Professional Education Key Concepts & Theories
Example, a child plays with a doll and
1. Abstract Intelligence is the capacity to respond
to symbols, letters, etc.
2. Accelerated Learning refers to the practice of
allowing gifted students to move through the
curriculum at a faster rate than their classmates.
3. Accommodation is a process of creating a new
scheme by modifying an existing scheme after
an individual’s interaction with the environment.
4. Accreditation and Equivalency Test is
DepEd’s test that out-of-school youths and
adults take to enable them to enroll in college if
they pass it.
5. Acculturation is the process of adapting to new
culture through experience and interaction. This
involves developing and understanding of the
systems of thought, beliefs, and emotions of the
new culture as well as its system of
communication.
6. Acquisition is the internationalization of rules
and formulas, which are then used to
communicate in the second language.
7. Adolescenceis called transition period among
the stages of development where sex maturation
and rapid physical development occurs when
occurs resulting to changes in ways of feeling,
thinking, and acting.
8. Adopt-A-School Program is DepEd’s vehicle in
mobilizing support from the private and non-
government sectors to support programs based
on DepEd’s menu of assistance packages.
9. Aesthetics is concerned with beauty and
standards of values.
10. Affective Domain refers to emotional and social
development goals.
11. Agnosticism is the doctrine that conclusive
knowledge of ultimate reality is an outright
impossibility.
12. Alternative Education envisions a Philippine
Society characterized by an increasingly
productive mixed economy, essentially
nationalist and redistributive in character, and by
a democratic government based on the broadest
possible sectoral representation at the local,
regional, and national levels.
13. Altruism is a doctrine that sounds reasonable
compared to the previous ones. It is contrary to
egoism. It draws the goodness of an act not out
of selfishness but out of others’ interests and
advantage.
14. Analysis is the process of breaking down
materials into component parts to make them
easy to understand.
15. Analytic rubric describes the quality of the
performance or product based on the identified
criteria for rating, where each criterion is rated
independently of the other criteria.
16. Anecdotal Record is prepared by the teacher
on significant incident or event that happened to
the student in school.
17. Animism: Here the child believes that inanimate
objects have ‘lifelike” qualities and are capable
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of action.
treats it like a human person. In a way this is like
using their imagination.
18. Aphasia is a loss of ability to produce and
comprehend a language, due to injury to brain
areas specialized for these functions.
19. A Posteriori is a Latin phrase which means
“from behind hand”. It stipulates the idea that
knowledge comes from experience.
20. Appreciation involves all the previously cited
cognitive dimensions of reading, for it deals with
the psychological and aesthetic impact of the
selection on the reader. Tasks: Emotional
response to the content, Identification with
characters or incidents, Reactions to the
author’s use of language, Imagery
21. Apperception is a process of relating new ideas
or mental states to a store of old ones.
22. A Priori is a Latin phrase meaning “from before
hand”. This is the reasoning that knowledge
comes from a pure reason alone, and
knowledge is independent and even comes
before experience.
23. Assessment refers to all information gathered
about students in the classroom by their
teachers, either formally testing them through
essays and homework, or informally through
observation.
24. Assimilation is a process where the individual
acquires information or knowledge by which
experiences are integrated into existing
schemes.
25. Associative Learning is the kind of thinking
that occurs where one object or idea triggers the
memory to link it to other objects or ideas.
26. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD) is disorder whose features can include
marked over-activity, distractibility, and/or
impulsivity.
27. Attitudes are predispositions toward a person,
an object, event, and other stimuli in the
environment.
28. Attribution is the view of motivation that
emphasizes the way individuals come to
perceive and interpret the causes of their
successes and failures.
29. Audiovisual aids are educational tools that help
in carrying out instruction for learning purposes.
30. Auditory Discriminationis a key component of
efficient language use, and is necessary to
“break the code” for reading. It involves being
able to perceive the differences between speech
sounds, and to sequence these sounds into
meaningful words.
31. Auditory learners learn best through verbal
lectures, discussions talking things through and
listening to what others have to say. They
interpret the underlying meanings of speech
through listening to tone of voice, pitch, speed
and other nuances.
32. Authentic Assessment is used to describe
evaluation procedures that take into account
 each student’s unique and various needs for a
clarity and support to demonstrate what they are
truly capable of doing.
33. Axiology sets values desirable to live by, any
time or place; divides ethics into moral and
aesthetics.
34. Backward Curriculum is based on the idea that
the design process should begin with identifying
the desired results before proceeding to
instructional planning.
35. Behaviorism Theory states that behaviors
which have pleasant result are repeated, and
those with unpleasant results are avoided.
36. Benchmark is a standard for judging
performance.
37. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (Body Smart):
Abilities to control one’s body movements and to
handle objects skillfully
38. Brainstorming is an instructional technique
used to create flow of new ideas during which
judgment of the ideas of others are forbidden.
39. Buddhism believes that personal gratification is
the root of sufferings in the world.
40. Buzz Session is a technique of curriculum
implementation that is fit to the objective of
developing cooperative learning and social
interaction.
41. Capitalism allows the economy to be in private
hands and operated for profit.
42. Case Study is considered as the most
comprehensive and thorough technique of
gathering information about a person with a
serious problem
43. Catholicism is a religious denomination of early
Filipinos characterized by merging and uniting
different schools of thought.
44. Chivalric Education touches on social etiquette
particularly inculcating gallantry, protecting the
weak, women and children.
45. Civic/Citizenship Education focuses on the
study of basic concepts, beliefs and values
underlying our democratic political community
and constitutional order-draws its content chiefly
from four disciplines: political science,
jurisprudence, history, and economics.
46. Classical Conditioning postulates that
conditioning consists of eliciting response by
means of a previously neutral or inadequate
stimulus.
