Communication and Signal and Information

Processing Laboratory

Detection Theory Institut für Signal- und

Informationsverarbeitung
Spring Semester 2018
Prof. Dr. A. Lapidoth

Model Answers to Exercise 2 of February 27, 2018

http://www.isi.ee.ethz.ch/teaching/courses/cdt

Problem 1 Reflection of Passband Signal

(i) Since xBB is the baseband representation of xPB ,

xPB (t) = 2 Re xBB (t) ei2πfc t ,

t ∈ R.

Consequently, we can express ~xPB in the more suggestive way

~xPB (t) = xPB (−t)

= 2 Re xBB (−t) e−i2πfc t

= 2 Re x∗BB (−t) ei2πfc t

= 2 Re ~x∗BB (t) ei2πfc t , t ∈ R,

(1)

where in the third equality we used the fact that the real part of a complex number is equal
to the real part of its complex conjugate. Since xBB is bandlimited to W/2 Hz, so is ~x∗BB .
We thus conclude from (1) using Proposition 7.6.9 that the baseband representation of ~xPB
is ~x∗BB .

(ii) From the first part we know that the baseband representation of yPB is ~yBB
∗ . Consequently,

by Theorem 7.6.10,

hxPB , ~yPB i = 2 Re hxBB , ~yBB

∗


i
Z ∞ 
= 2 Re xBB (t) yBB (−t) dt
 −∞

= 2 Re xBB ⋆ yBB (0) .

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Problem 2 Symmetries of the FT

(i) The proof relies on the fact that conjugation and integration commute (Proposition 2.3.1).
If x is a real-valued signal with Fourier Transform x̂(·), then
Z ∞
x̂(f ) = x(t) e−i2πf t dt
Z−∞
∞  ∗
= x∗ (t) ei2πf t dt
−∞
Z ∞ ∗
i2πf t
= x(t) e dt
−∞
∗
= x̂ (−f ), f ∈ R,

where the first equality is the definition of the Fourier Transform; the second follows from
our assumption that x is real and is thus equal to its complex conjugate; the third equality
follows by swapping integration and conjugation; and the fourth equality follows again from
the definition of the Fourier Transform.

(ii) If x is purely imaginary, then we can define the real signal y as

1
y(t) = x(t), t ∈ R.
i
Since y is real, its FT ŷ is conjugate symmetric. And by the linearity of the FT, x̂ = iŷ.
Thus

x̂(f ) = iŷ(f )
= (−i)∗ ŷ(f )

∗
= − iŷ(−f )
= −x̂∗ (−f ), f ∈ R.

(iii) Let x be a complex integrable signal. Then x can be expressed as a sum

x = xR + xI ,

where xR is the integrable real signal

xR (t) = Re x(t) , t ∈ R,

and where xI is the integrable purely-imaginary signal

xI (t) = i Im x(t) , t ∈ R.

By the linearity of the FT,

x̂ = x̂R + x̂I ,
thus expressing the FT of x as a sum of the conjugate symmetric function x̂R (because xR is
real) and the conjugate antisymmetric function x̂I (because xI is purely imaginary).
To prove uniqueness, suppose that

x̂(f ) = gcs (f ) + gcas (f ), f ∈ R, (2)

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 where gcs is conjugate symmetric

gcs (−f ) = gcs

∗
(f ), f ∈ R, (3)

and gcas is conjugate antisymmtric

∗
gcas (−f ) = −gcas (f ), f ∈ R. (4)

Then

x̂∗ (−f ) = gcs

∗
(−f ) + gcas
∗
(−f )
= gcs (f ) − gcas (f ), f ∈ R, (5)

where the second equality follows from (3) and (4).

Adding (2) and (5) we obtain the unique solution

x̂(f ) + x̂∗ (−f )

gcs (f ) = , f ∈ R, (6)
2
and substituting (5) from (2) yields the unique solution

x̂(f ) − x̂∗ (−f )

gcas (f ) = , f ∈ R. (7)
2

Problem 3 Phase Shift

(i) We first express zPB (·) in the more suggesting form

zPB (t) = x(t) sin(2πfc t + φ)

 i 
= 2 Re − x(t) ei(2πfc t+φ)
2
 i 
= 2 Re − x(t) eiφ ei2πfc t , t ∈ R,
2
where in the second equality we used the fact that x is real. It now follows from Proposi-
tion 7.6.9 that the baseband representation zBB of zPB is
i
zBB = − eiφ x.
2

(ii) By the pevious part,

i
ẑBB (f ) = − eiφ x̂(f ), f ∈ R.
2
Consequently, by Proposition 7.6.8,
i i
ẑPB (f ) = − eiφ x̂(f − fc ) + e−iφ x̂∗ (−f − fc ), f ∈ R.
2 2
Since x is real, its FT is conjugate symmetric, so we can also write this as
i i
ẑPB (f ) = − eiφ x̂(f − fc ) + e−iφ x̂(f + fc ), f ∈ R.
2 2

