon

Ilonggo
The Hiligaynon language, also often referred to by most of its speakers simply
as Ilonggo, is an Austronesian regional languagespoken in the Philippines by about 9.1 million
people, mainly in Western Visayas and Soccsksargen, most of whom belong to the Visayan
ethnic group, mainly the Hiligaynons.[4] It is the second-most widely spoken language and a
member of the so-named Visayan language family and is more distantly related to
other Philippine languages.
Hiligaynon is mainly concentrated in the regions of Western Visayas (Iloilo, Capiz, Guimaras,
and Negros Occidental), as well as in South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and North
Cotabato in SOCCSKSARGEN. It is also spoken in other neighboring provinces, such
as Antique and Aklan (also in Western Visayas), Negros Oriental in Central
Visayas, Masbate in Bicol Region, Romblon and Palawan in MIMAROPA. It is also spoken as a
second language by Kinaray-a speakers in Antique, Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in
Aklan, Capiznonspeakers in Capiz and Cebuano speakers in Negros Oriental.[5] There are
approximately 9,300,000 people in and out of the Philippines who are native speakers of
Hiligaynon and an additional 5,000,000 capable of speaking it with a substantial degree of
proficiency.[2]
The language is also often referred to as Ilonggo (Spanish: Ilongo) in Iloilo and Negros
Occidental. Many speakers outside Iloilo argue, however, that this is an incorrect usage of the
word "Ilonggo". In precise usage, "Ilonggo" should be used only in relation to the ethnolinguistic
group of native inhabitants of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers in
the place including their dialect. The disagreement over the usage of "Ilonggo" to refer to the
language extends to Philippine language specialists and native laypeople.[6] It also has the one
of the largest native language-speaking population of the Philippines despite not being taught
and studied formally in schools and universities until 2012.[7] Hiligaynon is given the ISO 639-
2 three-letter code hil, but has no ISO 639-1two-letter code.

Ivatan
The Ivatan (Ibatan) language, also known as Chirin nu Ibatan ("language of the Ivatan
people"), is an Austronesian language spoken in the Batanes Islands.
Although the islands are closer to Taiwan than to Luzon, it is not one of the Formosan
languages. Ivatan is one of the Batanic languages, which are perhaps a primary branch of
the Malayo-Polynesian family of Austronesian languages.
The language of Babuyan Island is a dialect. Babuyan was depopulated by the Spanish and
only repopulated at the end of the Spanish era with families from Batan Island

Ibanag
The Ibanag language (also Ybanag or Ibanak) is spoken by up to 500,000 speakers,
most particularly by the Ibanag people, in the Philippines, in the northeastern provinces
of Isabela and Cagayan, especially in Tuguegarao, Solana, Abulug, Cabagan, and Ilagan and
with overseas immigrants in countries located in the Middle East, United Kingdom and the
United States. Most of the speakers can also speak Ilocano, the lingua franca of northern Luzon
island. The name Ibanag comes from the prefix "I" which means "people of", and "bannag",
meaning river. It is closely related to Gaddang, Itawis, Agta, Atta, Yogad, Isneg, and Malaweg.

Visayan
Visayan (Bisaya or Binisaya) is a group of languages of the Philippines that are related
to Tagalog and Bikol languages, all of which are part of the Central Philippine languages. Most
Visayan languages are spoken in the whole Visayas section of the country, but they are also
spoken in the southern part of the Bicol Region (particularly in Masbate), islands south of Luzon,
such as those that make up Romblon, most of the areas of Mindanao and the province
of Sulu located southwest of Mindanao. Some residents of Metro Manila also speak Visayan.
Over 30 languages constitute the Visayan language family. The Visayan language with the most
speakers is Cebuano, spoken by 20 million people as a native language in Central Visayas,
parts of Eastern Visayas, and most of Mindanao. Two other well-known and widespread
Visayan languages are Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), spoken by 10 million in most of Western
Visayas and SOCCSKSARGEN; and Waray-Waray, spoken by 3 million in Eastern Visayas.
Prior to colonization, the script and calligraphy of most of the Visayan peoples was the badlit,
distinct from the Tagalog baybayin.

Bicolano
The Bikol languages or Bicolano languages are a group of Central Philippine
languages spoken mostly in the Bicol Peninsulain the island of Luzon, the neighboring island
province of Catanduanes and the island of Burias in Masbate. There is a dialect
continuum between the Visayan languages and the Bikol languages; the two together are called
the Bisakol languages.

