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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presented the review of related literature and studies. Related

literature and studies were gathered from books, internet and from the Learning

Resource Center (LRC) of Naga College Foundation and other local libraries. These

various references had significant connections with the study guided the researcher on

how the research should be carried out.

PUTO – PUTO ( small white chrysanthemum variety)

Chrysanthemums, sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plant life of the

genus Chrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae. They are native to Asia and

northeastern European countries. Most species originate from East Asia and the center

of diversity is in China. There are countless horticultural varieties and cultivars. The

name "chrysanthemum" comes from the Ancient Ancient greek language,chrysos (gold)

and Old Greek: anthemon (flower), (Hakim, 2016)

Chrysanthemums prefer well-drained, evenly moist soil in full sun. The majority of

chrysanthemums are late-blooming, easily grown short-day plants with flowers initiated

by decreasing day length. They benefit from pinching main stems and side shoots back

several times until midsummer, which promotes bushy growth before the flower buds

form. They can be trained into showy forms. Professional growers often keep stems
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short by chemical means. Garden mums (Chrysanthemum koreanum, formerly

Dendrathema grandiflorum) come in a number of flower styles and colors. Mums can be

purchased as rooted cuttings from nursery suppliers to be set out in spring or as pot

mums in full bloom in fall.

METHOD FOR THE EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS

The invention discloses a method for extracting chrysanthemum essential oil and

the extracted essential oil, and aims at solving the problem that the Hangzhou white

chrysanthemum is processed by the way of drying in the sun or stoving in the prior art,

and water soluble effective components are simply dissolved by water, so that many

functional components have not been well utilized, resulting in a tremendous waste.

The method for extracting the chrysanthemum essential oil comprises the following

steps: pretreatment, ultrasonic treatment, Soxhlet backflow extraction, concentration

and water vapor distillation. The extraction method of the invention has the

characteristics of simpleness, practicality, low cost and high extraction rate, and can

meet the need of large-scale and factory production of chrysanthemum essential oil,

especially the need of chrysanthemum essential oil extraction. The invention can

change the current extensive use of chrysanthemum, realize the deep processing of

chrysanthemum, effectively use functional components of Hangzhou white

chrysanthemum, and increase the economic added value, and has broad market

prospect. The present invention relates to the field of oil extraction, in particular a

method for extracting essential oil and extracts of chrysanthemum essential oils, in
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particular, the present invention relates to Chrysanthemum oil composition with the

two-step process with steam Soxhlet extraction method.

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum Morifolium) of the main origin of Tongxiang,

Zhejiang is one of the "Zhejiang Bawei" Zhejiang name eight herbs, is the Ministry of

Health approved the first batch of medicinal and edible authentic ingredients. It belongs

to the angiosperm Dicotyledon Asterales Asteraceae daisy, Asteraceae is a perennial

herb. Chrysanthemum not only has high medicinal value, but also has high nutritional

benefits.Traditional Chinese medicine theory believes that Daisy has the effect of

scattered wind heat, Pinggan eyesight, can be used for common cold, fever, headache,

red eyes dim, dizziness, irritability, sore swollen poison. Modern medical research

proves traitor, Chrysanthemum has antibacterial, antioxidant, scavenging free radicals

in vivo, lowering blood pressure, anti-cardiovascular disease and other

functions. Meanwhile, Chrysanthemum also contains fatty acids, vitamins and trace

elements necessary for the body, with high nutritional value, to maintain the body's

normal life activities. Currently, Chrysanthemum tea is mainly used in medicine and

these two aspects. A simple processing method which merely dried or dried by way of

the main active ingredient is dissolved in water wherein water-soluble. The manner

described above, Chrysanthemum many functional ingredients have not been well used,

this extensive use patterns, caused great waste.

