Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

As we know that, nowadays energy sources are limited and energy

consumption has increased so renewable energy sources are used in order to
meet the increase the demand for energy. Keeping this in mind in this project,
we are discussing about a solar powered LED street light with auto intensity
control and monitoring. This project is driven by solar energy used to control
the light intensity from evening to night based on the brightness and vehicle
detection. Because, this solar powered street light can conserve a large
amount of electricity compared to the other lights which are a light to their
maximum intensity at all times after they are turned on Solar Powered Led
Street Light with Auto Intensity Control Circuit and Its Working. In this project
we have used Arduino to control the intensity of light, solar panel is used to
charge the battery, comparator circuit to analyze the power consumption of
light and display shows the power consumption to the monitoring stations.X

Generally, street light controlling system is a simple concept which uses a transistor to
turn ON in the night time and turn OFF during the day time. The entire process can be
done by a using a sensor namely LDR (light dependent resistor). Nowadays conserving
the energy is an essential part and day by day energy resources are getting decreased.
So our next generations may face a lot of problems due to this lack of resources. This
system doesn’t need a manual operation to turn ON/OFF the street lights. The street light
system detects whether there is need of light or not. The proposed system has the
advantages that the street light will automatically get turned ON at the time of night when
vehicle is detected the intensity will increase and it will turned OFF at day time. So the
efficient saving of electricity is produced. And as the system uses latest LED lamps the
requirement of power for glowing light is reduced at much extent. The street light will only
glows on night time. Automatic Street Light Control System is not only easiest but also
the powerful technique. L298 is used as an automatic intensity controller in this system. It
releases the manual work almost up to 100%. As soon as the sunlight goes under the
visible region of our eyes this system automatically switches ON lights. Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR) is a type of sensor which actually does this work and senses the light as
our eyes does. As soon as theX
1
sunlight comes, visible to our eyes it automatically switches OFF lights. Such type of
system is also useful for reducing energy consumption. Basically, street lighting is
one of the important parts of a city’s infrastructure where the main function is to
illuminate the city’s streets during dark hours of the day. Previously, the number of
streets in the town and city is very small. Therefore, the street lamps are relatively
simple but with the development of urbanization, the number of streets increases
rapidly with high traffic density. Design a good street lighting system such as night-
time safety for community members and road users, provide public lighting at cost
effective, the reduction of crime and minimizing it is effect on the environment.

At the beginning, street lamps were controlled by manual control where a control switch is
set in each of the street lamps. It is called first generation of the original street light. After
that, another method that has been used was optical control method. This method is
using high pressure sodium lamp in their system. It can be seen that this method is
widely used in the country nowadays. This method operates by set up an optical control
circuit, changes the resistance by using of light sensitive device to control street lamps
light up. Automatically at dusk and turn off automatically after dawn in the morning. Due
to the technological development nowadays, road lighting can be categorized according
to the installation area, performance and their used, for an example, lighting for traffic
routes, lighting for subsidiary roads and lighting for urban center and public amenity
areas. Meanwhile, street lighting technology can be classified according to the type of
lamps used such as incandescent light, mercury vapor light, metal halide light, high
pressure sodium light, low pressure sodium light, fluorescent light, compact fluorescent
light, induction light and LED light. Different type of light technology used in lighting
design with their luminous efficiency, lamp service life and their considerations.LED is
considered a promising solution to modern street lighting system due to it is behavior and
advantages as emphasized. A part from that, the advantages of LED are likely to replace
the traditional street lamps such as the incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp and High
Pressure Sodium Lamp in future but LED technology is an extremely difficult process that
requires a combination of advanced production lines, top quality materials and high-
precision manufacturing process. The main consideration in the present field
technologies are Automation, Power consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is
intended to reduce man power with the help of intelligent systems.
2
Power saving is the main consideration forever as the source of the
power(Thermal, Hydro etc.,)are getting diminished due to various reasons.
The main aim of the project is Automatic street power saving system; this is to
save the power. The need to save power automatically gets automatically
fulfilled instead of doing manual. So it’s easy to make cost effectiveness. This
saved power can be used in some other cases. So in villages, towns etc. we
can design intelligent systems for the usage of street lights. Ultrasonic sensor
will provide present timing duration if a person is approaching the L298 Driver.

1.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

Industry of street lighting systems are growing rapidly and going to complex with
rapid growth of industry and cities. Automation, Power consumption and Cost
Effectiveness are the important considerations in the present field of electronics and
electrical related technologies. To control and maintain complex street lighting system
more economically, various street light control systems are developed. These
systems are developed to control and reduce energy consumption of a town's public
lighting system using different technologies. The existing work is use the High
intensity discharge lamp (HID). HID presently used for urban street light are based on
principle of gas discharge, thus the intensity is not been controllable by any voltage
reduction method as the discharge path is broken.

1.2 METHODOLOGY OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

Three parts have been included under this topic for completed this study.
Design architecture is the main block function for the proposed design. While,
the hardware specification will detail out the components involved in this
design from the sensor components until the controller selection. Software
development based on the proposed design will be detail out in software part
where the flow of the system operation will be detailed out elaborated.

3
1.3 NEED OF SYSTEM

The traditional implementation and organization of street lighting have no

possibilities for improving and development any more. The dynamic changes
in economy, energy supplies and ecology on a national, Indian and world like
scale require an adequate modernization of street lighting.

However, this would be possible only with a quite new functional conception
which in fact means adaptability of street lighting. Simultaneous ensuring of
the conditions of safe traffic and decreasing the energy consumption and
operational costs could be realized in conformity with the constantly changing
parameters of the environment.

In conformity with the 24 hours change of daylight, the highly changeable

traffic, the variable meteorological conditions and some extreme situations on
the roads, the intensity of street lighting should change in a dynamic manner.
So the present system useful in many ways.

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main consideration in the present field technologies are Automation, Power
consumption and cost effectiveness and power generation. Automation is
intended to reduce man power with the help of intelligent systems. Power saving
is the main consideration forever as the source of the power (Thermal, Hydro
etc.) are getting diminished due to various reasons.

The main aim of the project is Automatic street power saving system with LDR
and illumination control; this is to save the power. We want to save power
automatically instead of doing manual. So it’s easy to make cost effectiveness.
This saved power can be used in some other cases. So in villages, towns etc. we
can design intelligent systems for the usage of street lights.

4
Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Motivation and Background

Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple and powerful concept, which uses
transistor as a switch to switch ON and OFF the street light automatically. By using
this system manual works are removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the
sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. It automatically switches OFF
lights under illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes. Automatic Streetlight
needs no manual operation of switching ON and OFF. The system itself detects
whether there is need for light or not. When darkness rises to a certain value then
automatically streetlight is switched ON and when there is other source of light, the
street light gets OFF. The extent of darkness at which the street light to be switched
on can also be tailored using the potentiometer provided in the circuit. Moreover, the
circuit is carefully designed to avoid common problems like overload, relay chattering
and inductive kick back in relay.