Aklanon
Aklanon[2] (Akeanon), also known as Aklan,[3][4] is a regional Visayan language spoken
in the province of Aklan on the island of Panayin the Philippines. Its unique feature among
other Visayan languages is the close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ] occurring as part of
diphthongs and traditionally written with the letter E such as in the name Akeanon (Aklanon).
However, this phoneme is also present in sister Philippine languages,
[5]
namely Itbayat, Isneg, Manobo, Samal and Sagada.
The Malaynon dialect is 93% lexically similar to Aklanon and retained the "l" sounds, which
elsewhere are often pronounced as "r".[6]
Ibayjanon (Ibajaynon) dialect has shortened versions of Aklanon words

Pampango
Kapampangan, Pampango, or the Pampangan language is a major Philippine
language. It is primarily spoken in the province of Pampanga, southern Tarlac, and
northeastern Bataan. Kapampangan is also spoken in some municipalities
of Bulacan and Nueva Ecija, by various Aeta groups of Central Luzon, and in scattered
communities within the SOCCSKSARGEN region in Mindanao. The language is known
honorifically as Amánung Sísuan ("breastfed, or nurtured, language"
Cebuano
The Cebuano (/sɛˈbwɑːnoʊ/) or Cebuan language (/sɛˈbuːәn/ seh-BOO-ən),[1][5] also often
referred to informally by most of its speakers simply as Bisaya[8] (English translation: "Visayan", not to be
sconfused with other Visayan languages), is an Austronesianlanguage spoken in southern Philippines,
namely in Central Visayas[9] western parts of Eastern Visayas and on majority of Mindanao. It is spoken
primarily by various Visayan ethnolinguistic groups who are native to those areas, mainly
the Cebuanos.[10] While Filipino (Tagalog) has the most number of speakers of Philippine languages,
Cebuano had the largest native language-speaking population in the Philippines until about the
1980s.[11] It is by far the most widely spoken of the Visayan languages, which are in turn part of the
wider Philippine languages.
It is the lingua franca of the Central Visayas, western parts of Eastern Visayas, some western parts
of Palawan and most parts of Mindanao. The name Cebuano is derived from the island of Cebu, which is
the Urheimat or origin of the language.[12][13] Cebuano is also the prime language in Western Leyte,
noticeably in Ormoc and other municipalities surrounding the city, though most of the residents in the
area name the Cebuano language by their own demonyms such as "Ormocanon" in Ormoc and
"Albuerahanon" in Albuera.[14] Cebuano is given the ISO 639-2 three-letter code ceb, but has no ISO 639-
1 two-letter code. The Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino, the official regulating body of Philippine languages,
spells the name of the language as Sebwano.

Tiruray

iruray or Teduray is an Austronesian language of the southern Philippines. According

to Ethnologue, Tiruray is spoken in the following places:

 Datu Blah T. Sinsuat, Upi, and South Upi municipalities, in southwestern Maguindanao Province
 Lebak municipality, northwestern Sultan Kudarat Province
P. Guillermo Benassar published a Spanish-Tiruray dictionary in 1892.

Maguindanao
Maguindanao or Maguindanaon is an Austronesian language spoken by majority of the
population of Maguindanao province in the Philippines. It is also spoken by sizable minorities in different
parts of Mindanao such as the cities of Zamboanga, Davao, and General Santos, and the provinces
of North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, Sarangani, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga
Sibugay, as well as Metro Manila. This was the language of the historic Sultanate of Maguindanao, which
existed before and during the Spanish colonial period from 1500–1888.

Bukidnon
Bukidnon (/buːˈkɪdnɒn/; officially the Province of Bukidnon, Cebuano: Lalawigan sa
Bukidnon; Bukid and Higaonon: Probinsya ta Bukidnon; Hiligaynon: Kapuoran sang Bukidnon) is a
landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Northern Mindanaoregion.[5] Its capital is the city
of Malaybalay. The province borders, clockwise starting from the north, Misamis Oriental, Agusan del
Sur, Davao del Norte, Cotabato, Lanao del Sur, and Lanao del Norte. According to the 2015 census, the
province is inhabited by 1,415,226 residents.[4] It is the third largest province in the country in terms of
total area of jurisdiction behind Palawan and Isabelarespectively.

Igorot
It does appear that the languages of the Igorot are descended from a common ancestor that some
would label as Proto-Central-Cordilleran. According to http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/Com... (Lawrence
A. Reid in Oceanic Linguistics in a 1974 paper), Igorot consists of the following languages:
  Kalinga, Itneg, Bontok, Kankanay, Balangaw, Ifugao, and possibly more.

