Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Maria Ulfah
Devisi Unggas, DIPTP, Fak. Peternakan, IPB
KUALITAS
TELUR
Fisik Kimia
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine whether shell strength changed from 3 min to 3 hr after
oviposition and whether shell strength of an egg was influenced by polyurethane foam placed on the
cage floor to reduce impact at oviposition. Shell strength measurements included specific gravity (SG)
by Archimedes’ principle, nondestructive deformation (DFM), quasistatic compression fracture (CFS),
and shell thickness.
Using shell thickness as a covariate and comparing treatments on a within bird basis, it was found that
from 3 min to 3 hr after oviposition CFS increased (P<.01) while DFM tended to decrease (P>.05). The
SG was unchanged when values were corrected to a constant temperature. Using regression
coefficients of CFS on temperature published previously, it was shown that much of the increased CFS
Although
could be explained by a decrease in temperature of the egg.
Tyler
(1957)
CUTICLE
v
A
thin
membrane,
the
so
called
cuYcle,
covers
the
whole
eggshell.
v
This
membrane
can
be
penetrated
by
gasses
but
funcYons
as
a
kind
defensive
mechanism
to
prevent
the
entry
of
bacteria.
v
It
is
made
from
the
sYcky
fluid
which
covers
an
egg
freshly
laid
and
it
dissolves
due
to
the
carbondioxyde
acYvity.
v
In
this
case
the
shine
of
the
egg
disappears
and
the
defensive
mechanism
is
damaged.
v
By
mechanical
means
the
cuYcula
can
be
injured,
which
results
in
a
break
down
of
the
defensive
mechanism
whereby
the
bacteria
may
penetrate
the
egg.
SHELL
MEMBRANES
v
Each
egg
has
two
shell
membranes.
v
Both
lie
adjacent
to
each
other
and
to
the
shell.
v
The
inner
membrane
encloses
the
albumen.
v
At
the
broad
end
of
the
egg
both
membranes
separate;
the
inner
one
comes
away
to
leave
an
air
space
(air
cell)
v
These
membranes
also
protect
the
egg
against
bacterial
invasion.
Gasses
may
penetrate
them.
ISA
A
Hendrix
GeneYcs
Company
(2009)
AIR
CELL
v
As
soon
as
the
egg
has
been
laid,
the
egg
will
cool
down,
the
egg
contents
contract
whereby
the
air
cell
is
created.
It
is
normal
for
the
air
cell
to
be
at
the
broad
end.
v
There
are
many
more
pores
per
square
cenYmetre
here
than
anywhere
else
on
the
surface
of
the
egg.
v
Most
of
the
Yme
the
air
cell
is
larger
in
winter
than
is
summer
(lower
temperature).
When
egg
get
old
the
egg
contents
decrease,
due
to
water
evaporaYon,
in
which
case
the
air
cell
becomes
larger.
3.
EGG
SHAPE
v The
egg
shape
is
indicated
by
the
shape-‐index,
which
is
The
raKo
between
egg
width
and
egg
length
mulKplied
by
100:
Width
x
100
=
shape-‐index
Length
v
An
opKmum
shape-‐index
is
74
i.e.
an
egg
(58
gr.)
which
is
4,2
cm
wide
and
5,7
cm
long.
An
egg
with
a
shape
index
of
72
is
too
long.
An
egg
with
a
shape
index
of
76
is
too
round.
Hairline
cracks
§ Very
fine
cracks,
usually
run
lengthwise
along
the
shell.
§ As
they
are
difficult
to
detect,
candling
efficiency
needs
to
be
maximised
§ The
crack
becomes
more
obvious
as
the
egg
ages.
§ The
egg
in
the
photograph
has
been
placed
over
a
bright
light.
This
is
the
way
it
would
look
to
a
candling
operator.
§ The
incidence
of
this
problem
varies
with
flock
age,
but
is
usually
1
to
3%
of
total
producYon.
§ Cause:
Age,
poor
nutriYon
(Ca
&
Vit
D),
saline
water,
infecYous
bronchiYs,
temperature,
handling
Star
Cracks
§ fine
cracks
radiaYng
outwards
from
a
central
point
of
impact,
which
is
ogen
slightly
indented.
§ The
egg
in
the
photograph
has
been
placed
over
a
bright
light.
This
is
the
way
it
would
look
to
a
candling
operator.
§ The
incidence
varies
with
flock
age
but
is
usually
1
to
2%
of
total
producYon.
§ Cause:
Age,
poor
nutriYon,
infecYous
bronchiYs,
poor
nutriYon,
handling
Sandpaper
or
rough
shells
§ Eggs
with
rough-‐textured
areas,
ogen
unevenly
distributed
over
the
shell.
§ The
incidence
is
normally
less
than
1%
of
total
producYon,
but
may
be
higher
for
some
strains
of
bird.
It
is
also
higher
in
early
lay,
ogen
as
a
result
of
double
ovulaYon,
which
produces
one
shell-‐less
egg
and
another
one
with
extra
shell
deposits.
