Ansi Z359.0 2012

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
ANSI/ASSE Z359.0-2012
Definitions and Nomenclature Used
for Fall Protection and Fall Arrest
Part of the Fall Protection Code
VErSIoN 3
A S AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
S E SAFETY ENGINEERS
.
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The information and materials contained in this publication have been developed from sources believed to be
reliable. However, the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) as secretariat of the ANSI accredited
Z359 Committee or individual committee members accept no legal responsibility for the correctness or com-
pleteness of this material or its application to specific factual situations. By publication of this standard, ASSE
or the Z359 Committee does not ensure that adherence to these recommendations will protect the safety or
health of any persons, or preserve property
ANSI®
ANSI/ASSE Z359.0 – 2012
American National Standard
'e¿nitionV and NomenclatXre 8Ved

Ior )all 3rotection and )all ArreVt
Secretariat
American Societ\ oI SaIet\ EnJineerV

1800 East Oakton Street
Des Plaines, Illinois 60018-2187
ASSroYed )eErXar\ 23 2012
American National StandardV InVtitXte Inc.
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Published May, 2012 by
American Society of Safety Engineers

1800 East Oakton Street
Des Plaines, Illinois 60018-2187
87 699-2929 ZZZ.asse.org
Copyright ©2012 by American Society of Safety Engineers

All Rights Reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced

in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or
otherwise, without the prior written permission
of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
)oreZord (This Foreword is not a part of American National Standard Z359.0-2012.)
This standard, national in scope, was developed by an Accredited Standards Committee functioning under
the procedures of the American National Standards Institute, with the American Society of Safety Engineers
(ASSE) as secretariat.
It is intended that every employer whose operations fall within the scope and purpose of the standard will
adopt the guidelines and requirements detailed in this standard.
The need for this standards activity grew out of the continuing development of a series of fall protection-relat-
ed standards. The focus is to tie the elements of those standards together and provide the tools with which
employers may develop the programs that incorporate those elements. This standard also brings together
the administrative requirements of those fall protection standards. It should be noted, as in all Z359-series
standards, that this standard applies to occupational activities. It does not apply to sports activities such as
mountaineering.
Neither the standards committee, nor the secretariat, states that this standard is perfect or in its ultimate
form. It is recognized that new developments are to be expected, and that revisions of the standard will
be necessary as the state-of-the-art progresses and further experience is gained. It is felt, however, that
uniform guidelines for fall protection programs are very much needed and that the standard in its present
form provides for the minimum criteria necessary to develop and implement a comprehensive managed fall
protection program.
The Z359 Committee acknowledges the critical role of design in inÀuencing the use of proper fall protection
equipment. Designs which eliminate fall hazards through the proper application of the hierarchy of safety
controls are the preferred method for fall protection. Design de¿ciencies often increase the risk for employ-
ees who may be exposed to fall hazards: examples are (1) lack of rail systems to prevent falls from machines,
equipment and structures; (2) failure to provide engineered anchorages where use of personal fall arrest
systems are anticipated; (3) no provision for safe access to elevated work areas; (4) installation of machines
or equipment at heights, rather than Àoor/ground level to preclude access to elevated areas; (5) failure to plan
for the use of travel restriction or work positioning devices. To that end, this series of standards also provides
guidance for design considerations for new buildings and facilities.
%asic fall safety principles have been incorporated into these standards, including hazard survey, hazard
elimination and control, and education and training. The primary intent is to ensure a proactive approach
to fall protection. However, the reactive process of accident investigation is also addressed to ensure that
adequate attention is given to causation of falls.
The Z359 Committee solicits public input that may suggest the need for revisions to this standard. Such input
should be sent to the Secretariat, ASC Z359, American Society of Safety Engineers, 1800 E. Oakton Street,
Des Plaines, IL 60018-2187.
This standard was developed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the American National Standards
Committee on Standards for Fall Protection, Z359. Committee approval of the standard does not necessar-
ily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the Z359
Committee had the following members:
Randall Wing¿eld, Chairman
%asil Tominna, P.E., 9ice Chairman
Timothy R. Fisher, CSP, CHMM, ARM, CPEA, Secretary
Jennie Dalesandro, Administrative Technical Support
Organization Represented Name of Representative
3M Raymond Mann
Kurt Dietrich, P.E.
American Airlines Dean Carlisle
Len %radley
American Society of Safety Engineers Jubal D. Hamernik, Ph.D., P.E.
John Stephen Frost, CSP, CSM
%ashlin Industries, Inc. %radley S. Mc*ill
Roderick A. Paul
%oeing Company Chuck Orebaugh
Joey R. Junio
%uckingham Mfg. Co., Inc. James Rullo
DeForest Can¿eld
Capital Safety Group J. Thomas Wolner, P.E.
Judd Perner
Chevron Craig %erkenmeier
Stephanie Alvarez
Elk River, Inc Kevin Whaley
Paul Doepel
Ellis Fall Safety Solutions, LLC J. Nigel Ellis, Ph.D., P.E., CSP, CPE
John T. Whitty, P.E.
Flexible Lifeline Systems Hugh Armstrong
David Lee
General Motors Ken Mahnick
Kyle Sullivan
Gravitec Systems, Inc. Randall Wing¿eld
Dave Lough
Hartford Steam %oiler Inspection Insurance Co. Timothy Healey
Jerome Kucharski, CFPS
High Engineering Corp. Greg Small, P.Eng., M.Eng.
Doug Myette
Honeywell Safety Products Preston Anderson
Parul Patel
Hy-Safe Technology Frank Anzaldi
Ron Larkin
ISEA – International Safety Equipment Association Dan Henn
Dan Shipp
Indianapolis Power and Light David H. Pate, CUSA
INSPEC International Ltd. Paul Clarke
Andrew Diamond
LJ% Inc. Thomas Kramer, P.E., CSP
Rupert Noton, CEng, MIStructE
Latchways PLC Tim %issett, %Eng (Hons) CEng, MIMechE
Tim Fletcher
Lawrence Livermore National Security Lynn Camp
Liberty Mutual Group John Rabovsky, MS, CSP, ARM
Cal Sparks
Lighthouse Safety LLC John Corriveau
MSA Robert Apel
John Giovengo
Monsanto Robert Kling, P.E., CSP
Adam Chapin
Murdock Webbing Co. Inc. %ob Golz
Greg Pilgrim
National Association of Tower Erectors Gordon Lyman
Don Doty
National Institute for Occupational Safety Health Hongwei Hsiao, Ph.D.
Pamela R. Huck, Inc. Pamela Huck, CSP
Peakworks Tim Accursi
Gabe Fusco
PenSafe Keith Smith
Reliance Industries, LLC W. Joe Shaw
Gary Choate
SPRAT – Society of Professional Rope
Access Technicians Loui McCurley
Jim Frank
Safety Connection Clint Honeycutt, Sr.
Janice Honeycutt
Safety Equipment Institute Steve Sanders
Safety Through Engineering, Inc. Michael C. Wright, P.E., CPE, CSP
Mark Williams
Sellstrom Manufacturing Co./RTC Division Kenneth Lemke
Chris Tsakiridis
Shell Exploration Production Co. Steven Kim %iggs
Joe %. George
Skylotec N.A., LP Mark Conover
Kurani Seyhan
SPANCO, Inc. Arnie Galpin, P.E.
George Nolan
Sturges Manufacturing Co., Inc. Richard Grif¿th
Tyler Grif¿th
Superior Energy Services, Inc. Joseph R. Parks
Spencer Colbert
Tractel Inc. Doug Knapp
Joseph Kabis
Transport Workers Union Jerry Yates
James Mark
Travelers Scott H. Richert, CSP, ARM, ALCM
Tritech Fall Protection John Seto
Craig Siciliani
United Auto Workers Tom Kinman
John Rupp, Jr.
U.S. Air Force Safety Center Mark S. Kantorowicz
Andrew E. Salas
U.S. %ureau of Reclamation Shawn Smith
Shaun Reed
U.S. Department of Interior – %OEMRE John M. Cushing, Jr.
Sara Corman
U.S. Department of the Navy %asil Tominna, P.E.
Shawn Smith
9ertical Access LLC Kelly Streeter, P.E.
Kent Diebolt
Western Area Power Administration Jeff Wild
SXEgroXp Z359.0 Kad tKe folloZing memEers
%asil Tominna, P.E. (Chair)

Frank Anzaldi
Pamela Huck, CSP
Tom Kinman
David H. Pate, CUSA
Randall Wing¿eld
Mike C. Wright, P.E., CPE, CSP
Contents SECTION .................................................................................................................. PAGE
1. Scope, Purpose, Application, Exceptions, and Interpretations .......................... 8

1.1 Scope .............................................................................................................. 8
1.2 Purpose and Application .............................................................................. 8
1.3 Exceptions ...................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Interpretations ................................................................................................ 8
2. De¿nitions ................................................................................................................ 8
3. List of Acronyms ..................................................................................................... 35
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STANDARD REQUIREMENTS E;P/ANATOR< INFORMATION