Reid describes the preceding as languages, which indicates they are not dialects of the same
language. Further, he describes the dialect variations of a number of those languages.

Sugbuanon
Sugboanon Na Ni! is a radio commentary primarily aimed at promoting and popularizing the correct
usage of the Cebuano language which is the predominant means of verbal communication in Southern
Philippines. It also seeks to showcase the rich culture of Cebuano-speaking provinces, defining their
character and preserving it against the onslaught of decadent influences brought about by rapid
urbanization and globalization. The program shuns regionalism; it does not manifest hatred against other
languages. In fact, it emphasizes the importance of learning and using other languages such as English
and Filipino which are widely used in media, government and in the workplace. The program only asks its
listeners not to forget their mother tongue, its inherent beauty, unique words, poetic nuances and
conversational value. In so doing, however, it strongly discourages purism. Aware that languages need to
be dynamic and evolving, the program embraces new additions into the Cebuano vocabulary without
sacrificing basic rules on grammar, syntax and sentence construction. “Sugboanon Na Ni!” also
celebrates the Cebuano way of life, its trials and triumphs as well as its vivaciousness that continues to
instill pride among Cebuanos everywhere.

Chabakano

Chavacano combines vocabulary mainly from Spanish, with grammar mainly from Tagalog and
Cebuano. There are two main varities of Chavacano in Zamboanga - a formal variety that contains more
Spanish vocabulary, and an informal variety containing more vocabulary from Tagalog, Cebuano and
other Philippine languages. Chavacano is used primarily as a spoken language which dates back to
1635, when Zamboanga became a permanent Spanish stronghold with the construction of the San José
Fortress. Recently a standard written form has began to emerge.

Kanka-ey
Kankanaey (also spelled Kankana-ey) is a South-Central Cordilleran language under
the Austronesian family spoken on the island of Luzon in the Philippines primarily by the Kankanaey
people. Alternate names for the language include Central Kankanaey, Kankanai, and Kankanay. [3] It is
widely used by Cordillerans, alongside Ilocano, specifically people from the Mountain Province and
people from the northern part of the Benguet Province.[4] Kankanaey has a slight mutual intelligibility with
the Ilocano language.

Waray
Waray is the fifth-most-spoken native regional language of the Philippines, native to Eastern
Visayas. It is the native language of the Waray people and second language of the Abaknon people of
Capul, Northern Samar and some Cebuano-speaking peoples of eastern and southern parts of Leyte
island. It is the third most spoken language among the Visayan languages, only
behind Cebuano and Hiligaynon.

Pangainense
Pangasinan (Salitan Pangasinan) is one of the major languages of the Philippines. It is the
language spoken in the province of Pangasinan, on the west-central seaboard of the island
of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf, the northern portion of Tarlac and southwestern La Union, most of
whom belong to the Pangasinan ethnic group. Pangasinan is also understood in some municipalities
in Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, and by the Aeta or Aeta of Zambales.[4]

Kinaray-a
The Karay-a language, or Kinaray-a (Karay-a + the infix -in-) (ISO: krj), is
an Austronesian regional language spoken by the Karay-a people, mainly in Antique in
the Philippines, Iloilo and other provinces on the island of Panay, as well as portions of
the SOCCSKSARGEN region in Mindanao. It is one of the Visayan languages, mainly along
with Aklanon/Malaynon, Capiznon and Hiligaynon. As of 2015, there is an estimated 1,200,000 speakers
of Kinaray-a with almost half of them are from Antique and Iloilo provinces .

Gada
The Garha, sometimes referred as Gaur and occasionally Gada, are a Muslim community
or caste found in the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh[1] and Haryana.[2] he Garha have 51 sub-divisions,
known as biradaris. Some of these are based on territorial groupings and some on the sects and castes
they belonged to, prior to their conversion to Islam. Their main biradari is the Gaur Brahmin. Most Garha
sub-groups claim descent from the Hindu Rajput community. Prior to their conversion to Islam, they
were Chandravanshi Rajputs. Most Gada groups also claim descent from the Gaur Brahmin community,
and claim Gada is the khadi boli transformation of the original Gauda.
The Garha have a caste association, called the Anjuman Garha (Garha association), whose primary
purpose is to look after their socio-economic welfare. The association runs schools imparting religious
education, as well as a boarding house for poor boys. They live in multi-caste villages, occupying their
own quarters.