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System
Dr. O. D. NINAN
Computer Science and Engineering Department
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife.
July, 2017.
Some common hardware that you might find connected to the outside of a
computer:
• Keyboard Mouse Printer Scanner
• Speakers Monitor
Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.
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Input Devices
• A unit of computer system that brings data and instruction into the
computer. It accepts data or instruction given by user and converts into
machine readable code if required.
• OCR Technology
• CHR Technology
• It allows user to read manuscript data in cursive written (natural writing not
in capital letters)
• Monochrome Monitors
• Monochrome monitors have only two colors – one for background and other for the
foreground (text). The colors can be white, amber or green on a dark background.
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• A monochrome monitor was very common in the early days of computing, from the
1960s through the 1980s until color monitors became popular.
• They are still widely used in applications such as computerized cash
register systems.
• Color Monitors
• A color monitor is a display peripheral that displays more than two colors.
• Color monitors implement the RGB color model by using three different phosphors
that appear red, green, and blue when activated.
• By placing the phosphors directly next to each other, and activating them with
different intensities, color monitors can create an unlimited number of colors.
• Color display technology have been developed through following paths:
• CGA stands for Color Graphics Adapter. It is a circuit board introduced by IBM and
the first graphics standard for the IBM PC. With a CGA monitor, it is harder to read
than with a monochrome monitor because the CGA supports much fewer pixels. It
supports 4 colors.
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• EGA It stands for Enhanced Graphics Adapter. EGA is a video display standard
that has a resolution of 640 by 350 pixels and supports 16 colors. EGA
supports previous display modes and requires a new monitor.
• VGA:
• VGA stands for Video Graphics Array. This is a video display standard that
provides medium to high resolution. In a text mode, the resolution of this
board is 720 by 400 pixels. It supports 16 colors with a higher resolution of 640
by 480 pixels and 256 colors with 320 x 200 pixels.
• Super VGA:
• This is a very high resolution standard that displays up to 65,536 colors.
• Super VGA can support a 16.8 million colors at 800 by 600 pixels and 256
colors at 1024 by 768 pixels.
• VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association) has set a standard for super
VGA. Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.
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• Flat Panel Displays
• Portable computers such as a lap top use flat panel displays, because they
are more compact and consume less power than CRTs. A Flat panel display
LCD Monitor is shown.
• Memory Chips
• Primary memory is built into chips that can hold programs and data either
temporarily or permanently.
• Based on whether they can store data temporarily or permanently, there are
two types of memory chipsDr. O.–D.RAMs and
Ninan Computer ScienceROMs.
& Engineering Dept. OAU.
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• RAM Chips
• RAM stands for random-access memory. Random- access memory holds the
data or instructions that the CPU is presently processing. I
• t is a volatile memory chip meaning the data stored in RAM are temporary. It
is erased automatically after some time or when the power supply is cut off.
Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.
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• Types of RAM
• SRAM: Static random access memory can hold data as long as power supply
is provided.
• DRAM: Dynamic random access memory can hold data only for few
milliseconds. So it must be refreshed periodically.
• FPM DRAM: Fast page mode dynamic random access memory was the
original form of DRAM.
• EDO DRAM: Extended data-out dynamic random access memory does not
wait for all of the processing of the first bit before continuing to the next one.
• SDRAM: Synchronous dynamic random access memory takes advantage of
the burst mode concept to greatly improve performance. SDRAM is about
five percent faster than EDO RAM and is the most common form in desktops
today.
Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.
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• DDR SDRAM: Double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM is just like SDRAM
except that is has higher bandwidth, meaning greater speed.
• VRAM: is a type of RAM used specifically for video adapters or 3-D
accelerators.
• Memory Modules
• Memory modules are the circuit board containing memory chips.
• SIMM:stands for single in-line memory module. allowed for up to 256 MB of
RAM.
• DIMM: dual in-line memory module (DIMM). DIMMs range in capacity from
8 MB to 1 GB per module.
• RIMM: Rambus in-line memory module(RIMM)
• SODIMM: small outline dual in-line memory module. . Capacity ranges from 16
MB to 1 GB per module.
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• ROM Chips
• ROM stands for read-only memory. A ROM chip is a memory chip that stores
instructions and data permanently. Its contents are placed into the ROM chip
at the time of manufacture and cannot be modified by the user.
• A CPU can read and retrieve the instructions and data from the ROM chip, but
it cannot change the contents in ROM.
• ROM chips usually contain special instructions for computer operations such
as ROM BIOS. Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.
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• PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory):
• A permanent storage device that becomes a read-only memory after it is
written once by the customer rather than by the chip manufacturer. For
example, a software producer can write instructions onto the PROM using
special equipment.
• EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory):
• EPROM is a reusable PROM-chip that can be erased by a special ultraviolet
light. EPROM holds its content until erased and new instructions can be
written on it.
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory):
• EEPROM-chip can be erased, either within a computer or externally, by
electric power.
• Expansion Boards
• Expansion boards are also called expansion cards, controller cards, plug-in boards, adapter
cards, or interface cards. They are plugged into expansion slots.
• Expansion boards are connected to peripherals through ports located on the edge of
expansion boards.
• Expansion boards include memory expansion cards /O controller, video display card, sound
cards, communications cards, etc.
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• Ports