The main advantages of this system consist in the reduction of the costs related to
energy consumption and maintenance by integrating a vehicle detection algorithm.
The introduction of a vehicle detection algorithm further reduces the power
consumption costs. Additionally, the system supports the monitoring of a large
number of nodes (500 nodes for a single Gateway). The automated periodic reports
enable the monitoring of the high traffic areas and represents tools to alleviate traffic
congestion. Working with the premise that public street lighting can and should be
designed to meet the needs of people of all ages, including those with age-related
vision loss, the research includes best management practices and lessons learned
from cities where LED street lighting has been installed. The report outlines general
recommendations regarding street lighting, as well as technical specifications for
replacement LED fixtures on existing luminaire poles. It provides direction on ways to
capitalize on the additional benefits of LED technology, such as the use of control

5
systems for dimming, changing color, emergency events, and the use of accessory
color lights for use in way finding, place making and event planning in business
districts. It also suggests ways in which cities can go beyond street lighting to
consider all public and private outdoor lighting in a comprehensive manner.

2.2 EVOLUTION

Hengyu Wu, MinliTang, propose about The core technology of the street light control
system is an AT89S52 single-chip microcomputer. It integrates a power circuit, a fault
detect circuit, a photosensitive detection circuit, an infrared detect circuit, an LCD
display circuit, a street light control circuit, an a1ann circuit, a pressed key control
circuit and so on. This system cans automatically turn on or off the lights and controls
the switches according to traffic flow. It expands the fault detect circuit and the
corresponding a1ann circuit. It also has a convenient and flexible button control
circuit to switch on and off fictions mentioned above. Main weakness is that they
didn’t say about the working principle behind the system. It also said to use fault
detection circuit which when it is damaged, the voltage is zero, so it will create a
problem. This paper is and theoretic proof and shows only simulation result but not
as a real time set up experiments. The focus of this paper to build a way for the
framework which may leads to many follow up research activities in the Low-rate and
also plan to investigate the applicability of this proposal to detect performance.

GongSiliang describes a remote streetlight monitoring system based on wireless

sensor network. The system can be set to run in automatic mode, which control
streetlight according to Sunrise and Sunset Algorithm and light intensity. This control
can make a reasonable adjustment according to the latitude, longitude and seasonal
variation. Also this system can run in controlled mode. In this mode, we can take the
initiative to control streetlights through PC monitor terminal. In addition, the system
integrates a digital temperature-humidity sensor, not only monitoring the streetlight
Real-time but also temperature and humidity. The system is equipped with the high-
power relay output and can be widely applied in all places which need timely control
such as streets, stations, mining, schools, and electricity sectors and so on. But in
this work a wireless network for streetlight remote control is discussed. In particular,
the novelty of the proposal is in the location awareness of nodes, which
6
cannot self-localize themselves. Prototypes have been built using costly
hardware. The capability of the ranging measurements, the basis for
localization, is not characterized and showing some problems on the order of
one meter. In near future, location aware routing algorithms will developed that
will improve the efficiency of the network. Street lighting system.

Gustavo W. Denardin[3]deals about a control network for a LEDstreet lighting system.

The use of LEDs is being considered promising solution to modern street lighting
systems, duet their longer lifetime, higher luminous efficiency and higherCRI. The
proposed control network enables disconnection of the street lighting system from the
mains during peak load time, reducing its impact in the distributed power system
automatically consumption, decrease the management cost and monitor the status
information of each street lighting unit. In order to meet the system requirements, a
wireless sensor network based on IEEE 802.15.4TM standard is employed. Its network
layer is implemented using geographic routing strategy, which provides slow overhead
and high scalability features. However, due to well-known drawbacks of the existing
techniques, a novel routing algorithm is proposed. Simulations show that this algorithm
leads to a significant improvement of routing performance when applied to sparse large
scale scenarios, which is the case of street lighting system. Field tests have been
performed on IEEE 802.15.4-compliant wireless control units. The obtained experimental
results show that the proposed control network is able to meet the requirements of a LED
street lighting system. It mainly deals about safer roadways with intelligent light system to
reduce power consumption. This system has automatic street light intensity control based
on the vehicular movement and switching ON and OFF of street lights depending on the
light ambiance. This will help in reducing the power consumption during hours of meager
road usage. The street light module is installed consequently for every certain distance.
This paper also aims at reducing road accidents by detecting consumption of alcohol by
the driver. This can be implemented using alcohol sensor module which contains skin
sensor, breath alcohol sensor and proximity sensor. The skin sensor and breadth alcohol
sensor detects the presence of alcohol content and the proximity sensor helps in
detecting any kind of malpractice. The novelty of this paper is to effectively reduce the
energy consumption of the street lights by controlling the street light’s intensity, sensing
both human as well as vehicular movement and injury and

7
death caused by drunk driving can be prevented by prior sensing of the
alcohol content in drivers by a simple.

Somchai Hiranvarodom describes a comparative analysis of photovoltaic (PV) street

lighting system in three different lamps. Namely, a low pressure sodium lamp, a high
pressure sodium lamp and a fluorescent lamp have been used for installation in each
mast to determine the suitable system to install in a typical rural area of Thailand. All
three systems have been mounted with the same module type and wattage in
different places within the Rajamangala Institute of Technology, Thanyaburi district,
Pathumthani province of Thailand. An operation of solar street lighting system can be
divided into 2 period of time, namely, at 18.00-22.00 hours and 05.00-06.00 hours.
The design of a control circuit was experimentally done in this work. Protection of the
battery from damage for deep discharge and overcharge by a controller was also
considered. The life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is the appropriate method for
comparing three different lamps. The present worth of each system can be compared
and the least cost option selected. LCCA was based on the key assumptions (year
2002). The results of comparative analysis of the PV street lighting systems with a
fluorescent lamp have been the appropriate system for installation in a typical rural
area of Thailand when the cost of lamps, system performance and possibility for
purchasing the components of the system have been considered. The results of this
work can he stated that the average luminance in lux of the fluorescent lamp at
design location, Pathumthani province of Thailand, has a highest value compared to
the low-pressure sodium and high-pressure sodium. On the other hand, the lifetime
of the fluorescent lamp has a shortest time compared to other lamps. Nevertheless,
the aim of this work is to determine the appropriate system to install in a typical rural
area or a typical rural village of Thailand when the cost of lamps and system
performance and possibility for purchasing the components of the system are
compared. while considering in other areas it is difficult.