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Problem 4 Purely Real and Purely Imaginary
Baseband Representations

(i) Let xPB be a real integrable passband signal that is bandlimited to W Hz around the carrier
frequency fc . The FT x̂BB of its baseband repsentation xBB is related to its FT x̂PB via the
relation n Wo
x̂BB (f ) = x̂PB (f + fc ) I |f | ≤ , f ∈R (8)
2
(Proposition 7.6.5). Consequently, the condition

W
x̂PB (fc − δ) = x̂∗PB (fc + δ), |δ| ≤
2
is equivalent to the condition

W
x̂BB (−δ) = x̂∗BB (δ), |δ| ≤ . (9)
2
It remains to argue that this latter condition is equivalent to the condition that xBB is real.
One direction is obvious: if xBB is real, then its FT is conjugate symmetric (Exercise 6.1).
The other direction is almost as obvious: The signal xBB is an integrable signal that is
bandlimited to W/2 Hz (Theorem 7.6.5). Consequently, it is equal to the IFT of its FT x̂BB
(Proposition 6.4.10). Thus, if (9) holds then
Z W
2
xBB (t) = x̂BB (f ) ei2πf t df
−W
2
Z W ∗
2
= x̂∗BB (f ) e−i2πf t df
−W
2
Z W ∗
2
−i2πf t
= x̂BB (−f ) e df
−W
2
Z W ∗
2
i2πf˜t
= x̂BB ˜
f e ˜
df
−W
2

= x∗BB (t), t ∈ R.

(ii) By (8), the condition

W
x̂PB (fc − δ) = −x̂∗PB (fc + δ), |δ| ≤
2
is equivalent to the condition

W
x̂BB (−δ) = −x̂∗BB (δ), |δ| ≤ . (10)
2
It remains to argue that this latter condition is equivalent to the condition that xBB is purely
imaginary.
One direction is obvious: if xBB is purely imaginary, then its FT is conjugate antisymmetric
(Exercise 6.1).
The other direction is almost as obvious: The signal xBB is an integrable signal that is
bandlimited to W/2 Hz (Theorem 7.6.5). Consequently, it is equal to the IFT of its FT x̂BB

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 (Proposition 6.4.10). Thus, if (10) holds then
Z W
2
xBB (t) = x̂BB (f ) ei2πf t df
−W
2
Z W ∗
2
= x̂∗BB (f ) e−i2πf t df
−W
2
Z W ∗
2
−i2πf t
=− x̂BB (−f ) e df
−W
2
Z W ∗
2
i2πf˜t
=− x̂BB ˜
f e ˜
df
−W
2

= −x∗BB (t), t ∈ R.

Problem 5 Symmetry around the Carrier Frequency

Let xPB be a real integrable passband signal that is bandlimited to W Hz around the carrier
frequency fc .

(i) If xPB is equal to the signal t 7→ w(t) cos(2πfc t) for some real integrable signal w that is
bandlimited to W/2 Hz, then, by Proposition 7.6.9, xBB is equal to w/2, because

xPB (t) = w(t) cos(2πfc t)

 w(t) 
= 2 Re ei2πfc t ,
2
where the second equality follows because w is real. In this case xPB has a real baseband
representation, namely w/2, and by Exercise 7.3

W
x̂PB (fc + δ) = x̂∗PB (fc − δ), |δ| ≤ . (11)
2
Conversely, if (11) holds, then by Exercise 7.3 the baseband representation of xPB is real, so
 
xPB (t) = 2 Re xBB (t) ei2πfc t
= 2xBB (t) cos(2πfc t),

and xPB has the desired representation with w = 2xBB .

(ii) If xPB is equal to the signal t 7→ w(t) sin(2πfc t) for some real integrable signal w that is
bandlimited to W/2 Hz, then, by Proposition 7.6.9, xBB is equal to w/(2i), because

xPB (t) = w(t) sin(2πfc t)

 w(t) 
= 2 Re ei2πfc t ,
2i
where the second equality follows because w is real. In this case xPB has a purely imaginary
baseband representation, namely w/(2i), and by Exercise 7.3

W
x̂PB (fc + δ) = −x̂∗PB (fc − δ), |δ| ≤ . (12)
2

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 Conversely, if (12) holds, then by Exercise 7.3 the baseband representation of xPB is purely
imaginary, so
 
xPB (t) = 2 Re xBB (t) ei2πfc t
= 2ixBB (t) sin(2πfc t),

and xPB has the desired representation with w = 2ixBB .

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