(Not part of American National Standard Z359.0)
1. SCOPE, PURPOSE, APP/ICATION, E;CEP-
TIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS
1.1 Scope. This standard establishes the de¿ni-

tions and nomenclature used for the Z359 Fall Pro-
tection Code.
1.2 PXrpose and Application.
1.2.1 This standard addresses de¿nitions and no-

menclature for the Z359 Fall Protection Code.
1.3 E[ceptions.
1.3.1 The scope of these standards does not include

window cleaner belts or sports-related activities.
1.3.2 %ody belts, window cleaner belts, chest-waist E1.3.2 Chest-waist harnesses refer to harnesses
harnesses and chest harnesses, even when re- consisting of separate waist and chest components
ferred to as body supports, are not addressed by that are not integral as de¿ned E\ these standards
the provisions of these standards. and that form a fXll Eod\ harness when comEined.
1.3.3 Systems that incorporate horizontal lifelines E1.3.3 This section recognizes that some fall pro-
and personal protective systems for activities such tection equipment meeting the requirements of
as climbing, man riding, work positioning, rescue these standards ma\ haYe multiple uses maNing
and evacuation may suitably incorporate compo- the equipment suitaEle for other uses. ,n such cas-
nents or subsystems speci¿ed herein. When in- es the equipment must Ee eYaluated according to
corporated into such systems, however, those sys- its use and the requirements of these standards
tems, subsystems and components are not within are not applicaEle.
the scope of these standards.
1.3. 9ariance from the requirements of these stan-

dards are permissible in isolated instances of prac-
tical dif¿culties when applying it at the user level,
but only when it is clearly evident that an equivalent
degree of protection is implemented.
1. Interpretations. Requests for interpretations

of this standard shall be in writing and addressed
to the Secretariat of this standard.
2. DE)INITIONS
2.1 Activation Distance. The distance traveled by E2.1 ActiYation distance is part of the free fall dis-
a fall arrester or the amount of line laid out by a tance. The actiYation point is the point where the
self-retracting lanyard (SRL) from the point of on- fall arrester engages the lifeline or in the case of an
set of a fall to the point where the fall arrester or S5/ where an internal EraNe Eegins to engage.
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self-retracting lifeline begins to apply a braking or

stopping force.
2.2 Active Fall Protection Systems. A fall pro- E2.2 ActiYe fall protection s\stems include an\ fall
tection system that requires authorized persons to restraint fall arrest traYel restriction or administra-
wear or use fall protection equipment and that re- tiYe controls used to protect authorized persons at
quires fall protection training. height.
2.3 AdMXster. A component that provides a means E2.3 AdMusters ma\ Ee used in lan\ards made of
to vary the length of a strap, webbing or rope. rope and strap to proYide means of Yar\ing the
length to suit the user¶s needs. :eEEing adMusters
ma\ Ee used in lieu of EucNles in harnesses to ad-
Must the harness ¿t if the weEEing adMuster meets
the requirements for EucNles set forth in these stan-
dards.
2. Administrative Controls. Employer mandat- E2.4 AdministratiYe controls can include training
ed safe work practices or procedures that are de- warning signs lights audiEle alarms or other meth-
signed to prevent exposure to a fall by signaling or ods that warn an authorized person to aYoid ap-
warning an authorized person to avoid approaching proaching a fall hazard. AdministratiYe controls are
a fall hazard. distinguished from worN procedures implemented
for the purpose of protecting a person who is al-
read\ located near the fall hazard. :orN procedures
implemented to protect a person who is near the
fall hazard are not coYered E\ these standards.
2.5 AncKorage. A secure connecting point or a E2.5 An anchorage meeting the requirements of
terminating component of a fall protection system these standards can safel\ withstand the foresee-
or rescue system capable of safely supporting the aEle forces that might Ee e[erted on the fall protec-
impact forces applied by a fall protection system or tion or rescue s\stem. Care must Ee taNen to dis-
anchorage subsystem. tinguish Eetween an anchorage and an anchorage
connector as those terms are used in these stan-
dards. An anchorage is t\picall\ a ¿[ed structural
memEer such as a post stanchion Eeam girder
column Àoor or wall required for the staEilit\ and
other purposes of the structure itself. ([amples in-
clude a Eeam girder column or Àoor. An anchor-
age connector on the other hand is a component
that proYides an interface to which the fall protec-
tion or rescue suEs\stem ma\ Ee attached when
the anchorage itself does not haYe a compatiEle
connection point. Window cleaner anchors are out-
side the scope of the Z359 standards. A fall arrest
or restraint anchorage has a separate attachment
location of an\ anchorage used to support or sus-
pend worNers or worN platforms.
2.6 AncKorage Connector. A component or sub- E2.6 Anchorage connectors are t\picall\ installed
system that functions as an interface between the temporaril\ or permanentl\ on anchorages such
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anchorage and a fall protection, work positioning, as a Eeam girder column or Àoor. An anchorage
rope access or rescue system for the purpose of connector ma\ Ee moYeaEle or portaEle such as a
coupling the system to the anchorage. tripod or daYit arm. An anchorage connector meet-
ing the requirements of these standards can safel\
withstand the foreseeaEle forces that might Ee e[-
erted on the fall protection or rescue s\stem.
2.7 AncKorage SXEsystem. A subsystem of a E2.7 ([amples of anchorage suEs\stems include

complete active fall protection system to which ¿[ed anchorages 9//s +//s rigid rails and lad-
workers connect their personal equipment. der-climEing s\stems. An anchorage suEs\stem
ma\ allow one or more worNers to Ee attached to
it depending on its design. Anchorage suEs\stems
are separated into two classes in these standards:
Àe[iEle and rigid.
2.8 Arrest Distance. The total vertical distance re-

quired to arrest a fall. The arrest distance includes
the deceleration distance and activation distance.
2.9 Assisted RescXe. A rescue requiring the as-

sistance of others.
2.10 AttacKment Element. A connector integral to E2.10 The D-Ring is the most common attachment
the body support that provides a point on the body element. Attachment elements are t\picall\ incor-
harness to which other components or connecting porated into the Eod\ support for purposes such as
subsystems may be attached. fall arrest worN positioning traYel restriction lifting
lowering and controlled descent.
2.11 AXtKorized Person. For purposes of the Z359 E2.11 A person is authorized under these stan-
standards, a person assigned by the employer to dards if granted the authorit\ E\ the emplo\er to
perform duties at a location where the person will perform duties at a location where the person is
be exposed to a fall hazard. e[posed to a fall hazard. An\ emplo\ee with prop-
er authorit\ to Ee at a location where the\ are e[-
posed to one or more fall hazards is considered an
authorized person. To compl\ with Z359 standards
an authorized person is required to receiYe training
and to periodicall\ demonstrate the aEilit\ to safel\
use the appropriate fall protection equipment. An
authorized person ma\ also Ee quali¿ed for other
positions such as a competent person quali¿ed
person or authorized rescuer.
2.12 AXtKorized RescXer. A person assigned by E2.12 To compl\ with these standards an autho-
the employer to perform rescue from fall protec- rized rescuer is required to receiYe training and to
tion. periodicall\ demonstrate the aEilit\ to perform res-
cue from fall protection.
2.13 AXtomatic Descent Control Device. A load

lowering device or mechanism that automatically
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controls pay-out speed of line or descent speed

under load once it has been engaged.
2.1 AvailaEle Clearance. The distance from a

reference point, such as the working platform, to
the nearest obstruction that an authorized person
might contact during a fall which, if struck, could
cause injury.
2.15 %allasted AncKor. An anchorage that rests E2.15 A Eallasted anchor uses its own weight and
on, but is not mechanically connected to, an under- or the lateral friction it deYelops with the underl\ing
lying structure. structure to resist the imposed forces.
2.16 %elt, %ody. A body support comprised of a E2.16 A Eod\ Eelt is sometimes referred to as a
strap with means for securing it about the waist. waist Eelt or safet\ Eelt. %od\ Eelts are not suitaEle
for fall arrest and are not intended for use as a Eod\
support in the arrest of a worNer¶s fall. %od\ Eelts
are not addressed E\ ANS,ASS( Z359.3 standard
for worN positioning or traYel restraint unless incor-
porated into a worN positioning harness or full Eod\
harness. Window cleaner Eelts are addressed in
,WCA ,. standard.
2.17 %ody SXpport. An assembly of webbing ar- E2.17 The term ³Eod\ support´ is generall\ used to
ranged to support the human body for fall protection refer to a full Eod\ harness chest harness chest-
purposes, including during and after fall arrest. waist harness or a Eod\ Eelt. ,t generall\ includes
adMustaEle means for fastening it aEout the Eod\
and attachment points suitaEle for fall protection
applications.
2.18 %Xckle. A connector for attaching a strap or

webbing segment to either another strap or web-
bing segment or back to itself.
2.19 Capacity. The maximum weight that a compo- E2.19 The comEined weight of the user and all
nent, system or subsystem is designed to hold. clothing tools and other oEMects Eorne or carried
E\ the user is considered in determining whether
the capacit\ has Eeen e[ceeded.
2.20 CaraEiner. A connector generally comprised E2.20 ,n addition caraEiner ma\ also Ee spelled
of a trapezoidal or oval shaped body with a closed NaraEiner. There are generall\ three t\pes of car-
gate or similar arrangement that may be opened aEiners: (i) the automatic or self-locNing t\pe (re-
to attach another object and, when released, auto- quired E\ these standards) with a self-closing self-
matically closes to retain the object. locNing gate that remains closed and locNed until
intentionall\ unlocNed and opened for connection
or disconnection (ii) the manual locNing t\pe (not
permitted E\ these standards) with a self-closing
gate that must Ee manuall\ locNed E\ the user and
that remains closed and locNed until intentionall\
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unlocNed and opened E\ the user for connection

or disconnection or (iii) the non-locNing t\pe (not
permitted E\ these standards) with a self-closing
gate that cannot Ee locNed.
2.21 Certi¿cation. The act of attesting in writing

that the criteria established by these standards or
some other designated standard have been met.
2.22 Certi¿ed. An act or process resulting in docu-

mentation that determines and attests to criteria
that meet the requirement of an American National
Standard. Such act or process may be carried out
by testing or applying proven analytical methods,
or both, under the supervision of a quali¿ed person
or entity.
2.23 Certi¿ed AncKorage. An anchorage for fall

arrest, positioning, restraint or rescue systems that
a quali¿ed person certi¿es to be capable of sup-
porting the potential fall forces that could be en-
countered during a fall or that meet the criteria for a
certi¿ed anchorage prescribed in these standards.
2.2 CKest +arness. See “Harness, Chest”.
2.25 CKest-:aist +arness. See “Harness, Chest-