Plant oils mainly refer oily substance volatile and aroma, which is the essence of

aromatic plants, therefore, referred to as oil. Currently, there are commercially available
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essential oils of lavender essential oil, rose oil and tea tree oil and so on. Natural

essential oils, nutrition, multi-functional characteristics, as a food additive, as compared

to synthetic food additives, have an unparalleled advantage; for the field of medicine,

has anti-inflammatory, endocrine and sedative effect; essential oils have aversion, poor

feeding and killing effect of certain pests, the use of essential oils can reduce the use of

pesticides, for ease of pesticides pollute the environment, it has a positive meaning;

essential oils used in daily chemical products, can play a tune fragrance and flavoring

effect, can enhance the market competitiveness of daily-use chemical products. The

present invention is an efficient technique to explore essential oil component extracting

Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum extensive use to change the way, to enhance the

economic value of Chrysanthemum, the present invention is also solved by the present

conventional method of extraction low purity and low oil problem. The object of the

present invention is the current for drying, or drying by Chrysanthemum processed in a

way, simply using water-soluble active ingredient is dissolved therein, many of the

functional components are not well utilized, resulting in a very big waste problem,

provide a method for extracting oil and chrysanthemum extract essential oils. Extraction

method of the present invention has simple, low cost, high extraction rate

characteristics to meet the need to daisy-scale chemical production of oil, oil extract of

Chrysanthemum particular needs. According to the present invention, it is possible to

change the current extensive use of Chrysanthemum, to achieve deep processed

Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum effective use of functional ingredients, increasing the

economic value, have broad market prospect


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YLANG YLANG

Originating in the Philippines, ylang ylang means “flower of flowers” or

“fragrance of all fragrances.” This fragrance is traditionally used in aromatherapy to

sharpen the senses and to temper depression, fear, anger, and jealousy. For these

reasons, and also because of its reputation as an aphrodisiac, the flowers are spread on

the beds of the newly married in Indonesia. Modern aroma therapists find the scent

strongly sedating, easily sending the most reluctant sleeper off to dreamland. Science,

on the other hand, regards ylang ylang essential oil more as a mental stimulant.

Ylang ylang is also widely used as a cosmetic when mixed with coconut oil.

People throughout the tropics use it to protect their hair from salt water damage.

Today, as one of the most abundant and least expensive of the true floral-smelling

essential oils, it is a favorite in perfumes and cosmetics and is even added to some

beverages and desserts. The essential oil varies greatly due to climatic and botanical

differences. As a result, there are several commercial grades with distinct

scents.Principal constituents of ylang ylang, Linalol, geraniol, eugenol, safrol, ylangol,

linalyl benzoate, linalyl acetate, alpha pinene, benzoic acid, cadinene, caryophylelene,

creosol, isoeugenol Scent of ylang ylang The fragrance is intensely sweet, heady, floral,

and slightly spicy, with a narcissus or banana like overtone. Therapeutic properties of

ylang ylang Antidepressant; stimulates circulation, relieves muscle spasms, lowers blood

pressure, relaxes nerves. Uses for ylang ylang, Of all the essential oils, ylang ylang is

one of the best at relaxing the mind and the body. Simply sniffing it can slightly lower

blood pressure, although taking a bath with the oil or using it in a massage oil greatly
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enhances the relaxation experience. It can be helpful in cases of stress, shock, or

anxiety. When used as a hair tonic, it balances oil production. Add about 6 drops to

every ounce of hair conditioner. High concentrations of ylang ylang can produce

headaches or nausea. Some people are more susceptible than others to this effect and

will generally react immediately.

The Ylang-Ylang tree is native in the Philippines and parts of Indonesia. This

Ylang-Ylang tree has been used in ancient times as well. The Ylang-Ylang tree is a part

of the custard apple plants and gets up to 20 meters high in free nature. Each flower

that grows has 6 tongue-like, twisted petals which look almost like a star.

The Cananga Odorata is also known as the Ylang-Ylang tree. The name Ylang-

ylang means “flower of flowers” in Tagalog and it is known to many people as the

“Perfume Tree” because of its attractive scent. This evergreen tree is an member of the

custard apple family. This Ylang-ylang tree is a fast growing tree that grows up to 5

meters per year and grows to about 10-20 meters average. The branches are

pendulous, with slightly drooping, leafy twigs. The tree is a big straggly with long leafy

twigs dangling from around 10-20 feet. The tree usually has one main trunk that is

usually bent a little bit. The bark of the tree is smooth with a grayish to a whitish color.

The flower of the Ylang-ylang hangs in clusters of about 4-12 flowers. The flower

contains of three sepals and has up to six petals that are about 8 centimeters long. The

petals are twisted when it is young, then grows to be limp and droopy when it is fully

grown. The flowers of the Ylang-ylang are very fragrant. It is greenish yellow at first,

and then it turns into a yellow-brown color when it is grown. The leaves are dark green,
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and can grow up to about 8 inches in length. The leaves are alternate, simple and

elliptic-oblong. It has a prominent midrib and drip tip. The leaves are organized along a

plane. The Greenish black colored fruit grows to around 0.6-1.0 inches in length. It has

6-12 stalked fruits that are all connected. The fruit it olive-like, and borne in clusters.