47. Classroom Management is the process of
organizing and conducting a classroom to
maximize learning. It involves the teacher’s
action to create a learning environment that
encourages positive social interaction, active
engagement in learning, and self-motivation.
48. Centrationis characterized by a child focusing
to only one aspect of a stimulus/situation.
49. Cloze Procedure is a technique used for
developing reading comprehension.
50. Cognition allows us to use previous
experiences, rather than trial-and-error, to
foresee probable consequences of our acts, and
behave accordingly.
51. Cognitive domains are concerned with the
thinking and reasoning ability of students.
52. Communication is the creation and exchange
of messages between two or more things.
53. Computer Assisted Instruction is an
interactive instructional technique in which a
computer is used to present instructional
materials, monitor learning, and select additional
instructional material in accordance with
individual learner needs.
54. Concepts are ideas or abstract categories or
a classes of meaning, which serve as building
blocks for thinking.
55. Concept Attainment Model refers to the
inductive teaching strategy which is designed to
help students of all ages reinforce their
understanding of concepts and practice
hypothesis.
56. Concept Mapping is a thinking technique that
begins with a central idea and proceeds to show
related ideas as these branch off from the
center.
57. Concepts are categories formed as a result of
classifying factual data.
58. Concrete/Mechanical Intelligence is the
capacity to manipulate and to deal with things
such as art and music.
59. Concurrent Validity is determined by
correlating the sets of scores obtained from two
measures given concurrently to describe the
present status of an individual.
60. Conformity is fitting the individual to his
physical and social environment through passing
practices proved effective by previous
generations.
61. Confucianism teaches moral life through
devotion to family, loyalty to elders, love of
learning, brotherhood, civil service, and
universal love and justice.
62. Connectionism is a Thorndike’s that assumes
that human activities are based on the
association or connection between stimulus and
response.
63. Consequence Mapping involves the visual
organization of concepts or summary of a lesson
into hierarchical arrangement.
64. Contentrefers to the knowledge, skills, rules,
concepts, or creative processes that teachers
teach students.
65. Constructivism is based on the premise that
students actively construct knowledge rather
than receive it from the teacher.
66. Construct Validity is established by statistically
comparing psychological factors that affect the
scores in a test.
67. Content refers to knowledge, skills, rules,
concepts or creative processes that teachers
teach to students.
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68. Content Validity is a characteristic of a good
test that pupils are assured of when a teacher
constructs a table of specifications for test
construction purposes.
69. Continuing motivation is the tendency to
return to and continue working without the
teacher’s control.
70. Convergent Question is a type of question that
has a single correct answer.
71. Cooperative Learning is a teaching strategy in
which students work in small groups to help one
another in learning academic content.
72. Correlated Curriculum articulates and
establishes relationships between two or more
subjects on the basis of a topic or a theme.
73. Cosmology explains the origin and nature of
the universe.
74. Counseling refers to helping individuals
towards overcoming obstacles for personal
growth.
75. Course is a complete sequence of instruction
that includes a major division of the subject
matter.
76. Creative Thinking refers to a habit of thought
cultivated by intuition (Johnson, 2003).
77. Critical/analytic reading involves analyzing
facts and ideas their relationship; requires to pay
close attention to the ideas presented by
stopping at times to better understand these
ideas.
78. Criterion-referenced tests are tests where
scores are interpreted based on criterion like
knowledge or skills. Example: Teacher-made
tests.
79. Critical Thinking is the ability to make and
assess conclusions based on evidence (Walsh
& Paul, 1988).
80. Cultural Relativism refers to the practices
considered immoral or taboo to a certain group
of people, yet moral to other societies.
81. Culture refers to the complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs,
and other capabilities and habits acquired by
man as a member of a society.
82. Culture Shock is known as the uneasy feeling
of personal disorientation after experiencing an
unfamiliar way of lifestyle.
83. Curriculum is defined as the total learning
experiences of the children in school.
84. Curriculum Guide is a document that identifies
the objectives and content that are to be
included in a given grade level for a given
subject.
85. Debate is used to develop reasoning and
speaking ability.
86. Debriefing means assessing the effectiveness
of a classroom discussion by asking students
what they thought of the discussion.
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87. Decision Making is the ability to observe,
interpret, classify, and analyze information.
88. Declarative Knowledge refers to one’s memory
for concepts, facts or episodes.
89. Deductive Strategy is an instructional approach
that starts with a known principle and then
attention moves to the unknown.
90. Democratic Education is a type of education
that imbues the individual with a strong sense of
commitment to the respect for and observance
of human rights (economic, civil and political,
and social and cultural rights), peace based on
justice and to upholding the interest of the
majority of the Filipino people against the
interest of the Filipino people.
91. Demonstration is the best method to use in
presenting a lesson which would need
sophisticated and expensive equipment and
technical know-how.
92. Desist Approach is an approach to classroom
management where the teacher enforces a set
of specific rules to control student behavior in
the classroom.
93. Developmentalism assumes that the
developmental directions coming from the child’s
natural, tendencies and characteristics are
optional, because they are a part of nature.
94. Development Education strives for quality of
economic, social and political development in all
countries; fairness in relation between and within
countries; equitable and meaningful linkages
between developed and developing countries.
95. Developmental reading is a reading program
that considers the developmental stages of
learner-reader’s growth; these stages imply that
children learn to read in a series of interrelated,
cummulative stages where each one builds up
on the previous stage.
96. Device is any means other than the subject
matter itself that is employed by the teacher in
presenting the subject matter to the learner.
97. Diagnostic Evaluation refers to the pre-
assessment of students’ knowledge and skills.
98. Differentiated Instruction means that
classroom teachers make vigorous attempts to
meet students where they are in the learning
process and move them along as quickly and as
far as possible in the context of a mixer-ability
classroom.
99. Difficulty Index indicates the proportion of
students who answered the item correctly.