Waist”.
2.26 Clearance. The distance from a speci¿ed ref-

erence point, such as the working platform or an-
chorage of a fall arrest system, to the lower level
that a worker might encounter during a fall
2.27 Clearance ReTXirement. The distance be- E2.27 The clearance requirement includes total fall
low an authorized person that must remain clear of distance the deÀection of anchorage and anchor-
obstructions in order to ensure that the authorized age connectors the length and elongation of the full
person does not make contact with any objects that Eod\ harness and the Eod\ the Yertical component
would cause injury in the event of a fall. of an\ swing fall and a clearance safet\ factor. The
clearance requirement accounts for performance
of the s\stem the numEer of authorized persons al-
lowed on the s\stem and their Eod\ position (Nneel-
ing or standing).
2.28 CompatiEility. The quality or power of being E2.28 See ³CompatiEle´. ,t is possiEle to haYe
compatible. compatiEilit\ Eetween or among components or el-
ements when used in a prescriEed manner Eut for
those same elements or components to Ee incom-
patiEle when con¿gured andor used in a different
manner.
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2.29 CompatiEle. Capable of orderly, ef¿cient inte- E2.29 Determining whether two or more pieces of
gration and operation with other elements or com- equipment are compatiEle requires consideration
ponents in a system, without the need of special of the con¿guration in which the resulting s\stem or
modi¿cation or conversion, such that the connec- suEs\stem will Ee used. ,t is possiEle for two com-
tion will not fail when used in the manner intended. ponents to Ee compatiEle with each other when
properl\ con¿gured and used Eut to Ee incom-
patiEle when con¿gured andor used in a different
manner. )or e[ample certain connectors ma\ Ee
compatiEle with a particular anchorage connector
if the anchorage connector is located oYerhead
Eut not if the anchorage connector is located at the
user’s feet.
2.30 Competent Person. An individual designated E2.30 The Nnowledge and training requirements for
by the employer to be responsible for the imme- an indiYidual to Ee considered a Competent 3erson
diate supervision, implementation and monitoring are proYided in Yarious sections of the ANS,ASS(
of the employer’s managed fall protection program Z359 standards. An indiYidual who does not pos-
who, through training and knowledge, is capable of sess training and Nnowledge in the areas required
identifying, evaluating and addressing existing and E\ these standards are not considered to Ee capa-
potential fall hazards, and who has the employer’s Ele of identif\ing eYaluating and addressing e[ist-
authority to take prompt corrective action with re- ing and potential fall hazards nor capaEle of taNing
gard to such hazards. the necessar\ correctiYe measures.
2.31 Competent Person Trainer. An individual E2.31 The requirements for a person to Ee consid-
who by training, knowledge and experience is ca- ered a Competent 3erson Trainer are proYided in
pable of conducting competent person training. ANS,ASS( Z359..
2.32 Competent RescXer. An individual desig- E2.32 The requirements for a person to Ee consid-
nated by the employer who by training, knowledge ered a Competent Rescuer are proYided in ANS,
and experience is capable of the implementation, ASS( Z359..
supervision and monitoring of the employer’s fall
protection rescue program.
2.33 Competent RescXe Trainer. An individual E2.33 The requirements for a person to Ee consid-
who by training, knowledge and experience specif- ered a Competent Rescue Trainer are proYided in
ic to fall protection rescue is capable of conducting ANS,ASS( Z359..
rescue training.
2.3 Component. An element or integral assem- E2.34 Components ma\ Ee acquired from different
bly of interconnected elements intended to perform sources as long as the components as assemEled
one function in the system. and used are compatiEle and the resulting s\stem
meets the requirements of the Z359 standards.
Some e[amples of what is meant E\ the phrase

³intended to perform one function in the s\stem´
are as follows: A full Eod\ harness ()%+) performs
a Eod\ supporting function a lan\ard (/) performs
a tethering function a caraEiner (CAR) performs a
connecting function; a fall arrester (FA) performs
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a stopping function and an energ\ aEsorEer ((A)

performs a EraNing function.
2.35 Connecting SXEsystem. An assembly, in- E2.35 Connecting suEs\stems serYe to preYent
cluding the necessary connectors, comprised of all or arrest a fall. ,n the case of personal fall arrest
components, subsystems, or both, between the an- s\stems connecting suEs\stems serYe to maintain
chorage or anchorage connector and the harness forces on the Eod\ Eelow required leYels (aEsorE
attachment point. free-fall energ\) and proYide the means of post-fall
suspension of the fallen person.
2.36 Connector. A component or element that is E2.36 A connector ma\ Ee an independent compo-
used to couple parts of the system together. nent (such as a caraEiner) of a s\stem or it ma\ Ee
an integral element of a component h\Erid com-
ponent suEs\stem or s\stem (such as a EucNle or
D-Ring sewn into a Eod\ support or a snaphooN
spliced or sewn into a lan\ard or self-retracting
lan\ard). Connectors are sometimes referred to as
hardware.
2.37 ConstitXent. An integral component of a larg- E2.37 A component is said to Ee a constituent if it

er assembly. is integral to its ne[t higher leYel of assemEl\ (com-
ponent suEs\stem or s\stem).
For e[ample a snaphooN is a constituent of the

lifeline that pa\s out from and retracts into a Self
Retracting /an\ard (SR/) Eecause the snaphooN
is a component that cannot Ee remoYed from the
line without the use of special tools. The lifeline is
a constituent of the SR/ Eecause it is a component
(i.e. assemEl\ of wire rope swaged ¿ttings thimEle
and snaphooN) that cannot Ee remoYed from the
SRL without the aid of special tools.
2.38 ContinXoXs Fall Protection. One or more E2.38 3roYiding continuous fall protection ma\
fall protection systems that provide fall protection require more than one fall protection s\stem or a
without interruption comEination of preYention or protection measures.
2.39 CXsp Sag. The sag that an HLL attains before E2.39 Cusp sag is the state where the initial length
it begins to provide signi¿cant deceleration force to of caEle at essentiall\ its pretension force has Eeen
stop a fall. pulled into two essentiall\ straight lines e[tending
from one anchorage to the point of fall arrest load
application to the ne[t adMacent anchorage. During
the arrest of a fall there is no appreciaEle decel-
eration force on the falling worNer nor is there an
appreciaEle increase in +LL caEle tension until the
sag e[ceeds the cusp sag.
2.0 Deceleration Distance. The vertical distance E2.40 The deceleration distance is determined E\
between the user’s fall arrest attachment at the on- the response and interaction of all of the compo-
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set of fall arrest forces during a fall, and after the nents of the fall arrest s\stem (including deplo\ment
fall arrest attachment comes to a complete stop. of 3(As stretching of lan\ards and lifelines sag-
ging of +LLs etc.). Deceleration distance does not
include the d\namic elongation of the s\stem. This
d\namic elongation is proportional to the length of
the connecting suEs\stem or lifeline and temporar-
il\ reaches ma[imum elongation when ma[imum
arresting force is applied.
2.1 D-Ring. An integral “D” shaped connector

typically used in harnesses, lanyards, energy ab-
sorbers, lifelines and anchorage connectors as an
integral connector as an attachment point.
2.2 Descent Controller. A device designed to E2.42 A descent controller ma\ Ee used for egress
be used by one worker for personal descent or to worN positioning or Eoth.
lower another worker from an elevation.
2.3 Dynamic Analysis. A method for predicting

the performance of an active fall protection system
by calculating the velocity of a moving or falling body
at selected time or distance intervals. The method
takes into consideration both the arresting force
from the system and the gravitational pull on the fall-
ing body to determine how much the body speeds
up or slows down over the selected interval.
2. Element. An integral part of a constituent, E2.44 ([amples include rope strap thread thim-
component, hybrid component, subsystem or sys- Ele EucNle D-Ring or snaphooN.
tem.
2.5 Employer. Any corporation, partnership, pro-

prietorship, government agency or other organiza-
tion that has employees.
2.6 Energy SKock AEsorEer. A component E2.46 Such deYices ma\ emplo\ Yarious principles
whose primary function is to dissipate energy and such as deformation friction tearing of materials
limit deceleration forces which the system imposes or EreaNing of stitches to accomplish energ\ aE-
on the body during fall arrest. sorption. An energ\ aEsorEer causes an increase
in the deceleration distance. An energ\ aEsorEer
ma\ Ee Eorne E\ the user (personal) or Ee a part of
a horizontal lifeline suEs\stem or a Yertical lifeline
suEs\stem.
2.7 Energy AEsorEer, +orizontal /ifeline. An

energy absorber that is attached to one of the end
anchorages or anchorage connectors of a horizon-
tal lifeline subsystem.
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2.8 Energy AEsorEer, Personal. An energy ab- E2.48 (nerg\ aEsorEer reduces the 0AF e[peri-
sorber that is attached to a harness. enced E\ the worNer Eut increases the fall arrest
distance.
2.9 Energy AEsorEer, 9ertical /ifeline. An en-