Inside of each fruit, there are 6-12 small, pale brown, flat seeds. Around the Pacific

and the Indian oceans, the Ylang-ylang has many uses. The wood of the Ylang-ylang

tree is often used to make parts of small canoes, furniture, fuel wood, and cordage.

More importantly, its’ main use is the fragrant flowers used to create the scent.

In places like Tonga and Samoa, the bark of the ylang-ylang is used as a

treatment for stomach aches and is also used as a laxative. In Java, the flowers are

dried and are used against malaria. It can also be pounded into a paste to treat asthma

as well.

The Ylang-ylang tree is native in the Philippines and in some parts of Indonesia as

well. Together with the Sampaguita flower, the Ylang-ylang is used often for decorative

fragrant arrangements and bouquets. The Ylang-ylang is thought to be a defense of

bad spirits in the Philippines. Aromatherapists claim that the oil is useful for depression,

distressed breathing, high blood pressure (which may Filipinos suffer from), and

anxiety. And the distilled oils are sometimes used to give beverages and foods the

flavor of the ylang-ylang.

Getting the actual opinion of the people here will discover which use of the

Ylang-ylang is favored most and why it is favored. The use of the Ylang-ylang plant

could extend to a point where it can help the economic growth of the Philippines, and
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also to the extent where it can be created into a new and more pleasurable fragrant

perfume that has never been made before. Through research and actual adventures of

learning more about the Ylang-ylang plant, the clear usage of the ylang-ylang plant,

and the value of it is shown. Weather it’s used for perfume or oil, ylang-ylang could

become a more useful and helpful plant in the Philippines. The two main possibilities of

how Ylang-ylang plants are used are listed below, and will mention the advantages of

this use and the disadvantages of it. The Ylang-ylang is used as a perfume. The

extracts from the flower create a very glamorous, sweet smell. Many of the world’s

perfumes have a mixture of the Ylang-ylang alcohol and powder oil.

The Ylang-Ylang blooms when very young, often when it is in the second or third

year of growing. The Ylang-ylang flowers are in mass clusters at the end of its drooping

branches which are easy to see and pick. Also the ylang-ylang blooms a minimum of

two times a year, usually in June, July, August, and sometimes near December. Very

matured ones are known to bloom almost all year long. All this is an advantage because

when Perfume is made, the flower is needed often and much is needed to create the

perfume. But the Ylang-ylang has no worries of running out of flowers to extract from

because it blooms so often and so much at a time a year. When a perfume is made of

Ylang-ylang extract, it includes a pure essential oil which has vitamin E and Jojoba oil

base. This Ylang-ylang is free of alcohol and toxic synthetic fragrance. This decreases

the danger and caution of the usage for the perfume. A poor quality of a ylang-ylang

flower can smell so terrible that it can give a bad reputation to the essence altogether.
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Very poor quality Ylang-ylang oil can be an unbearably unpleasant odor. The bad odor

that smells sharp, heady and peppery-dry.

Essential oils of the Ylang-ylang must not be used by any pregnant women

without the advice of prior professional aromatherapists. Those people who suffer from

chronic illness are warned to keep away from the scent of this Ylang-ylang perfume.

Young children and babies are highly kept away from the overdose of smelling the

Ylang-ylang. This Ylang-ylang can cause a slight nausea and headaches if it is used and

smelled in high concentration. The Ylang-ylang flower is extracted and is made into oil.

This oil is used as perfumes, and massages. The oil is very rich and strong scented and

lasts long on skin with a peaceful, soothing smell. While being rubbed onto the skin, it

moisturizes and softens the skin, making it healthier and gives it a better looking

surface. Predicting the adults would favor this oil more, a survey was taken of 5 adults

and 5 teenagers to prove the definite result of who prefers the Ylang-ylang more.

Containing a moisturized, softening character in the oil, it smoothens the skin on

your body. It also has Vitamin E which removes blemishes and dark spots. The oil can

be added in a moisturizer to create lotion. It is great on acne and wrinkles.

