Sleep & Dreams

 Sensory Awareness
 Selective Attention
 Direct Inner Awareness
 Sense of Self
 Waking State

Consciousness
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 The different levels of awareness of one’s
thoughts and feelings and would include
the creation of images in one’s mind,
following one’s thought processes, or
having unique emotional experiences.

Consciousness
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  Controlled Process

 Automatic Processes

 Daydreaming

 Altered States

 Sleep & Dreams

 Implicit Memory

 Unconsciousness

Continuum of Consciousness
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 Controlled Process
◦ Activities requiring full awareness, alertness &
concentration to reach a certain goal

◦ The focused attention required in carrying out a

controlled process usually interferes with the
execution of other ongoing activities

 Automatic Processes
 Activities requiring little awareness, take minimal
attention & do not interfere with ongoing activities.

Continuum of Consciousness
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 Day dreaming
◦ Requires a low level of awareness, often occurs during
automatic process, & involves fantasizing or dreaming while
awake

 Altered state
◦ Results from using a number of procedures (meditation,
hypnosis, psychoactive drugs or sleep deprivation) to produce
an awareness that differs from normal consciousness.

 Sleep & Dreams

◦ Sleep consists of 5 different stages that involve different
levels of awareness, consciousness, & responsiveness

◦ Dreaming is a state of consciousness in which the individual

is asleep but experiences a variety of auditory & tactile
images, often connected in strange ways and colors

Continuum of Consciousness
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 Implicit Memory
◦ Learning without awareness

 Unconsciousness
◦ Can result from disease, trauma, blow to the
head or general anesthesia

◦ Results in total lack of sensory awareness and

complete loss of responsiveness to one’s
environment

Continuum of Consciousness
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  SLEEP is a condition
of the organism
characterized by
markedly reduced
consciousness,
inactivity, depressed
metabolic processes,
and relative
sensitiveness to
stimulation.

What is sleep? Prepared by Justine Beltran

 Internal timing devices that are genetically
set to regulate physiological responses for
different periods of time

◦ Circadian rhythm
 Regulate physiological responses within a time period
of 24 hours
 Located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

◦ Interval timing clock

 Gauges passage of seconds, minutes, or hours;
 Helps people time their movement

◦ Food-entrainable circadian clock

 Regulates eating patterns in people

Biological clocks
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Stages of Sleep Prepared by Justine Beltran
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Why do we Sleep?
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 Repair and Restoration Theory of
Sleep

◦ Sleeping is essential for revitalizing and

restoring the physiological processes that
keep the body and mind healthy and
properly functioning.

Why do we Sleep?
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 Evolutionary Theory of Sleep

◦ All species have adapted to sleep during

periods of time when wakefulness would
be the most hazardous.

Why do we Sleep?
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 Information Consolidation Theory
of Sleep

◦ People sleep in order to process

information that has been acquired during
the day. Moreover, sleep helps cement the
things people have learned during the day
into long-term memory.

Why do we Sleep?
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..sequence of
images that
appear
involuntarily in
the mind of the
person who is
sleeping…

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..are imagery
in the absence
of external
stimulation
and can seem
real...

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 Involve motion

 Feature intense emotions

 Are frequently disorganized or illogical

 Cause a person to experience bizarre

sensations

 May be recurrent

 Are difficult to remember

Characteristics of Dreams Prepared by Justine Beltran

Why do we dream?
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 Psychoanalytic Theory of Dreams

◦ Sigmund Freud’s theory of dreams

suggested that dreams were a
representation of unconscious desires,
thoughts and motivations.

Why do we dream?
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 Extensions of Waking Life Theory

◦ Dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears,

concerns, problems, & emotions that
people have when they are awake.

Why do we dream?
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 Activation-Synthesis Theory
◦ J. Allan Hobson and Robert McClarley in
1977

◦ According to this theory, circuits in the

brain become activated during REM sleep,
which causes areas of the limbic system,
to become active. The brain synthesizes
and interprets this internal activity
and attempts to find meaning in
these signals, which results in
dreaming.

Why do we dream?
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 Entering the Spirit World Theory

◦ Dreaming allows the person to enter into

the spiritual world.

◦ Through dreams, forces in the spiritual

world help a living person reflect on
some future or present event.

Why do we dream?
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Sleep Disorders
 Insomnia is by far the most
common sleep disorder

 Common symptoms of
insomnia include difficulty
getting to sleep and waking
before it is time to get up.

 factors that can contribute to

insomnia include stress and
underlying medical conditions.

 Typical treatments include

sleeping pills and behavior
therapy. Practicing good sleep
habits can often be effective
for treating mild cases of
insomnia.
Insomnia
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 Sleep apnea is the second most common sleep
disorder.

 This disorder causes people to stop breathing

abruptly while they are asleep.

 During this brief period, carbon dioxide builds up in

the blood and the sleeper wakes suddenly to gasp
for breath.

 The length of time that the sleeper stop breathing

can vary from a few seconds to so long that the
individuals skin actually turns blue from oxygen
deprivation.

Sleep apnea Prepared by: Justine Beltran

Prepared by: Justine Beltran
 Narcolepsy is a neurological sleep disorder that
leads to periods of intense sleepiness during the
daytime.