100. Directed Reading-Thinking Activity
(DRTA) encourages students to think about their
reading by having them make their predictions,
confirm or reject them and revise their prediction
as he story unfolds.
101. Direct Instruction refers to
academically, teacher-directed classrooms using
sequenced and structured materials.
102. Direct Teaching Strategy is a teacher-
centered skill building instructional model where
the teacher is the major information provider.
103. Discipline means instructing the child in
the ethical principles (right from wrong), why or
why not, and how to decide and act according to
principles.
104. Disciplinismis also known as formal
discipline, asserts that mind is made up of
certain formetries-memory, reason, will, and
judgment.
105. Discovery Learning is used to develop
students’ first-hand knowledge of physical or
social phenomena.
106. Discrimination refers to the process by
which we learn not to respond to similar stimuli
in an identical manner.
107. Discussion is instructional strategy in
which students share ideas with each other and
engage in higher-level thinking.
108. Distance Education is a teaching
delivery that has the most use of educational
technology.
109. Divergent Question is an open-ended,
higher order thinking question, which requires
students to think creatively.
110. Double-Single Session is a standard
curriculum where a class of 80 pupils was
divided into two, the first half held sessions in
the morning while the second half in the
afternoon.
111. Down Time refers to the time in the
classroom when lessons are completed early, or
when students are waiting for upcoming events
such as moving to another class or going home.
112. Dyscalculia involves difficulty with math
skills and impacts with math computation.
113. Dyspraxia (apraxia) is a difficulty with
motor planning and impacts upon a person’s
ability to coordinate appropriate body
movements.
114. Dysgraphia involves difficulty with
writing.
115. Dyslexia describes difficulty with
language processing and its impact on reading,
writing, and spelling.
116. Education is the process of linking new
information to prior learning and linking different
parts of new learning together.
117. Egoism a doctrine that holds that the
morality of an act is determined by what serves
the interests of the self. What is good or evil is
conditioned by what one thinks, feels, or wishes.
118. Egocentrism refers to the children’s
tendency to see things as they want them to be.
119. Emotion is the blending of sensations
caused by the profound and widespread
changes in the body.
120. Enculturation is the process of passing
characteristics and cultural practices upon
children.
121. Environmental Education rethinks
human-earth relationships, fosters a vision of
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education for sustainable relationship, promotes
care for the environment and builds a global
culture of ecological responsibility.
122. Environmental Influences refer to the
interaction between an individual’s inherited
traits, his surroundings and his nature.
123. Episodic Knowledge refers to our
biographical memory reflecting not only what
happened, but also where and when it
happened.
124. Epistemology recognizes the
significance of education; deals with approaches
to effective teaching and learning.
125. Equilibration refers to the process of
balancing between previous knowledge
(assimilation) and changing behavior to account
for new knowledge (accommodation).
126. Essentialism emphasizes the authority
of the teachers and the value of subject matter
curriculum.
127. Ethics is a philosophical and practical
science that deals with study of the morality of a
human act or human conduct.
128. Ethical relativism is a concept wherein
an acceptable norm in one community may be
considered immoral in the other.
129. Evaluation is the process of interpreting
the evidence and making judgments and
decisions based on the evidence.
130. Existentialists believe that human
beings are shaped entirely by their external
environment.
131. Existential Intelligence is concerned
with ultimate issues, and is next to the possibility
considered by Howard Gardner as he argues
that it scores reasonably well on the criteria.
132. Expectations refer to the teacher’s
beliefs about what students are capable of
doing.
133. Experiential Learning is a process of
formulating new insights and gaining new skills
from direct experiences with natural occurrences
and interactions with the environment; also
known as ‘Learning by Doing.’
134. Explicit Instruction is a teacher-
directed strategy that includes such methods as
lectures, didactic, drill, practice exercises, and
demonstrations to learn specific skill.
135. Expository or Rule-to-Example
Method is a deductive way of presenting a
lesson.
136. Exploratory Reading is done when
trying to get an accurate picture of the ideas
presented in a selection; requires more
concentration and longer time.
137. Extinction refers to the process by
which conditioned responses are lost.
138. Extrinsic Motivation is based on
incentives which are artificial devices which are
 employed to evoke attitude conducive
learning.
139. Evaluation deals with judgment and
focuses on qualities of accuracy, acceptability,
desirability, worth. Tasks: Judgment for reality or
fantasy, Judgment of fact or opinion, Judgment
of adequacy and validity, Judgment of
appropriateness, Judgment of worth, desirability
and acceptability
140. Extrinsic Motivation comes from
outside the learner and involves the delivery of
external rewards when a student completes a
task.
141. Face Validity is established by
examining the physical appearance of the
instrument.
142. Facilitating is helping/making it easy for
students to learn together in a group, or to
achieve something together as a group.
143. Factual Knowledge consists of
knowing the details and elements related to the
specific facts and terminology of a discipline.
144. Feedback is the response to efforts by
the learner to communicate.
145. Field Trip is most fit in contextualized
learning.
146. Fluency is the ability to read effectively,
and it involves three components: reading rate,
word recognition and prosody.
147. Follow-up is the phase of the
questioning process where the teacher reacts to
the students’ responses to a question.
148. Formal Education refers to the
hierarchically structured and chronologically
graded learning organized and provided by the
formal school system and for which certification
is required in order for the learner to progress
through the grades or move to the higher levels.
149. Formative Evaluation is designed to
inform teacher about their students’
performance, prior knowledge, and skills. This
information is then used to plan lesson or
remediation to improve student performance.
150. Frequency Distribution is merely a
listing of the possible score values and the
number of persons who achieved each score.
151. Gender refers to the different roles,
responsibilities and expectations of women and
men in societies and cultures.
152. Generalizations are statements
relationship among two or more concepts.
153. Global Education involves learning
about those problems and issues which cut
across national boundaries and about the
interconnected of systems-cultural, economic,
technological, ecological,and political.
