CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter is composed of related literatures and studies which will be a

great help to how the researchers come up with this study. This chapter also

showed and discussed the conceptual framework and the definitions of terms.

Related Literature

According to Tess (2013)1 presents a very comprehensive literature review

paper regarding the role of social media in higher education virtual and real

classes. The review has consulted almost every popular research database

around the world to make this review rich in terms of covering almost every

aspect of explaining the role of different social media in higher education classes.

This research finds Facebook to be the most popular social networking site

among students as reported by some researchers and it has reached a one

billion users base in October 2012. Likewise, in terms of social media and its

respondents they were considered interconnected from the current research.

However, their research explained the roles of different social media in higher

education classes while the researchers of the present research focused

specifically on the effects of social media on academic performance of the Senior

High School students.

Moreover, Junco, R. (2012)2 examined the impact of Facebook being a

social medium on students’ performance on academic courses. The research

analyzes data from 1839 respondents studying four years’ degrees in Residential
 7

Institute of North Eastern USA to find trends on frequency of Facebook visits and

activities, time spent on Facebook, time spent on class preparation and

academic grades of the students under research. He further adds that although

time spent on social media and academic performance are negatively correlated

but, this relationship is real world scenarios do not seem to be a major hurdle in

academic success.

Furthermore, UlHaq and Chand (2012)3 inspected the usage and

popularity of famous social media network (Facebook) among University

students with special focus on the gender based comparison and the impact of

the selected social medium on their Academic performance. Research analysis

shows that Facebook is equally popular among male and female students of the

University under study. It is inferred from the research that majority of the users

(61%) agree that this social medium has adverse effects on their academic

performance. Further analysis reveals that among the 61% majority of the

respondents were male. In addition to adverse effects of Facebook on Academic

performance, there was also an opinion that use of Facebook makes it hard for

them to perform the best on their career performance.

Hamat, Embi, and Hassan (2012)4 studied the use of social networking

platforms among undergraduate and postgraduate students of Malaysian

Institutes of Higher Education. The study collects opinion of students about the

impacts of social medium on their academic performance. One of the very

significant findings of the study is about the use of social networking sites for the

purpose of learning. Majority of the respondents agree that they use SNSs as
 8

informal learning tool and that it helps them to connect to their friends and peers

to get help regarding their studies. However, in case of interactions on teachers,

an equal split of opposite opinions exists.

In addition, Rouis, Limayem, & Salehi-Sangari (2011)5 investigated the

effects of using Facebook on Academic performance of Undergraduate students

of Lulea University of technology Sweden in relation to their personality traits.

The proposed research model tests how facebook usage affects performance of

students with different personality traits. They successfully make the observation

that extent of cognitive absorption determines the frequency and durations of

Social media usage. However, they add that level of cognitive absorption is in

turn defined by self-control and other personality factors. While multi-tasking

skills do nothing to reduce frequency and use of social media among students,

they moderate the effects of social media on students’ performance by tuning the

cognitive absorption. In connection, they investigated the effects of Facebook on

academic performance of undergraduate students which similar to the present

research only what it defined the broad scope which is the usage of social media.

The respondents of their research were related to the respondents of the present

study in terms of personality traits that extent to the use of cognitive absorption

which determines the frequency and durations of facebook usage. In same way,

the researchers have included questions concerning how often the students

spend in studying per week and how frequent they use social media.
 9

Related Studies

In the study of Gina Mowafy (2018)6 shows that there are three different

students opinion of the social media effect on their academic performance,

according to the survey analysis and the focus group discussions; the students

are divided into three groups. The first group believes that social media have a

positive effects on their academic performance, the second group believes that

social media have a negative effect on their academic performance, and the

third group believes that social media does not have any effects on their

academic performance. As per the focus group discussions, each group has

discussed how do they perceive this effect and why do they think that this effect

take place. For instance, the positive effects group mentioned that using social

media as a way of communication in discussing course related contents have a

positive effect on their academic performance, the negative effects group

mentioned that their addiction to social media takes away from their studying

time which have a negative effects on their academic performance, and the no

effects group mentioned that social media have nothing to do with their academic

performance and as long as they know how to control their time nothing will

affect their academic performance. The discussion and the results show that the

relationship between the social media use and the academic performance

depends on the students’ usage of social media. This explains the negative

correlation between the students’ academic GPA and the time they spend on

social media, which can be addressed by increasing the students’ awareness

about the social media addiction effects.