A.C.Kalaiarasan deal about solar energy based street light with auto-tracking system
for maximizing power output from a solar system is desirable to increase the
efficiency. In order to maximize the power output from the solar panels, one needs to
keep panels aligned with the sun. As such a means of tracking the sun is required.
8
This is a far most cost effective solution than purchasing additional solar panels. It
has been estimated that the yield from solar panels can be increased by 30 to 60
percent by utilizing a tracking system instead of a stationary array. This paper
describes an automatic tracking system which will keep the solar panels aligned with
the sun in order to maximize efficiency. The sun tracking sensor is the sensing
device, which sense the position of the sun at the time to time continuously and it
gives the sensing output to the amplifier based on light density of the sun. Here the
sun tracking sensor is LDR(light dependent resistor). The amplifier unit is used to
amplify the LDR signals, which makes the low level signal into high level signals and
this output is given to the comparator. The LM324 IC is used as an amplifier.
Comparator compares the signals and gives the command to the AT89C51
microcontroller. The system presented in this paper will be an efficient method to use
the solar energy in remote areas. This system consumes very low power and high
efficient lightning. We employ the auto sun tracking system; this can improve the
energy stored in battery. This system does not affect the environment because it is
pollution free. Our system also consisting of automatic ON, OFF control of the LED
lamp, so there is no manual operation and it is not required operators.

Radhi Priyasree explains a system to reduce the power consumption of street lights
by avoiding inefficient lighting which wastes significant financial resources each year.
This is done by dimming the lights during less traffic hours. For this purpose PIR
sensor is used which detects any movement. This work also aims at reducing the
fatal crashes and road accidents caused due to alcohol consumption. This is done
using skin sensors placed in vehicle doors and also using breadth sensors inside the
vehicle. By implementing this death rates due to drunk driving can be reduced to a
great extent. The prototype has been implemented and works as expected and will
prove to be very useful and will fulfill all the present constraints if implemented on a
large scale. It also aims at detecting consumption of alcohol by the driver and if it
exceeds certain level it impairs the driver from entering into the Vehicle. This
prevents occurrence of accidents or any fatal crashes. This initiative will help the
government to save this energy and meet the domestic and industrial needs.

S.H.Jeong describes about the Development of Zigbee based Street Light Control
System which control and monitor status of street lights installed alongside load.
Lights are switched to ON/OFF by this system’s control command. Its local
9
status information is also monitored by control system via communication channel.
Status information which is monitored are on/off status information, energy saving
mode status, control group status information and safety related information, etc. To
transfer control command and status information between street light control system
and remote street light control terminals which installed at each light pole, various
communication media and communication protocols are using. As communication
media, wireless or power lines are used generally. Various frequency bands from
tens of MHz to Rebrands are used for wireless case. This Street light control system
can save maintenance time and costs and which can improve safety level.

Shanghai Naiting Industry Co., Ltd.X

LED High Bay Light, LED Panel Light, LED Street Light manufacturer /
supplier in China, offering Meanwell 5 Years Warranty High Lumen 90W
Street Lighting LED, High Lumens High Power LED Flood Light, 70W LED
High Bay Light LED Industrial Light and so on.

A. Features of Integrated LED Solar Street Light

Solar panel: We use high quality solar panel such as Solarworld (Germany)
and Sunpower (USA), 25 years lifespan.

LED: Bridgelux brand

Battery: Lithium battery (LiFePo4), 5 years lifespan

Controller: developed by our engineers team, conversion efficiency can

reach 95%, average efficiency only have 60% -70% for most controllers in
market. Our controller lifespan is 10 years.

Warranty: 3 years

Phone APP control: the models in the quotation can be controlled by phone
APP. This is also our patent.

B. Functions: light control, body sensor control, time control, mobile phone APP

control.

1) Light control: when it is dark, the lights will automatically turn on; When it is

dawn, the lights will automatically turn off.

10
Motion sensor: when people pass through, the sensor will be triggered and the
light will turn on in 100% brightness and last 20-30 seconds. When people
leave, the brightness of light

become weak.

Before midnight, when people through the lights , it is 100% brightness; No one
pass through, the light is 50% brightness.

After midnight, when people pass through the lights, it is 60% brightness; No
one pass, the light is 30% brightness

The brigthness can be customized according to your requirements.

Time control: lighting time and light off time can be controlled. The lighting time
and brigthness can be customized according to your requirements.

Mobile phone APP control : Install APP software in your mobile phone, then
you can connect to the lights through bluetooth module and control the lights by
your mobile phone APP.

The functions as below:

a). The lamp can be forced to turn on or off.

b).
Manually set
the rainy days,
and
adjust the brightness of the lamp.
c).
If the settings
are not correct, you
can
restore the factory settings as original.

d). In case of lights can not work, you can read data on the phone to check
which parts need maintenance.

e). Control the lighting mode at different time, control lighting time and light off time f).
Data can be synchronized with local time, will record real-time for working, record the
lamp installation time, the time of failure to facilitate future maintenance work.

TABLE NO: 2.1 SPECIFICATION OF SYSTEM 1

Specification

Rating

Model NO.:

IN-240C Solar LED Garden Light

Output Power:

40W

Input Voltage:

DC12V

Source type:

High Brightness Bridgelux 45ML

11
LuminousFlux
4400LM

Mounting Height:
6~7.5m

Model:
Infrared motion sensor&light sensor

Body Material
Aluminum

Solar Panel:
18V 65W ,
25 years

Battery
Lithium Battery 12V 30AH, 5 years
Charge Time:
7 hours

Discharge Time:
4 rainy days

Working temperature:
30ºC~+50ºC

Product Warranty:
3years
Guangzhou Yigang Eco-Technology Co., Ltd.X

Solar Light, Street Light, LED Light manufacturer / supplier in China, offering All
in One Infrared Motion Sensor LED Solar Street Light 70W, Auto on/off All-in-
One Solar Light LED Street Lamp with Sensor, 70W Phone APP Control
Integrated LED Solar Street Light and so on.

Product Description

All In One Infrared Motion Sensor LED Solar Street Light 70W

The integrated solar LED street light is an intelligent outdoor lighting system that
provides powerful lighting into an all-in-one compact package and is easy to install.
During the day the highly efficient solar panel collects energy from the sun and
stores that power in the advanced lithium battery. At night the powerful LED's
automatically turn on providing ambient light for all to enjoy.

Solar Panel

Our company own production, production Germany Solarword efficiency

monocrystalline silicon solar panel,its photoelectric conversion efficiency can reach
20% .Another kind of solar panel is United States brand Sunpower efficiency
monocrystalline silicon,its efficiency can reach 22%. The market average conversion
efficiency is 17%, polycrystalline silicon only have 13% , and some false cell

12
efficiency less than 13%, compared to our cells are used are top quality, its
lifespan is 25 years.

Controller

Chips program is our main products before,electronic technology and R & D is our
strength, the controller is also developed by our engineers team.Controller stability
and functionality is the leading level in the industry occupy, we also has applied to the
patent successfully already. Our controller's conversion efficiency can reach95%, the
whole market of controller average efficiency only have 60% -
70%,our controller lifespan is10 years.

Lithium Battery

We use the lithium iron phosphate battery, environmentally friendly,

lightweight,be set up to inside of lights to avoid been stolen,security, heat
treatment, its lifespan is more than 5 years.

LED Chips

Lamp LEDs: the United States Bridgelux 45ML, one piece led chip lumen is
150LM, the whole lamp lumen can reach 120LM, add high efficiency lenses
and acrylic board to protect the lights,its lifespan more than 10 years,3 years
warranty service.