154. Globalization is a process of change
which underpins a transformation in the
organization of human affairs by linking together
and expanding human activity across regions
and continents.
to 155. Goalrefers to the broad statement about
student learning.
156. Graphic organizer is a mental map that
represents key skills like sequencing, comparing
and cons tasting, classifying and involving active
thinking.
157. Group Investigation is a cooperative
learning strategy that places students in a group
to investigate a given topic.
158. Guidance involves personal help given
by someone designed to assist the person to
decide where he wants to go, what he wants to
do, or we can best accomplish a certain goal.
159. Guild Education develops and
prepares the children for commerce and
industry.
160. Hawthorne Effect is the change in
research subject’s behavior caused simply by
his/her awareness of being studied.
161. Hedonism is a doctrine that asserts that
pleasure is the only basis from which the moral
quality of an act can be derived. What is
pleasurable and comfortable is good.
162. Heredity is the process by which the
new organism is endowed a certain potentials
(inherited from the parents) for his later
development.
163. Hinduism emphasizes a commitment to
an ideal way of life called Dharma, characterized
by honesty, courage, service, faith, self-control,
purity and non-violence.
164. Histogram is a graphic presentation
used for numerical data.
165. Holistic rubric describes the overall
quality of the performance or product and uses
only one rating for the entire work.
166. Human Dignity is the most and
important and long-term value of an individual’s
education.
167. Humanistic Education refers to the
study of humanities for moral abundant life to
secure full and rich life.
168. Humanitarianism is a broad
philanthropic principle that regards man’s
obligations are concerned wholly with the
welfare of other men and ultimately the whole
human race.
169. Human Rights are legal rights, safely
enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human
of rights, various human rights covenants,
conventions, treaties, and declarations, regional
charters, national constitutions, and laws.
170. Human Rights Education promotes
understanding of human rights concepts and
values to enable learners to comprehend and
transform conditions which give rights to human
rights violations and exalts dignity and worth of
the human person.
171. Hypothesis refers to tentative answer
to a question or solution to problem that can be
verified by data
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172. Idealism is the philosophy that
proclaims the spiritual nature of a man and
stresses that human spirit, soul and mind are the
most important elements in life.
173. Idea Reading is rapid reading the main
idea.
174. Immersion is transmitted when children
learn how to open a coconut and other common
chores in a coconut farm.
175. Imitation is a more organized aspect of
early education where boys and girls in the clan
under the direction of the elders went through
different stages of preparation to achieve full
tribal membership.
176. Individual Differencesrefer to the idea
that no two individuals are exactly alike, as such
the teacher should make it a point to take this
into consideration to meet the needs of every
learner under her tutelage.
177. Individualized Instruction is teaching
method which can be best be taught by the use
of computers.
178. Individualistic Humanism is education
that develops individual personality.
179. Indoctrination is the process of
imposing, dictating practices to the young.
180. Inductive Instructional Approach is
an approach to instruction that involves some
type of exploratory activity, helping to lead
students to discover a concept or generalization.
181. Inductive Strategy is an instructional
approach that starts with an unknown principle
and then attention move to a known.
182. Inferential comprehension is
demonstrated by the student when he uses the
ideas and information explicitly stated in the
selection, his intuition, and his personal
experience as a basis for hypotheses. Tasks:
Inferring supporting details, Inferring main ideas,
Inferring sequence, Inferring comparison,
Inferring cause and effect relationships, Inferring
character traits, Predicting outcomes,
Interpreting figurative language.
183. Informal Education is type of education
which can be acquired anytime and anywhere. It
is otherwise. It is other known as the education
for all seasons.
184. Inquiry Method is teaching strategy
that is designed to teach students how to
investigate questions through the systematic
gathering of facts.
185. Insight refers to the ability to foresee
things and is based on the react in advance.
186. Insight Learning Theory posits that
learning could occur by ‘sudden comprehension’
as opposed to gradual understanding; this could
occur without reinforcement, and once it occurs,
no review, training, or investigations are
necessary.
187. Intrinsic Motivation refers to the
inherent or internal stimulus of the individual to
learn. It is based on the natural desire of the
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individual to satisfy his drives and motives
without the need for reward and punishment.
188. Instructional Models are the overall
approaches to instruction that are designed to
accomplish particular instructional goals.
189. Instructional Technology refers to the
aspects of educational technology that are
primarily concerned with instruction as
contrasted to design and operation of
educational institutions.
190. Instructional Time is the amount of
allocated time available for learning.
191. Integrative Approach is fit in
developing the ability of students to look at a
problem from various perspectives.
192. Integrated Curriculum is type of a
curriculum recognizes the necessity for learners
to see the big picture rather than piecemeal
learning.
193. Intelligent Quotient Theoryis mainly
interested in the concept of intelligence which is
seen as determining people’s ability to learn, to
achieve academically, and to take on lead roles
in society.
194. Interpersonal Intelligence (People
Smart): Capacities to discern and respond
appropriately to the moods, temperaments,
motivations, and desires of other people.
195. Interrogatory/Example-to-Rule
Method is an inductive way of presenting the
lesson.
196. Intrapersonal Intelligence (Self-
Smart): Access to one’s own feelings and the
ability to discriminate among them and draw on
them to guide behavior
197. Islam emphasizes a total commitment
to faith, obedience, and trust to one and only
God.
198. Item Analysis is the process of
determining whether the test items are good or
not.
199. Jigsaw is a technique in cooperative
learning used when new information is divided
equally among all group members and each
student teaches his/her portion to the other
group members.
200. Journal involves the description of the
event or learning experiences, value and
outcomes, and insight gained.
201. Juvenile deliquency may refer to either
violent or non violent crime committed by
persons under the age of eighteen and are still
considered minor.
202. Laboratory is a learning event that
involves practicing science skills and using
scientific equipment.
