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CHAPTER II
This chapter presented the review of related literature and studies. Related
literature and studies were gathered from books, internet and from the Learning
Resource Center (LRC) of Naga College Foundation and other local libraries. These
various references had significant connections with the study guided the researcher on
Chrysanthemums, sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plant life of the
genus Chrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae. They are native to Asia and
northeastern European countries. Most species originate from East Asia and the center
of diversity is in China. There are countless horticultural varieties and cultivars. The
name "chrysanthemum" comes from the Ancient Ancient greek language,chrysos (gold)
Chrysanthemums prefer well-drained, evenly moist soil in full sun. The majority of
chrysanthemums are late-blooming, easily grown short-day plants with flowers initiated
by decreasing day length. They benefit from pinching main stems and side shoots back
several times until midsummer, which promotes bushy growth before the flower buds
form. They can be trained into showy forms. Professional growers often keep stems
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Dendrathema grandiflorum) come in a number of flower styles and colors. Mums can be
purchased as rooted cuttings from nursery suppliers to be set out in spring or as pot
The invention discloses a method for extracting chrysanthemum essential oil and
the extracted essential oil, and aims at solving the problem that the Hangzhou white
chrysanthemum is processed by the way of drying in the sun or stoving in the prior art,
and water soluble effective components are simply dissolved by water, so that many
functional components have not been well utilized, resulting in a tremendous waste.
The method for extracting the chrysanthemum essential oil comprises the following
and water vapor distillation. The extraction method of the invention has the
characteristics of simpleness, practicality, low cost and high extraction rate, and can
meet the need of large-scale and factory production of chrysanthemum essential oil,
especially the need of chrysanthemum essential oil extraction. The invention can
change the current extensive use of chrysanthemum, realize the deep processing of
chrysanthemum, and increase the economic added value, and has broad market
prospect. The present invention relates to the field of oil extraction, in particular a
method for extracting essential oil and extracts of chrysanthemum essential oils, in
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particular, the present invention relates to Chrysanthemum oil composition with the
Zhejiang is one of the "Zhejiang Bawei" Zhejiang name eight herbs, is the Ministry of
Health approved the first batch of medicinal and edible authentic ingredients. It belongs
herb. Chrysanthemum not only has high medicinal value, but also has high nutritional
benefits.Traditional Chinese medicine theory believes that Daisy has the effect of
scattered wind heat, Pinggan eyesight, can be used for common cold, fever, headache,
red eyes dim, dizziness, irritability, sore swollen poison. Modern medical research
functions. Meanwhile, Chrysanthemum also contains fatty acids, vitamins and trace
elements necessary for the body, with high nutritional value, to maintain the body's
normal life activities. Currently, Chrysanthemum tea is mainly used in medicine and
these two aspects. A simple processing method which merely dried or dried by way of
the main active ingredient is dissolved in water wherein water-soluble. The manner
described above, Chrysanthemum many functional ingredients have not been well used,
Plant oils mainly refer oily substance volatile and aroma, which is the essence of
aromatic plants, therefore, referred to as oil. Currently, there are commercially available
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essential oils of lavender essential oil, rose oil and tea tree oil and so on. Natural
to synthetic food additives, have an unparalleled advantage; for the field of medicine,
has anti-inflammatory, endocrine and sedative effect; essential oils have aversion, poor
feeding and killing effect of certain pests, the use of essential oils can reduce the use of
pesticides, for ease of pesticides pollute the environment, it has a positive meaning;
essential oils used in daily chemical products, can play a tune fragrance and flavoring
effect, can enhance the market competitiveness of daily-use chemical products. The
economic value of Chrysanthemum, the present invention is also solved by the present
conventional method of extraction low purity and low oil problem. The object of the
way, simply using water-soluble active ingredient is dissolved therein, many of the
functional components are not well utilized, resulting in a very big waste problem,
provide a method for extracting oil and chrysanthemum extract essential oils. Extraction
method of the present invention has simple, low cost, high extraction rate
characteristics to meet the need to daisy-scale chemical production of oil, oil extract of
YLANG YLANG
sharpen the senses and to temper depression, fear, anger, and jealousy. For these
reasons, and also because of its reputation as an aphrodisiac, the flowers are spread on
the beds of the newly married in Indonesia. Modern aroma therapists find the scent
strongly sedating, easily sending the most reluctant sleeper off to dreamland. Science,
on the other hand, regards ylang ylang essential oil more as a mental stimulant.