ergy absorber that is attached to the top anchorage
or anchorage connector of a vertical lifeline sub-
system.
2.50 Energy Analysis. A method for predicting

the performance of an active fall protection system
by calculating the energy produced by a moving or
falling body and determining how this energy is ab-
sorbed or dissipated by the components of the fall
protection system.
2.51 ETXipment. A general term referring to com-

ponents, subsystems or systems, in any combina-
tion, singular or plural.
2.52 EvacXation. Self-rescue affected by the res-

cue subject alone.
2.53 Eye, Formed. A loop or eye, with or without

a thimble, formed in the end of a rope, wire rope or
strap and secured by means of a splice, swaged
¿tting or stitched joint.
2.5 Eye, RetXrn. A loop or eye in the end of a

rope or wire rope formed by lapping the rope or
wire rope back on itself and securing it by using
swaged ¿ttings.
2.55 Eye, Spliced. A loop or eye in the end of a E2.55 Spliced e\es ma\ include swaged ¿ttings.
rope or a wire rope formed by tucking the strand
ends into the rope or wire rope.
2.56 Eye, StitcKed. A loop or eye in the end of a

strap formed by lapping the strap back on itself and
securing it by means of a stitched joint.
2.57 Fall Arrest. The action or event of stopping a E2.57 For the purposes of these standards fall ar-
free fall or the instant where the downward free fall rest is the instant when a falling Eod\ is ¿rst stopped.
has been stopped. Fall arrest coincides with the greatest forces and
deÀections of the fall arrest s\stem.
2.58 Fall Arrest AttacKment. A connector integral

to the body support speci¿cally designated as a
point for connecting the fall arrest system.
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2.59 Fall Arrest System. The collection of equip- E2.59 A fall arrest s\stem is t\picall\ comprised of
ment components that are con¿gured to arrest a components such as full Eod\ harnesses lan\ards
free fall. deceleration deYices horizontal lifelines Yertical
lifelines anchorages and anchorage connectors.
Con¿gured and used properl\ a free fall will Ee ar-
rested without e[ceeding the strength requirements
of these standards.
2.60 Fall Arrester. A device that travels on a life- E2.60 A fall arrester usuall\ emplo\s the principle
line and will automatically engage or lock onto the of inertial locNing cam leYer locNing or Eoth. A rope
lifeline in the event of a fall. graE is one e[ample of a fall arrester.
2.61 Fall Arrester Connecting SXEsystem. The E2.61 A fall arrester connecting suEs\stem ma\
portion of a vertical lifeline fall protection system incorporate integral suEs\stems or ma\ Ee com-
that is attached between the anchorage or anchor- prised of independent components. The term re-
age connector and the fall arrest attachment on the fers to the entire assemEl\ including the necessar\
harness. connectors and is t\picall\ comprised of either: (i)
a fall arrester and Yertical lifeline or fall arrester and
Yertical lifeline suEs\stem; (ii) a fall arrester lan-
\ard and Yertical lifeline or Yertical lifeline suEs\s-
tem; (iii) a fall arrester energ\ aEsorEer and Yerti-
cal lifeline or Yertical lifeline suEs\stem; or (iY) a
fall arrester lan\ard energ\ aEsorEer and Yertical
lifeline or Yertical lifeline suEs\stem.
2.62 Fall Edge. The unprotected edge of a walk- E2.62 A fall edge is also Nnown as an unprotected
ing/working surface or an unprotected opening edge or an e[posed edge.
from which a person could fall to a lower surface
or into a hazard.
2.63 Fall +azard. Any location where a person is E2.63 ,n addition to a fall to a lower leYel a fall haz-
exposed to a potential free fall. ard ma\ e[ist eYen on the same leYel where the
fall results in e[posure to a hazard such as con-
tact with a high temperature process unguarded
machiner\ or a hazardous liquid in an open tanN.
Such hazards ma\ Ee eliminated E\ guardrails or
other fall protection techniques. The eleYation at
which a potential fall Eecomes a fall hazard is often
prescriEed E\ laws or regulations and ma\ depend
upon the t\pe of worN Eeing performed or the worN
enYironment.
2.6 Fall +azard SXrvey Report. A written docu-

ment that contains information about existing or
potential fall hazards and a method or methods for
eliminating or controlling those hazards.
2.65 Fall +azard Zone. An area of fall exposure on E2.65 Fall hazard zones for different surfaces are
a roof or slope. speci¿ed within these standards.
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2.66 FalloXt. The action of a person or test torso

being unintentionally separated from the body sup-
port component during or after fall arrest.
2.67 Fall Protection. Any equipment, device or E2.67 Fall protection includes eliminating or con-
system that prevents an accidental fall from eleva- trolling hazards passiYe fall protection traYel re-
tion or that mitigates the effect of such a fall. straint fall arrest and administratiYe controls.
2.68 Fall Protection System. Any secondary sys- E2.68 ([amples include guardrail traYel restraint
tem that prevents workers from falling or, if a fall safet\ net and fall arrest s\stems.
occurs, arrests the fall.
2.69 Fall Protection ProcedXre. A written series E2.69 Also see the de¿nition for ³3rocedure´.
of logical steps that describes in detail the speci¿c
practices, equipment and methods to be used to
protect authorized persons from falling when ex-
posed to fall hazards.
2.70 Fall Restraint. See “Restraint or “Travel Re-

straint”.
2.71 Fall Restraint System. See “Travel Restraint

System”.
2.72 Force Factor. The ratio of peak arresting

force of a rigid mass to a human body of the same
weight, both falling under identical conditions.
2.73 Free Fall. The act of falling before a fall pro-

tection system begins to apply forces to arrest the
fall.
2.7 Free Fall Distance. The vertical distance trav- E2.74 This distance e[cludes deceleration distance
eled during a fall, measured from the onset of a and the elongation of a lifeline or lan\ard Eut in-
fall from a walking working surface to the point at cludes an\ distance that a deceleration deYice
which the fall protection system begins to arrest the slides Eefore engaging or the distance that a self-
fall. retracting lifeline or lan\ard e[tends Eefore fall ar-
rest forces are applied.
The distance is measured using a common refer-

ence point t\picall\ the fall arrest attachment point
of the full Eod\ harness (D-Ring).
The term free fall distance has applicaEilit\ Ee\ond

Must personal fall arrest s\stems. For e[ample as
used in the conte[t of a positioning s\stem free fall
distance refers to the slacN in the s\stem which will
conYert to traYel distance during a fall eYent.
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2.75 Frontal D-Ring AttacKment. An attachment E2.75 The sternum is a Àat dagger shaped Yerti-
element af¿xed to the full body harness within the cal Eone located in the middle of the chest. Along
vertical seven-inch sternum (breastbone) area that with the riEs the sternum forms the riE cage that
is designed to withstand dynamic fall arrest, re- protects the heart lungs and maMor Elood Yessels
straint and post-fall suspension forces. from damage.
2.76 FXll %ody +arness. See “Harness, Full

%ody”.
2.77 *ate. The element of a connector that opens E2.77 Formerl\ Nnown as a Neeper. The perfor-
to receive an object and closes when released to mance and design speci¿cations for connector
retain the object. gates are found within these standards.
2.78 *Xardrail System. A passive system of hori- E2.78 *uardrail s\stems t\picall\ haYe a top rail
zontal rails and vertical posts that prevent a person a mid rail and posts. See ANS,ASS( A.
from reaching a fall edge. Safet\ Requirements for WorNplace Floor And Wall
2penings Stair and Railing S\stems.
2.79 +ardZare. A rigid component or element that E2.79 The term hardware ma\ refer to an indepen-
is used to couple parts of the system together. dent component of the s\stem such as a caraEi-
ner. ,t ma\ also refer to an integral element of a
component h\Erid component suEs\stem or s\s-
tem (such as a EucNle or D-Ring sewn into a Eod\
support or a snaphooN spliced or sewn into a lan-
\ard). The term hardware sometimes refers to con-
nectors.
2.80 +arness, CKest. A component comprised of E2.80 S\stems and suEs\stems incorporating chest
chest and shoulder straps with means for fastening harnesses are e[cluded from these standards.
it about the torso and for attaching it to other com-
ponents or subsystems.
2.81 +arness, CKest-:aist. A body support con- E2.81 According to the requirements of these stan-
sisting of separate chest and waist components dards a chest-waist harness does not meet the
that can be combined to form a full body harness. requirements of these standards for fall arrest Ee-
Chest-waist harnesses are excluded from these cause the chest and waist components are not in-
standards for purposes of fall arrest. tegral. See de¿nition of ³,ntegral.´
2.82 +arness, EvacXation. A body support de-

signed and constructed so the rescue subject is
securely held and suspended during the rescue
process.
2.83 +arness, FXll %ody. A body support de- E2.83 WhereYer the word harness is used alone in
signed to contain the torso and distribute the fall these standards it refers to full Eod\ harness.
arrest forces over at least the upper thighs, pelvis,
chest and shoulders.
2.8 +arness, Positioning. A body support that
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encircles and closes around the waist and legs with

attachment elements appropriate for positioning.
2.85 +azard Elimination. Changing the task, pro-