The oil can be a medication and it reduces the cause of high blood pressure. It is a

stress reliever and brings calmness and relaxation to the body. It creates a new mood

and feeling to the body when it is massaged into the skin.

This oil can be harmful to those who have sensitive skin and can give an

irritation. It is very uncommon to cause an irritation to most people, but if an irritation

were to form on the skin, it can damage, and give the skin rashes
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When the oil is used, the left over bottles of the oil is thrown away. As it is thrown

away, the small amount of oil can go into the ocean, and increase the pollution in the

water. Also, the smell of the oil, being very strong, is not a healthy chemical towards

our atmosphere.

Natural fragrances don’t endure nearly as long as the synthetic fragrance in my

mother’s perfume. Two hundred or more of approximately 3,000 fragrance chemicals

may have been used to create its signature aroma and staying power. Some of these

ingredients have been linked to cancer, hormone disruption, neurotoxicity, asthma,

allergies, and other health concerns. Many haven’t even been tested. That’s not a big

deal when it comes to my rare encounters with the chemicals but it’s a very big

problem when it comes to the many fragrance chemicals we’re all exposed to in our

daily lives. Their omnipresence and potential toxicity can undermine our best efforts to

guard our health and that of our loved ones. This doesn’t mean we have to give up the

pleasure of specific scents, but we do need to be discerning about their sources.

ALLERGY AND ALLERGENS

Fragrance substances are naturally or synthetically derived organic compounds

with a characteristic, usually pleasant smell. They are ubiquitously found in perfumes

and other perfumed cosmetic products, but also in detergents, fabric softeners and

other household products where fragrances may be used to provide the consumer with

a fresh smell or to mask unpleasant odors from raw materials. Fragrance substances
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are also used in aromatherapy and are sometimes present in herbal products. A

fragrance formula (‘perfume’) may contain up to several hundred or more different

ingredients. Special fragrance databases lists more than 2,587 fragrance ingredients

used for perfuming.

Contact allergy to fragrance ingredients occurs when a susceptible individual has

been exposed on the skin to the fragrance allergen, for example through their presence

in a cosmetic product. It is a life-long, specifically altered reactivity of the immune

system involving recognition of the fragrance allergen(s) by immune cells. Once a

contact allergy has been developed, cells capable of recognizing and reacting towards

the allergen will always be present in the immune system. As a consequence,

symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis characterized by erythema (‘redness’), swelling

and vesicles occur upon re-exposure to the fragrance allergen in question. If exposure

continues over a longer period of time, it may develop into a chronic condition with

scaling and painful fissures of the skin. Allergic contact dermatitis to fragrance

ingredients is most often caused by exposure to cosmetics and predominantly involves

the face, armpits or hands. The disease can be severe and generalized, with a

significant impairment of quality of life and potential consequences for fitness for work.

Apart from allergic contact dermatitis, fragrances in perfumes and cosmetic products

can also provoke irritant contact dermatitis, immediate contact reactions (contact

urticaria), pigmented contact dermatitis or photosensitivity.

Contact allergy to fragrance ingredients occurs when an individual has been

exposed on the skin to a sufficient dose of a fragrance allergen, for example through its
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presence in the cosmetic product. It is a life-long, specifically altered reactivity of

the immune system involving recognition of the fragrance allergen(s) by immune cells.

Once a contact allergy has been developed, cells capable of recognizing and reacting

towards the allergen will always be present in the immune system. As a consequence,

symptoms allergic contact dermatitis - may occur upon re-exposure to the fragrance

allergen(s) in question.

Allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease characterized

by erythema (‘redness’), swelling and vesicles in the acute phase. If exposure

continues, it may develop into a chronic condition with scaling and painful fissures of

the skin. Allergic contact dermatitis to fragrance ingredients is most often caused by

fragranced cosmetic products and usually involves the face and/or hands. It may affect

fitness for work and the quality of life of the individual. In the process of developing

allergic contact dermatitis, a distinction between the induction (‘sensitization’) and the

elicitation ‘reaction upon re-exposure to the allergen’ phase is made.

