D

101. Deactivation/Desactivación: A partial or

complete reduction in the reactivity of a
substance, as in the poisoning of a catalyst.
They made the desactivation of the reaction

102. Decalin/Decalina (decahydronaphthalene): A liquid bicyclic

hydrocarbon, C10H18, used as a solvent.
There are two stereoisomers, cis (b.p.
198°C) and trans (b.p. 185°C), made by the
catalytic hydrogenation of naphthalene at
high temperatures and pressures.
The students used decalin as a solvent

103. Decarboxylation/Descarboxilacion: The removal of carbon dioxide

from a molecule. Decarboxylation is an
important reaction in many biochemical
processes, such as the *Krebs cycle and the
synthesis of fatty acids.
The students made the discharge of carbon dioxide.

104. Decoction/Decocción: A solution made by

boiling material (e.g. plant substances) in water,
followed by filtration
Mary made the decoction the vegetables

105. Decrepitation/Decrepitación: A crackling noise produced when

certain crystals are heated, caused by changes in
structure resulting from loss of water of
crystallization
Susana and romery made the decrepitation in the
laboratory
106. Deflagration/Deflagracion: A type of explosion
in which the shock wave arrives before the reaction is
complete (because the reaction front moves more
slowly than the speed of sound in the medium).
Jose checked the deflagration

107. Dehydration/Deshidratación: 1. Removal of water from a substance.

2. A chemical reaction in which a compound
loses hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 2:1.
For instance, ethanol passed over hot
pumice undergoes dehydration to ethene:
C2H5OH – H2O → CH2:CH2 Substances such as concentrated sulphuric
acid, which can remove H2O in this way, are known as dehydrating agents.
thiago demonstrated dehydration of water with an experiment

108. Dehydrogenation/Deshidrogenacion: A chemical reaction in which

hydrogen is removed from a compound. Dehydrogenation of organic
compounds converts single carbon–carbon bonds into double bonds. It is
usually effected by means of a metal catalyst or – in biological systems –
by *dehydrogenases.
We did the dehydronation of alcohol

109. Denitrification/Desnitrificacion: A chemical process in which

nitrates in the soil are reduced to molecular nitrogen,
which is released into the atmosphere. This process
is effected by the bacterium Pseudomonas
denitrificans, which uses nitrates as a source of
energy for other chemical reactions in a manner
similar to respiration in other organisms. Compare
nitrification. See nitrogen cycle.
The denitrification is a cycle of nitrogen produced by a bacterium
110. Depolarization/Despolarización: The prevention
of * polarization in a * primary cell. For example,
manganese (IV) oxide (the depolarizer) is placed
around the positive electrode of a * Leclanché cell to
oxidize the hydrogen released at this electrode.

111. Desalination/Desalinacion: The removal of salt from sea water for

irrigation of the land or to provide drinking water. The process is normally
only economic if a cheap source of energy, such as the waste heat from a
nuclear power station, can be used. Desalination using solar energy has the
greatest economic potential since shortage of fresh water is most acute in
hot regions. The methods employed include evaporation, often under
reduced pressure (Ûash evaporation); freezing (pure ice forms from
freezing brine); *reverse osmosis; *electrodialysis; and *ion exchan
The students did the desalination of the sea wáter of catarindo.

112. Dehydration/Deshidratación: it consists of the removal of 95% or

more of the wáter of a material normally of a food produst by exposure to
high temperatura. The main purpose is to reduce the volumen of the
product, increase shelf life and reduce transportation costs. A very
important method of the dehydration is the atomization of the liquid
product in hot air the milkpoder and the pvc emulsion are dried in this way
the termdehydration does not apply to the loss of wáter by evaporation or
the drying of a product by the action of sunlight

113. Desiccator/Desecador: A container for drying

substances or for keeping them free from moisture. Simple
laboratory desiccators are glass vessels containing a drying
agent, such as silica gel. They can be evacuated through a tap
in the lid.
The students use a small desiccator in the chemistry
laboratory.
114. Destructive Distillation/Destilación Destructiva: The process of
heating complex organic substances in the
absence of air so that they break down into a
mixture of volatile products, which are
condensed and collected. At one time the
destructive distillation of coal (to give coke,
coal tar, and coal gas) was the principal source
of industrial organic chemicals.
Destilación destructiva de la madera