cess, controls or other means so as to remove the
need for an authorized person to be exposed to a
fall hazard.
2.86 +orizontal /ifeline. A component of a hori- E2.86 A horizontal lifeline is a means to which one
zontal lifeline subsystem, consisting of a Àexible or more connecting suEs\stems ma\ Ee attached.
line with connectors or other coupling means at ,t is sometimes referred to as a horizontal anchor-
both ends for securing it horizontally between two age line monNe\ line static line or trolle\ line. ,n-
anchorages or anchorage connectors. termediate anchorages ma\ Ee used on long +LL
s\stems to reduce the sags.
2.87 +orizontal /ifeline SXEsystem. An assem- E2.87 An +LL ma\ Ee used as part of a traYel-re-
bly, including the necessary connectors, comprised straint s\stem Eut more commonl\ is part of a fall
of a horizontal lifeline component and, optionally, arrest s\stem. An +LL allows horizontal moYement
of: a) An energy absorber component or, b) A life- parallel to the +LL Eut ma\ also allow protected
line tensioner component, or both. This subsystem Yertical moYement Eelow the +LL if an SRL is used
is normally attached at each end to an anchorage as the connecting means.
or anchorage connector and may also contain one
or more intermediate anchorages. The end anchor-
ages have the same elevation.
2.88 +orizontal Track System. A form of rigid E2.88 +orizontal tracN s\stems are usuall\ mount-
rail system that typically encloses a trolley inside a ed oYerhead in fall arrest s\stems Eut ma\ Ee
formed channel or track. mounted at lower heights as anchorages for traYel-
restraint s\stems.
2.89 +yErid Component. An integral assembly of E2.89 +\Erid components ma\ usuall\ Ee acquired
elements or components, or both, intended to per- from man\ sources and ma\ Ee interchangeaEl\ in-
form more than one function in the system. corporated into a s\stem according to the manufac-
turer’s instructions proYided that the resulting s\s-
tem meets the requirements of these standards. A
h\Erid component ma\ also Ee referred to as an in-
tegral suEs\stem. ([amples include a self-retract-
ing lan\ard or a lan\ard with energ\ aEsorEer or a
lan\ard with energ\ aEsorEer and fall arrester.
2.90 Initial Sag. The initial mid-span deÀection of E2.90 The initial sag is the state when the +LL s\s-
an HLL due to static equilibrium between gravita- tem is at rest due to the weight of the line and its
tional forces and pretension. components onl\.
2.91 Inspection. An examination of equipment or

systems to assess conformance to particular stan-
dard.
2.92 InstrXctions, ManXfactXrer. Printed infor-
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mational documents supplied with equipment.
2.93 Integral. Not removable from the component,

subsystem or system without destroying or mutilat-
ing any element or without use of a special tool.
2.9 /anyard. A component consisting of a Àex- E2.94 Lan\ards perform a tethering function that
ible rope, wire rope or strap, which typically has a restricts moYement and can arrest a fall.
connector at each end for connecting to the body
support and to a fall arrester, energy absorber, an-
chorage connector or anchorage.
2.95 /anyard Connecting SXEsystem. An as- E2.95 A lan\ard connecting suEs\stem is normall\
sembly, including the necessary connectors, com- attached Eetween an anchorage or anchorage con-
prised of a lanyard only, or a lanyard and energy nector and the fall arrest attachment and ma\ Ee an
absorber. integral suEs\stem or ma\ Ee comprised of inde-
pendent components.
2.96 /ifeline. A component of a fall protection sys- E2.96 A lifeline serYes to e[tend the range of the
tem consisting of a Àexible line designed to hang ei- user through the slidaEle connection of a fall ar-
ther vertically (vertical lifeline), or for connection to rester in the case of a Yertical lifeline or a connector
anchorages or anchorage connectors at both ends or other deYice in the case of a horizontal lifeline.
to span horizontally (horizontal lifeline).
2.97 /ifeline SXEsystem. An assembly, including

the necessary connectors, comprised of at least a
lifeline, and which may also have means for pre-
tensioning the lifeline or for energy absorption, or
both.
2.98 /ifeline Tensioner. A device, such as a turn- E2.98 The lifeline tensioner of a horizontal lifeline
buckle, to tauten a horizontal lifeline or a weight to suEs\stem is usuall\ placed Eetween an anchorage
tension a vertical lifeline. or anchorage connector at one end of the horizontal
lifeline and the horizontal lifeline itself. The lifeline
tensioner of a Yertical lifeline suEs\stem is usuall\
placed near the Eottom of the Yertical lifeline.
2.99 Maintenance. A process for keeping the

product, component or system usable and safe
from degradation.
2.100 ManXal Descent Control Device. A load

lowering device or mechanism that, once engaged,
requires manual attention to control pay-out speed
of line or descent speed under load.
2.101 ManXal Fall Arrester. A fall arrester that will

remain locked where it has been positioned on a
9LL until deliberately repositioned by a worker.
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2.102 ManXal Rope *raE. See “Manual Fall Ar-

rester”.
2.103 ManXfactXrer. Any producer of fall protec- E2.103 ,f a positioning or traYel restraint s\stem
tion equipment with written product labels and in- is produced E\ the authorized person’s emplo\er
structions meeting the requirements of these stan- representatiYe or the authorized person then pro-
dards. fessional laEels and instructions are essential to
Ee proYided for proper use inspection and main-
tenance.
2.10 Marking. Any sign, label, stencil, plate or the

like containing information or guidance.
2.105 Ma[imXm AncKorage System DeÀection E2.105 ,n +LLs the ma[imum anchorage s\stem
MASD. The dynamic displacement of the anchor- deÀection is the change in sag from the cusp sag to
age system to the position at fall arrest after all the peaN sag at fall arrest. ,n 9LLs it is the stretch
slack has been removed. of the lifeline.
2.106 Ma[imXm Arrest Force. The peak force

measured by the test instrumentation during arrest
of the test weight in the dynamic tests set forth in
these standards.
2.107 Ma[imXm Arrest /oad MA/. The peak E2.107 The 0AL is a force Yector that is co-linear
force applied to an anchorage by an active fall pro- with the caEle in an +LL. The 0AL equals 0AF in
tection system when arresting a fall. a Yertical s\stem.
2.108 Ma[imXm Sag. The peak sag of an HLL at

the instant of fall arrest.
2.109 Model. A speci¿c type or design of a product.
2.110 Non-Certi¿ed Fall Arrest AncKorage. A E2.110 Non-certi¿ed anchorages are an e[ception
fall arrest anchorage that a competent person to the requirement that anchorages are designed
can judge to be capable of supporting the prede- certi¿ed speci¿ed and selected E\ a quali¿ed per-
termined anchorage forces as prescribed in these son. ,f the requirements within these standards for
standards. a non-certi¿ed anchorage are met the selection
and use of a non-certi¿ed anchorage ma\ Ee su-
perYised E\ a competent person. Non-certi¿ed an-
chorages t\picall\ consist of unquestionaEl\ strong
elements of a structure.
2.111 O-Ring. A circular shaped ring.
2.112 Oval Ring. An oval shaped ring.
2.113 Passive Fall Protection System. Fall pro- E2.113 ([amples of passiYe fall protection s\stems
tection that does not require the wearing or use of include safet\ nets guardrail s\stems or other
personal fall protection equipment. means that protect an authorized person from a fall
hazard.
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2.11 Personal Energy AEsorEer. See “Energy

Absorber”.
2.115 Personal Fall Arrest System PFAS. An E2.115 A s\stem must alwa\s include a full Eod\
assembly of components and subsystems used to harness and connecting means Eetween the har-
arrest a person in a free fall. ness and an anchorage or anchorage connector.
Such connecting means ma\ consist of a lan\ard
energ\ aEsorEer fall arrester lifeline self-retract-
ing lan\ard or suitaEle comEinations of these.
These standards deal onl\ with 3FAS incorporat-
ing a full Eod\ harness. WheneYer the term s\stem
is used in these standards it refers to a personal fall
arrest s\stem.
2.116 Plan. An orderly arrangement of parts of an E2.116 A plan ma\ Yar\ in its leYel of speci¿cit\ Eut
overall design or objective. A systematic arrange- is more general than detailed. A plan differs from a
ment of elements or important parts. procedure in that a plan sets out a general course
of action Eut does not proYide the speci¿c steps E\
which an action is initiated performed controlled
andor ¿nalized. See ³3rocedure´. A plan is more
speci¿c than a program and more general than a
procedure.
2.117 Positioning. The act of supporting the body

with a positioning system for the purpose of work-
ing with hands free.
2.118 Positioning /anyard. A lanyard used to E2.118 3ositioning lan\ards ma\ Ee ¿[ed length or
transfer forces from a body support to an anchor- adMustaEle and are part of a positioning s\stem.
age or anchorage connector in a positioning sys-
tem.
2.119 Positioning /ine. A vertical, horizontal or

angled rope or wire rope used to transfer forces
from a body support to an anchorage or anchorage
connector in a positioning system.
2.120 Positioning System. A full body harness E2.120 Although positioning s\stems ma\ use the
system or a body belt incorporated into a full body same equipment as a fall protection s\stem (such
harness or work positioning harness con¿gured to as a harness) a positioning s\stem used alone
allow an authorized person to be supported on an does not constitute fall protection. While position-
elevated vertical or inclined surface, such as a wall, ing a person is e[posed to a fall hazard and is
and work with both hands free from body support. required under these standards to use a separate
s\stem that proYides EacNup protection from a fall.
2.121 Pretension. The initial force (tension) in an