Advantages of integrated solar street light:

1.Installation is simple, saving labor costs. 2.Convenient transportation, reduce

transportation costs.
3.Anti-theft integrated design, protection of lithium batteries stolen.

4. Service life of more than 5 years, Africa, South America and other regions
of lifespan up to 10 years.

13
Functions

Light control, Body sensor,Time control, Mobile phone APP and other functions.

1.Light control:

light control is when it is dark the lights will automatic turn on and dawn
automatically turn off the lights.

Theory: Dawn, when the sun light intensity is greater than 100cd, the solar panels
began to photoelectric conversion, while the battery charge. In the evening, when
the sun light intensity is less than 100cd, lights will be automatically turn on.

2.Body sensor: the human body sensor means that when the lights on,
people passing from lights ,the lamp sensor parts can be sensed, so the
brightness of the lamp will become strong, and can last 20-30 seconds,
people leave the lights, the brightness of the lamp becomes weak.

3.Time control: control the lighting mode at different time, control lighting time and

light off time.

4.Work mode: the general situation is: before midnight, when people through the
lights ,it is 100% power;no people pass through,the light is 50% power. After
midnight, when the people pass through the lights, it is 60% ;No one pass, the
lamp is 30% power (we can produce according to customer requirements).
14
TABLE NO: 2.2 SPECIFICATION OF SYSTEM 2

Specification
Rating

Model NO.:
IN-270C

Output Power:
70W

Input Voltage:
DC12V

Source type:
High Brightness Bridgelux 45ML

LuminousFlux
4400LM

Mounting Height:
6~7.5m

Model:
Infrared motion sensor&light sensor
Body Material
Aluminum Alloy

Solar Panel:
18V 90W ,
25 years

Battery
Lithium Battery 50ah
Charge Time:
7 hours

Discharge Time:
7 Rainy Days

Working temperature:
30deg~+60deg

Usage
Garden ,street light

Product Warranty:
3years

Ifi Technology Private LimitedX

Electronic City, Bengaluru, Karnataka

Product
IFITech Solar Light-SLL301-SP

First time new IFITech Motion Sensor LED light that can be used for outdoor
and INDOOR locations.

This Solar LED comes with water and heatproof so that it can be installed
without fear of environmental damage.

During the day the solar light will automatically switch off to save energy; at

night it will turn on so you can find your way. As it only takes 7 to 8 hours to

15
fully charge, its short charging time is ideal for those short winter. when
sensing motion it will activate the "bright light". "Bright light" turns off 30
seconds after motion stops.

The solar panels capture the sun's energy during the day, providing up to 3 nights
of lighting after 1 full day of sun charge (depending on the number of motions
detected). It can be auto Bright/DIM when motion sensor detected.

Best feature for this light is this comes with split panel that can be placed at
better sunlite area than the light, resulting better performance of LED light
both in outdoor walls and indoor as well.

Features:

Multifunctional solar light for all outdoor as well asINDOOR locations wall/
Pillar/ Public Square/ Courtyard/Garden/ Park/Roadway/pathway/Parking
Lot/Private road etc..

Different Light mode easily controlled

Waterproof IP65, heatproof and durable.

Integrated design of PIR motion sensor and night sensor.

Intelligent Energy-saving.
16

TABLE NO:2.3 SPECIFICATION OF SYSTEM 3

Specification:-

Ratings
LED:

100 lumens

Solar panel

.55W
Li-ion battery:

3.7V 800mAh

Lighting mode:-
OFF, DIM Light, Bright Light

Dim Light:

In the night, the light will AUTO ON dim Light

when no motion.
Bright Light:

In the night, the light will be bright when activate

motion, last for 30 sec.

Sensor Distance and angle

10ft (120°)
Solar charging time:-
7 to 8 hours by Direct sunlight

Lighting time:-

2-3 Nights Depend on Motion (Full charged)

TABLE NO. 1.3 COMPARISON TABLE OF DIFFERENT EXISTING

SYSTEMS
Parametrs

Shanghai Naiting

Guangzhou
Yigang
Ifi
Technology

Industry Co., Ltd.

Eco

Private Limited

-Technology
Co.,

Ltd.
Advantages

Controller
conversion

Controller

Controller

efficiency
can

conversion efficiency
conversion

reach 95%,.

can reach
95%
efficiency
can
reach
80%

Discharge
Time: 7

It has also
compact

rainy days
package

Integrated design

an all-in-one compact
Waterproof,

package

heatproof
and

durable
17

Disadvantag
Discharge
Time: 4

Sensor
Distance

es

rainy days
and angle

10ft (120°)

Discharge
Time:

2 or 3 days

Temperature
30deg~+50deg
30deg~+60deg
30deg ~45deg
performance

Input
and
12VDC and 40 W
12VDC and 70 W
12VDC and 20 W

ouput power

Sensor used
Infrared
motion
Infrared
motion
PIR
motion
sensor&light sensor
sensor&light sensor
sensor
and
night

sensor
From above comparision we can say that excellent high temperature performance of
the all the above mentioned three companies .But in worst condition temperature
above 50deg celcius only Guangzhou Yigang Eco-Technology Co., Ltd company
system will work.It has also longer discharge time in case of rainy days among other
two companies system.Considering all the parameters or specification we can say
that Guangzhou Yigang Eco-Technology Co., Ltd is better among other.

Features of the Gesture based smart illumination control

1.Modulates the intensity of light depending upon gesture. 2.It is Arduino base
low power consumption system. 3.Cost saving in long term perspective .

4.High flexibility .

Justisfication

18
Our system proposes the control of smart home environments such as lights using
body gestures.The system designed such that to controls two appliances which are
taken 5-watt bulbs for demonstration.The project is built on Arduino UNO,Ultrasonic
sensor for the gesture sense ,we will use LCD display to show the amount of power
saved per day and to keep track the energy efficiency of our system and voltage
regulator IC 7805 to give input to the Arduino controller.

An open-source library for interfacing Ultrasonic gesture sensor with the

Arduino is utilized in the project. The Arduino code is written on the Arduino
IDE and burnt to the board using AVR Dude. The driver IC L298 is used for
controlling the appliances is hard wired with the Arduino based remote and
driver IC L298 is dual full- bridge driver.
19
Chapter 3

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of Gesture Based Smart Illumination Controller.

In this project, we are going to switch off the street lights automatically as the
day starts and in night the light glows and intensity is controlled. The duration
of the day differs from season to season, accordingly the module works based
upon the light intensity so as to when to start or stop. For this we are using
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) as the light sensor, which communicates with
the required information to the micro controller.

Here we are using AVR micro controller, LDR, and ULN2003A. By using the LDR we
can operate the lights, i.e. when the light is available then it will be in the

20
OFF state and when it is dark then the light will be in ON state, it means LDR is
inversely proportional to light. When the light falls on the LDR it sends the commands
to the micro controller that it should be in the OFF state then it switch off the light, all
these commands are sent to the controller then according to that the devices
operate. We use a ULN2003Ato act as an intensity controller of lights, the load is
connected to the ULN2003Ai.e named as Intensity control unit.