115. Diazepam A /Benzodiazepine: used medically to treat anxiety,

convulsions, insomnia, and alcohol withdrawal. It is widely used, and often
known under its trade name Valium

116. Diazonium Salts/Sales De Diazonio: Unstable salts containing the

ion C6H5N2+ (the diazonium ion: see formula). They are formed by
*diazotization reactions.
We sold diazonium salts in a pharmacy.

117. Diazotization/Diazotizacion: it is the reaction of a

primary aromatic amine with nitrous acid, in the presence of
an inorganic acid, to produce a diazo compound ( N = N
). This ethod is widely used in organic synthesis, especially
in the production of dyes.

118. Dichromate(VI)/Dicromato: A salt containing the ion Cr2O7–.

Solutions containing dichromate(VI) ions are strongly oxidizing.

119. Dilation/Dilatacion: An increase in volume.

Those university students dilated a metal by
putting it in contact with the head
120. Dimer/Dimero: An association of two identical molecules linked
together. The molecules may react to form a larger molecule, as in the
formation of dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) from nitrogen dioxide (NO2), or
the formation of an *aluminium chloride dimer (Al2Cl6) in the vapour.
Alternatively, they may be held by hydrogen bonds.

121. Desortion/Desorsion: it is the unit operation in which the mass

tranfer is made from the liquid phase to the vapor phase

122. Distillation/Destilación: The process of boiling

a liquid and condensing and collecting the vapour.
The liquid collected is the distillate. It is used to
purify liquids and to separate liquid mixtures (see
fractional distillation; steam distillation). See also
destructive distillation; extractive distillation.

123. Dopamine A/Dopamina A: *catecholamine that is a precursor in the

synthesis of *noradrenaline and *adrenaline. It also functions as a
neurotransmitter in the brain.
Erlin and amy have a lot of dopamine production

124. Duralumin/Duraluminio: Tradename for a class of

strong lightweight aluminium alloys containing copper,
magnesium, manganese, and sometimes silicon. Duralumin
alloys combine strength with lightness and are extensively
used in aircraft, racing cars, etc.

125. Dutch metal/metal holandés: An alloy of copper and zinc, which can
be produced in very thin sheets and used as imitation gold leaf. It
spontaneously infuames in chlorine.
Alex made some very thin sheets of dutch metal

E
126. Ebitda/Ebitda: abbreviation of earming, before interests,
taxes,deferreds and amortizations. It is the result of a companybefore
interest, taxes, deferred charges and amortizations.

127. Economy/Economía: it is the science that studies the form of how a

society distributes its scarce resources. Includes the study ofthe production,
distribution, Exchange and consumption of godos and services.

128. Effectiveness/Efectividad: It is the result of the combination of two

dynamic components: effectiveness and efficiency

129. Efficacy/Eficacia: It is the achievement of the objetives

130. Efficiency/Eficiencia: It is conceived as the rational administration of

resources.

131. Electrolysis/Electrolisis: In general, it is the

decomposition of water and other inorganic compounds in
aqueous solution, by means of an electric current.

132. Electrochemistry/Electroquimica: It is the branch of chemistry that

mainly concerns the relationship between electric force and chemical
reactions. Electrochemistry is directly involved with chemical bonds,
ionization, electrolysis, metallurgy, battery science and corrosion.
The students exposed the topic of electrochemistry

133. Ebullioscopic/Ebulloscopio: constant See elevation of

boiling point.
The students used the ebulloscope in the physicochemical
laboratory
134. Ebullioscopy/Ebulliscopia: The use of *elevation of boiling point to
determine relative molecular masses.

135. Echelon/Escalon: A form of interferometer consisting of a stack of

glass plates arranged stepwise with a constant offset. It gives a high
resolution and is used in spectroscopy to study hyperfune line structure.