Ylang ylang is also widely used as a cosmetic when mixed with coconut oil.
People throughout the tropics use it to protect their hair from salt water damage.
Today, as one of the most abundant and least expensive of the true floral-smelling
essential oils, it is a favorite in perfumes and cosmetics and is even added to some
beverages and desserts. The essential oil varies greatly due to climatic and botanical
linalyl benzoate, linalyl acetate, alpha pinene, benzoic acid, cadinene, caryophylelene,
creosol, isoeugenol Scent of ylang ylang The fragrance is intensely sweet, heady, floral,
and slightly spicy, with a narcissus or banana like overtone. Therapeutic properties of
ylang ylang Antidepressant; stimulates circulation, relieves muscle spasms, lowers blood
pressure, relaxes nerves. Uses for ylang ylang, Of all the essential oils, ylang ylang is
one of the best at relaxing the mind and the body. Simply sniffing it can slightly lower
blood pressure, although taking a bath with the oil or using it in a massage oil greatly
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anxiety. When used as a hair tonic, it balances oil production. Add about 6 drops to
every ounce of hair conditioner. High concentrations of ylang ylang can produce
headaches or nausea. Some people are more susceptible than others to this effect and
The Ylang-Ylang tree is native in the Philippines and parts of Indonesia. This
Ylang-Ylang tree has been used in ancient times as well. The Ylang-Ylang tree is a part
of the custard apple plants and gets up to 20 meters high in free nature. Each flower
that grows has 6 tongue-like, twisted petals which look almost like a star.
The Cananga Odorata is also known as the Ylang-Ylang tree. The name Ylang-
ylang means “flower of flowers” in Tagalog and it is known to many people as the
“Perfume Tree” because of its attractive scent. This evergreen tree is an member of the
custard apple family. This Ylang-ylang tree is a fast growing tree that grows up to 5
meters per year and grows to about 10-20 meters average. The branches are
pendulous, with slightly drooping, leafy twigs. The tree is a big straggly with long leafy
twigs dangling from around 10-20 feet. The tree usually has one main trunk that is
usually bent a little bit. The bark of the tree is smooth with a grayish to a whitish color.
The flower of the Ylang-ylang hangs in clusters of about 4-12 flowers. The flower
contains of three sepals and has up to six petals that are about 8 centimeters long. The
petals are twisted when it is young, then grows to be limp and droopy when it is fully
grown. The flowers of the Ylang-ylang are very fragrant. It is greenish yellow at first,
and then it turns into a yellow-brown color when it is grown. The leaves are dark green,
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and can grow up to about 8 inches in length. The leaves are alternate, simple and
elliptic-oblong. It has a prominent midrib and drip tip. The leaves are organized along a
plane. The Greenish black colored fruit grows to around 0.6-1.0 inches in length. It has
6-12 stalked fruits that are all connected. The fruit it olive-like, and borne in clusters.
Inside of each fruit, there are 6-12 small, pale brown, flat seeds. Around the Pacific
and the Indian oceans, the Ylang-ylang has many uses. The wood of the Ylang-ylang
tree is often used to make parts of small canoes, furniture, fuel wood, and cordage.
More importantly, its’ main use is the fragrant flowers used to create the scent.
In places like Tonga and Samoa, the bark of the ylang-ylang is used as a
treatment for stomach aches and is also used as a laxative. In Java, the flowers are
dried and are used against malaria. It can also be pounded into a paste to treat asthma
as well.
