Fault Analysis

Fault Analysis
Ed Khan
August, 2013
Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Disclaimer
This material being presented is based on good engineering and industry practices. It also contains views and
engineering approach of the presenter based on his personal experiences as a practicing engineer.
Neither the presenter nor Quanta Technology is responsible for any damages, direct or consequential, that may
arise as a result of applying the knowledge gained from this course. Every application in the field needs specific
approach based on all the facts surrounding the application. The material presented is general and must be
applied after taking all facts and deviations into consideration.

Fault Analysis
Power systems , in normal state, operate as a

balanced three phase ac.
However, there are a number of unavoidable and
undesirable events that temporarily disrupt the
normal operation of power system

Fault Analysis
What is short circuit?

If the insulation of the system should fail at any
point, or if a conducting object should come in
contact with a bare power conductor a “short circuit”
or “fault” is said to occur.

Fault Analysis
Is it possible to build a fault-proof” power system?

No
Practically: Very difficult
Economically: Will be extremely expensive
Modern power systems, designed with a high level

of insulation and with main and backup configuration
helps avoid complete shutdown
Fault Analysis

Fault Analysis
Consequences of Short Circuits
Consequences vary depending on:

The type of fault
Duration of the fault
Location of the fault
Short circuit capacity of the source

Fault Analysis
Consequences of Short Circuits
Consequences Include:
Damage to Insulation
Welding of conductors
Fire and damage to life
Deformation of busbars
Transformer damage (on through faults
Cable damage
Voltage dips resulting in load of motor loads
Control and monitoring circuits will be disturbed
Loss of system stability if fault remains for too long
Loss of faulty network
Fault Analysis
Three Phase Fault
Phase-Phase Fault
Fault Analysis
Phase-Ground Fault
Phase-Phase-Ground Fault
Fault Analysis
Open Phase
80% of faults are line-ground

15% of faults are line-line
5% of faults are three phase

Fault Analysis Using Ohms
Transmission Line
Source 1.4 ohms
0.3809 ohms 13.8 kV
13.8 kV
Resistance Ignored
1.4 Ohms
0.3809 Ohms
If=V/X=7967.43/(0.3809+1.4)
=4473.82A
13.8 kV 1.73205
=7967.43V

Fault Analysis Using Ohms
Transmission Line
5 MVA
Source 0.10 ohms at 4.16 kV
2.285 ohms
0.3809 ohms 13.8 kV 4.16 kV
at 13.8 kV
At 13.8 kV
When two voltage levels are involved,

ohmic method becomes cumbersome

Fault Analysis
Transmission Line
5 MVA
2.285 ohms
0.3809 ohms 13.8 kV 4.16 kV
at 13.8 kV
At 13.8 kV
Fault is at 4.16 kV bus.
Hence all impedances have to be referred Resistance Ignored
To 4.16 kV bus
Source impedance:
.3809 * 4.16^2/13.8^2=0.0346 ohms referred to 4.16 kV
Transformer impedance is referred to 13.8 kV

We need it referred to 4.16 kV.
2.285 * 4.16^2/13.8^2=0.2076 ohms referred to 4.16 kV
Fault Analysis
Transmission Line
5 MVA
.2076 ohms
0.0346 ohms 13.8 kV 4.16 kV
at 4.16 kV base
At 4.16 kV base
Resistance Ignored
0.2076 Ohms
0.10 Ohms
0.0346 Ohms
If=V/X=7967.43/(0.0346+0.2076+0.1)
=23282.96 A
13.8 kV 1.73205
=7967.43V

1500kW
Pf 0.8
Fault Analysis 4.16 kV Passive Load
5MVA Transmission Line

Source 0.277 ohms 1.4 ohms
0.3809 ohms 13.8 kV Motor
referred to X”d=.6922
referred to 4.16 kV side
13.8 kV 1800kW ohms
Pf 0.8
Passive Load
Transformer Load Transmission Line Motor