136. Eclipsed/Eclipsado: See conformation. eclipsed

conformation. The eclipsed com equation is once a
molecule when it is aligned die once again a flat figure
and its energy is higher because there is a clash
between the molecules that is in the same position and
in the stepped conformation the molecules are scattered
at different points and their energy is lower than there is
no energy shock

137. Eclipsing/Eclipsando: See conformation. ecstasy

(methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) A designer drug based on
methamphetamine (see amphetamines). Originally intended as an appetite
suppressant, it produces a feeling of euphoria and is widely used as a club
drug. It is a class A drug in the UK.

138. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/ Ácido etilendiaminotetraacético,

(EDTA ): (HOOCCH2)2N(CH2)2N(CH2COOH)2, a
compound that acts as a chelating agent, reversibly binding
with iron, magnesium, and other metal ions. It is used in
certain culture media bound with iron, which it slowly
releases into the medium, and also in some forms of
quantitative analysis.

139. Effervescence/Efervecencia: The formation of gas bubbles in a

liquid by chemical reaction.
140. Efferciency/Eficiencia: A measure of the
performance of a machine, engine, etc., being the
ratio of the energy or power it delivers to the energy
or power fed to it. In general, the effeciency of a
machine varies with the conditions under which it
operates and there is usually a load at which it
operates with the highest effeciency. The thermal
effeciency of a heat engine is the ratio of the work
done by the engine to the heat supplied by the fuel.
For a reversible heat engine this effeciency equals
(T1 – T2)/T1, where T1 is the thermodynamic
temperature at which all the heat is taken up and T2 is the thermodynamic
temperature at which it is given out (see carnot cycle). For real engines it is
always less than this.

141. Efflorescence/Eflorecencia: The process in which a crystalline

hydrate loses water, forming a powdery deposit on the crystals.

142. Effusion/Efusion: The flow of a gas through a small aperture. The

relative rates at which gases effuse, under the same conditions, is
approximately inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities.

143. Eigenfunction/función propia: In general, a solution of an

*eigenvalue equation. In *quantum mechanics eigenfunctions occur as the
allowed wave functions of a system and so satisfy the *Schrödinger
equation.

144. Einstein, Albert (1879–1955) German-born US

physicist, who took Swiss nationality in 1901. A year
later he went to work in the Bern patent office. In 1905
he published five enormously influential papers, one on
*Brownian movement, one on the *photoelectric effect,
one on the special theory of relativity, and one on
energy and inertia (which included the famous
expression E = mc2). In 1915 he published the general
theory of relativity, concerned mainly with gravitation.
In 1921 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics. In 1933, as a Jew,
Einstein decided to remain in the USA (where he was lecturing), as Hitler
had come to power. For the remainder of his life he sought a unified field
theory. In 1939 he informed President Roosevelt that an atom bomb was
feasible and that Germany might be able to make one.

145. Elastic Collision/Colision Elastica: A collision in which the total

kinetic energy of the colliding bodies after collision is equal to their total
kinetic energy before collision. Elastic collisions occur only if there is no
conversion of kinetic energy into other forms, as in the collision of atoms.
In the case of macroscopic bodies this will not be the case as some of the
energy will become heat. In a collision between polyatomic molecules,
some kinetic energy may be converted into vibrational and rotational
energy of the molecules.

146. Elastin/Elastina: A fibrous protein that is the major

constituent of the yellow elastic fibres of connective
tissue. It is rich in glycine, alanine, proline, and other
nonpolar amino acids that are cross-linked, making the
protein relatively insoluble. Elastic fibres can stretch to
several times their length and then return to their original
size. Elastin is particularly abundant in elastic cartilage,
blood-vessel walls, ligaments, and the heart.

147. Elastomer/Elastomero: A natural or synthetic rubber or rubberoid

material, which has the ability to undergo deformation under the influence
of a force and regain its original shape once the force has been removed.