HLL cable immediately before a fall occurs. Preten-
sion of the HLL balances the weight of the cable,
holding it to its initial sag.
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2.122 Primary System. In fall protection terminol- E2.122 3rimar\ s\stems are t\picall\ considered to
ogy, the main mechanism that allows a worker to comprise the worNer’s Ealance their climEing sNills
maintain their desired position. and the safet\ of the platform surface or structure
that supports them. Fall protection is a secondar\
form of protection in case the primar\ s\stem fails.
2.123 ProcedXre. A series of logical steps by which E2.123 A procedure differs from a plan in that a
all repetitive action is initiated, performed, controlled procedure proYides speci¿c steps to Ee followed in
and ¿nalized. A procedure establishes the speci¿c performing a tasN or addressing a particular situa-
step-by-step action that is required; who is required tion while a plan sets out a general course of ac-
to act; and when the action is to take place. tion.
2.12 ProdXct. A component, subsystem or sys-

tem inclusive of all packaging, markings and in-
structions at the point of sale by the manufacturer.
2.125 Professional Engineer. A person who holds

an engineering registration in the state or other
jurisdiction in which they are applying these stan-
dards.
2.126 Program. An organized, directed effort that

uses speci¿ed resources to achieve desired objec-
tives. A broad framework of goals to be achieved,
serving as a basis to de¿ne and plan more speci¿c
requirements for meeting those goals.
2.127 Program Administrator. A person author-

ized by their employer to be responsible for manag-
ing the employer’s fall protection program.
2.128 Proof /oad Testing. A type of veri¿ca- E2.128 3roof load testing is performed to assure
tion testing performed on equipment or elements the strength of critical parts which ma\ haYe weaN-
thereof by applying to the specimen a static load nesses which are not detectaEle E\ Yisual inspec-
of a speci¿ed amount below the design breaking tion and which ma\ Ee caused E\ manufacturing
strength of the specimen. processes. 3roof load testing ma\ Ee performed
on all (00) of the parts in a production lot or on
a lesser percentage according to a sampling plan.
Z359 standards require that all D-Rings 2-Rings
caraEiners and snaphooNs Ee suEMected to 00
proof load testing.
2.129 Proof Test. A test to prove the structural in-

tegrity of a component or system.
2.130 QXali¿ed Person. A person with a recog- E2.130 0an\ Murisdictions require that indiYiduals
nized degree or professional certi¿cate and with who design or eYaluate ph\sical structures Ee reg-
extensive knowledge, training and experience in istered with the jurisdiction as a professional engi-
the fall protection and rescue ¿eld who is capable neer.
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of designing, analyzing, evaluating and specifying The e[tent to which quali¿ed persons are required
fall protection and rescue systems to the extent re- to haYe speci¿c Nnowledge training and e[peri-
quired by these standards. ence is goYerned E\ the suEstantiYe requirements
of these standards as the\ appl\ to the duties and
responsiEilities of Yarious personnel. For e[ample
this de¿nition does not impl\ that a quali¿ed person
is required to design eYaluate andor specif\ res-
cue equipment s\stems or procedures for emer-
genc\ response teams and rescuers meeting the
requirements of these standards.
2.131 QXali¿ed Person Trainer. A quali¿ed person

who meets the requirements of these standards
and who is also quali¿ed to provide fall protection
training.
2.132 Rated :orking /oad. The manufacturer’s

speci¿ed maximum and minimum loads for which
the component is designed to be used.
2.133 ReTXired Clearance %eloZ tKe AncKor-

age. The minimum distance between the anchor-
age of a fall arrest system and the highest lower
level a worker might encounter during a fall.
2.13 ReTXired Clearance %eloZ tKe Platform.

The minimum distance between the working plat-
form and the highest lower level a worker might en-
counter during a fall.
2.135 RescXe. The process of removing a person

from danger, harm or con¿nement to a safe loca-
tion.
2.136 RescXe Plan. A written process that de-

scribes in a general manner how rescue is to be
approached under the speci¿ed parameters, such
as location or circumstances.
2.137 RescXe ProcedXre. A written series of E2.137 A rescue procedure estaElishes the speci¿c
logical steps that describes the speci¿c manner in step-E\-step action that is required to Ee followed
which rescue is to be accomplished. to accomplish rescue including who is required to
act and when the action is to taNe place.
2.138 RescXe SXEMect. The person being rescued

or in need of rescue.
2.139 RescXe System. An assembly of compo- E2.139 A rescue s\stem t\picall\ consists of com-
nents and subsystems used for rescue. ponents which are addressed in ANS,ASS(
Z359..
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2.10 RescXe System, One Person. A rescue

system intended to bear only the weight of a single
person at one time.
2.11 RescXe System, TZo Person. A rescue

system intended to bear the weight of up to two
persons simultaneously.
2.12 RescXer. Person or persons other than the

rescue subject acting to perform an assisted res-
cue by operation of a rescue system.
2.13 Restraint. The technique of securing an au-

thorized person to an anchorage using a lanyard
short enough to prevent the person’s center of
gravity from reaching the fall hazard.
2.1 Rigging. The process of building a system to

move or stabilize a load or the system itself.
2.15 Rigid AncKorage SXEsystem. An anchor-

age system, such as a rigid rail system or a single
point of attachment that does not appreciably de-
Àect, deform or stretch when a fall arrest impact oc-
curs. For the purposes of these standards, a rigid
anchorage subsystem is one where the deÀection
or stretch is not more than 4 inches (100mm) when
the peak impact force from the worst-case fall pro-
tection loading is applied to the subsystem.
2.16 Rigid Rail System. A fall protection system E2.146 ,n a rigid rail s\stem a connecting means
that uses one or more trolleys on a horizontal track is attached Eetween the worNer’s full Eod\ harness
(often an I-beam or slotted tube). and the trolle\. Rigid rail s\stems allow horizontal
moYement parallel to the rigid rail Eut ma\ also al-
low Yertical moYement if an SRL is used as the con-
necting means.
2.17 Ring. A generally hoop-shaped connector

(hardware) element or component.
2.18 RolloXt. A process by which a snaphook or

carabiner unintentionally disengages from another
connector or object to which it is coupled.
2.19 Rope Access. A technique using safety E2.149 Rope access is different from fall arrest fall
ropes, normally incorporating two separately se- restraint and other fall protection techniques in that
cured systems, one as a means of access and the the authorized person is generall\ full\ suspended
other as a secondary system, used with a harness E\ the rope s\stem during worN. The safe use of
in combination with other devices, for access to and rope access s\stems requires speci¿c competence
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from as well as suspension at the place of work. in rope access techniques acquired E\ training and
e[perience con¿rmed with independent assess-
ment and certi¿cation E\ one competent to assess
and certif\ rope access sNills and Nnowledge.
2.150 Rope or Strap AdMXster. A mechanical E2.150 A rope adjuster ma\ Ee a manual rope
means of readily moving a vertical line attachment graE t\pe deYice or a descent control deYice which
or changing the position of an intermediate anchor- proYides an adjustment feature. An automatic rope
age device between an anchorage (connector) and graE is t\picall\ used as a fall arrester for a Yertical
a body support while loaded with the authorized lifeline which can act as EacN-up fall protection to
person’s weight or partial weight while leaning. a worN positioning s\stem or traYel restraint s\stem
in fall hazard zone.
2.151 Rope *raE. See “Fall Arrestor”.
2.152 Rope, SyntKetic. A construction of bundled

man-made yarns, ¿bers or ¿laments forming a
strong Àexible line.
2.153 Rope, :ire. A plurality of drawn wires form-

ing strands laid helically over an axis or core.
2.15 RoXtine. Of a commonplace or repetitious

character or of, relating to or being in accordance
with established procedure.
2.155 Safety Margin. A clearance factor of safety

de¿ned as the distance between the lowest extrem-
ity of the worker’s body at fall arrest and the highest
obstruction the worker might otherwise make con-
tact with during a fall.
2.156 Safety Net System. A horizontal or semi-

horizontal, cantilever-style barrier that uses netting
system to stop falling workers before they make
contact with a lower level or obstruction.
2.157 Secondary Fall Protection System. One or E2.157 Fall protection is de¿ned in these standards
more means of fall protection, as de¿ned by these as ³an\ equipment deYice or s\stem that preYents
standards, con¿gured as a supplement or as back- an accidental fall from eleYation or that mitigates
up to protect a worker from a potential fall if the the effect of such a fall.´ See ³Fall 3rotection´. A
primary system fails. frontal D-Ring attachment proYiding limited fall ar-
rest meets this requirement. Secondar\ s\stems
include guardrail traYel restraint positioning and
fall arrest s\stems.
2.158 Self-Retracting Device SRD. A device

that contains a drum wound line that automatically
locks at the onset of a fall to arrest the user, but
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that pays out from and automatically retracts onto

the drum during normal movement of the person to
whom the line is attached. After onset of a fall, the
device automatically locks the drum and arrests the
fall. Self-retracting devices include self-retracting
lanyards (SRL’s), self-retracting lanyards with inte-
gral rescue capability (SRL-R’s), and self-retracting
lanyards with leading edge capability (SRL-LE’s)
and, hybrid combinations of these.
2.159 Self-Retracting /anyard SR/. A self-re-

tracting device suitable for applications where dur-
ing use the device is mounted or anchored such
that possible free fall is limited to 2 feet (.6m) or
less.
2.160 Self-Retracting /anyard Connecting SXE- E2.160 This connecting suEs\stem is attached Ee-
system SR/CSS. An assembly, including the tween an anchorage or anchorage connector and
necessary connectors, comprised of a self-retract- the fall arrest attachment of the Eod\ support.
ing lanyard or a self-retracting lanyard/energy ab-
sorber combination.
2.161 Self-Retracting /anyard :itK Integral