Source Load Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary
Fault Analysis
Source Load Transformer Load Transmission Line Motor
In short circuit calculations we ignore:

Capacitor discharge current
Transformer magnetizing branch
Load
Line capacitance
Fault Analysis
Pwr. Co 500 MVA SC

Capacity
13.8 kV
5 MVA
13.8 kV/4.16 kV
Z=6%
4.16 kV
5 MVA Motor
X”d=0.25 per unit
Motor

Fault Analysis
Base Current in amperes = Base KVA/(Base voltage in kV)
Base impedance=Base voltage in volts/Base current in amperes
Base impedance= (Base voltage in kV)2 X 1000/base KVA
Base impedance=Base voltage in kV/base MVA
Base power in KW = Base KVA
Base power in MW = Base MVA
Per Unit impedance of a circuit element=actual impedance in ohms/base impedance in ohms

Fault Analysis
Calculate the three phase fault
500 MVA SC
current using per unit
Pwr. Co
Capacity Method using 100MVA as a base.
13.8 kV
Ignore resistances
5 MVA
13.8 kV/4.16 kV XS = MVAbase/MVASC
Z=6% =100/500=0.200 pu
4.16 kV
XTX=XTX (old)*MVAbase /MVATX
=0.06*/(100/5)=1.2 pu
5 MVA Motor
X”d=0.20 per unit
Motor XMTR=XMTR (old)*MVAbase/MVAMTR
=0.20*/(100/5)=4.0 pu

Fault Analysis
Xf=0.2+1.2 paralleled with 4
=1.037 pu
IF=Ef/Xf=1.0/1.037=.9673 pu
0.2
IBASE =KVABASE /(1.732*KVBASE )
1.2 =100,000/(1.732*4.16)
=13,879A
X If= IBASE * If (in pu)

4
=13,879*0.9643
=13,383 A

Fault Analysis
Use 100 MVA base
300 MVA SC
Pwr. Co
Capacity
13.8 kV
1 MVA
13.8 kV/4.16 kV 1 MVA
Z=5% 13.8 kV/6.9 kV
Z=6%
4.16 kV
6.9 kV
Motor
Motor Gen
600 HP 1MVA
X”d=0.25 per unit 200 HP X”d=0.10 per unit
X”d=0.25 per unit
Fault Analysis
41.6
300 MVA SC 0.33 5

Pwr. Co
Capacity
13.8 kV 6
1 MVA
13.8 kV/4.16 kV
Z=5%
1 MVA
X
13.8 kV/6.9 kV
4.16 kV 125 10
Z=6%
6.9 kV
Motor
Motor Gen
600 HP 1MVA
X”d=0.25 per unit 200 HP X”d=0.10 per unit
X”d=0.25 per unit
Fault Analysis
41.6
46.6
0.33 5 0.327
0.33
6
6 6
X X X
125 10
9.26 9.26
Eq fault impedance=parallel combination of 9.26 and 6.327=3.759

Fault Analysis
Base MVA =100

Base Current=100*1000/(1.732*6.9)=8367.64
Eq Fault impedance is=3.76 pu
I pu=Vpu/Zpu=1/3.76=0.266
Fault Current=8367.64*0.266=2226A