 People suffering from narcolepsy often

experience bouts of overwhelming sleepiness
and may fall asleep for brief periods of time
during the day.

 These sleeping periods may last from a few

seconds to several minutes and in some cases
may last up to an hour or more.

Narcolepsy
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 narcolepsy is a chronic condition that
typically begins during adolescence

 narcolepsy is frequently accompanied by

cataplexy, which involves a sudden loss of
muscle tone and control that can last
seconds or minutes.

 Other symptoms include hallucinations and

paralysis during sleep.

Narcolepsy
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 Night terrors are most
frequently seen in very
young children (between
the ages of 2 and 6)

 But people of any age

can be affected by this
sleep disorder.

 Typical symptoms include

excessive sweating,
shaking and obvious fear.

Night Terrors
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 Nightmares occur during
REM sleep

 They are very frightening &

anxiety-producing images
that occur during
dreaming.

 It usually involve great

danger.

 Treatment involves regular

use of anxiety-reduction
techniques

Nightmares
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 It is far more common in
young children.

 Sleepwalking, also
known as
somnambulism, is
characterized by periods
of getting out of bed
while asleep.

 Sleepwalking in adults
may be caused by
stress, sleep deprivation,
or mental problem

Sleepwalking
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 Sleep paralysis involves
waking up from sleep and
discovering that you cannot
move a muscle. With the
exception of maybe your eyes
and your breathing, you find
yourself virtually frozen in
bed.

 more precisely referred to as

awareness during sleep
paralysis (ASP), or isolated
sleep paralysis (iSP).

 Every night during REM sleep,

the body shuts down
virtually all muscle activity
to prevent you from acting
out those dreams.

Sleep paralysis
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10 Most Common Dreams
And Their Meanings
 you are usually in or near a car or some
other type of vehicle which is out of control
or has other problems that seem
insurmountable.
 You can either be the driver or the passenger.
 This is a very common type of nightmare and
it occurs in all people – not just those who
can drive.

 This dream usually means that you are

feeling powerless over something in your life
– or that you are heading for a crash.

Car Troubles
 you are trying to operate mechanical
equipment which either fails to work, or fails
to work in the way that you expect it to.
 It can involve a lost Internet connection, or
something manual like a jammed or broken
machine.

 This dream often means that you feel you are

losing touch with reality, or that a part of
your body or mind is not functioning as it
should. It can also occur when you are
feeling anxious about making a connection
with another person in real life.

Faulty Machinery
 In the dream, you are trying to find your way out
of an area.
 It involves being trapped, buried alive, caught in
a web, or unable to move for some other reason.
 This is often accompanied by a feeling of terror.

 It usually occurs when you are having conflict in

deciding how to react in a situation in real life
 This dream usually means that you are trapped in
real life – unable to make the right choice.

Lost or Trapped
  rushing to catch a bus, train, plane, or
other type of public transport – but you
miss it – usually by a fraction of a second.
 usually feel frustration

 This dream usually means that you feel

that you have missed out on an important
opportunity in your real life. It will often
occur when you are struggling over an
important decision.

Missed a Boat or Plane

 usually manifests itself in people who
have been out of school for a long time.
 In the dream you are prevented from
passing a test in a variety of different
possible scenarios.

 This dream usually means that you are

feeling tested in some way in your real
life. You may feel that you are unprepared
for something or playing the wrong part in
life.

Failing a Test
 you (or a loved one) are ill, injured, or dying
 a moderately common dream and occurs
often at the onset of an illness

 this dream can mean that you are

emotionally hurt or are afraid of becoming
hurt.
 When it is someone else in the dream that
dies, it can mean that you feel that part of
yourself is dead.
 It may also mean that you wish the person
would go away, or that you fear losing them.

Ill or Dying
 Most often the chaser is a monster or
some person that is frightening, and
occasionally it may be an animal.
 most commonly experienced nightmare
theme

 The meaning of these dreams is that

someone, something is making you feel
threatened.

 Sometimes this dream is a replay of an

actual event in your life.

Being Chased
 Teeth dreams are fairly common and they
usually involve the discovery of extremely
decayed or missing teeth in your own mouth.
 Sometimes you will dream that you open your
mouth and your teeth begin to fall out.

 At the most basic level it means that we are

afraid of being found unattractive.
 At a deeper level, it can signify a fear of
embarrassment or a loss of power in real life.

Bad or Missing Teeth

 you are in a state of undress, partial undress, or
inappropriate dress.
 Occasionally you are the witness of another
person who is naked while you are clothed.
 This is often accompanied by feelings of
embarrassment and shame, but occasionally with
the feeling of pride or freedom.

 The meaning of this dream is that you are feeling

exposed, awkward, or vulnerable, or you are
afraid that you have revealed too much of
yourself in a real life situation.
 It occurs much more frequently in people who are
involved in a wedding ceremony in their real life.

Dream Nudity
 In the falling dream we are usually falling
through the air and frightened.
 Occasionally we may be sinking in water (and
in danger of drowning).

 Typically a person having this dream is feeling

insecure or lacking in support in their waking
life.
 These dreams often occur when you are
overwhelmed in life and feel ready to give up.

Falling or Sinking
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