 10

In the study of Ching Nun Hoih (2017),7 the researcher has found that

though a number of students make use of social media in a useful manner as a

medium of communication and source of knowledge, a good number of them

used it to for fun, and entertainment which does not contribute much to them.

While the former spent their time meaningfully without affecting their studies, the

latter used a lot in wasting their time and it also does affect their studies at times.

This research study has explored and exposed some few guidelines on how to

make social media an effective tool for leaning and enriching experiences and

also how to make use of different apps as teaching-learning tool, since it is the

interest of the young students and has the capacity to be an interesting tool of

education. The results of the study shown that student’s involvement in social

media has both positive and negative outcome based on how they used. The

researcher wanted to clarify that technology does not lessen the student’s

abilities to learn but rather it help them to learn different abilities which they have

never known before. Today, as we can see development happens due to

technology and social media so, making use of social media for good and

positive purposes will enable to the road of progress.

In the findings of Sandra Okyeadie Mensah (2016),8 it is concluded that

social media platforms has a significant impact on students’ academic

performance in Malaysia tertiary institution. Nevertheless, among the six

variables used in this research, time appropriateness and health addiction has a

stronger significant influence on students’ academic performance. This is

because time management plays an essential role in determining the success or

 11

failure of an individual. Thus students who lack time management can easily fall

prey to the negative impact which social media platforms present to its uses.

Likewise, health addiction, students who are engrossed with social media

platforms ends up skipping their meals which has a health impact on them. Such

students become malnourished and could possibly fall ill which is will directly

have an impact on students. Also, the nature of usage and friend-people

connection has an impact also on the performance of students but not as

impactful as the afore mentioned variable. Finally, time duration and

security/privacy problems have minimal or no significant influence on students’

academic performance.

In the study of Osharive Peter (2015)9 showed that, though Social Media

have negative effects on teenagers such as lack of privacy, distracting students

from their academic work, taking most of their productive time, and such like,

they also have benefits and can be used appropriately. For instance, students

can form online communities in order to plan for a project, have group

discussions about class material, or use Social Networking Sites (SNS) as away

to keep in contact when as student who has been absent needs to be updated on

current academic information.

The findings of this study and earlier ones showed some noteworthy

results. The first independent variable influencing the academic performance of

students, that is, social media participation was negatively related with students’

outcome, while the other independent variable was positively related with
 12

students’ outcome. The result of this study suggest that lecturers should come

with a template on how their students can maximize the benefits of social media,

that school management should incorporate rules and regulation on the use of

social media in the school and, that government should put in place adequate

control measures to regulate their use among students and lecturers.

In the study of Isaac M. Morallo (2014),10 majority of the respondents are

female, 16-19 years old, from the College of Engineering and College of Arts and

Sciences and have Facebook or SNSs account. The established effects show

that SNSs decrease students’ study time and increase leisure time. They use

SNSs mainly for non-academic purposes or entertainment activities and for

communicating with friends and classmates about school work and assignments.

The student academic performance in terms of GPA of the First Semester School

Year 2012-2013 shows that the mean GPA ranges from 2.0 to 1.50, which is

equivalent to 87 to 95 percent. The perceived effects of SNSs to the students’

academic performance show that SNSs contribute in the attainment of higher

grade by interacting online about school work. The results show that there is no

significant relationship between SNSs usage and student academic performance

because correlation coefficients show a negative relationship between SNSs use

and academic performance. The probability result has a very small average of

correlation, thus the study found a negligible relationship between SNSs and

academic performance.
 13

Synthesis of the Art

The literatures that were reviewed from this chapter for the present

research were helpful in contributing new knowledge about the effects of social

media on the academic performance of senior high students. Those helped the

researchers to know more the different social media used by the students.