Apart from allergic contact dermatitis, fragrances in perfumes and fragranced cosmetic

products may also provoke irritant contact dermatitis, immediate contact reactions

(contact urticaria), pigmented contact dermatitis or photosensitivity. Irritant effects of

some individual fragrance ingredients are known if humans are exposed to higher

concentrations. Irritant contact dermatitis from perfumes is believed to be common, but

there are no existing investigations to substantiate this. Some people complain about

intolerance or rashes to perfumes/perfumed products but are shown to not be allergic

by testing. This may be due to irritant effects or inadequate diagnostic procedures.


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Fragrances may cause a dose-related contact urticaria of the non-immunological type

(‘irritant contact urticaria’).

Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis refers to increased pigmentation, usually on the

face/neck, often following sub-clinical contact dermatitis. Moreover, it is also known

that some substances provoke allergic reactions only in the presence of UV-light .

Nowadays, several substances of this type have either been banned or maximum use

limits have been introduced to avoid photo-allergies in consumers. Hence, photo-allergic

contact dermatitis is a relatively uncommon disease.

Fragrances are volatile and therefore, in addition to skin exposure, eyes, nose and

the respiratory tract are exposed to the fragrance ingredients. It has been estimated

that about 2–4% of the adult population is affected by respiratory or eye symptoms in

this way. In addition to potential irritant reactions of the airways, it is known that

exposure to fragrances may exacerbate pre-existing asthma

Contact allergy to fragrance ingredients is relatively common disease. In Europe, it

affects about 1 to 3% of the general population- and about 16%

of eczema patients. Allergic contact dermatitis can be severe and widespread, with a

significant impairment of quality of life and potential consequences for fitness for work.

Thus, prevention of contact sensitization to fragrances, both in terms of primary

prevention (’limiting or eliminating exposure to allergens in the population’) and

secondary prevention (‘avoiding re-exposure to specific sensitizer in clinically diagnosed

individuals’), is an important objective of public health risk management measures.


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Means of limiting or eliminating exposure to limiting or eliminating exposure to

fragrance allergens.

In clinical dermatology, avoidance of re-exposure to an allergen is central to the care of

sensitized patients. In this context, the valid diagnosis of sensitization by patch testing

with standardized material is a prerequisite of successful allergen avoidance. In addition

to the correct clinical evaluation and diagnosis of contact allergy to a specific fragrance

allergen, ingredient labeling of fragrance allergens is an important tool for clinicians to

optimize the investigation of their patients with suspected fragrance allergy, as well as

for fragrance allergic patients for avoiding products containing substances they have

been shown to be allergic to. Both these aims are objectives of secondary prevention

and seem to have been well accepted.

Synthetic scents are part of the air we all breathe. In our homes, some 40

percent of all personal-care products are fragranced, and 96 percent of shampoos alone

have added fragrance. Most cleaning products are also heavily scented. Then there are

synthetic air fresheners, perfumed candles, and fragranced products of all kinds

including laundry detergent, even toilet paper. Some products might boast claims like

“natural fragrance,” “organic fragrance,” or “hypoallergenic,” but those designations

have no legal definition and are no guarantee that fragrance chemicals weren’t used.

Among the facts that Whelan uncovered during his research, none were more shocking

than this: Even the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is charged with

regulating the safety of personal-care products, cannot ask companies about fragrance

chemicals. When Whelan sent a Freedom of Information Act request to the FDA for the
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ingredients in Axe body spray, the agency explained that it was legally prohibited from

asking manufacturers about fragrance ingredients.

The fragrance industry has an expert review panel, but it only looks at information

selected by IFRA. And it operates in secret. The industry claims it has a risk-

management system for fragrance chemicals, but it places no restrictions on known

carcinogens like styrene, pyridine, or benzophenone. There are also no restrictions on

phthalates or the synthetic musks galaxolide or tonalide, which are both tied to

endocrine disruption.

Synthesis of the State of the Art

The related studies stated here shows the different aspects on how

Chrysanthemum and ylang – ylang flowers were processed to come up with a perfume

product. All of the studies reviewed were found to same similarities when it comes to

processes with the present study.