Fig 3.2 Real Life Example of Gestrure Based Smart Illumination Controller.

3.2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.2.1 SOLAR PANEL

A Solar Panel is basically a module that converts light energy (photons) from the sun
to generate electricity in direct current (DC) form. There are two types of solar
panels, mainly crystalline and thin-film types.

There are two types of crystalline solar panels (see Figure 3.3( a & b))
Poly-crystalline Solar Panel

Mono-crystalline Solar Panel

As for Thin-film types, there are (see Figure 3.3 (c))
Amorphous Silicon (a-Si)

Cadmium Teluride (Cd-Te)

Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS)

21
❖
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSC)

Fig 3.3 Types of Solar PV Module

Solar PV Modules will be procured from companies, complying with the standard set forth
in Nepal by AEPC. PV modules shall typically be tested for durability and reliability
according to standards developed by the International Electro-technical Commission.
Standards IEC61215 (for crystalline silicon modules) include, amongst others, tests for
thermal cycling, humidity and freezing, mechanical stress and twist, hail resistance and
performance under fixed test conditions shown in below Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Specification Charts For Solar PV Module

S.N
Description
Specification

1
PV module Type
Mono or Poly Crystalline or Thin Film

2
Operating voltage
At least 34 Vmp for each module of 24V and 17
corresponding to the
Vmp for each module of 12 V for crystalline

power output (Vmp)

For thin film the Vmp of the module must be at

least 40% higher than the system voltage

3
Power degradation
A letter provided by principal PV module

manufacturer in their letter head stating the

warranty period for their PV module. The

warranty period for the PV Module must be at

least 10 years against a maximum 10% reduction

22
and 20 years against a maximum 20% reduction

of output power at STC.

4
Tilt Angle and
Towards due south around local latitude.

direction.

5
Module Mounted
For areas where there is problem of shading in

Structure
some of the site of installation, the solar PV

module of that particular solar street light system

can be installed at rooftop of nearby house.

3.2.2 BATTERY

Batteries are used to store the electricity generated by the solar panel. During the day,
electricity generated by the solar panels is supplied to the battery and/or the load.
When the load demand is higher than the energy received from the solar panels,
these batteries will provide stable energy to the load. Solar power applications typically
use deep-cycle batteries because they can persist repeated and deep discharges.
There are a few types of rechargeable batteries mentioned below.

❖
Lead-Acid (LA) Battery

These batteries are the most commonly used in solar powered systems due to its
maturity in technology and low pricing. They can only be used with low Depth of
Discharge (DOD) in order to extend its lifespan. Its DOD ranges from 60%-80%. There
are two types of Lead-Acid batteries, i.e. flooded and Valve Regulated Lead Acid
(VRLA) batteries which are maintenance free batteries.
❖
Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cad) Battery

Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cad) batteries are expensive and disposing of Cadmium is

hazardous. Even though they have several advantages over Lead-Acid batteries, such
as longer life span, and tolerance for higher discharge, Ni-Cd batteries is not
commonly used in solar powered systems due to its high cost and limited availability.

❖
Lithium-Ion (LI) or Lithium-Polymer (LP) Battery

23
Lithium based batteries are considered the future of batteries used in solar powered systems.
This is due to a number of factors such as high specific energy, high DOD, and higher number
of charging cycles. However, due to its higher cost compared to LA type of batteries, they are
still not very widely used below is given Specification chart in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Specification Charts For Battery.

S.N
Description
Specification

1
Battery Type
Lead Acid Sealed- Gel Tubular VRLA solar deep

cycle or Lithium ion with proper protection

2
Battery Voltage
For Lead Acid battery: 12V

For Lithium Ion battery the bidder must propose the

voltage compatible to system

3
Battery
Minimum 85%

Efficiency

4
Self Discharge
less than 3% per month
5
Operating
-5 °C to 55°C

Temperature

3.2.3 ARDUINO ATMEGA328P

Arduino/Genuine Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital

input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz
crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with your
UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can
replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software
(IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the
reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the
first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index
of boards. Fig 3.4 Shows Auduino Board Schematic.

24
Fig 3.4 Arduino ATmega328p Board Structure.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P.

It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header and a reset button.

By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves

throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and
processing speed. Fig 3.4 shows pin diagram of ATmega328.

The high-performance Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32KB

ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1KB EEPROM, 2KB
SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers,
three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external
interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial
interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP
and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal
oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device
operates between 1.8-5.5 volts.

25
Simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started.

As stated before, 20 of the pins function as I/O ports. This means they can function as
an input to the circuit or as output. Whether they are input or output is set in the
software. 14 of the pins are digital pins, of which 6 can function to give PWM output. 6
of the pins are for analog input/output.

Key Parameters is shown in given below Table No.3.3..

Table No.3.3 Parameters of ATMEGA328

Parameter
Value

Flash (Kbytes):
32 Kbytes

Pin Count:
28

Max. Operating Freq. (MHz):

20 MHz

CPU:
8-bit AVR

No. of Touch Channels:

16

Max I/O Pins:

23

Ext Interrupts:
24

26
Fig 3.5 Pin Diagram of ATMEGA328.

The Atmega328 chip has an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) inside of it. This must
be or else the Atmega328 wouldn't be capable of interpreting analog signals.
Because there is an ADC, the chip can interpret analog input, which is why the chip
has 6 pins for analog input. The ADC has 3 pins set aside for it to function- AVCC,
AREF, and GND. AVCC is the power supply, positive voltage, that for the ADC. The
ADC needs its own power supply in order to work. GND is the power supply ground.
AREF is the reference voltage that the ADC uses to convert an analog signal to its
corresponding digital value. Analog voltages higher than the reference voltage will be
assigned to a digital value of 1, while analog voltages below the reference voltage
will be assigned the digital value of 0. Since the ADC for the Atmega328 is a 10-bit
ADC, meaning it produces a 10-bit digital value, it converts an analog signal to its
digital value, with the AREF value being a reference for which digital values are high
or low. Thus, a portrait of an analog signal is shown by this digital value; thus, it is its
digital correspondent value.
27
Fig 3.6 PIN Description oF ATmega328.

Two of the pins are for the crystal oscillator. This is to provide a clock pulse for the Atmega
chip. A clock pulse is needed for synchronization so that communication can occur in
synchrony between the Atmega chip and a device that it is connected to.The chip needs
power so 2 of the pins, Vcc and GND, provide it power so that it can operate. The Atmega328
is a low-power chip, so it only needs between 1.8-5.5V of power to operate.

28
3.2.4 LED LAMPS

A LED lamp is a light-emitting diode (LED) product that is assembled into a lamp (or light
bulb) for use in lighting fixtures. LED lamps have a lifespan and electrical efficiency that is
several times better than incandescent lamps, and significantly better than most fluorescent
lamps, with LED able to emit more than 100 lumens per watt.LED are the perfect
combinations with solar power as it operates under low voltage, low heat and low power
requirement. Like incandescent lamps and unlike most fluorescent lamps (e.g. tubes and
CFL), LED lights come to full brightness without need for a warm-up time; the life of
fluorescent lighting is also reduced by frequent switching on and off. Initial cost of LED is
usually higher. LED chips need controlled direct current (DC) electrical power; an appropriate
power supply is needed. LEDs are adversely affected by high temperature, so LED lamps
typically include heat dissipation elements such as heat sinks and cooling fins.