148. Electret. A permanently electrified substance

or body that has opposite charges at its extremities.
Electrets resemble permanent magnets in many
ways. An electret can be made by cooling certain
waxes in a strong electric field. electrical double
layer A model of the interface between an electrode
and the solution close to it. In this model a sheet of
one type of electrical charge surrounds the surface of the electrode and a
sheet of the opposite charge surrounds the

149. Electric-Arc Furnace/Horno De Arco

Electrico: A furnace used in melting metals to
make alloys, especially in steel manufacture, in
which the heat source is an electric arc. In the
direct-arc furnace, such as the Héroult furnace,
an arc is formed between the metal and an
electrode. In the indirect-arc furnace, such as
the Stassano furnace, the arc is formed between two electrodes and the heat
is radiated onto the metal.

150. Electrochemical Cell/Celula Electroquimica: See cell. An

electrochemical cell diagram with configuration similar to the Daniell cell.
The two half cells are joined by a salt bridge that allows the ions to move
between them. The electrons flow through the external circuit.

151. Electrochemical Equivalent/Equivalente Electroquimico: Symbol

z. The mass of a given element liberated from a solution of its ions in
electrolysis by one coulomb of charge. See faraday’s laws. electrochemical
series See electromotive series.

152. Electrochemistry/Electroquimica: The study of

chemical properties and reactions involving ions in solution,
including electrolysis and electric cells.

153. Electrochromatography/Electrocromatografía: Type of

chromatography that uses the application of an electric potential to produce
an alectrical differential. Also known as electropherography.

154. Electrocyclic Reaction/Reacción Electrociclica: A type of cyclic

rearrangement in which a sigma bond is formed between two terminal
carbon atoms of a conjugated molecule, resulting in a decrease of one in
the number of pi bonds present.

155. Electrode 1/Electrodo 1: A conductor that emits or collects electrons

in a cell, thermionic valve, semiconductor device, etc. The anode is the
positive electrode and the cathode is the negative electrode. 2. See half
cell.

156. Electrodeposition/posición de electrodo: The process of depositing

one metal on another by electrolysis, as in *electroforming and
*electroplating.

157. Electrode potential/Potencial de electrodo: The potential

difference produced between the electrode and
the solution in a *half cell. It is not possible to
measure this directly since any measurement
involves completing the circuit with the
electrolyte, thereby introducing another half
cell. Standard electrode potentials Electrones
are defined by measuring the potential relative
to a standard *hydrogen half cell using 1.0
molar solution at 25°C. The convention is to
designate the cell so that the oxidized form is
written first.

158. Electromeric Effect/efecto electromerico:

See electronic effects.
The students used the electromeric effect in the
chemistry

159. Electrometallurgy/Electrometaurgica: The uses of electrical

processes in the separation of metals from their ores, the refining of metals,
or the forming or plating of metals. electromotive force (e.m.f.) The
greatest potential difference that can be generated by a particular source of
electric current. In practice this may be observable only when the source is
not supplying current, because of its internal resistance.
160. Electromotive Series/Serie Electromotriz: (electrochemical series)
A series of chemical elements arranged in
order of their *electrode potentials. The
hydrogen electrode (H+ + e →½H2) is taken
as having zero electrode potential. Elements
that have a greater tendency than hydrogen to
lose electrons to their solution are taken as
electropositive; those that gain electrons from
their solution are below hydrogen in the series
and are called electronegative.

161. Electron/Electron: An elementary particle with a rest mass of 9.109

3897(54) × 10–31 kg and a negative charge of 1.602 177 33(49) × 10–19
coulomb. Electrons are present in all atoms in groupings called shells
around the nucleus; when they are detached from the atom they are called
free electrons. The antiparticle of the electron is the positron.

162. Electron-Deficient/Deficiente en electrones: compound A

compound in which there are fewer electrons forming the chemical bonds
than required in normal electron-pair bonds. Such compounds use
*multicentre bonds. See borane.

163. Electron Energy/Energia De Electrones: loss

spectroscopy See eels.
It provides energy to the electrons, which these
“greetings” to other higher energy levels, passing the
atom to be in an encited state.
164. Electron Flow/Flujo De Electrones: The transfer of electrons along a
series of carrier molecules in the *electron transport chain.