The study of Wong (2018), found out the Ylang Ylang Essential oil had Health

Benefits Ylang ylang essential oil is a type of essential oil commonly used

in aromatherapy. Sourced from the flowers of Cananga odorata (a plant native to the

Philippines and Indonesia), ylang ylang essential oil is said to offer a variety of health

benefits. One of the main components of ylang ylang essential oil is linalool, a

compound found to possess stress-reducing properties in a number of preliminary

studies.
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The studies of Stashenko,et.al (1995), Torres,et.al (1995) and Morales,et.al

(1995) Studied the compositional variation of the essential oil of ylang‐ylang (Cananga

odorata Hook Fil. et Thomson, formagenuina) during flower development. Volatile

secondary metabolites from Colombian ylang‐ylang flowers were obtained by combined

steam distillation ‐ solvent extraction. The samples were analyzed by high resolution

gas chromatography with flame ionization, nitrogen/phosphorus, or mass spectrometric

detection. The chemical composition of the oils extracted from flowers at different

stages of development differed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The generation of

total volatile metabolites, light oxygenated compounds in particular, increased markedly

during flower maturation. In this work the quality of the ylang‐ylang essential oils was

studied as a function of flower maturity.

The objective of this study was to identify the major volatile compounds and

their relative concentrations in flowers of different chrysanthemum cultivars and their

wild relatives. The volatile organic components of fresh flowers were analyzed using a

headspace solid-phase micro extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass

spectrometry. In total, 193 volatile organic components were detected; the major scent

components were monoterpenoids and oxygenated monoterpenoids.

(College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.


sunhainan1989@hotmail.com. Jiangsu Province Engineering Lab for Modern Facility
Agriculture Technology & Equipment, Nanjing 210095, China.
sunhainan1989@hotmail.com.)
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In the study of (Amanda Gaddis) Chrysanthemum is a symbol of Japanese

royalty, the chrysanthemum plant has been prized for its beautiful flowers for centuries.

The oil of the chrysanthemum also has many uses. Essential oil extracted from the

chrysanthemum plant has long been used as an all-natural organic pesticide and insect

repellent. Chrysanthemum oil and extract have also been used in herbal medicine for

their antibacterial and antibiotic properties. The oil of the chrysanthemum flower also

has a pleasant scent.

Gap Bridge by the Study

This study aimed to determine hypo allergenic property of the combined extracts

coming from the flowers of Chrysanthemum and ylang – ylang.

Even there were related studies can be found regarding the extraction of

Chrysanthemum and Ylang – ylang flower extracts for commercially prepared perfumed

sold throughout the market, all studies have been made for the researchers to have an

idea regarding the essential oils extracted from Chrysanthemum and ylang – ylang from

the contents of related studies and literature. There were no general studies conducted

on the compliance of Hypo allergenic property of extracts coming from the combined

Chrysanthemum and ylang – ylang flowers. Many companies have produced perfume

from flowers but did not focus its allergic content, this awaken the interest of the

author to produce one. This study is conducted to formulate an all-natural hypo –

allergenic perfume from the combined extracts of Chrysanthemum and ylang – ylang

flower extracts.
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Theoretical Framework

This research was based on the different theories formulated by Cheriyedath

(2018), Sun (2015), Study (2004), Gozzola (2012), See Figure 1 illustrates the

application of these theories.

Cheriyedath (2018) Perfume or fragrance allergy is second most popular cause of

skin allergies, according to contact dermatitis expert, Dr. Sandy Skotnicki-Grant, form

the Bay Dermatology Centre in Toronto. Fragrance sensitivity can be defined as an

irritation or an adverse reaction to chemicals in a perfume or other scented products

such as air fresheners and cosmetics. Sensitivity to strong odors can make allergic

people severely ill. People with asthma or other respiratory illness can be more

susceptible to fragrance allergies compared to healthy individuals. Fragrance sensitivity

can be defined as an irritation or an adverse reaction to chemicals in a perfume or other

scented products such as air fresheners and cosmetics. Sensitivity to strong odors can

make allergic people severely ill. People with asthma or other respiratory illness can be

more susceptible to fragrance allergies compared to healthy individuals. Fragrance

sensitivity can be defined as an irritation or an adverse reaction to chemicals in a

perfume or other scented products such as air fresheners and cosmetics. Sensitivity to

strong odors can make allergic people severely ill. People with asthma or other

respiratory illness can be more susceptible to fragrance allergies compared to healthy

individuals. Sensitivities to perfumes or in general fragrances trigger various unpleasant

reactions in people. Some common symptoms of perfume allergy include the following

mild to severe headache, skin irritation, itching, and rashes, sneezing, coughing and
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runny nose, also called allergic rhinitis., breathing difficulties, dizziness, and fatigue,

muscle aches, watery, red, and itchy eyes, wheezing., inability to concentrate,. Swelling

– or angioedema, nausea and vomiting Studies have shown that in people suffering

from migraines, strong fragrances from perfumes or colognes can even trigger a

migraine attack.