Fig 3.7 Examples of LED Solar Street Lamps.

LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of silicon. When current passes
through the LED, it emits photons as a by product. Normal light bulbs produce light
by heating a metal filament until its white hot. LEDs present many advantages over
traditional light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching.

3.2.5 CHARGE CONTROLLER

Charge controllers are used to control the charging of the batteries. Since the output from
solar panels are variable and needs adjustments, charge controllers fetches the variable
voltage/current from solar panels, condition it to suit the safety of the batteries. The main
functions of charge controllers are to prevent over-charging of batteries from solar panels,
over-discharging of batteries to the load and to control the functionalities of the load.

Charge controllers are basically DC-DC converters, where PWM or MPPT technique
is used to regulate the switches of the controller. There are three general types of
charge controller.

29
Simple ON/OFF Controller

Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Controller

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Controller

Most charge controllers operate at three stages to complete the charging cycle of
the batteries. These stages vary according to different times and battery voltages.
PWM can be employed to control the charging at the stages.

BULK stage

ABSORPTION stage

FLOAT stage
Fig 3.8 Examples of Charge Controller
30
3.2.6 LDR

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark

sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as
high as 1000 000 ohms, but when they are illuminated with light resistance
drops dramatically. Below Fig 3.6 shows the basic diagram of it.

Fig 3.7 LDR Front View.

The animation below in Fig 3.8 shows that when the torch is turned on, the
resistance of the LDR falls, allowing current to pass through this is an
example of a light sensor circuit.
Fig 3.8 LDR Working Schematic.

31
When the light level is low the resistance of the LDR is high. This prevents current
from flowing to the base of the transistors. Consequently the LED does not light.
However, when light shines onto the LDR its resistance falls and current flows
into the base of the first transistor and then the second transistor. The preset
resistor can be turned up or down to increase or decrease resistance, in this way
it can make the circuit more or less sensitive.

Fig 3.9 LDR Driver Circuit.

3.2.7 LM7805 (3 TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATER)

This is used to make the stable voltage of +5V for circuits. The LM7805 is three
terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220 - package and with several
fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications.
Fig 3.10 Pin Description of LM7805.

This series of fixed-voltage integrated-circuit voltage regulators is designed for a wide range
of applications. These applications include on-card regulation for elimination of

noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. Each of these
32
regulators can deliver up to 1.5 A of output current. The internal current-limiting and
thermal-shutdown features of these regulators essentially make them immune to
overload. In addition to use as fixed-voltage regulators, these devices can be used
with external components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents, and also
can be used as the power-pass element in precision regulators.

Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area
protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can
deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators

3.2.8 LCD 16x2

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred

over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even
custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.X

Character and graphical lcd's are most common among hobbyist and diy electronic
circuit/project makers. Since their interface serial/parallel pins are defined so its easy to
interface them with many microcontrollers. Many products we see in our daily life have
lcd's with them. They are used to show status of the product or provide interface for
inputting or selecting some process. Washing machine, microwave, air conditioners and
mat cleaners are few examples of products that have character or graphical lcd's installed
in them. In this tutorial i am going to discuss about the character lcd's. How they work?
their pin out and initialization commands etc.

33
Fig 3.11 Front View of LCD 16x2.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command
instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a
predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position,
controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD.
The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

Character lcd's come in many sizes 8x1, 8x2, 10x2, 16x1, 16x2, 16x4, 20x2, 20x4,
24x2, 30x2, 32x2, 40x2 etc. In an mxn lcd, M denotes number of coulombs and n
represents number of rows. Like if the lcd is denoted by 16x2 it means it has 16
coulombs and 2 rows. Few examples are given below. 16x2, 8x1 and 8x2 lcd are
shown in the picture below. Note the difference in the rows and coulombs.
Fig 3.12 16x2 Character Lcd Rows and Coulombs

34
Fig 3.13 8x1 Character Lcd Rows and Coulombs

Fig 3.14 8x2 Character Lcd Rows and Coulombs

Character Lcd's have a controller build in to them named HD44780. We actually talk with this
controller in order to display character on the lcd screen. HD44780 must be properly handled
and initialized before sending any data to it. Fig 3.11 below shows pin digram of it.
35
Fig 3.15 Pin-Out of LCD Display.

HD44780 has some registers which are initialized and manipulated for character
displaying on the lcd. These registers are selected by the pins of character lcd. Fig
3.16 below shows Pin Functional diagram.
Fig 3.16 Pin Functional Diagram.

36
Rs(Register select)

Register select selects the HD44780 controller registers. It switches between

Command and data register.

Command Register

Data Register

Command Register

When we send commands to lcd these commands go to Command register and are
processed their. Commands with their full description are given in the picture below.
When Rs=0 command register is selected.

Data Register

When we send Data to lcd it goes to data register and is processed their. When Rs=1
data register is selected.

Rw(Read - Write)

Rw pin is used to read and write data to HD44780 data and command registers.
When Rw=1 we can read data from lcd. When Rw=0 we can write to lcd.

En(Enable signal)

When we select the register Rs(Command and Data) and set Rw(read - write) and placed
the raw value on 8-data lines, now its time to execute the instruction. By instruction i
mean the 8-bit data or 8-bit command present on Data lines of lcd. For sending the final
data/command present on the data lines we use this enable pin. Usually it remains en=0
and when we want to execute the instruction we make it high en=1 for some mills
seconds. After this we again make it ground en=0.

NOTE: we cannot send an integer, float, long, double type data to lcd because lcd is
designed to display a character only.Only the characters that are supported by the
HD44780 controller. Data can be sent using lcd in 8-bit or 4-bit mode. If 4-bit mode is
used, two nibbles of data (First high four bits and then low four bits) are sent to
complete a full eight-bit transfer. 8-bit mode is best used when speed is required in
an application and at least ten I/O pins are available. 4-bit mode requires a minimum
of seven bits. In 4-bit mode, only the top 4 data pins (4-7) are used.
37
3.2.9 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

This is a device which uses electrical energy to generate ultrasound waves, and
which also converts ultrasound vibrational energy into electrical signals. A barium
titanate transducer applying piezoelectric effect is normally used in ultrasound
switches. The shape can be a disk or a tube.

