Hantu' and Highway Transport in Sabah 1881-1963 Modern Asian Studies Cambridge Core

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Modern Asian Studies
Volume 28, Issue 1

February 1994 , pp. 1-49
‘Hantu’ and Highway: Transport in Sabah 1881–1963

Amarjit Kaur (a1)
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00011689
Published online: 28 November 2008
Extract
Sabah (previously known as British North Borneo) occupies the whole of the northern portion of the island of
Borneo, covering an area of 76, 115 square kilometres. Its immediate neighbours are Brunei, Sarawak and
Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). From 1882 to 1942, Sabah was administered by the British North Borneo
(Chartered) Company. The territory possessed three main attractions: its timber, its reputed minerals and its
land. Timber has now grown to be amajor export commodity, second only to petroleum. With the exception of
deposits of coal and some gold, economic resources of other sought-after minerals were not proven during
the period. The land proved to be the most valuable asset. Many crops were experimented with: tobacco,
sugar cane, coffee, coconuts and rubber and they laid the basis for the economic development of the territory.
The expansion of these crops was largely assisted by the introduction of a modern transport system which
supplemented the original means of communication, the rivers. The railway in particular provided the impetus
for the rubber boom on the west coast. In turn, this resulted in the emergence of an export-oriented economy,
specializing in rubber, timber, copra and tobacco. From 1942, Sabah was occupied by the Japanese until its
liberation in 1945. After a brief period under military administration, it became a British Colony in 1946. Under
colonial rule from 1946 to 1963 the previous pattern of economic exploitation continued.
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References Hide All
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35 Colony of North Borneo, Report of the Transport Commission, 1949 (Arkib Negeri
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38 Colony of North Borneo Annual Report 1962, pp. 170–1.

q=Colony+of+North+Borneo+Annual+Report+1962+pp.+170%E2%80%931.)
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39 Bruce, , Twenty Years in Borneo, pp. 137–54.

q=Bruce+Twenty+Years+in+Borneo+pp.+137%E2%80%9354.)
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40 British North Borneo Herald, 16 Jan. 1896;

q=British+North+Borneo+Herald+16+Jan.+1896;)
q=British+North+Borneo+Herald+16+Jan.+1896;)
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Herald, 16 June 1910.

q=%E2%80%98Monthly+Reports+Rundum+District+January+and+Feb-
ruary+1910%E2%80%99+British+North+Borneo+Herald+16+June+1910.)
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42 Black, , A Gambling Style of Government, p. 226.

q=Black+A+Gambling+Style+of+Government+p.+226.)
q=Black+A+Gambling+Style+of+Government+p.+226.)
43 North Borneo Central Archives, File #463, Memo dated 19 Oct. 1935.

q=North+Borneo+Central+Archives+File+#463+Memo+dated+19+Oct.+1935.)
q=North+Borneo+Central+Archives+File+#463+Memo+dated+19+Oct.+1935.)
44 North Borneo Central Archives, File #834 ‘Bridle Paths in the Interior’; Handbook of
the State of North Borneo 1929, pp. 87–8.

q=North+Borneo+Central+Archives+File+#834+%E2%80%98Bridle+Paths+in+the+Inte-
rior%E2%80%99;+Handbook+of+the+State+of+North+Bor-
neo+1929+pp.+87%E2%80%938.)
q=North+Borneo+Central+Archives+File+#834+%E2%80%98Bridle+Paths+in+the+Inte-
rior%E2%80%99;+Handbook+of+the+State+of+North+Bor-
neo+1929+pp.+87%E2%80%938.)
Apart from these two sections, two paths led off in a westerly direction to Bundu Tuhan on the slopes
of Kinabalu. Bundu Tuhan in turn was connected with the coast by a path proceeding via Tenumpuk
to Usukan, a small port north of Jesselton. Jesselton was linked with Tuaran and the Marudu Bay
district.
45 North Borneo Central Archives, File #112, Memo on ‘Maintenance of Bridle Paths’,
15 May 1928.
q=North+Borneo+Central+Archives+File+#112+Memo+on+%E2%80%98Mainte-
nance+of+Bridle+Paths%E2%80%99+15+May+1928.)
q=North+Borneo+Central+Archives+File+#112+Memo+on+%E2%80%98Mainte-
nance+of+Bridle+Paths%E2%80%99+15+May+1928.)
46 Handbook of the State of North Borneo 1890, p. 117

q=Handbook+of+the+State+of+North+Borneo+1890+p.+117)
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47 Annual Report of the Interior Residency for 1931 (encl. in North Borneo Administra-
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48 North Borneo Central Archives, File #1110 ‘Road and Bridle Path’. Humpreys, J. L.,
‘Memorandum on a Ten-year Scheme for Road and Path Construction in North Bor-
neo’, 7 April 1927.
tral+Archives+File+#1110+%E2%80%98Road+and+Bri-
dle+Path%E2%80%99.+Humpreys+J.+L.+%E2%80%98Memorandum+on+a+Ten-
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year+Scheme+for+Road+and+Path+Construction+in+North+Bor-
neo%E2%80%99+7+April+1927.)
49 See McFadzean's Report on North Borneo CO. 531/37/1; see also Baker, Michael,
Sabah: The First Ten Years as a Colony 1946–1956 (Singapore: Malaysian Printers, 1965),
PP. 112–14.
title=Sabah:+The+First+Ten+Years+as+a+Colony+1946%E2%80%931956&publica-
tion+year=1965&author=Baker+Michael)
title=Sabah:+The+First+Ten+Years+as+a+Colony+1946%E2%80%931956&publica-
tion+year=1965&author=Baker+Michael)
50 Colony of North Borneo Annual Reports 1949–57.