§ Cause:
Diseases,
e.g.
infecYous
bronchiYs,
infecYous
laryngotracheiYs
or
avian
encephalomyeliYs,
incorrect
lighYng
program
SUMMARY
Shell
and
shell
membranes
5,4
grams
=
9%
Albumen
and
chalazae
37,3
grams
=
64%
Albumen:
yolk:
shell
Yolk
15,3
grams
=
27%
Total
58,0
grams
=
100%
raYo
is
6:3:1
PERATURAN
KEPALA
BADAN
PENGAWAS
OBAT
DAN
MAKANAN
RI
Nomor
HK.00.06.1.52.4011
TENTANG
PENETAPAN
BATAS
MAKSIMUM
CEMARAN
MIKROBA
DAN
KIMIA
DALAM
MAKANAN
LocaKon
good
access
to
major
roads,
railways
or
airports,
and
§ good
road
condiKons
in
the
immediate
area
of
the
hatchery
§ relaKvely
good
s
inexpensive
purchase
of
site
upply
o f
l abour
a t
relaKvely
l ow
cost
§ availability
of
services,
such
as
electricity
and
water
§ easy
waste
water
disposal
§
§ good
possibility
of
low
disease
incidence.
Hatchery design (Flame 2010)
Samberg & Meroz (1997)
SINGLE STAGE INCUBATOR
§ loading
of
eggs
at
the
same
development
stage:
temperature,
humidity
and
venYlaYon
instrucYons
evolve
according
to
embryonic
development.
§ Eggs
are
loaded
at
D0
and
taken
out
at
D18;
the
machine
is
then
cleaned,
disinfected,
and
a
new
cycle
may
start.
Hypo-‐
blast
stage
(3-‐6
jam),
dpt
diaplikasikan
jika
HE
sampai
di
penetasan
3-‐4
hari
stlh
Pre
Storage
ovoposisi
&
dijadwalkan
akan
dismpan
4
hari
lagi
utk
ditetaskan
Kontrol suhu dan kelembaban (18-21º C) à multi stage (15-18 º C), Seleksi
HE:jumlah HE, bentuk dan bobot telur normal sesuai spesies; kerabang telur
Storage
utuh (tidak pecah, tidak retak , bersih, tidak kotor, umur telur tetas < 7 hari, dari
induk bebas pullorum, berukuran seragam, fertil), Disenfeksi/Fumigasi HE,
Setting HE, Penyimpanan telur < 3 hari
Disenfeksi/Fumigasi, Kontrol suhu dan kelembaban (36,9 – 37,2; 70%), Ventilasi, Pull out à
Inkubasi
(Hatcher)
Hatch window < 12 jam (rentang waktu antar telur yang pertama menetas sampai dengan
telur terakhir yang menetas); multi stage 24 jam
Penanganan
DOC
Seleksi DOC, Vaksinasi/Beak trimming, Packaging à grading (BW DOC = 67%
bobot HE)
Suhu
selama
transportasi,
jumlah
DOC
yang
maY
setelah
sampai
di
farm,
berat
Pengiriman
badan
DOC
Percent
hatchabiliYes
of
eggs
(stored
less
than
8
days)
from
farm
1
and
farm
2
compared
to
the
overall
average
(Pas
Reform
2015)
ALUR
PROSES
PENETASAN
Penanganan
HE
di
Suhu & kelembaban di farm & selama
farm
&
Transportasi
transportasi (18-22º C), karakteristik ayam (strain,
umur, kesehatan, % produksi telur), jumlah HE
Penerimaan
HE
• Pengecekan jumlah HE
Pre
Storage
• pemeriksaan suhu HE
Inkubasi
(SeHer)
• Zero physiology
• Kontrol suhu dan kelembaban (18-21º C)
Inkubasi
(Hatcher)
à multi stage (15-18 º C)
• Seleksi HE
Penanganan
DOC
• Disenfeksi/Fumigasi HE
• Penyusunan HE di egg tray
Pengiriman
• Penyimpanan telur < 3 hari
Hatching Egg Temperature Flow Chart
Hatcher Machine
36,9 – 37,2º C
Hen’s Body
40 - 41º C
Setter Machine
37.5 - 37.8º C
Hen House
24 - 29º C Preheating Area
24 - 27º C
On Farm Egg
Hatchery Egg Room
Room
18 - 20º C
21 - 25º C
Egg Transportation
20 - 23º C
AYAM ITIK ENTOK PUYUH KALKUN AYAM
MUTIARA
Periode 21 28 35 17 28 28
(hari)
Suhu 39.4 38.6 38.6 38.75 M1= 38.1 38.75
Tanpa Fan M2= 38.6
(oC) M3= 39.2
M4= 39.4
Suhu 37.6 37.5 37.5 37.6 37.5 37.6
Dengan
Fan (oC)
Kelembaban H 1-19= H 1-24= 70 H 1-32= H 1-4= H 1-24= 65 H 1-25= 55
(%) 55-60 H 24 - 60 55-60 H 24-28= H 25-28= 70
H >19= 70 kerabang H >32= 75 H 14-17= 75
retak= 60-65 70
H > retak= 70
Hatcher 18 24 31 15 24 24
SANITATION
• the
establishment
of
condiKons
favorable
to
health,
especially
with
respect
to
infecKous
diseases.
• Includes
disposal
of
infecKve
materials,
especially
carcasses,
discharges
and
excrement,
applicaKon
of
disinfectants
and
general
cleaning
to
make
disinfecKon
effecKve,
isolaKon
of
infecKve
animals
and
improvement
in
venKlaKon
of
buildings,
improving
feeding
and
watering
arrangements
to
avoid
fecal
and
urinary
contaminaKon
of
food
and
water.
(Saunders
Comprehensive
Veterinary
DicKonary,
2007)
• STERILIZATION - The destruction of all infective
and reproductive forms of all microorganisms
(bacteria, fungi, virus, etc.).
Dosis Fumigasi
Satu dosis fumigasi = 40 ml formalin 40% + 20 g
KMnO4 /volume ruangan 2.83 m3
v Peralatan dan mesin tetas: 3 dosis, minimal
30 menit
v Telur tetas: 1 dosis , minimal 30 menit