Ultrasonic sensors can detect movement of targets and measure the distance to them in
many automated factories and process plants. Sensors can have an on or off digital
output for detecting the movement of objects, or an analog output proportional to
distance. They can sense the edge of material as part of a web guiding system.X

Ultrasonic sensors are widely used in cars as parking sensors to aid the driver in
reversing into parking spaces. They are being tested for a number of other automotive
uses including ultrasonic people detection and assisting in autonomous UAV
navigation.X

Because ultrasonic sensors use sound rather than light for detection, they work in
applications where photoelectric sensors may not. Ultrasonic are a great solution for
clear object detection, clear label detection and for liquid level measurement,
applications that photoelectric struggle with because of target translucence. As well,
target color and/or reflectivity do not affect ultrasonic sensors, which can operate
reliably in high-glare environmentsX

Fig 3.17 Ultrasonic Sensor.

Passive ultrasonic sensors may be used to detect high-pressure gas or liquid leaks, or other
hazardous conditions that generate ultrasonic sound. In these devices, audio from the transducer
(microphone) is converted down to human hearing range. High-power ultrasonic emitters are used
in commercially available ultrasonic cleaning devices. An ultrasonicX
38
transducer is affixed to a stainless steel pan which is filled with a solvent (frequently
water or isopropanol). An electrical square wave feeds the transducer, creating sound in
the solvent strong enough to cause cavitation. Ultrasonic technology has been used for
multiple cleaning purposes. One of which that is gaining a decent amount of traction in
the past decade is ultrasonic gun cleaning. Gun cleaners based out of north NJ has been
doing it for over 20 years with over two million guns cleaned ultrasonically. X

Fig 3.18 Working of Ultrasonic Sensor.

❖
Transmitted waves

Ultrasound waves that are emitted in the specified direction when the transducer is
connected to the oscillator. Normally expressed as a voltage applied to the
transducer, or as a sound pressure.

❖
Received waves
Transmitted ultrasound waves that are received at the transducer, and which are
either direct or reflected from an object. Normally expressed as a converted voltage,
or as a sound pressure

39
3.2.10 L298

The L298 is an integrated monolithic circuit in a 15- lead Multiwatt and PowerSO20 packages.
It is a high voltage, high current dual full-bridge driver designed to accept standard TTL logic
levels and drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, DC and stepping motors. Two
enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the device independently of the input signals.
The emitters of the lower transistors of each bridge are connected together and the
corresponding external terminal can be used for the connection of an external sensing
resistor. An additional supply input is provided so that the logic works at a lower voltage.

Fig 3.19 Package of L298.

40
Fig 3.19 PIN Diagram of L298..
.

Fig 3.20 PIN Functions of L298

41
❖
INPUT STAGE

Each bridge is driven by means of four gates the input of which are In1 In2 EnA and
In3 In4 EnB. The In inputs set the bridge state when The En input is high ; a low state
of the En input inhibits the bridge. All the inputs are TTL compatible.

❖
POWER OUTPUT STAGE

The L298 integrates two power output stages (A ; B). The power output stage is a
bridge configuration and its outputs can drive an inductive load in common or
differenzial mode, depending on the state of the inputs. The current that flows
through the load comes out from the bridge at the sense output : an external
resistor (RSA ; RSB.) allows to detect the intensity of this current.

❖
SUGGESTIONS

A non inductive capacitor, usually of 100 nF, must be foreseen between both Vs
and Vss, to ground, as near as possible to GND pin. When the large capacitor of
the power supply is too far from the IC, a second smaller one must be foreseen
near the L298. The sense resistor, not of a wire wound type, must be grounded
near the negative pole of Vs that must be near the GND pin of the I.C.

Each input must be connected to the source of the driving signals by means of a
very short path. Turn-On and Turn-Off : Before to Turn-ON the Supply Voltage
and before to Turn it OFF, the Enable input must be driven to the Low state.

❖
APPLICATIONS

The sense output voltage can be used to control the current amplitude by
chopping the inputs, or to provide overcurrent protection by switching low the
enable input.

The brake function (Fast motor stop) requires that the Absolute Maximum Rating of 2
Amps must never be overcome. When the repetitive peak current needed from the
load is higher than 2 Amps, a paralleled configuration can be chosen

An external bridge of diodes are required when inductive loads are driven and
when the inputs of the IC are chopped , Shottky diodes would be preferred.

42
Chapter 4

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
4.1 ANTICIPATIONS

This system is mainly designed for LED based street lights with auto intensity control.
This is done using solar power from photovoltaic cells. Due to the many benefits of using
solar energy, many institutions are opting to make use of solar energy. For converting the
sunlight to electricity, photovoltaic panels are used for charging the batteries. In order to
control charging, charge controller is used. Intensity of street lights is required to be kept
high during the peak hours. As the traffic on the roads tends to decrease slowly in late
nights, the intensity can be reduced progressively till morning to save energy. Thus, the
street lights switch ON at the dusk and then switch OFF at the dawn automatically. The
process repeats every day.

High Intensity Discharge lamps (HID) used for urban street light are based on principle of gas
discharge, thus the intensity is not controllable by any voltage reduction method as the
discharge path is broken. LED lights are the future of lighting, because of their low energy
consumption and long life they are fast replacing conventional lights world over. White Light
Emitting Diode (LED) can replace the HID lamps where intensity control is possible by pulse
width modulation. The intensity control helps in saving energy during late nights while traffic
density on the streets is low. The AVR ATmega 328 Arduino is engaged to provide different
intensities at the different times of night using PWM technique, for energy saving for solar
based system, using a charge controller for battery charging, overload and deep discharge
protection. Further enhancement to this project can be done by using time programmed dusk
to dawn switching that is based on latitude and longitude of a place. This can also be
interfaced to a LDR to the switching operation.

4.2 CALCULATIONS

Calculation related to the amount of power saved

Calculation must be done against some reference(Like if street light timing are controlled
manually). Hence power saving has been calculated by subtracting the amount of power
consumed in case 1 from the amount of power consumed in case 2.

Case 1 : Street light operation is controlled as per logic controlled design.

43
Case 2 : Street light ON OFF timing are controlled through hardware timer whose
time setting are adjusted manually time to time without any intensity control of street
light LED lamp, as is presently done in big cities in INDIA.

Now, Electric power saved in a Year (2014)

Day = 365

∑ power saved in a Day.

Day =1

Power saved in a Day = Power consumed if manual control is applied – Power

consumed if Control logic of the thesis is applied.

➢
Power consumed by street light load in a PWM cycle of 30 minutes = 5 Watt

‘64’ is the increment count of the register used in microcontroller for varying

PWM duty cycle from 75% to 100%.

➢
So, Power saved on the first day of 2014 i.e. 1/1/2014

= (power consumed in manual mode from 5:30:20 PM to 6:00:20 PM

Power consumed by control logic from 5:30:20 PM to 6:00:20 PM)

+ (power consumed in manual mode from 6:35:10 AM to 7:05:10 AM

Power consumed by control logic from 6:35:10 AM to 7:05:10 AM)

44
36 x 0.5 – 5 x 0.5 + 36 x 0.5 – 5 x 0.5

31 Whr

Similarly calculations for each and every day of 2014 have been done and
the Data has been compiled in Tabular format in the following table.