203. Law is defined as an ordinance of
reason promulgated for the common good by
the one who has charge of the society.
204. Law of Association is a process of
relating two or more experiences to each other.

205. Law of Belongingness means that the
strength of connection is increased if the paired
of stimuli possess similarities.
206. Law of Effect states “any act which in a
given situation produces satisfaction becomes
associated with that situation, and when the
situation reoccurs the act is more likely to
reoccur than before”.
207. Law of Exercise states that any
connection is strengthened in proportion to the
number of times it occurs and in proportion to
the number of times it occurs and in proportion
to the average vigor and duration of the
connection.
208. Law of Frequency means the often the
response is repeated the greater is its tendency
for its use when the right one occurs.
209. Law of Multiple Response is where
different reactions/responses are elicited by the
same stimuli.
210. Law of Readiness states that when an
organism, both human and animal, is ready to
form connections to do so is satisfying and not
to do so is annoying.
211. Law of Recency implies that the
response which has been exercised and
rewarded most recently is the one which is most
likely to occur when the organism is in a given
organism.
212. Learned Curriculum is a kind of
curriculum achieved when the learning
outcomes are achieved by the students.
213. Learners are considered to be the
primary factor in designing the curriculum.
214. Learning is a consequence of thinking
which expounds that content goals and goals of
thinking are interdependent
215. Learning Style is an individual’s
preference for the conditions of the learning
process that can affect one’s learning which
includes were, when, and how learning takes
place and with what materials.
216. Learning Tasks provide a structure that
allows students and teachers to agree on a
series of task to be completed in a given time
frame.
217. Learning to Be is based on the
principle that ‘the aim of development is the
complete fulfillment of man, in all the richness of
his personality, the complexity of his forms of
expression and his various commitments- as
individual, member of a family and of a
community, citizen and producer, inventor of
techniques and creative dreamer.
218. Learning to Do implies application of
what learners have learned or known into
practices; it is closely linked to vocational-
technical education and work skills training.
219. Learning to Know implies ‘the
mastering of the instruments of knowledge’. It
deals with the acquisition of knowledge as a
never ending process and can be enriched by all
forms of experience including the development
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of the faculties of memory, imagination,
reasoning, problem-solving, and the ability to
think in a coherent and critical way.
220. Learning to Live Together implies an
education taking two complimentary paths: on
one level, discovery of others and on another,
experience of shared purposes throughout life.
221. Lesson Plan is the term applied to the
statement of objectives to be realized and the
methods to be used in the attainment of such
objectives within the specified time.
222. Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart):
Sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and
meanings of words; sensitivity to the different
functions of language.
223. Literal Comprehension focuses on
ideas and information which are explicitly stated
in the selection. Purposes for reading and
teacher’s questions designed to elicit responses
at this level may range from simple to complex.
224. Localization Law is the legal basis that
guides the hiring of new teachers in the public
schools.
225. Logic is the art of reasoning; formal
structure of truth.
226. Logical-MathematicalIntelligence or
(Number/Reasoning Smart): Sensitivity to, and
capacity to discern, logical or numerical
patterns; ability to handle long chains of
reasoning
227. MAKABAYAN Curriculumaims to
cultivate a healthy personal and national self -
concept which includes adequate understanding
of Philippine History and genuine appreciation of
local cultures, crafts, music and games.
228. Mastery Learning assumes that a topic
should be taught thoroughly by the teachers and
mastered by the students before moving on to
another topic.
229. Maturation is the process by which
heredity exerts influence long after birth.
230. Mean is the measure of central
tendency that is most affected by extreme
scores.
231. Median is a measure of central
tendency which the point that divides the
distribution in half; that is, half of the scores fall
above the median and half of the scores fall
below the median.
232. Metacognitive is an approach that
makes students “think about their thinking.”
Students get conscious of their thought
processes while they are engaged in their
cognitive tasks.
233. Metaphysics is a systematic analysis of
the question of ultimate reality; fundamentals of
nature and existence.
234. Microteaching refers to teaching of a
brief lesson to a small group of students to
obtain feedback.
235. Militarism is developing citizens for
war.

236. Mnemonics are strategies considered
as memory aids that provide as systematic
approach for organizing and remembering facts
that have no apparent link or connection of their
own.
237. Mobile Teaching is an alternative
learning delivery system where an itinerant
teacher with the use of modules, teaches a
small group of pupils for a week then moves to
another community the next week.
238. Mock Trial is the strategy that helps
students develop concepts of justice, learn key
aspects of curriculum procedure, analyze
issues, interpret facts, and evaluate decisions.
239. Mode is another measure of central
tendency that is the most frequently occurring
score in the distribution.
240. Monastic Education aimed at the
salvation of the individual souls.
241. Morality is that quality of human acts by
which some of them are called good or right
while others evil or wrong. The quality is
determined by the by the kind of human act that
is performed.
242. Moral Training is primarily for building
character that will prepare people to live in a
righteous life.
243. Motivation is the process that can
arouse and initiate behavior, give direction and
purpose to behavior, continue to allow behavior
to persist, and lead to choosing or preferring a
particular behavior.
244. Multicultural Education emphasizes
oneself and others through the exploration of
concepts or cultural diversity, similarities,
prejudices, and cultural understanding.
245. Multiculturalism is the educational
program that recognizes cultural diversity of the
United States and promotes the equality of all
cultural traditions.
246. Multimedia Instruction is the
integration of more than one medium in a
presentation or module of instruction.
247. Multiple Intelligence Theory allows
one to assess the talents and skills of the whole
individual rather than just his/her verbal or
mathematical skills.
248. Musical Intelligence (Music Smart):
Abilities to produce and appreciate rhythm,
pitch, and timbre; appreciation of the forms of
musical expressiveness
249. Nationalist Education is a type of
education in which thrust is the development on
the part of the student, a strong sense of
commitment to and identification with the
interest of the Filipinos as a nation and as
people.