165. electron gas A/gas electronico A: model

of the electrons in a metal or a plasma in which
they are regarded as forming a gas that interacts
with a uniformly distributed background of
positive charge to ensure that the system is
electrically neutral. The electron gas is analysed
theoretically using either classical or quantum
statistical mechanics and the kinetic theory of gases. The electron-gas
model accounts for many properties of metals and plasmas in a qualitative
and approximately quantitative way but cannot give an accurate
quantitative account of these systems, as this would require the motions of
the positive ions to be taken into account.

166. Electronic Effects/Efectos Electronicos:

Effects by which the reactivity at one part of a
molecule is affected by electron attraction or
repulsion originating in another part of a
molecule. Often this is called an *inductive
effect (or resonance effect), although sometimes
the term ‘inductive effect’ is reserved for an
influence transmitted through chemical bonds
and is distinguished from a field effect, which is
transmitted through space. An inductive effect through chemical bonds was
formerly called a mesomeric effect (or mesomerism) or an electromeric
effect. It is common to refer to all effects (through bonds or through space)
as resonance effects.

167. Endothermic/Endotermica: Denoting a chemical reaction that takes

heat from its surroundings. Compare exothermic.
168. Enolate Ion/Ion Enolato: A negative
ion obtained from an enol, by removal of a
hydrogen atom. Enolate ions can have two
forms: one with a single C–C bond and the
negative charge on the beta carbon atom and
the other with a double C–C bond and the negative charge on the oxygen
atom.

170. Enols Compounds containing the group –CH=C(OH)– in their

molecules. See also keto–enol tautomerism.

171. Enthalpy/Entalpia: Symbol H. A thermodynamic property of a

system defined by H = U + pV, where H is the enthalpy, U is the internal
energy of the system, p its pressure, and V its volume. In a chemical
reaction carried out in the atmosphere the pressure remains constant and the
enthalpy of reaction, ∆H, is equal to ∆U + p∆V. For an exothermic reaction
∆H is taken to be negative.

172. Entropy/Entropia: Symbol S. A measure of the unavailability of a

system’s energy to do work; in a closed system, an increase in entropy is
accompanied by a decrease in energy availability. When a system
undergoes a reversible change the entropy (S) changes by an amount equal
to the energy (Q) transferred to the system by heat divided by the
thermodynamic temperature (T) at which this occurs, i.e. ∆S = ∆Q/T.
However, all real processes are to a certain extent irreversible changes and
in any closed system an irreversible change is always accompanied by an
increase in entropy.

173. Esters/Esteres: Organic compounds formed by

reaction between alcohols and acids (see illustration).
Esters formed from carboxylic acids have the general
formula RCOOR′. Examples are ethyl ethanoate,
CH3COOC2H5, and methyl propanoate,
C2H5COOCH3. Esters containing simple hydrocarbon
groups are volatile fragrant substances used as flavourings in the food
industry. Triesters, molecules containing three ester groups, occur in nature
as oils and fats. See also depsides; glycerides.

174. Evaporation/Evaporacion: The change of state of a

liquid into a vapour at a temperature below the boiling
point of the liquid. Evaporation occurs at the surface of a
liquid, some of those molecules with the highest kinetic
energies escaping into the gas phase. The result is a fall in
the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the liquid
and consequently a fall in its temperature.

175. Excitation/Excitacion: A process in which a nucleus, electron, atom,

ion, or molecule acquires energy that
raises it to a quantum state (excited state)
higher than that of its *ground state. The
difference between the energy in the
ground state and that in the excited state is
called the excitation energy. See energy
level.

176. Exothermic/Exotermica: Denoting a chemical reaction that releases

heat into its surroundings. Compare endothermic.

177. Expanded Plastic/Plastico Expandido: (cellular plastic) A plastic in

the form of a rigid solid foam. Polystyrene, used as a packing material, is a
common example.

178. Extraction/Extraccion: The separation of a component

from its mixture by selective solubility. See partition.