Furthermore, those have contributed ideas and informations to improve the

present study.

The studies mentioned were focused in the over-all aspect of effects of

social media on the academic performance of the students. Almost all of the

related studies mentioned conducted a descriptive survey to their respondents to

know the effects of social media to them.

It drew together several ides gathered from different resources most

especially the information coming from the internet. These have been reviewed

and analyzed by the researchers, resulting to their successful study about the

effects of social media on academic performance of Senior High students of

Camalig, Albay.
 14

Gap Bridged by the Study

The review presented studies directed towards the adaption of Effects of

Social Media on the Academic Performance of Senior High School Students of

Camalig, Albay, which was the subject of the study.

The present study is related to the studies of UlHaq and Chand entitled

“Pattern of Facebook Usage and Its Impact on Academic Performance of

University Students: A Gender Based” and “The Role of Social Media in Higher

Education” by Tess. The studies gathered were similar to the present study

because their discussions were all about the effects of social media on the

academic performance of senior high students of Cotmon National High School.

The researchers have realized that social media topics are worth studying

particularly on its effects among students. It is an alarming situation that the big

leap to innovation social media offered us was entailed with unkind result when

not utilized well.

The study was focused on the effects of social media and the academic

performance of Senior High students of Cotmon National High School. The study

presented the profile of the students; their most used social media application;

and the effects of social media on their academic performance. This is the gap

where the present study had bridged.

 15

Theoretical Framework

This theoretical research was made for the researchers to be guided by

providing some point of view about the research.

Ul Haq and Chand (2012)11 investigated the usage and popularity of the

famous social networking site (facebook) among students with special focus on

the gender-based comparison and the impact of the selected social medium on

their academic performance. Based from the research analysis, facebook is

equally popular among male and female students. Further analysis revealed that

61% of the respondents agreed that this social medium has adverse effects on

their academic performance. One of the adverse effects of facebook on

academic performance is having a hard time for the students to perform their

best on their career academics.

Ul Haq and Chand’s research study was interconnected with the current

research because most of the respondents have selected facebook to be the

most used social medium. Facebook is the freest social networking website that

allows users to create profiles, uploads photos and videos, send messages and

keep in touch with friends, family and colleagues. Facebook may really affect the

students’ academic performance due to the fact that it can be used anytime,

anywhere for free.

 16

Facebook

Effects of Social Media

Network

Students

Figure 1.

Theoretical Paradigm
 17

Conceptual Framework

This conceptual framework was intended to give a clearer view on how the

researchers will come up within the formulation of evidences for the effects of

social media on the academic performance of Senior High students in Cotmon

National High School.

Social media are computer mediated technologies that allow the creation

and easy access on information, sharing of ideas, interest and other forms of

expressions online. Their helpful functions were tagged along with negative

effects when not utilized properly.

Specifically, this study was conducted to know the effects of social media

on the academic performance of School Senior High students in Cotmon

National High School Senior High Students. In doing so, the researchers got the

profiles of the respondents in terms of their age, sex, monthly family income, the

number of their family members, the amount of time they totally spend daily in

using social media, their reasons for using it, and the effects of using social

media on their academic performance for these are factors that may also

influence their academic performance.

 18

1.Profile
1.1 Age
1.2 Number of family members
1.3 Sex
1.4 Family income

Effects of Social Media on Academic

Performance of Camalig Public Senior
High School Students

Evidences

Figure 2.

Conceptual Paradigm
 19

Definition of Terms

These terms are used conceptually and operationally in this research.

Social Media. It is a computer-based technology which facilitates the sharing of

ideas, thoughts, and information through the building of virtual networks and

communities.11 In this research, Social Media is a tool that affects the academic

performance of the students.

Social Networking. It is the use of internet to make information about yourself

available to other people especially people you share an interest with to send

messages to them.12 In this study, Social Networking is used in this research for

getting relevant information.

Social Networking Sites. It is a website where people put information about

them and can send to others.13 In this study, Social Networking Sites have

commonly used for different purposes by the students.