Fault Analysis
Advantages of Per Unit Calculations:
1. Impedance provided by manufacturers is listed in per cent or
per unit
2. Publications listing average ratings of electrical equipment is
provided in per cent or per unit based on equipment base rating
3. The per unit impedance of three phase transformers is not
effected by the way in which it is connected. The relationship
of voltage bases on the primary and secondary still is determined
by the primary and secondary voltage rating
4. When impedance in in ohms is specified in an equivalent circuit,
each impedance must be referred to the same circuit by
multiplying it by the square of the ratio of the rated voltages of the
two sides of the transformer.
Fault Analysis
Data Required:
1. Utility Service Entrance
2. Induction Motor
3. Synchronous Motor
4. Generators
5. Cables
6. Transmission Lines
7. Bus Ducts/Isophase Bus
8. Transformers
9. Circuit Breakers
10. Switches
11. Fuses
12. Neutral Grounding Methods and Ratings
Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Utility Source Data
Data needed includes Positive and zero sequence impedance data and system operating
at facility service entrance.
This data can be given by the utility/power company in a variety of ways including ohms,
Per unit impedance, amperes, and MVA
Example:
Utility contribution to a 3 phase fault is 485 MVA. X/R Ratio is 12. System Voltage is 13.8 kV
Convert this to per unit impedance:
Base MVA selected is 100 MVA
Per unit Z=Base MVA/SC MVA=100/485=0.2061856 per unit ohms
Based on an X/R of 12 we get the angle of 85.236 degrees
R=Cos(85.236)*Z=Cos(85.236)*0.2061856=0.01712 per unit ohms
X=Sin(85.236)*Z=Sin(85.236)*0.2061856=0.205473 per unit ohms

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Utility Source Data
Example:
So Z=0.2061856 per unit ohms
R=0.01712 per unit ohms
Voltage is 13.8 kV =1 per unit
Base MVA=100
SC MVA is 485
If SC MVA is 485 this translates to 485*1000/(1.732*13.8) Amperes

=20,291.52 Amperes.
From per unit impedance we get I pu= V pu/Z pu= 1/0.2061856 pu Amps=4.85 pu Amps
Base Amps= Base MVA*1000/(1.732*13.8)=4183.82 Amperes
Fault current in amperes = PU SC short current * Base Amps= 4.85*4183.82=20291.52 Amperes
Utility could provide the data as 20,291.52 amperes at 13.8 kV with X/R of 12. You can convert
Current to MVA and then get the impedance

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Motor Data
1. Location
2. Rated Voltage
3. Horse Power
4. Speed
5. Type-Induction or synchronous (if Synchronous we need PF)
6. Subtransient Reactance
7. X.R ratio

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Motor Data
Typical Reactances
Individual Induction motors usually above 600 V X”d=0.17
Group of motors each less than 50 HP usually 600V and below X”d=0.25
Synchronous motors (6 poles) X”d=0.15
Synchronous motors (8-14 poles) X”d=0.20
Synchronous motors (16 poles and more) X”d=0.28

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Typical X/R Ratio for Motors
Show Graph

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Generator Data
1. Location
2. Rated Voltage
3. KVA
4. Speed
5. X’d and X0
6. X.R ratio

Fault Analysis
Generator Data
Typical Reactances
Turbine Generators
2 Poles X”d=0.09
4 Poles X”d=0.15
Salient Pole generator with damper windings
12 poles or less X”d=0.16
14 poles or more X”d=0.21

Fault Analysis
Generator Data
Graph of X/R

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Cable Data
1. Location
2. Voltage rating
3. Single Conductor or three Conductor cable
4. Magnetic or non-magnetic conduit
5. Copper or Aluminum
6. Number of conductors per phase
7. Conductor size
8. Conductor length
9. Shielded or non shielded

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Transformer Data
1. Location
2. Primary and secondary voltage rating
3. kVA
4. Connection
5. Impedance
6. X/R ratio
7. Grounding method

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Transformer Data

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Transformer Data

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Transformer Data

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Transformer Data

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Bus Duct
1. Location
2. Ampacity
3. Type
4. Material
5. Length
6. Bus Bracing for short circuits

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker
1. Manufacturer
2. Type
3. Interrupting rating
4. Momentary or Close and Latch rating
5. Maximum rated Voltage
6. Minimum Voltage or K factor
7. Operating Voltage
8. Continuous Rating
9. Interrupting Time

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
1200,2000 A and 3000A

Fault Analysis
Data Description:

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
1200-2000 A for 27 kV breakers

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
High Voltage Circuit Breaker –Live Tank