179. Extractive Distillation/Destilacion Extractiva: A distillation

technique in which a solvent is added to the mixture in order to separate
two closely boiling components. The added solvent is usually nonvolatile
and is selected for its ability to have different effects on the volatilities of
the components.
F
180. Fermentation/Fermentacion : The chemical
change induced by a living organism or by an
enzyme, bacteria or microorganisms found in
unicellular plants such as yeast, mold or fungi. The
reaction usually involves the decomposition of
sugar and starch into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Catalyst
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

181. Fertilizer/Fertilizante: Any substance that is added to soil in order to

increase its productivity. Fertilizers can be of natural origin, such as
composts, or they can be made up of synthetic chemicals, particularly
nitrates and phosphates. Synthetic fertilizers can increase crop yields
dramatically, but when leached from the soil by rain, which runs into lakes,
they also increase the process of eutrophication. Bacteria that can fix
nitrogen are sometimes added to the soil to increase its fertility; for
example, in tropical countries the cyanobacterium Anabaena is added to
rice paddies to increase soil fertility.

182. Field-Emission Microscope/Microscopio De Emision De

Campo:(FEM) A type of electron microscope in which a
high negative voltage is applied to a metal tip placed in an
evacuated vessel some distance from a glass screen with a
fluorescent coating. The tip produces electrons by field
emission, i.e. the emission of electrons from an unheated
sharp metal part as a result of a high electric field. The
emitted electrons form an enlarged pattern on the
fluorescent screen, related to the individual exposed planes
of atoms. As the resolution of the instrument is limited by
the vibrations of the metal atoms, it is helpful to cool the tip in liquid
helium. Although the individual atoms forming the point are not displayed,
individual adsorbed atoms of other substances can be, and their activity is
observable.
183. Filtration/Filtracion: It is the unitary operation in
the middle of which a heterogeneous mixture of a fluid
and the particles of a solid is separated into its
components, thanks to the aid of a filter medium that
allows the passage of the fluid, but retains the particles of
the solid .

184. Flotation/Flotacion : It is the unitary operation in the middle of the

quality of a solid in itself, it is maintained in another side, it is in the
surface of a liquid.

185. Fluctuation–Dissipation Theorem/ Teorema De La Fluctuación-

Disipacion:
A theory relating quantities in equilibrium and *nonequilibrium statistical
mechanics and microscopic and macroscopic quantities. The fluctuation–
dissipation theorem was first derived for electrical circuits with noise in
1928 by H. Nyquist; a general theorem in statistical mechanics was derived
by H. B. Callen and T. A. Welton in 1951. The underlying principle of the
fluctuation–dissipation theorem is that a nonequilibrium state may have
been reached either as a result of a random fluctuation or an external force
(such as an electric or magnetic field) and that the evolution towards
equilibrium is the same in both cases (for a sufficiently small fluctuation).
The fluctuation– dissipation theorem enables *transport coefficients to be
calculated in terms of response to external fields.

186. Fluid Flow/Flujo De Fluidos: Knowledge of

the elements of fluid mechanics is essential not only
in the care that fluid flow problems are treated
through the capacities, pumps and other equipment
of the process, but also in the study of the transfer of
calories and absorption operations, distillation and extraction. The fluid
concept includes liquids, gases and vapors.
187. Foaming Agent/Agente Espumante: (blowing agent) A
substance used to produce a liquid or solid foam (e.g. an
expanded plastic). Physical agents are compressed gases;
chemical foaming agents are substances that release gas under
certain conditions (e.g. sodium hydrogencarbonate).