The Ylang-ylang tree is native in the Philippines and in some parts of Indonesia as
well. Together with the Sampaguita flower, the Ylang-ylang is used often for decorative
bad spirits in the Philippines. Aromatherapists claim that the oil is useful for depression,
distressed breathing, high blood pressure (which may Filipinos suffer from), and
anxiety. And the distilled oils are sometimes used to give beverages and foods the
Getting the actual opinion of the people here will discover which use of the
Ylang-ylang is favored most and why it is favored. The use of the Ylang-ylang plant
could extend to a point where it can help the economic growth of the Philippines, and
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also to the extent where it can be created into a new and more pleasurable fragrant
perfume that has never been made before. Through research and actual adventures of
learning more about the Ylang-ylang plant, the clear usage of the ylang-ylang plant,
and the value of it is shown. Weather it’s used for perfume or oil, ylang-ylang could
become a more useful and helpful plant in the Philippines. The two main possibilities of
how Ylang-ylang plants are used are listed below, and will mention the advantages of
this use and the disadvantages of it. The Ylang-ylang is used as a perfume. The
extracts from the flower create a very glamorous, sweet smell. Many of the world’s
The Ylang-Ylang blooms when very young, often when it is in the second or third
year of growing. The Ylang-ylang flowers are in mass clusters at the end of its drooping
branches which are easy to see and pick. Also the ylang-ylang blooms a minimum of
two times a year, usually in June, July, August, and sometimes near December. Very
matured ones are known to bloom almost all year long. All this is an advantage because
when Perfume is made, the flower is needed often and much is needed to create the
perfume. But the Ylang-ylang has no worries of running out of flowers to extract from
because it blooms so often and so much at a time a year. When a perfume is made of
Ylang-ylang extract, it includes a pure essential oil which has vitamin E and Jojoba oil
base. This Ylang-ylang is free of alcohol and toxic synthetic fragrance. This decreases
the danger and caution of the usage for the perfume. A poor quality of a ylang-ylang
flower can smell so terrible that it can give a bad reputation to the essence altogether.
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Very poor quality Ylang-ylang oil can be an unbearably unpleasant odor. The bad odor
Essential oils of the Ylang-ylang must not be used by any pregnant women
without the advice of prior professional aromatherapists. Those people who suffer from
chronic illness are warned to keep away from the scent of this Ylang-ylang perfume.
Young children and babies are highly kept away from the overdose of smelling the
Ylang-ylang. This Ylang-ylang can cause a slight nausea and headaches if it is used and
smelled in high concentration. The Ylang-ylang flower is extracted and is made into oil.
This oil is used as perfumes, and massages. The oil is very rich and strong scented and
lasts long on skin with a peaceful, soothing smell. While being rubbed onto the skin, it
moisturizes and softens the skin, making it healthier and gives it a better looking
surface. Predicting the adults would favor this oil more, a survey was taken of 5 adults
and 5 teenagers to prove the definite result of who prefers the Ylang-ylang more.
your body. It also has Vitamin E which removes blemishes and dark spots. The oil can
The oil can be a medication and it reduces the cause of high blood pressure. It is a
stress reliever and brings calmness and relaxation to the body. It creates a new mood
This oil can be harmful to those who have sensitive skin and can give an
were to form on the skin, it can damage, and give the skin rashes
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When the oil is used, the left over bottles of the oil is thrown away. As it is thrown
away, the small amount of oil can go into the ocean, and increase the pollution in the
water. Also, the smell of the oil, being very strong, is not a healthy chemical towards
our atmosphere.
may have been used to create its signature aroma and staying power. Some of these
allergies, and other health concerns. Many haven’t even been tested. That’s not a big
deal when it comes to my rare encounters with the chemicals but it’s a very big
problem when it comes to the many fragrance chemicals we’re all exposed to in our
daily lives. Their omnipresence and potential toxicity can undermine our best efforts to
guard our health and that of our loved ones. This doesn’t mean we have to give up the
with a characteristic, usually pleasant smell. They are ubiquitously found in perfumes
and other perfumed cosmetic products, but also in detergents, fabric softeners and
other household products where fragrances may be used to provide the consumer with
a fresh smell or to mask unpleasant odors from raw materials. Fragrance substances
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are also used in aromatherapy and are sometimes present in herbal products. A
ingredients. Special fragrance databases lists more than 2,587 fragrance ingredients
been exposed on the skin to the fragrance allergen, for example through their presence
contact allergy has been developed, cells capable of recognizing and reacting towards
and vesicles occur upon re-exposure to the fragrance allergen in question. If exposure
continues over a longer period of time, it may develop into a chronic condition with
scaling and painful fissures of the skin. Allergic contact dermatitis to fragrance
the face, armpits or hands. The disease can be severe and generalized, with a
significant impairment of quality of life and potential consequences for fitness for work.
Apart from allergic contact dermatitis, fragrances in perfumes and cosmetic products
can also provoke irritant contact dermatitis, immediate contact reactions (contact
exposed on the skin to a sufficient dose of a fragrance allergen, for example through its
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the immune system involving recognition of the fragrance allergen(s) by immune cells.