Sun (2015) study was to identify the major volatile compounds and their relative

concentrations in flowers of different chrysanthemum cultivars and their wild relatives.

The volatile organic components of fresh flowers were analyzed using a headspace

solid-phase micro extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The

essential oils obtained by hydro distillation from the flowers and leaves of

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and

gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Thirteen and twenty-

one components representing 97.5% and 93.7% of the flower and leaf oil contents

were identified respectively. The major constituents of flower oil were cischrysantheny

acetate (21.6%), octadecanoic acid (19.5%) and borneol (15.5%).

In a study conducted in (2004) Scientific evaluations of the effects of fragrances

on humans are rather scarce. The aim of this investigation was to study the effects of

ylang-ylang oil (Cananga odorata, Annonaceae) on human physiological parameters and

self-evaluation. Twenty-four healthy volunteers participated in the experiments.

Fragrances were administered by inhalation. Physiological parameters recorded were

skin temperature, pulse rate, breathing rate and blood pressure. Self-evaluation was
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assessed in terms of alertness, attentiveness, calmness, mood, relaxation and vigor.

Additionally, fragrances were rated in terms of pleasantness, intensity and effect. The

present investigation showed that ylang-ylang oil may be characterized by the concept

of "harmonization" rather than relaxation/sedation. Compared to an odorless placebo,

ylang-ylang oil caused significant decreases in blood pressure and pulse rate as well as

significant increases of subjective attentiveness and alertness. Correlational analyses

revealed that the observed effects are mainly due to a subjective odor experience.

In the study of Gozzola (2012) report recommended that the number of

fragrance allergens subject to compulsory individual labeling when they are present in

cosmetic products should be increased from the current 26 to around 130 – and that

three should be banned altogether. He revealed the 300-page report’s key findings,

looks at how those sensitive to fragrances (5% of the population) can protect

themselves against ‘perfumes’, and examines the likelihood of the recommendations

becoming law.
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Conceptual Framework
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The diagram shown in Figure 2 presents the conceptual framework of the study.

It presented the model for native chrysanthemum and ylang- ylang extracts: as main

ingredient for homemade hypo allergenic perfume.

The intent of this study is to produce a homemade hypo allergenic perfume out

from the extracts of Chrysanthemum and Ylang – Ylang flower. This conceptual

framework focuses about the making of a homemade perfume from flower extracts and

creates a hypo allergenic one for those who have allergic reaction in perfumes.

In the content of this study/research, the paradigm contained three major

entities, the input, process and output respectively. The extracts of the flowers

Chrysanthemum and Ylang – ylang serve as the input of the study and the major

variable in the different process of experimentation to come up with the essential

oil/liquids. The said flowers will undergo process or processes to come up with an

extract to use in homemade perfume. After the said processes it will come up with a

homemade perfume to be subject for testing to several people. The relationship

between these three concepts was analyzed and was represented by arrows. This is to

show that the collected flower samples of Chrysanthemum and Ylang – ylang have

extracted essential oils to be used as homemade perfume. After the product has been

produced it will be subjected for testing of its hypo allergenic property to selected

students and individuals and can now be used as a substitute for commercially prepared

perfume.
37

NOTES
38

INTERNET LINKS

https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-benefits-of-ylang-ylang-essential-oil-88793

https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240180206

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jhrc.1240180206

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25816078

https://www.fragrantica.com/notes/Chrysanthemum-211.html

https://www.hunker.com/12542939/uses-of-chrysanthemum-oil

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274259093_Identification_of_Floral_Scent_in
_Chrysanthemum_Cultivars_and_Wild_Relatives_by_Gas_Chromatography-
Mass_Spectrometry

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/609b/05b9fe5d1ba069106d1ec4180766c43737ba.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8408449_Evaluation_of_the_Harmonizing_Eff
ect_of_Ylang-Ylang_Oil_on_Humans_after_Inhalation

https://actionagainstallergy.org/the-growing-problem-with-fragrance/

http://chrysanthemumspics.blogspot.com/2016/11/flowers-in-philippines-
chrysanthemums.html

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