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
High Voltage Circuit Breaker –Dead Tank

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Low Voltage Circuit Breaker
1. Manufacturer
2. Type
3. Trip rating
4. Frame size
5. Symmetrical Interrupting rating
6. Asymmetrical Interrupting rating
8. Time Current characteristics of the trip device

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Fuses
1. Manufacturer
2. Type
3. Ampere or size designation
4. Rated Voltage
5. Symmetrical Interrupting rating
8. Time Current characteristics curve

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Switches
1. Manufacturer
2. Type
4. Momentary Rating
5. Fault Closing rating
8. Time Current characteristics curve

Fault Analysis
Data Description:
Panel Boards, Motor Control Centers and Switchgear Bus
1. Symmetrical short circuit rating
2. Asymmetrical short circuit rating

Fault Analysis
Symmetrical Components
Balanced faults are very easy to calculate (three phase fault is balanced)
How about unbalanced faults (line to line, line to earth , etc.)
These cannot be calculated based on methods pointed out earlier.

We could make single phase representation and this simplifies solution.
For unbalanced faults we use a methodology called Symmetrical

Components.

Fault Analysis
Symmetrical Components was discovered in 1918 by

Charles Legeyt Fortescue.
He found that any set of unbalanced three phase quantities could

be expressed as a sum of three symmetrical sets of balanced
quantities.
Very useful for analyzing unbalanced faults where we have

unbalanced quantities.

Fault Analysis
For three phase faults:

Prefault Fault
Va=110 <0 Va=5 <0
Vb=110<-120 Vb=5<-120
Vc=110<120 Vc=5<120
Ia=10<-30 Ia=100<-30
Ib=10<-150 Ib=100<-150
Ic=10<90 Ic=100<90
Fault Analysis
Unbalanced
For line-earth faults:
Prefault Fault
Va=110 <0 Va=0 <0
Vb=110<-120 Vb=110<-120
Vc=110<120 Vc=110<120
Ia=10<-30 Ia=150<-30
Ib=10<-150 Ib=0<-150
Ic=10<90 Ic=0<90
Fault Analysis
We can breakdown Va into three symmetrical components

Va1, Va2, and Va0. Similarly, Vb and Vc can be broken down
Ia can be split into Ia1, Ia2, and Ia0. Similarly Ib and Ic can be
broken down as well into three components.
Three balanced components ----Positive, Negative and Zero.

Fault Analysis
c1 b2
120 120
120 a1 120 a2 a0
b0
120
120
c0
b1 c2
Zero Sequence
Positive Sequence Negative Sequence No sequence—all
Sequence ABC Sequence ACB In phase

Fault Analysis
Va=Va1+Va2+Va0 ------Va=Va1+Va2+Va0
Vb=Vb1+Vb2+Vb0 ------Vb=1<240 Va1+1<120Va2+Va0
Vc=Vc1+Vc2+Vc0 ------Vc=1<120 Va1+1<240Va2+Va0
Vc1 Vb2
Va0
Va1 Va2 Vb0
Vc0
Vb1 Vc2

Fault Analysis
Va=Va1+Va2+Va0 = V1+V2+Va0
Vb=1<240Va1+1<120Va1+Va0 = 1<240V1+1<120V2+Va0
Vc=1<120Va1+1<240Va2+Va0 = 1<120V1+1<240V2+Va0
1<120 V2
1<120 V1
V0
V1 V2 V0
V0
1<240 V2
1<240 V1

Fault Analysis
Operator a
a operates the vector by +120 degrees (1<120)
a2 operates the vector by +240 degrees (1<240)
a3 operates the vector by +360 degrees so is equal to 1<0
a4 operates the vector by +120 degrees so is equal to a
a V2
a V1
V1 V2 V0
a2 V1 a2 V2
Fault Analysis
Va= V1+V2+Va0 =V1+V2+V0