Once a contact allergy has been developed, cells capable of recognizing and reacting
towards the allergen will always be present in the immune system. As a consequence,
symptoms allergic contact dermatitis - may occur upon re-exposure to the fragrance
allergen(s) in question.
continues, it may develop into a chronic condition with scaling and painful fissures of
the skin. Allergic contact dermatitis to fragrance ingredients is most often caused by
fragranced cosmetic products and usually involves the face and/or hands. It may affect
fitness for work and the quality of life of the individual. In the process of developing
allergic contact dermatitis, a distinction between the induction (‘sensitization’) and the
Apart from allergic contact dermatitis, fragrances in perfumes and fragranced cosmetic
products may also provoke irritant contact dermatitis, immediate contact reactions
some individual fragrance ingredients are known if humans are exposed to higher
there are no existing investigations to substantiate this. Some people complain about
that some substances provoke allergic reactions only in the presence of UV-light .
Nowadays, several substances of this type have either been banned or maximum use
Fragrances are volatile and therefore, in addition to skin exposure, eyes, nose and
the respiratory tract are exposed to the fragrance ingredients. It has been estimated
that about 2–4% of the adult population is affected by respiratory or eye symptoms in
this way. In addition to potential irritant reactions of the airways, it is known that
of eczema patients. Allergic contact dermatitis can be severe and widespread, with a
significant impairment of quality of life and potential consequences for fitness for work.
fragrance allergens.
sensitized patients. In this context, the valid diagnosis of sensitization by patch testing
to the correct clinical evaluation and diagnosis of contact allergy to a specific fragrance
optimize the investigation of their patients with suspected fragrance allergy, as well as
for fragrance allergic patients for avoiding products containing substances they have
been shown to be allergic to. Both these aims are objectives of secondary prevention
Synthetic scents are part of the air we all breathe. In our homes, some 40
percent of all personal-care products are fragranced, and 96 percent of shampoos alone
have added fragrance. Most cleaning products are also heavily scented. Then there are
synthetic air fresheners, perfumed candles, and fragranced products of all kinds
including laundry detergent, even toilet paper. Some products might boast claims like
have no legal definition and are no guarantee that fragrance chemicals weren’t used.
Among the facts that Whelan uncovered during his research, none were more shocking
than this: Even the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is charged with
regulating the safety of personal-care products, cannot ask companies about fragrance
chemicals. When Whelan sent a Freedom of Information Act request to the FDA for the
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ingredients in Axe body spray, the agency explained that it was legally prohibited from
The fragrance industry has an expert review panel, but it only looks at information
selected by IFRA. And it operates in secret. The industry claims it has a risk-
phthalates or the synthetic musks galaxolide or tonalide, which are both tied to
endocrine disruption.
The related studies stated here shows the different aspects on how
Chrysanthemum and ylang – ylang flowers were processed to come up with a perfume
product. All of the studies reviewed were found to same similarities when it comes to
The study of Wong (2018), found out the Ylang Ylang Essential oil had Health
Benefits Ylang ylang essential oil is a type of essential oil commonly used
in aromatherapy. Sourced from the flowers of Cananga odorata (a plant native to the
Philippines and Indonesia), ylang ylang essential oil is said to offer a variety of health
benefits. One of the main components of ylang ylang essential oil is linalool, a
studies.
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(1995) Studied the compositional variation of the essential oil of ylang‐ylang (Cananga
steam distillation ‐ solvent extraction. The samples were analyzed by high resolution
detection. The chemical composition of the oils extracted from flowers at different
during flower maturation. In this work the quality of the ylang‐ylang essential oils was
The objective of this study was to identify the major volatile compounds and
wild relatives. The volatile organic components of fresh flowers were analyzed using a
spectrometry. In total, 193 volatile organic components were detected; the major scent
royalty, the chrysanthemum plant has been prized for its beautiful flowers for centuries.
The oil of the chrysanthemum also has many uses. Essential oil extracted from the
chrysanthemum plant has long been used as an all-natural organic pesticide and insect
repellent. Chrysanthemum oil and extract have also been used in herbal medicine for
their antibacterial and antibiotic properties. The oil of the chrysanthemum flower also
This study aimed to determine hypo allergenic property of the combined extracts
Even there were related studies can be found regarding the extraction of
Chrysanthemum and Ylang – ylang flower extracts for commercially prepared perfumed
sold throughout the market, all studies have been made for the researchers to have an
idea regarding the essential oils extracted from Chrysanthemum and ylang – ylang from
the contents of related studies and literature. There were no general studies conducted
on the compliance of Hypo allergenic property of extracts coming from the combined
Chrysanthemum and ylang – ylang flowers. Many companies have produced perfume
from flowers but did not focus its allergic content, this awaken the interest of the
allergenic perfume from the combined extracts of Chrysanthemum and ylang – ylang
flower extracts.