Table : Calculations for amount of power saved in 365 days of the year 2014

Day
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Nov
Dec
No.▼
1
31
41.8
31
15
38
49.23
56
38
3.1
-1.1

2
31
41.8
31
15.25
38.45
49.46
55.2
37.7
2.8
-1.0

3
31
41.85
31
15.5
38.9
49.69
54.4
37.3
2.8
-0.8

4
31.5
41.9
31.5
15.75
39.35
49.92
53.6
37
2.2
-0.7

5
31.5
41.9
31.5
16
39.8
50.15
52.8
36.6
2.2
-0.6
6
31.6
41.95
31.6
16.25
40.25
50.38
52
36.3
2.0
-0.5

7
31.6
41.95
31.6
16.5
40.7
50.61
51.2
36
1.8
-0.5

8
31.6
41.2
31.7
16.75
41.15
50.84
50.4
35.5
1.5
-0.4

9
31.7
42
31.7
17
41.6
51.07
49.6
34.9
1.5
-0.2

10
31.7
42.8
31.8
17.25
42.05
51.3
48.8
34.2
1.4
-0.2
11
31.7
43.6
31.8
17.5
42.5
51.53
48
33.5
1.35
-0.1

12
31.8
44.4
32
17.75
42.95
51.76
47.2
33
1.2
0.0

13
31.8
45.2
32.5
18
43.4
51.99
46.4
32.4
1.1
0.1

45
14
31.8
46
33
18.25
43.85
52.22
45.6
31.7
1.1
0.5

15
32
46.8
33.5
18.5
44.3
52.45
44.8
31
1.1
0.6
16
32
47.6
34
18.75
44.75
52.68
44
30.1
1.1
0.7

17
32
48.4
34.6
19
45.2
52.91
43.2
29.2
0
0.7

18
32.5
49.2
35.2
19.25
45.65
53.14
42.4
28.8
0
0.8

19
33
50
35.8
19.5
46.1
53.37
41.6
27.7
0
0.9
46
Total Power Saved in 2014 = Sum of all the entries of the above table

= 10.84 KWhr

Note: If Timings of doing correction of ON /OFF settings in manual control (Case 2) of

Street Light are taken then the Amount of power saved in 2014 comes
out to 18.766 KWhr

DISCUSSION

Thus from the above Results and Calculations we find that 10.84 KWhr power will be
saved in an year (2014) by Control logic against manual control in which the correction
of Time setting of hardware timer is done 5 times in the year(i.e. beginning of January,
March, April, September, October) by the technician. If data of timings of doing
correction of Street light ON/OFF settings in Manual control mode is taken then the
amount of power saving comes out to be 18.766 KWhr for the year 2014. Even if the
technician does correction of time settings more frequently and precisely, the maximum
frequency in that case can be on a daily basis, there will still be a power saving of ((36 x
1 -5 x 1) x 365)=11.3KWhr due to gradient intensity control of LED street light followed in
the Control logic.

47
DEFINING OF PACKAGES

Table : street light system is being designed

4.3 BATTERY CHARGING AND DISCHARGING FORMULAE

How to Calculate the charging Time and Charging current for battery Charging?

Easy Battery Charging Time and battery Charging Current Formula for Batteries. ( with
Example of 10Ah Battery).

Battery Charging Current and Battery Charging Time formula Here is the formula of Charging
Time of a Lead acid battery.

Charging Time of battery = Battery Ah / Charging Current

T = Ah / A

Charging Time of battery = Battery Ah / Load Current

T = Ah / A
48
Example,

Suppose for 10 Ah battery,

First of all, we will calculate charging current for 10 Ah battery. As we know that
charging current should be 10% of the Ah rating of battery.

So charging current for 10Ah Battery = 10 x (10/100) = 1 Amperes.

but due to losses, we can take 1-2Amperes for charging purpose.

suppose we took 2 Amp for charging purpose,

Then charging time for 10Ah battery = 10 / 2 = 5 Hrs.

but this was an ideal case…

practically, this is noted that 40% of losses ( in case of battery charging)

Then 10 x (40 / 100) = 4 …..(10Ah x 40% of losses)

Therefore, 10 + 4 = 14 Ah ( 10 Ah + Losses)

Now Charging Time of battery = Ah/Charging Current

14 / 2 = 7Hrs ( in real case)

Therefore, an 10Ah battery would take 7Hrs for completely charging ( with 2A charging

current).
49
Chapter 5

CONCLUSIONS

5.1 APPLICATIONS

Solar street lighting system is an ideal lighting system for roads, yards, residential
colonies, townships, corporate offices, hospitals, educational institution and rural
electrification.

To be able to design a device that would add safety in dark areas.

To be able to design an energy wise or efficient street light.

To be able to promote the use of solar power in any project as a source of energy
during daytime and sunny days.

5.2 CONCLUSIONS

Street-lights are a large consumer of energy for cities using up to 50 percent of a

city's energy budget. If every city installs the proposed system then a lot of power
can be saved. Proposed system is power saving mechanism for street lights by
using LED lamps as replacement of normal lamps and using special power
savings mechanism for microcontroller. It turns out most reliable and time
efficient way to switch ON/OFF streetlights.

It provides an effective measure to save energy by preventing unnecessary wastage

of electricity, caused due to manual switching or lighting of street-lights when it is not
required. It adopts a dynamic control methodology for traffic flow. The proposed
system is especially appropriate for street lighting in remote urban and rural areas
where the traffic is low at times. The system is versatile, extendable and totally
adjustable to user needs. The light will be turn ON with detection of vehicle.

50
5.3 FUTURE SCOPE

SOLAR TRACKER

Solar tacking system S is the most appropriate technology to enhance the

efficiency of the solar cell by tracking the sun. A microcontroller based
design methodology of an automatic solar tracker is presented. Light
dependent resistors are used as a sensor of the solar tracker.
51
REFERENCES

[1] “Design of Multi-functional Street Light Control System Based on AT89S52

Single-chip Microcomputer” Hengyu Wu, Minli Tang,IEEE,2010.

[2] “A New Streetlight Monitoring System Based On Wireless Sensor Networks” IEEE

2010

[3] “Automatic Street Light Intensity Control and Road Safety Module Using Embedded

System” International Conference on Computing and Control Engineering (ICCCE

2012), 12 & 13 April, 2012.

“Intelligent Street Lighting System Using Gsm” International Journal of

Engineering Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 –
6726Volume 2 Issue 3 March. 2013

“Analysis Of Solar Energy Based Street Light With Auto Tracking System”,

International journal1,2012

[6] “Wireless internet lighting control system”,Budike, E.S. Lothar (Power web

Technologies), US patent 7,167,777, Jan 23, 2007.

[7] “Development of Zigbee based Street Light Control System” S.H. Jeong, S.B. Choi,

H.S. Ryoo, D.K. Kim Korea Electro technology Research Institute 142440178X /
06©2006 IEEE

“Street Light Monitoring – a Practical Solution magazine” November/December 2002

“A Win-Win-Win for Municipal Street Lighting: Converting Two-Thirds of

Vermont’s Street Lights to LED”by ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in

Buildings. March 2012.

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