Vb= 1<240V1+1<120V2+Va0 =a2V1+aV2+V0
Vc= 1<120V1+1<240V2+Va0 =aV1+a2V2+V0
1<120 V2
1<120 V1
V1 V2 V0
1<240 V2
1<240 V1

Fault Analysis
Va = V1 + V2 + V0
Vb = a2 V1 + aV2 + V0
Vc = aV1 + a2 V2 + V0
Va+Vb+Vc = 0 + 0 + 3V0
V0=1/3(Va+Vb+Vc)
Fault Analysis
Va = V1 + V2 + V0
aVb = a3V1 + a2V2 + aV0
a2Vc = a3V1 + aV2 + a2V0
Va+aVb+a2Vc = 3V1 + 0 +0
V1=1/3(Va+aVb+a2 Vc)
Fault Analysis
Va = V1 + V2 + V0
a2Vb = a4V1 + a3V2 + a2V0
aVc = a2V1 + a3V2 + aV0
Va+a2Vb+aVc = 0 + 3V2 +0
V2=1/3(Va+a2Vb+a Vc)
Fault Analysis
Important Formulas
V1=1/3(Va+aVb+a2 Vc)
V2=1/3(Va+a2Vb+a Vc)
V0=1/3(Va+Vb+Vc)
Va= V1+V2+V0
Vb= a2V1+aV2+V0
Vc= aV1+a2V2+V0

Fault Analysis
Important Formulas
I1=1/3(Ia+a Ib+a2 Ic)
I2=1/3(Ia+a2Ib+a Ic)
I0=1/3(Ia+Ib+Ic)
Ia= I1+I2+I0
Ib= a2 I1+a I2+V0
Ic= a I1+a2 I2+V0

Fault Analysis
Example:
Following are the voltages in a three phase system
Va=60<0
Vb=87<-59
Vc=121 <100
Find positive, negative and zero sequence
Components (V1, V2, V0)
V1=1/3 *(Va+aVb+a2Vc)
V1=1/3* (60<0 +1<120*87<-59 + 1<240* 121<100)
Fault Analysis
Example:
Va=60<0
Vb=87<-59
Vc=121 <100
V1=1/3* (60<0 +1<120*87<-59 + 1<240* 121<100)
V1=1/3* (60<0 + 87<62 +121<340)
V1=1/3*(60+j0 +40.844+j76.82+113.70-j41.38)
V1=1/3*(214.54+j35.44)=71.51+j11.81

Fault Analysis
Example:
Va=60<0
Vb=87<-59
Vc=121 <100
V2=1/3* (60<0 +1<240*87<-59 + 1<120* 121<100)
V2=1/3* (60<0 + 87<181 +121<220)
V2=1/3*(60+j0 -86.986-j1.52-92.7-j77.77)
V2=1/3*(-119.68-j79.29)=-39.9-j26.43

Fault Analysis
Example:
Va=60<0
Vb=87<-59
Vc=121 <100
V0=1/3* (60<0 +87<-59 + 121<100)
V0=1/3* (60+j0 + 44.80-j74.57-21+j119.16)
V0=1/3*(83.80+j44.59)=27.93+j14.86