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Theoretical Framework
(2018), Sun (2015), Study (2004), Gozzola (2012), See Figure 1 illustrates the
skin allergies, according to contact dermatitis expert, Dr. Sandy Skotnicki-Grant, form
such as air fresheners and cosmetics. Sensitivity to strong odors can make allergic
people severely ill. People with asthma or other respiratory illness can be more
scented products such as air fresheners and cosmetics. Sensitivity to strong odors can
make allergic people severely ill. People with asthma or other respiratory illness can be
perfume or other scented products such as air fresheners and cosmetics. Sensitivity to
strong odors can make allergic people severely ill. People with asthma or other
reactions in people. Some common symptoms of perfume allergy include the following
mild to severe headache, skin irritation, itching, and rashes, sneezing, coughing and
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runny nose, also called allergic rhinitis., breathing difficulties, dizziness, and fatigue,
muscle aches, watery, red, and itchy eyes, wheezing., inability to concentrate,. Swelling
– or angioedema, nausea and vomiting Studies have shown that in people suffering
from migraines, strong fragrances from perfumes or colognes can even trigger a
migraine attack.
Sun (2015) study was to identify the major volatile compounds and their relative
The volatile organic components of fresh flowers were analyzed using a headspace
essential oils obtained by hydro distillation from the flowers and leaves of
gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Thirteen and twenty-
one components representing 97.5% and 93.7% of the flower and leaf oil contents
were identified respectively. The major constituents of flower oil were cischrysantheny
on humans are rather scarce. The aim of this investigation was to study the effects of
skin temperature, pulse rate, breathing rate and blood pressure. Self-evaluation was
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Additionally, fragrances were rated in terms of pleasantness, intensity and effect. The
present investigation showed that ylang-ylang oil may be characterized by the concept
ylang-ylang oil caused significant decreases in blood pressure and pulse rate as well as
revealed that the observed effects are mainly due to a subjective odor experience.
fragrance allergens subject to compulsory individual labeling when they are present in
cosmetic products should be increased from the current 26 to around 130 – and that
three should be banned altogether. He revealed the 300-page report’s key findings,
looks at how those sensitive to fragrances (5% of the population) can protect
becoming law.
35
Conceptual Framework
36
The diagram shown in Figure 2 presents the conceptual framework of the study.
It presented the model for native chrysanthemum and ylang- ylang extracts: as main
The intent of this study is to produce a homemade hypo allergenic perfume out
from the extracts of Chrysanthemum and Ylang – Ylang flower. This conceptual
framework focuses about the making of a homemade perfume from flower extracts and
creates a hypo allergenic one for those who have allergic reaction in perfumes.
entities, the input, process and output respectively. The extracts of the flowers
Chrysanthemum and Ylang – ylang serve as the input of the study and the major
oil/liquids. The said flowers will undergo process or processes to come up with an
extract to use in homemade perfume. After the said processes it will come up with a
between these three concepts was analyzed and was represented by arrows. This is to
show that the collected flower samples of Chrysanthemum and Ylang – ylang have
extracted essential oils to be used as homemade perfume. After the product has been
produced it will be subjected for testing of its hypo allergenic property to selected
students and individuals and can now be used as a substitute for commercially prepared
perfume.
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NOTES
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INTERNET LINKS
https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-benefits-of-ylang-ylang-essential-oil-88793
https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240180206
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jhrc.1240180206
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25816078
https://www.fragrantica.com/notes/Chrysanthemum-211.html
https://www.hunker.com/12542939/uses-of-chrysanthemum-oil
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274259093_Identification_of_Floral_Scent_in
_Chrysanthemum_Cultivars_and_Wild_Relatives_by_Gas_Chromatography-
Mass_Spectrometry
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/609b/05b9fe5d1ba069106d1ec4180766c43737ba.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8408449_Evaluation_of_the_Harmonizing_Eff
ect_of_Ylang-Ylang_Oil_on_Humans_after_Inhalation
https://actionagainstallergy.org/the-growing-problem-with-fragrance/
http://chrysanthemumspics.blogspot.com/2016/11/flowers-in-philippines-
chrysanthemums.html