q=Colony+of+North+Borneo+Annual+Reports+1949%E2%80%9357.)
q=Colony+of+North+Borneo+Annual+Reports+1949%E2%80%9357.)
51 Colony of North Borneo Annual Reports 1953, p. 124; a nd 1956, p. 124.

q=Colony+of+North+Borneo+Annual+Reports+1953+p.+124;+a+nd+1956+p.+124.)
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52 Tregonning, , North Borneo, p. 104.

q=Tregonning+North+Borneo+p.+104.)
q=Tregonning+North+Borneo+p.+104.)
53 Annual Reports, North Borneo Railway 1918–1929. Compare with the freight carried by
boats to estates in Sandakan in the 1880s viz ‘livestock, doors and windows, cases of
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stock+doors+and+windows+cases+of+Pilsen-
er+beer+bags+of+rice+and+salt+fish+and+ataps+for+house+thatch-
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stock+doors+and+windows+cases+of+Pilsen-
er+beer+bags+of+rice+and+salt+fish+and+ataps+for+house+thatch-
ing%E2%80%99.+Ada+Pryer+A+Decade+in+Borneo+
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54 Colony of North Borneo Annual Reports 1950 and 1951.

q=Colony+of+North+Borneo+Annual+Reports+1950+and+1951.)
q=Colony+of+North+Borneo+Annual+Reports+1950+and+1951.)
55 British North Borneo Herald, 16 Jan 1896.

q=British+North+Borneo+Herald+16+Jan+1896.)
q=British+North+Borneo+Herald+16+Jan+1896.)
56 British North Borneo Herald, 1 June 1901.

q=British+North+Borneo+Herald+1+June+1901.)
q=British+North+Borneo+Herald+1+June+1901.)
57 British North Borneo Herald, 1 March 1910.

q=British+North+Borneo+Herald+1+March+1910.)
q=British+North+Borneo+Herald+1+March+1910.)
58 See Bruce, , Twenty Years in Borneo, pp. 137–54; North Borneo Central Archives file
#844, minute on Pack Pony Transport, 2 July 1939.

q=See+Bruce+Twenty+Years+in+Borneo+pp.+137%E2%80%9354;+North+Borneo+Cen-
tral+Archives+file+#844+minute+on+Pack+Pony+Transport+2+July+1939.)
q=See+Bruce+Twenty+Years+in+Borneo+pp.+137%E2%80%9354;+North+Borneo+Cen-
tral+Archives+file+#844+minute+on+Pack+Pony+Transport+2+July+1939.)
59 See Leong, Cecilia, Sabah: The First 100 Years (Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nan Yang
Muda, 1982), chas 5 and 6; Black, A Gambling Style of Government, chas 4 and 6.
title=Sabah:+The+First+100+Years&publication+year=1982&author=Leong+Cecilia)
title=Sabah:+The+First+100+Years&publication+year=1982&author=Leong+Cecilia)

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Volume 28, Issue 1

‘Hantu’ and Highway: Transport in Sabah 1881–1963

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Keppel, Martin, Mayne and Myburgh.

7 In 1929, Kudat was merged with Sandakan Residency.

Tribes (London: Constable and Co, 1922), pp. 149–63;

pp. 316–17, 348–50.

11 Handbook of the State of North Borneo 1929, pp. 88–9;

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book of the State of North Borneo 1890, pp. 72–5.

31 December 1886 (CO. 874/62A); Treacher, ‘British Borneo: Sketches’, p. 82.

18 ‘Agreement as to the formation of a railway in Borneo between the British North

Company, 1899), pp. 37–42;

he was allowed to ‘retire’.

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26 Rutter, , British North Borneo, p. 20.

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29 Black, , A Gambling Style of Government, pp. 135–6.

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30 British North Borneo Herald, 1 April 1901.

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31 British North Borneo Herald, 16 Jan. 1896.

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32 British North Borneo Herald, 16 Aug. 1896.

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33 Britain, Great, Inter-Service Topographical Department, Report on British North Bor-

neo-Railways, 10 1944 (Arkib Negeri Sabah), p. 1.

34 Lowe, Robert, ‘Tiadatha's Railway’ typescript n.d. [Oxford Development Records

Project, Rhodes House Library, Mss Ind. Ocn. S 278], p. 39.

Engineering Conference (Institution of Civil Engineers) (London: William Clowes and

37 Sargent, J. R., Report on Transport Requirements in the Light of Economic Development

in North Borneo (Council Paper No. 17 of 1960).

38 Colony of North Borneo Annual Report 1962, pp. 170–1.

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39 Bruce, , Twenty Years in Borneo, pp. 137–54.

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40 British North Borneo Herald, 16 Jan. 1896;

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Herald, 16 June 1910.

42 Black, , A Gambling Style of Government, p. 226.

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the State of North Borneo 1929, pp. 87–8.

46 Handbook of the State of North Borneo 1890, p. 117

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tion Report 1931), p. 4.

50 Colony of North Borneo Annual Reports 1949–57.

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51 Colony of North Borneo Annual Reports 1953, p. 124; a nd 1956, p. 124.

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54 Colony of North Borneo Annual Reports 1950 and 1951.

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55 British North Borneo Herald, 16 Jan 1896.

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56 British North Borneo Herald, 1 June 1901.

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57 British North Borneo Herald, 1 March 1910.

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#844, minute on Pack Pony Transport, 2 July 1939.