Fault Analysis
Example:
Va=60<0
Vb=87<-59
Vc=121 <100
V0=1/3*(83.80+j44.59)=27.93+j14.86=31.63<28
V1=1/3*(214.54+j35.44)=71.51+j11.81=72.48<9.37
V2=1/3*(-119.68-j79.29)=-39.9-j26.43=47.86<33.52
Va=V1+V2+V0=59.54+j0.24=59.54<0.23
Fault Analysis
Example:
V0=1/3*(83.80+j44.59)=27.93+j14.86=31.63<28
V1=1/3*(214.54+j35.44)=71.51+j11.81=72.48<9.37
V2=1/3*(-119.68-j79.29)=-39.9-j26.43=47.86<213.52
Vb=a2 V1+aV2+V0
=1<240*72.48<9.37+1<120*47.86<213.52+31.63<28
=72.48<249.37+47.86<333.52+31.63<28
=-25.537-j67.832+42.84-j21.34+27.93+j14.86
=45.233-j74.31=87<-58.7
Fault Analysis
Example:
V0=1/3*(83.80+j44.59)=27.93+j14.86=31.63<28
V1=1/3*(214.54+j35.44)=71.51+j11.81=72.48<9.37
V2=1/3*(-119.68-j79.29)=-39.9-j26.43=47.86<213.52
Vc=a V1+a2 V2+V0
=1<120*72.48<9.37+1<240*47.86<213.52+31.63<28
=72.48<129.37+47.86<93.52+31.63<28
=-45.97+-j56.032-2.938-j47.77+27.93+j14.86
=-20.98+j118.66=120.50<100
Fault Analysis
Nature of Short Circuit
R
L
t=0
V(t)
I(t)
V(T)=Vmax*Sin(ωT+ α)
Total Current in the loop is given by Eqn. 1
I(T)=(Vmax/magZ)*[Sin(ωT+ α- θ)-eRT/L *Sin(α-θ)]
Where Mag Z= Square root of R2 + X2 and θ=Tan-1 (ωL/R)
α-=Angle on the voltage waveform at which the fault occurs (T=0)
T is time in seconds
ω is Frequency in radians
Fault Analysis
When the switch closes at T=0, total fault current
waveform can be shown as below
Total fault Degrees
current
90 180 270 360 450
0
Decaying dc
component
1 1 3/4
AC Component Cycles
Fault Analysis
EQ.1 has two parts:
AC Component is:
Total fault
(Vmax/Z mag)* Sin(ωT+ α-θ ) current
DC Component is:
e-(R/L)T *Sin(α-θ) Decaying dc

component AC Component

Fault Analysis
Symmetrical Current
If α-ϴ = 0 or +/- π Then Sin(α-ϴ)=0

The DC component under such condition will be zero.
Only AC Component will be present
This will result in a symmetrical waveform given by:
I(T)=(Vmax/Z mag)*Sin ωT
where Zmag is the magnitude of short circuit impedance
Current
Short Circuit
Initiation Voltage
Fault Analysis
Symmetrical Current
This condition of no dc component will be present
is the fault occurs at α= ϴ=Tan-1 (X/R)
If R=X (Totally reactive circuit) will mean α=Tan-1 (X/R)=90
Degrees.
Voltage
Current
Fault occurs at 90
degrees on Short Circuit
voltage Initiation
waveform
Fault Analysis
Asymmetrical Current
If α= ϴ=+/-90 degrees then Sin(α- ϴ) is +/-1 and the

Dc component will be maximum.
The waveform is then represented by the following:

I(T)=(Vmax/magZ)*[Sin(ωT+/-90)-eRT/L *Sin(+/-90)]
This results in a fully offset waveform.

This is due to the term Sin(+/-90)

Fault Analysis
The waveform is referred to asymmetrical since it is not

symmetrical about the x axis.
Isc
V
Fully Offset
Current Waveform
V
Fault Analysis
Consider a totally reactive circuit and assume
α-ϴ=-90 and θ=90.
This means α=0
Isc
Short circuit V
initiated
Fully Offset
Current Waveform

Fault Analysis
If the fault closing angle is somewhere between zero and

90 degrees on voltage waveform we get partially offset
waveform
Isc
Short circuit
initiated

Fault Analysis
The DC component decays with time because of

resistance in the circuit. X/R ratio determines the rate at
which it decays. The larger the X/R ratio the longer is
is the delay.