250. Naturalism advocates education should
be in accordance with the nature of the child.
251. Naturalist Intelligence (Nature Smart):
Abilities to recognize plants and animals, to
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make distinctions in the natural world, to
understand systems and define categories.
252. Negative Reinforcers are escapes
from unpleasant situations or ways of preventing
something unpleasant from occurring.
253. Nominalism is a theory that states that
there are no universal essences in reality.
254. Non formal Education is a type of
education which refers to any school-based
educational activities undertaken by DepEd and
other agencies aimed at attaining specific
learning objectives for illiterates and out-of-
school youths and adults.
255. Non-Standardized testsare
constructed by classroom teachers and measure
specific objectives. Examples: Unit Tests,
Quarterly tests
256. Norm-referenced tests describe the
performance of an examinee in terms of the
relative position in a group. Example:
Standardized tests.
257. Notetaking is the practice of recording
information captured from a source, such as an
oral discussion or a lecture or from a printed
page. Notes are frequently written in notebooks.
It is still the primary source of sorting,
organizing, and processing a material or a
lecture.
258. Objectives are the aims or expected
outcomes of the lesson.
259. Ontology deals with the meaning of
existing and tries to resolve the question of
whether existence is identical with space, time,
nature, sprit or God.
260. Operant Conditioning is the theory
developed by B.F. Skinner which refers to
learning facilitated through reinforcement and
learning that is based upon a pleasure-pain view
of human behavior.
261. Panel Discussion is the teaching
technique used when four to six speakers led by
a chairperson together discuss an important
topic before an audience.
262. Peace Education affirms personal and
global responsibilities for the promotion of
peace, cooperation, disarmament, justice, non-
violent resolution of conflict, respect of human
rights, and environmental care.
263. Peer Teaching is a technique that
makes students teach and learn at the same
time.
264. Peer Tutoring is used where the
teacher requests the older, brighter, and more
cooperative member of the class to tutor other
classmates. The tutees receive individualized
instruction.
265. Performance is the translation of what
has been learned into behavior.
266. Performance Assessment task
requires students to demonstrate their level of
competence or knowledge by creating a product
or a response.
267. Perennialism believes that when
students are immersed in the study of profound
and everlasting /enduring (perennial) ideas, they
will appreciate learning for its own sake and
become true intellectuals
268. Philosophy is a systematic and logical
examination of life to frame a system of general
ideas of which the sum total of human
experience may be evaluated.
269. Population Education relates
population growth, distribution and immigration
patterns to issues of food, housing, transport,
and delivery of basic resources, sees the
interconnection in the environment and
development.
270. Positive Reinforcers are events that
are presented after a response has been
performed and that increase the behavior or
activity they follow.
271. Post Modernity is a phenomenon or
trend that best explains the social patterns which
presently characterize post-industrial countries.
272. Posttest is the summative evaluation
aimed at determining student achievement for
grading purposes.
273. Portfolio is a purposeful collection of
student’s evidence of progress over a period of
time. It can be used as an assessment tool to
measure learning outcomes of learners who can
critique their own work.
274. Practical Education is a simple form of
learning skills such as domestic, vocational, and
physical.
275. Practice occurs when students repeat
specific tasks or skills for the purpose of
improvement.
276. Pragmatism stresses that education is
in vain if it does not perform the social functions
assigned to it. It is concerned with the total
development of the child through experiencing
or learning by doing.
277. Predictive Validity is done by
correlating sets of scores obtained from two
measures given at a loner time interval to
describe the future performance of an individual.
278. Pretests are assessment devices
designed to gather useful information to plan
what students need to learn and what teachers
need to teach.
279. Principles are relationships among
concepts accepted as true or valid for all known
cases.
280. Principle of Interdependenceis used
when students need to collaborate to solve
problems, and teachers need to confer with
colleagues.
281. Principle of Self-organization is used
when students need to explore and discover
distinctive qualities abilities and interests, benefit
from the feedback of authentic assessment,
review their own efforts in the light of clear and
specific standards, and participate in student-
centered activities.
9
282. Probing Question requires student
thinking to go beyond superficial, first-answer, or
single-word processes.
283. Problem-based Learning is a
pedagogical strategy for posing significant,
contextualized real world situations, and
providing strategies, guidance, and instructions
to learners as the develop content knowledge
and problem-solving skills.
284. Problem-Centered Curriculum is
where the child is guided toward maturity within
the context of the social group.
285. Procedural Knowledge is the
knowledge that refers to the reasoning process.
286. Program Instruction is an instruction in
which learners’ progress at their own rate using
workbooks, textbooks, or electromechanical
devices that provide information in discrete
steps, test learning at each step.
287. Progressivism believes that all learning
should center on the child’s interests and needs.
The school should be a pleasant place for
learning. Its emphasis is on the child as the
learner and not on the subject matter, on
activities and experience than on textbook.
288. Propaganda is a technique used as a
deliberate attempt to make people accept a
certain belief to influence their behavior or
opinion.
289. Pro-people Education is a type of
education in which the thrust is to develop
among the students a sense of social
commitment, that is, for the advancement of the
interest of the majority of the Filipino people.
290. Psychomotor Domain is concerned
with the development of movement and
coordination, ranging from flex to creative
movement.
291. Pygmalion Effect states that a
teacher’s high or low expectations elicit high or
low achievement from their students. This is a
self-fulfilling prophesy in the classroom, aka
‘Teacher Education Effects.”
292. Questioning is an art that stimulates
reflective and metacognitive thinking. This is the
starting point of learning.
293. Range indicates that difference between
the highest and the lowest scores in the
distribution.
294. Ranking Ladder is a graphic organizer
that helps in learning the thinking skill of
prioritizing.