188. Fractional Crystallization/Cristalización Fraccionaria: A method

of separating a mixture of soluble solids by dissolving them in a suitable
hot solvent and then lowering the temperature slowly. The least soluble
component will crystallize out first, leaving the other components in
solution. By controlling the temperature, it is sometimes possible to remove
each component in turn

189. Friedel–Crafts Reaction/Reacción De Friedel Crafts: A type of

reaction in which an alkyl group (from a
haloalkane) or an acyl group (from an acyl
halide) is substituted on a benzene ring (see
illustration). The product is an alkylbenzene
(for alkyl substitution) or an alkyl aryl ketone
(for acyl substitution). The reactions occur at high temperature (about
100°C) with an aluminium chloride catalyst. The catalyst acts as an
electron acceptor for a lone pair on the halide atom. This polarizes the
haloalkane or acyl halide, producing a positive charge on the alkyl or acyl
group. The mechanism is then electrophilic substitution. Alcohols and
alkenes can also undergo Friedel– Crafts reactions. The reaction is named
after the French chemist Charles Friedel (1832–99) and the US chemist
James M. Craft (1839–1917).

190. fructose/fructuosa: (fruit sugar; laevulose) A

simple sugar, C6H12O6, stereoisomeric with
glucose (see monosaccharide). (Although natural
fructose is the d-form, it is in fact laevorotatory.) Fructose occurs in green
plants, fruits, and honey and tastes sweeter than sucrose (cane sugar), of
which it is a constituent. Derivatives of fructose are important in the energy
metabolism of living organisms. Some polysaccharide derivatives
(fructans) are carbohydrate energy stores in certain plants.

191. Fuel/Combustible: A substance that is oxidized or otherwise changed

in a furnace or heat engine to release useful heat or energy. For this purpose
wood, vegetable oil, and animal products have largely been replaced by
*fossil fuels since the 18th century. The limited supply of fossil fuels and
the expense of extracting them from the earth has encouraged the
development of nuclear fuels to produce electricity.

192. Fugacity/Fugacidad: Symbol f. A thermodynamic function used in

place of partial pressure in reactions involving real gases and mixtures. For
a component of a mixture, it is defined by dµ = RTd(lnf), where µ is the
chemical potential. It has the same units as pressure and the fugacity of a
gas is equal to the pressure if the gas is ideal. The fugacity of a liquid or
solid is the fugacity of the vapour with which it is in equilibrium. The ratio
of the fugacity to the fugacity in some standard state is the *activity. For a
gas, the standard state is chosen to be the state at which the fugacity is 1.
The activity then equals the fugacity.

193. Fullerene/Fullereno: A fullerene is also a molecule

composed of a carbon that can be a geometric shape that
resembles a sphere, an ellipsoid, a tube (called a nanotube) or a
ring.

194. Functional Group/Grupo Funcional: The group of atoms

responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound. The functional
group is –OH for alcohols, –CHO for aldehydes, –COOH for carboxylic
acids, etc.
195. Fungicide/Fungicida: See pesticide fungicides are toxic
substances that are used to prevent the growth or eliminate
fungi and the rights of plants or animals. All fungicide, more
effective tan the sea, if used in excess can cause physiological
damage to the plant.

196. Furan: A colourless liquid compound, C4H4O; r.d. 0.94; m.p.

–86°C; b.p. 31.4°C. It has a five-membered ring consisting of four
CH2 groups and one oxygen atom.

197. Furanose/Furanosa: A *sugar having a

fivemembered ring containing four carbon atoms and
one oxygen atom.

198. furfural: A colourless liquid, C5H4O2, b.p. 162°C, which darkens on

standing in air. It is the aldehyde derivative of *furan and occurs in various
essential oils and in *fusel oil. It is used as a solvent for extracting mineral
oils and natural resins and itself forms resins with some aromatic
compounds.

199. fusel oil/aceite de fusel: A mixture of highmolecular

weight *alcohols containing also esters and fatty acids,
sometimes formed as a toxic impurity in the distillation
products of alcoholic fermentation. It is used as a source of
higher alcohols and in making paints and plastics.

200. Fusible Alloys/Aleaciones Fusibles: Alloys that melt at low

temperature (around 100°C). They have a number of uses, including
constant-temperature baths, pipe bending, and automatic sprinklers to
provide a spray of water to prevent fires from spreading. Fusible alloys are
usually *eutectic mixtures of bismuth, lead, tin, and cadmium. *Wood’s
metal, *Rose’s metal, and Lipowitz’s alloy are examples of alloys that melt
in the range 70–100°C. fusion Melting.