Facebook. It is the freest social networking website that allows users to create

profiles, uploads photos and videos send messages and keep in touch with

friends, family and colleagues.14 In this study, Facebook is the most used social

media of the students.

 20

NOTES
1”The Role of Social Media in Higher Education”, Scirp, https://https-www-

google-com-

ph.0.i.org/url?q=http://m.scirp.org/&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwjtxO2Q3O7gAhVJK1AK

HTEJCOMQFjABegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw3Ujy1JskXA4W79rdZNWMua&iorg_d

omain_internal=google.com.ph%3BAfqovYGIFnVtIreZ
2“The Effects of Social Media on Student Performance Literature Review”,

Academia, https://https-www-google-com-

ph.0.i.org/url?q=https://www.academia.edu/36094406/Literature_review_THE_E

FFECTS_OF_SOCIAL_MEDIA_ON_STUDENT_PERFORMANCE_Literature_re

view&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwiDqPqP3u7gAhVLYlAKHZH0DSAQFjAEegQIBxAB&

usg=AOvVaw0CFRReTJTVGFfAQmn-

3Dws&iorg_domain_internal=google.com.ph%3BAfqovYGIFnVtIreZ
3Pattern of Facebook Usage and Its Impact on Academic Performance of

University Students: A Gender Based”, Inderscience. Science Daily,

https//socialnetworkingedu.weebly.com/references.html(accessed November 11,

2018)
4Afendi Hamat, Mohamed Amin Embi, et.al, ”The use of social networking

sites among Malaysian University students”, Pure, Scopus & Elsevier Fingerprint

Engine™, https:// ukm.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-use-of-social-

networking-sites-among-malaysian-university-students(accessed November 11,

2018)
 21

5Rouis, Sana; Limayem, et.al,”Impact of Facebook Usage on Students’

Academic Achievement: Role of Self-Regulation and Trust”, ERIC,

https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ960123(accesed November 11, 2018)

6Ching Nun Hoih, “A Study on the Effects of Social Media Among the

Secondary Students (14 to 18 years) A case of Don Bosco Hr. Sec School on

their Academic Performance in Churachandpur District, Manipur”, Researchgate,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273142018<http://14.139.209.82:8080/x

mlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/101/Final%20Draft%20%282%29.pdf?sequenc

e=1&isAllowed=y (accessed November 9, 2018)

7Osharive Peter, “Social Media and Academic Performance of Students in

University of Lagos”, Researchgate,

125849_SOCIAL_MEDIA_AND_ACADEMIC_PERFORMANCE_OF_THE_STUD

ENTS_IN_UNIVERSITIES_IN_LAGOS_STATE (accessed November 11, 2018)

8Sandra Okyeadie Mensah, “The Impact of Social Media on students'

Academic Performance-A Case of Malaysia Tertiary Institution”,

http://dar.aucegypt.edu/bitstream/handle/10526/5414/Gina%20Mowafy-

%20Thesis%20updated.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed November 12, 2018)

9Gina Mowafy, “The Effects of Social Media on the Academic Performance

of Nile University Students”,

http://dar.aucegypt.edu/bitstream/handle/10526/5414/Gina%20Mowafy-

%20Thesis%20updated.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed November 12, 2018)

10Issac M. Morallo, “The Effects Of Social Networking Sites On Students’

Academic Performance In Lyceum Of The Philippines – Laguna”,

 22

file:///C:/Users/TEMP.DESKTOP-

D6O2J02/Desktop/a062ef807eeadeab01c3d65cc939f90fc8a0.pdf (accessed

February 28, 2019

11Maya Dollarhide, “Social Media Definition”, Investopedia,

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/social-media.asp(accessed February 28,

2019)
12Will Kenton, “Social Networking”, Investopedia,

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/social-networking.asp(accessed February

28, 2019)
13Vangie Beal, “Social Networking Site”, eWeek

https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/social_networking_site.html(accessed

February 28, 2019)

14”Definition of: Facebook”, ENCYCLOPEDIA,

https://www.0.freebasics.com/https/www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/57226/fa

cebook(accessed February 28, 2019)