295. Rating Scale is a set of characteristics
or qualities that are arranged in order of
quantity.
296. Rationalism claims that human reason
is the sole source and determiners whether a
thing or an action is acceptable or not.
297. Reading is basically an active dialogue
between the author and the reader and is an
important tool for learning in all subjects.
298. Realism is a philosophical doctrine
which states that universals exist outside the
mind.
299. Reinforcer is any event that increases
the frequency of the preceding event.
300. Reciprocal Teaching is employed to
develop students’ reading comprehension and
learning strategies.
301. Reflective Teaching is the ability of the
teacher to guide the students to reflect on their
own experiences.
302. Reinforcement refers to learning that is
practised in order to remember or retain the
content or skill in the mind.
303. Relativism is a doctrine in which the
moral judgment of an act is anchored on its
relation to circumstances and the like.
304. Reliability refers to the consistency of
scores obtained by an individual when retested
using the same assessment instrument.
305. Reorganization requires the student to
analyze, synthesize, and/or organize ideas or
information explicitly stated in the selection.
Tasks: Classifying, Outlining, Summarizing,
Synthesizing
306. Research is an activity in which
learners investigate or collect information about
a particular subject.
307. Retentionis the process whereby long-
term memory preserves learning in such a way
that what has been stored in the memory can be
located, identified, and retrieved accurately
when the need arises. It is influenced by many
factors such as learning style, prior learning, and
learning difficulties.
308. Review is a recount of observations
done in the past learning activity that is being
connected to the new lesson to be introduced.
309. Role is the part that the individual is
expected to play in his social group. It is the sum
of the culture patterns associated with a
particular with a particular status.
310. Role Play is a student-directed activity
in which students act out or dramatize particular
situation, circumstance or idea.
311. Rubric is a type of rating scale used to
judge student performance on a continuum. This
is a set of guidelines for distinguishing between
performance and products of different quality.
312. Sex refers to the actual differences
between males and females; a distinction
between the physical and biological
characteristics of males and females.
313. Scaffolding is the instructional support
teachers provide as students learn skills like
asking questions, presenting examples,
modeling, the steps in problem solving and
providing prompts.
314. Scanning is the ability to read along at
a good rate on a point by point basis locating
literal info. This requires the reader to do more
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than garner a single fact or a series of isolated
facts.
315. Schema is an outline of organized
network of knowledge about a single concept or
subject.
316. Schema Theory is a view of knowledge
construction which states that the information
people store in memory consists of networks of
organized and interconnected ideas and
procedure.
317. Scholastic Education supports the
doctrine of the church by rational arguments.
318. School is, according to R. A. 9185,
considered the “heart of the formal education
system.”
319. Scholasticism silences all doubts about
faith through argument, justifying faith by reason
and theology of logic.
320. Scientific Education is a type of
education that is geared towards liberating the
Filipino students and youths from unfounded
age-old myths, beliefs, and traditions. This
means not only using scientific knowledge to
demystify and debunk these myths but more
importantly, to cultivate among the students the
scientific attitude, that is, to foster in them critical
and analytical thinking.
321. Self-assessment refers to student’s
reporting or evaluating themselves.
322. Self-discipline Approach is a
classroom management approach built on the
premise that students can be trusted to evaluate
and change their actions. It views classroom
management as a function of the teacher’s
ability to build and establish a teacher-student
relationship.
323. Self-esteem reflects students’ need to
explore and discover self-destructive activities
and interests, benefit from the feedback that
authentic assessment provides, review their own
efforts in the light of clear objectives and specific
standards, and participate in student-centered
activities.
324. Self-regulation allows us to choose
behaviors that help us to avoid punishments and
move towards long-term goals.
325. Simulation refers to presenting reality
very closely but the complexity of events can be
controlled.
326. Skepticism is a doctrine that any true
knowledge is impossible and everything is open
to doubt.
327. Skill refers to the ability to use one’s
knowledge effectively and readily in the
execution of performance, in which the learner
proves to do something competently.
328. Skimming is the ability to read swiftly
and lightly to locate bits of info literally stated.
Usually the answers sought are stated in a word
or two or in a phrase; and the reader can skim
exceedingly fast.
329. Social Humanism aims at developing
social reforms and human relationships.

330. Socialization is the process by which
the individual acquires the social and cultural
heritage of his society.
331. Social Learning Theory(of Albert
Bandura) explains that human learning is done
selectively by observing and placing into
memory the behaviors of others.
332. Social Movement is known as “an
organized attempt to promote or resist a change
in the society of which it is a part.
333. Social Reconstructionism believes
that man can make control, change and reform
his society through democratic practices for
public interest.
334. Social Stratification is the system or
process of assigning men their respective ranks
in a society based on income or wealth,
education, occupation and lifestyle.
335. Sociodrama is a strategy used to
engender sensitivity to the feelings of individuals
involved in a dispute, argument, or other human
relations dilemma by having students enact the
roles of the parties that are involved.
336. Socratic method is questioning and
interacting sequence designed to draw
information out of the students rather than
pouring it into them.
337. Society is a group of individuals with
well-defined limits which persist in time, thus
enabling them to develop a set of common
ideas, attitudes, interact and of techniques for
living and fitting together.
338. Sociocultural Theory is a view of
knowledge construction which states that
information stored in memory of people consists
of networks of organized and interconnected
ideas, relationships, and procedures.
339. Sociology is the systematic study of the
development, structure, interaction, and
collective behavior of organized groups of
human beings.
340. Spatial Intelligence (Picture Smart) :
Capacities to perceive the visual-spatial world
accurately and to perform transformations on
one’s initial perceptions
341. Spiral Curriculum is a curriculum
design that provides for periodic revisiting of the
key topics over a period of years, presenting
them in greater each time.
342. Split-personality refers to the trait of
practicing conflicting values and different venues
and with different social groups.
343. SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite,
Review)is a comprehension method originally
created as a study skill strategy for college
students.
344. Standard Deviation indicates how
spread out the scores are, but it is expressed in
the same units as the original scores.
345. Standardized tests are constructed by
test experts and used over a period of years; are
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designed to measure broad objectives; and, are
administered using uniform procedures.
346. Status refers to the position a person
occupies in a society by virtue of his age, birth,
sex, marriage, occupation, achievement.
347. Study reading is done to get full
understanding of the main ideas and their
relationship; may involve using some other kinds
of reading and/or taking down notes.
348. Subject-Centered Curriculum regards
learning primarily as cognitive development and
the acquisition of knowledge and information.
Thus, the content is taught in isolation with no
attempt at integration.
349. Subjectivism is a doctrine which
determines the moral quality of an act in view of
the subject, the self, or the person performing it.
350. Subject Matter refers to the substance
of teaching.
351. Summative Assessment refers to the
assessment of learning after the instruction.
352. Synectics refer to how students
formulate analogies in analyzing learning
situations for new ideas and solutions.
353. Synthesis is the ability to put
component parts together in a new different
way.
354. Table of Specification (TOS) is a two-
dimensional matrix that assists a teacher in
determining the total number of items to
construct for a long test, like periodic test.
355. Taoism advocates simplicity, frugality,
and the joys of being close to nature and being
in harmony with the whole universe.
356. Task refers to the activities that
teachers ask students to perform to enable the
students to meet the lesson objective.
357. Taxonomy is classification system that
enables educators to precisely organize learning
objective in an effort to achieve specific
outcomes.
358. Teaching is an art of creating learning
in a spontaneous manner by combining
individual pieces of education and experience
into new whole that is specifically made for the
circumstances they see in their situation; is a
science that uses specific methods and skills
that will help achieve its goals (Gagne, 1970).
359. Teaching Approach refers to the
teacher’s viewpoint toward the process of
learning.
360. Teaching Method refers to the regular
ways or orderly procedures employed by the
teachers and the principles needed to
accomplish the aims of learning situations.
361. Teaching Models refer to the
prescriptive teaching strategies designed to
accomplish particular instructional goals.
362. Teaching Strategy refers to the general
design of how the teacher will attack her lesson.
363. Teaching Style refers to the expressive
aspect of teaching, the way teachers teach,
which includes their mannerisms complemented
by their choices of teaching behaviors and
strategies (Kellough, 2003).
364. Teaching Technique refers to the act,
style or manner of performance of the teacher in
carrying out the procedures or acts of teaching.
365. Team Teaching is tapping the expertise
of two or more teachers in planning, teaching,
and evaluating student’s learning.
366. Technology (1) refers to the systematic
application of scientific or other organized body
of knowledge to practical tasks; (2) It refers to
the physical equipment, facilities, (hardware)
and the programs or modular materials that
result from the application of technological
process.
367. Technology of Education is
synonymous to educational technology whose
thrust is tied with the learning process, and
whose important aspect is the software part of
technology, that is , the design of teaching and
learning situations that enhance and facilitate
learning in general.
368. Teleology tries to elucidate whether or
not there is a purpose in the universe.
369. Tests are used as tools for measuring
the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of learners.
They may vary according to function, content,
form, administration procedures, scoring system,
and interpretation.
370. Thematic Approach is a teaching
approach that organizes subject matter around
unifying themes.
371. Theoretical Education is learning
higher forms of learning skills such as religion,
values, music, literary and social knowledge.
372. Thinking is the ability to analyze,
criticize, and reach conclusions based on sound
reference or judgment(Arends, 2004).
373. Think-Pair Strategy is done when the
teacher poses a question or issue regarding the
lesson in which the students will spend time
thinking for the answer. Each student talks about
the answer to a partner and shares each other’s
ideas. Each pair will be given the chance to
report to class what they have discussed.
374. Transformative Education is an
educational process that brings about deep and
significant changes (for the better) in an
individual and ultimately culminates in similar
changes at the societal level, principally brought
about through innovative and creative teaching
and learning, curriculum reform and appropriate
policy at the school level.
375. Time Allotment refers to the amount of
time available for the lesson.
376. Transfer of Learning occurs when a
person’s learning in one situation influences his
learning and performance in other situations.
377. Tree Outline is a planning tool that
helps the reader analyze the story so that the
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questions during discussion will create a
coherent framework for understanding text.
378. Understanding by Design (UbD) is the
teaching method that gives more stress on the
why rather than on the what. This is in line with
the current curricular reform that addresses
emphasis on understanding of the knowledge
acquired. This was developed by Jay McTighe
and Grant Wiggins.
379. Utilitarianism maximizes the
usefulness of every individual to the goals of
general worth to others or to state.
380. Validity is one important criterion of a
good assessment instrument which means it
should measure what it intends to measure.
381. Values are bedrock beliefs that give
direction to a person’s life. These are
convictions so deeply rooted that they prompt
individuals to prize them, cherish them, and act
consistently in ways that are congruent with
them (Savage and Armstrong, 1982).
382. Value Clarification refers to the cluster
of instructional strategies that involves students
working collaboratively to clarify set of values.
383. Venn Diagram is a graphic organizer in
which two or more overlapping circles help
develop the thinking skill of comparing and
contrasting.
384. Visual Aids refer to any device used to
aid in the communication of idea.
385. Visual Learners must see their
teacher’s actions and facial expression to fully
understand the content of the lesson.
386. Visual Perception is critical to the
reading and writing processes as it addresses
the ability to notice important details and assign
meaning to what is seen.
387. Wait Time refers to the pauses between
the teacher’s pauses questions, the students’
response, and other teacher’s reaction.
388. With-it-ness is one of the
characteristics of an effective classroom
manager. One sign of this is awareness of
what’s happening in all parts of the classroom.
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