RescXe CapaEility SR/-R. An SRL that includes
an integral means for assisted rescue via raising or
lowering the rescue subject.
2.162 Self-Retracting /anyard :itK /eading

Edge CapaEility SR/-/E. A self-retracting de-
vice suitable for applications where during use the
device is not necessarily mounted or anchored
overhead. The device may be at foot level and
where the possible free fall is up to 5 feet (1.5m)
that includes integral means to withstand impact
loading of the line constituent with a sharp or abra-
sive edge during fall arrest and for controlling fall
arrest forces on the user.
2.163 SeTXential Fall. A multiple-worker fall where

the impacts from each worker occur at different
times in a cascading manner.
2.16 SKall. The word shall is to be understood as

denoting a mandatory requirement.
2.165 SKock AEsorEer. See de¿nition of “Energy

Absorber”.
2.166 SKoXld. The word should denotes a recom-

mendation.
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2.167 SimXltaneoXs Fall. A multiple-worker fall

where the impacts from each worker occur at the
same instant.
2.168 SnapKook. A connector comprised of a E2.168 SnaphooNs are generall\ one of two t\pes
hook-shaped body with a normally closed gate or namel\: (i) Automatic-locNing t\pe (required E\
similar arrangement that may be opened to permit these standards) with a self-closing and self-locN-
the hook to receive an object and, when released, ing gate which remains closed and locNed until in-
automatically closes to retain the object. tentionall\ unlocNed and opened for connection or
disconnection. (ii) Non-locNing t\pe (not permitted
E\ these standards) with a self-closing gate which
remains closed Eut not locNed until intentionall\
opened for connection or disconnection.
2.169 Span. The portion of the system between E2.169 The numEer of spans in a s\stem is t\pi-
any pair of adjacent supports on fall protection sys- call\ one less than the numEer of supports.
tems such as rigid rails and HLLs.
2.170 Splice. A means of terminating a rope or wire E2.170 Two rope or wire rope segments should not
rope by an appropriate tucking of the strand ends Ee spliced together to for e[ample lengthen or re-
into the rope. pair the line.
2.171 StaEle SXrface. A walking working surface

that has the strength and structural integrity to sup-
port an authorized person(s).
2.172 Static Analysis. A method to predict the per-

formance of an active fall protection system based
on applying static loadings speci¿ed by these stan-
dards.
2.173 StitcK Pattern. The particular con¿guration

of threads used to form terminations or joints of
webbing.
2.17 Strap. A length of webbing that may be incor- E2.174 Also see de¿nition of ³WeEEing´.
porated in a harness, lanyard or other component
or subsystem.
2.175 Strap, CKest. A harness strap passing gen-

erally horizontally across the chest or around the
body at chest level with adjustable means for fas-
tening.
2.176 Strap, SKoXlder. A harness strap that pass-

es from the waist, up the chest, over the shoulder
and down the back to the waist. It is connected to
the waist strap or thigh straps or sub-pelvic strap or
combinations thereof.
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2.177 Strap, SKoXlder Retainer. A means of con-

necting the harness shoulder straps for the purpose
of retaining them on the shoulders.
2.178 Strap, SXE-Pelvic. A full body harness strap,

which passes under the buttocks without passing
through the crotch and is designed to transmit, to
the sub-pelvic part of the body, forces applied dur-
ing fall arrest and post-fall suspension.
2.179 Strap, TKigK. A full body harness strap with

adjustable means for fastening it about the thigh.
2.180 Strap, :aist. A harness strap passing

around the body at the waist with adjustable fas-
tening means.
2.181 StretcK OXt. The change in distance be- E2.181 Stretch out accounts for stretching of the
tween the worker’s D-Ring and toes during a fall Eod\-holding deYice sliding of the D-Ring and the
arrest. reaction of the worNer’s Eod\ to the deceleration
forces sometimes including lengthening of the
Eod\ if starting from a Nneeling or l\ing position.
2.182 SXEsystem. A multi-function assembly com-

prised of either: a) independent components, in-
cluding the necessary connectors, interconnected
by the user; or b) integrally interconnected compo-
nents (also referred to as hybrid components or in-
tegral subsystems).
2.183 SXEsystem AssemEly. An assembly of

components used as part of a system.
2.18 SXpporting SXEsystem. An integral assem- E2.184 ([amples include a full Eod\ harness with
bly of a body support component with another com- integral lan\ard or integral energ\ aEsorEer or
ponent or connecting subsystem. Eoth.
2.185 SXspended ETXipment. Machines, plat-

forms or other equipment suspended by support
lines.
2.186 SXspension. The act of supporting 100% of E2.186 This de¿nition is outside the scope of the
a user’s body weight, including equipment, for the Z359 standards Eut has Eeen included as guid-
purpose of accessing a work location with one or ance for users with interest in this issue.
two points of contact.
2.187 SXspension Seat. An arrangement of straps E2.187 These standards do not coYer Eoatswain
in a harness used to provide a body support and chairs that incorporate rigid Eoards or chair seats
permit leaning or sitting while working. as de¿ned in ANS,ASS( A0. Scaffolding Safet\
Requirements.
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2.188 SZaged Fitting. A mechanically pressed E2.188 Also see de¿nition of ³(\e Formed´.
sleeve at the termination of a rope or wire rope
used to form a loop or terminate a line.
2.189 SZing-Drop Distance. The vertical drop in E2.189 Swing-drop distance is measured E\ fol-
height experienced by the worker using a fall arrest lowing the D-Ring of the harness.
system from the onset of the swinging motion to the
point where the user can initially make contact with
a structure.
2.190 SZing Fall. A pendulum-like motion that oc-

curs during and/or after a vertical fall. A swing fall
results when an authorized person begins a fall
from a position that is located horizontally away
from a ¿xed anchorage.
2.191 SZing Fall Distance. The vertical drop in E2.191 Swing fall distance is measured E\ follow-
height experienced by the worker using a fall arrest ing the D-Ring of the harness.
system from the onset of the swinging motion to the
lowest point reached during the swing.
2.192 SyntKetic Rope Tackle %lock. A load lifting

and/or lowering device that does not include a wind-
ing or traction drum, but uses pulleys to achieve a
mechanical lifting advantage.
2.193 System. See de¿nition of “Personal Fall Ar-

rest System (PFAS)”.
2.19 Testing. The controlled application of test

conditions to a product (system, subsystem, com-
ponent or element) and the recording of observed
effects. When the terms “testing” or “tests” are
used in these standards, those terms shall denote
quali¿cation testing or quali¿cation test(s), not de-
velopmental or veri¿cation testing or test(s), unless
otherwise speci¿ed.
2.195 Testing, Developmental. The controlled ap-

plication of test conditions to a pre-production pro-
totype of a product in the developmental stage, and
the recording of observed effects, for the purpose
of determining and evaluating the developmental
product’s performance and design characteristics.
2.196 Testing and Interpolation Analysis. A

method for determining the performance of an ac-
tive fall protection system through direct testing of
the system and mathematical interpolation of test
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results for similar systems.
2.197 Testing, QXali¿cation. The controlled appli-

cation of test conditions to a product specimen ran-
domly selected from the initial production lot, and
the recording of observed effects, for the purpose
of determining the product’s compliance with the
requirements of these standards. When the terms
“testing” or “tests” are used in the Z359 standards,
those terms shall denote quali¿cation testing or
quali¿cation test(s), not developmental or veri¿ca-
tion testing or test(s) unless otherwise speci¿ed.
2.198 Testing, 9eri¿cation. The controlled ap-

plication of test conditions to a product specimen
sampled from ongoing production lots (after quali-
¿cation testing), and the recording of observed ef-
fects, for the purpose of con¿rming the product’s
continuing compliance with the requirements of
these standards. Proof load testing is a type of veri-
¿cation testing.
2.199 TKimEle. A grooved metal or plastic piece

about which a rope is bent and spliced or swaged
to the main body of the rope to form an eye.
2.200 TKread. A group of synthetic ¿laments twist- E2.200 Thread is used to sew stitch patterns into
ed together to form a strong strand. weEEing.
2.201 Total Fall Distance TFD. The total vertical E2.201 Total fall distance includes free fall distance
distance a person falls, measured from the onset and deceleration distance Eut e[cludes d\namic
of a fall to the point where the person comes to rest elongation. Total fall distance is often determined
after the fall is stopped. as the displacement of the dorsal D-Ring on the
full Eod\ harness and is the sum of the free fall and
the deceleration distance. ,t also includes an\ ap-
plicaEle swing fall distance
2.202 Travel Restraint /anyard. A lanyard used

to transfer forces from a body support to an anchor-
age or anchorage connector in a travel restraint
system.
2.203 Travel Restraint /ine. A rope, or wire rope, E2.203 The purpose of a traYel restraint line is to
used to transfer forces from a body support to an preYent an authorized user from reaching a fall haz-
anchorage or anchorage connector in a travel re- ard.
straint system.
2.20 Travel Restraint System. A combination of E2.204 A traYel restraint s\stem allows a person to
anchorage, anchorage connector, lanyard (or other approach the edge Eut eliminates the possiEilit\ of
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means of connection) and body support that limits going oYer the edge. An actiYe fall protection s\s-
travel in such a manner that the user is not exposed tem couples the worNers’ Eod\-holding deYice(s) to
to a fall hazard. an anchorage using a suitaEle means such as re-
straint lan\ards.
2.205 Trolley. A mobile anchorage device that trav-