Fault Analysis
Total asymmetrical waveform

Fault Analysis
Characteristics Power Co.
of short circuit
contributions
Syn Gen.
Syn Mtr.
2ms
Ind. Mtr.
Fault Analysis
Characteristics Utility/Power Co.
of short circuit
contributions Syn. Generator
Syn. motor
Ind. motor
Total
From GE Industrial Power Systems Data Book

Fault Analysis
Wind-Turbine Generators
Wind turbine generators are induction machines
of various types.
Fault current simulates that of induction machines
Can be prolonged if reactive source is present to

sustain faults.
Manufacturer needs to be contacted to get exact profile

of short circuit
Fault Analysis
Asymmetrical short circuit current is very
important factor because it increases the total
rms current.
Also:
Circuit breakers and fuses have to interrupt
asymmetrical current
Bracing of electrical equipment is based on
Some Instantaneous relays respond to
Fault Analysis
Main concern for equipment rating

is the 1//2 cycle for devices that operate
Instantaneously.
We also need to know what happens from time

2 to 8 cycles or so– Breakers interrupt in this time frame
Making current is tied to fist cycle

Fault Analysis
Maximum value of the first half cycle current is calculated

Using the following equation:
Irms (1/2 cycle)=Isym Sq. root of 1+2e-2π/(x/r) rms Asymmetrical
Where X=inductive reactance

R=Resistance
Isym =symmetrical AC rms current at ½ cycle

Fault Analysis
Making Duty
Current reaches maximum value during first half cycle after

fault is initiated.
This level of short circuit exerts tremendous mechanical
force on electrical equipment.
Force is directly proportional to the square of the current.

Fault Analysis
Making Duty
Hence, this current rating is used to evaluate the mechanical
Capability of equipment such as:
Medium voltage breaker momentary/making/close

and latch ratings
Withstand rating of switches
Bus bracings
Fault Analysis
Making Duty
Fuse breaking or interrupting rating is based on ½ cycle

magnitude
Molded case circuit breakers and low voltage power

circuit breaker may start interruption process within
first half cycle.

Fault Analysis
Making Duty
Instantaneous overcurrent relays and low voltage breakers

with instantaneous trip feature respond to first half cycle
short circuit currents

Fault Analysis
How do we evaluate device SC capabilities
Load Break Switches
These switches interrupt load currents and do not interrupt

short circuit currents.
The switch must however withstand the short circuit currents

that flow through it.
It must be able to close into a fault.
This is based onCopyright

½ cycle fault currents.
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Fault Analysis
Medium Voltage Circuit breakers rated per ANSI

Fault Analysis
Medium Voltage Circuit breakers rated per IEC

Fault Analysis
Medium Voltage Circuit breakers rated per ANSI

Fault Analysis
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Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Power systems , in normal state, operate as a

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

What is short circuit?

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Is it possible to build a fault-proof” power system?

Modern power systems, designed with a high level

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Consequences of Short Circuits

Consequences vary depending on:

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Consequences of Short Circuits

Three Phase Fault

80% of faults are line-ground

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When two voltage levels are involved,

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Transformer impedance is referred to 13.8 kV

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5MVA Transmission Line

Transformer Load Transmission Line Motor

Source Load Transformer Load Transmission Line Motor

In short circuit calculations we ignore:

Pwr. Co 500 MVA SC

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Base Current in amperes = Base KVA/(Base voltage in kV)

Base impedance=Base voltage in volts/Base current in amperes

Base impedance= (Base voltage in kV)2 X 1000/base KVA

Base impedance=Base voltage in kV/base MVA

Base power in KW = Base KVA

Base power in MW = Base MVA

Per Unit impedance of a circuit element=actual impedance in ohms/base impedance in ohms

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X If= IBASE * If (in pu)

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300 MVA SC 0.33 5

Eq fault impedance=parallel combination of 9.26 and 6.327=3.759

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Base MVA =100

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Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

If SC MVA is 485 this translates to 485*1000/(1.732*13.8) Amperes

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

1200,2000 A and 3000A

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Copyright © 2012, Quanta Technology, LLC Confidential and Proprietary

If SC MVA is 485 this translates to 4851000/(1.73213.8) Amperes