els along a track (horizontal track system), structur-
al beam (rigid rail system), or cable (HLL system).
2.206 User. A person who performs activities at E2.206 A user is sometimes referred to as an em-
heights while protected by a personal fall protec- plo\ee or worNer in other documents dealing with
tion system. fall protection.
2.207 9ariance. A change in, or effect to, a char-

acteristic, function, design or element of a product
that is different from the original.
2.208 9ertical /ifeline. A component, element or E2.208 A Yertical lifeline is also referred to as Yerti-
constituent of a lifeline subsystem consisting of a cal anchorage line or dropline.
vertically suspended Àexible line and along which a
fall arrester travels.
2.209 9ertical /ifeline SXEsystem. An assembly, E2.209 This suEs\stem is normall\ attached at
including the necessary connectors, comprised of one end to an oYerhead anchorage or anchorage
a vertical lifeline component and, optionally, an en- connector and ma\ also Ee attached to a Eottom
ergy absorber and a lifeline tensioner component. anchorage.
2.210 :eEEing. A narrow woven fabric with sel- E2.210 Also see de¿nition of ³Strap´.
vedge edges and continuous ¿lament yarns made
from light and heat resistant ¿bers.
2.211 :incK/+oist. A load lifting and/or lower-

ing device that incorporates a traction drum and a
means for controlling pay-out and take-up of the
line from the drum. Device relies on reduction gear-
ing and/or lever principles to achieve a mechanical
lifting advantage.
2.212 :ire. A single, continuous length of metal

with a circular cross-section that is cold-drawn
from rod.
2.213 :ire Rope. See “Rope, Wire”.
2.21 :ork Positioning. See “Positioning”.
2.215 :ork Positioning System. See: “Position-

ing System”.
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2.216 :ork Restraint System. See “Travel Re-

straint System”.
2.217 :orking /ine. A Àexible line used for posi-

tioning or travel restraint.
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3. /IST OF ACRON<MS
ACRON<M TERM
A Anchorage
AC Anchorage Connector
ACTD Activation Distance
AD Arrest Distance
AE Attachment Element
AJ Adjuster
%% %ody %elt
%SU %ody Support
%U %uckle
CAP Capacity
CAR Carabiner
CH Chest Harness
COM Component
CON Connector
CSS Connecting Subsystem
CST Constituent
CWH Chest-Waist Harness
DD Deceleration Distance
DD9 Deceleration Device
DR D-Ring
EA Energy Absorber
EAHLL Horizontal Lifeline Energy Absorber
EAP Personal Energy Absorber
EA9LL 9ertical Lifeline Energy Absorber
EF Formed Eye
EL Element
ER Return Eye
ESPL Spliced Eye
EST Stitched Eye
F Fitting
FA Fall Arrester
FAA Fall Arrest Attachment
FACSS Fall Arrester Connecting Subsystem
FAS Fall Arrest System
F%H Full %ody Harness
FF Free Fall
FFD Free Fall Distance
HC Hybrid Component
HLL Horizontal Lifeline
HLLSS Horizontal Lifeline Subsystem
HW Hardware
I Integral
ISS Integral Subsystem
L Lanyard
LCSS Lanyard Connecting Subsystem
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ACRON<M TERM
LL Lifeline
LLSS Lifeline Subsystem
LT Lifeline Tensioner
M Marking
MAF Maximum Arrest Force
MAL Maximum Arrest Load
MASD Maximum Anchorage System DeÀection
mm Millimeter
OR O-Ring
O9R Oval Ring
P Personal
PEA Personal Energy Absorber
PFAS Personal Fall Arrest System
PLT Proof Load Testing
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
R Rope
RG Rope Grab
RS Synthetic Rope
RW Wire Rope
S System
SA Shock Absorber
SF Swaged Fitting
SH Snaphook
SP Stitch Pattern
SPL Splice
SRD Self-Retracting Device
SRL Self-Retracting Lanyard
SRLCSS Self-Retracting Lanyard Connecting Subsystem
SRL-R Self-Retracting Lanyard With Integral Rescue Capability
SRL-LE Self-Retracting Lanyard With Leading Edge Capability
SS Subsystem
SUSS Supporting Subsystem
STR Strap
T%L Thimble
TD Developmental Testing
TFD Total Fall Distance
TH Thread
T4 4uali¿cation Testing
TRS Travel Restriction System
T9 9eri¿cation Testing
U User
9LL 9ertical Lifeline
9LLSS 9ertical Lifeline Subsystem
W Webbing
WPS Work Positioning System
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Part of the Fall Protection Code

American National Standard

'e¿nitionV and NomenclatXre 8Ved

American Societ\ oI SaIet\ EnJineerV

ASSroYed )eErXar\ 23 2012

American National StandardV InVtitXte Inc.

Published May, 2012 by

American Society of Safety Engineers

Copyright ©2012 by American Society of Safety Engineers

No part of this publication may be reproduced

Printed in the United States of America

Organization Represented Name of Representative

SXEgroXp Z359.0 Kad tKe folloZing memEers

%asil Tominna, P.E. (Chair)

1. Scope, Purpose, Application, Exceptions, and Interpretations .......................... 8

3. List of Acronyms ..................................................................................................... 35

STANDARD REQUIREMENTS E;P/ANATOR< INFORMATION

1.1 Scope. This standard establishes the de¿ni-

1.2 PXrpose and Application.

1.2.1 This standard addresses de¿nitions and no-

1.3.1 The scope of these standards does not include

1.3. 9ariance from the requirements of these stan-

1. Interpretations. Requests for interpretations

self-retracting lifeline begins to apply a braking or

2.7 AncKorage SXEsystem. A subsystem of a E2.7 ([amples of anchorage suEs\stems include

2.8 Arrest Distance. The total vertical distance re-

2.9 Assisted RescXe. A rescue requiring the as-

2.13 AXtomatic Descent Control Device. A load

controls pay-out speed of line or descent speed

2.1 AvailaEle Clearance. The distance from a

2.18 %Xckle. A connector for attaching a strap or

unlocNed and opened E\ the user for connection

2.21 Certi¿cation. The act of attesting in writing

2.22 Certi¿ed. An act or process resulting in docu-

2.23 Certi¿ed AncKorage. An anchorage for fall

2.2 CKest +arness. See “Harness, Chest”.

2.25 CKest-:aist +arness. See “Harness, Chest-

2.26 Clearance. The distance from a speci¿ed ref-

Some e[amples of what is meant E\ the phrase

a stopping function and an energ\ aEsorEer ((A)

2.37 ConstitXent. An integral component of a larg- E2.37 A component is said to Ee a constituent if it

For e[ample a snaphooN is a constituent of the

2.1 D-Ring. An integral “D” shaped connector

2.3 Dynamic Analysis. A method for predicting

2.5 Employer. Any corporation, partnership, pro-

2.7 Energy AEsorEer, +orizontal /ifeline. An

2.9 Energy AEsorEer, 9ertical /ifeline. An en-

2.50 Energy Analysis. A method for predicting

2.51 ETXipment. A general term referring to com-

2.52 EvacXation. Self-rescue affected by the res-

2.53 Eye, Formed. A loop or eye, with or without

2.5 Eye, RetXrn. A loop or eye in the end of a

2.56 Eye, StitcKed. A loop or eye in the end of a

2.58 Fall Arrest AttacKment. A connector integral

2.6 Fall +azard SXrvey Report. A written docu-

2.66 FalloXt. The action of a person or test torso

2.70 Fall Restraint. See “Restraint or “Travel Re-

2.71 Fall Restraint System. See “Travel Restraint

2.72 Force Factor. The ratio of peak arresting

2.73 Free Fall. The act of falling before a fall pro-

The distance is measured using a common refer-

The term free fall distance has applicaEilit\ Ee\ond

ASSroYed )eErXar\ 23 2012

American National StandardV InVtitXte Inc.

SXEgroXp Z359.0 Kad tKe folloZing memEers

1.3. 9ariance from the requirements of these stan-

1. Interpretations. Requests for interpretations

2.1 AvailaEle Clearance. The distance from a

2.2 CKest +arness. See “Harness, Chest”.

For e[ample a snaphooN is a constituent of the

2.1 D-Ring. An integral “D” shaped connector

2.3 Dynamic Analysis. A method for predicting

2.5 Employer. Any corporation, partnership, pro-

2.7 Energy AEsorEer, +orizontal /ifeline. An

2.9 Energy AEsorEer, 9ertical /ifeline. An en-

2.5 Eye, RetXrn. A loop or eye in the end of a

2.6 Fall +azard SXrvey Report. A written docu-

2.8 +arness, Positioning. A body support that

2.10 Marking. Any sign, label, stencil, plate or the

2.11 Personal Energy AEsorEer. See “Energy

2.12 ProdXct. A component, subsystem or sys-

2.13 ReTXired Clearance %eloZ tKe Platform.

2.10 RescXe System, One Person. A rescue

2.11 RescXe System, TZo Person. A rescue

2.12 RescXer. Person or persons other than the

2.13 Restraint. The technique of securing an au-

2.1 Rigging. The process of building a system to

2.15 Rigid AncKorage SXEsystem. An anchor-

2.17 Ring. A generally hoop-shaped connector

2.18 RolloXt. A process by which a snaphook or

2.15 RoXtine. Of a commonplace or repetitious

2.158 Self-Retracting Device SRD. A device

2.159 Self-Retracting /anyard SR/. A self-re-

2.16 SKall. The word shall is to be understood as