Chapter 3:

Chapter 2: Torsion

Strain
Chapter 4:
Shear and
Moment
Diagram
Strain - Is defined as change in length per unit length,
simply put it is unit deformation

L
 Stress and Strain
 Exist concurrently in nature; if a body is under stress, it also
exhibits strain.
 Considering a typical tensile strength test on a steel
reinforcing bar, the following diagram is produced
 STRESS VERSUS STRAIN
Stress,
Actual
Ultimate Rupture
Strength Strength

Yield Point Rupture

Strength

Elastic Limit
Proportional Limit

O
Strain,
For the strain to be assumed constant and for the average
value to be representative of the whole, the following
conditions must be met:
1. Specimen must be of constant cross section.

2. Material must be homogeneous.

3. Load must be axial and constant.

 Hooke’s Law: Axial Deformation
Stress, Actual
Ultimate
Rupture
Strength
Strength

Yield Point Rupture

Strength

Elastic Limit
Proportional Limit
Strain,
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Within the region up to the elastic limit, a material is said to behave
elastically. Beyond which, the material behaves plastically.
Within the proportional limit, stress and strain varies linearly, that
is, stress is proportional to strain.
Derivation:
Example :
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area
of 160 mm2 carries the axial loads at the positions
shown in the figure. If E = 70 x 103 MPa, compute the
total deformation of the bar. Assume that the bar is
suitably braced to prevent buckling.

15 kN 30 kN
35 kN 10 kN

0.8 m 1.0m 0.6m

Example :
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area
of 160 mm2 carries the axial loads at the positions
shown in the figure. If E = 70 x 103 MPa, compute the
total deformation of the bar. Assume that the bar is
suitably braced to prevent buckling.

15 kN 30 kN 35 kN
10 kN

0.8 m 1.0m 0.6m

Example :
An aluminum bar is fastened between a steel rod
and a bronze rod as shown. Axial loads are applied at
the positions indicated. Assume that the assembly is
suitably braced to prevent buckling and that Es = 200 x
103 MPa, Ea = 70 x 103 MPa, and Eb = 83 x 103 MPa. Find
the value of the force acting on each of the rod so that
it will not exceed a maximum overall deformation of 2
mm or a stress of 120 MPa, 140 MPa and 80 MPa,
respectively.
3P P 4P 2P

Aluminum Steel
Bronze A = 300 mm 2
A = 600 mm 2
A = 450 mm2

0.6m 1.0m 0.8m

Example :
The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical
rods as shown is horizontal before the load P is
applied. If the load P = 50 kN, determine its
vertical movement.

Aluminum
Steel L = 4m
L = 3m A = 500 mm2
A = 300 mm2 E = 70 GPa
E = 200 GPa
A B
2m 3m

P = 50 kN
Example :
Two aluminum rods AB and BC, hinged to rigid
supports, are pinned together at B to carry a vertical
load P = 20 kN. If each rod has a cross-sectional area
of 400 mm2 and E = 70 x 103 MPa, compute the
elongation of each rod and A
the horizontal and vertical
3m
displacements of point B.
Assume = 30o and
B
=300

2m

C
P = 20 kN
Example :
A round bar of length 10m tapers uniformly
from a diameter 100 mm at one end to a smaller
diameter 30 mm at the other. Determine the
elongations caused by an axial tensile load P = 50
kN.

30mm 100 mm
P
Example :
A rod is composed of three segments and
carries the axial loads P1 = 120 kN and P2 = 50 kN.
Determine the stress in each material if the walls are
rigid.
Bronze
Aluminum Steel
A = 2400 mm2
A = 1200 mm2 A = 600 mm2
E = 83 GPa
E = 70 GPa E = 200 GPa
P1 P2

0.6m 0.4m 0.3 m

Example :
A rod is composed of three segments and
carries the axial loads P1 = 100 kN and P2 = 60 kN.
Determine the stress in each material if the left wall
yields 0.60 mm.
Bronze
Aluminum Steel
A = 2400 mm2
A = 1200 mm2 A = 600 mm2
E = 83 GPa
E = 70 GPa E = 200 GPa
P1 P2

0.6m 0.4m 0.3 m

Example :
A rigid beam with negligible mass is pinned at
one end and supported by two rods. The beam was
initially horizontal before the load P was applied.
Find the vertical movement of P if P = 120 kN.

Steel
L = 3m Aluminum
A = 300 mm2 L = 4m
E = 200 GPa A = 500 mm2
E = 70 GPa
A
3m 2m 1m

P = 120 kN
Example :
Three rods, each with an area of 300 mm2,
jointly support the load of 10 kN, as shown.
Assuming there was no slack or stress in the rods
before the load was applied, find the stress in each
rod. Est = 200 GPa and Ebr = 83 GPa.

Steel
3m

Bronze Bronze
300 300

10 kN
Example :
A rigid block of mass M is supported by three
symmetrically spaced rods as shown in the figure.
Each copper rod has an area of 900 mm2; E = 120
GPa; and the allowable stress is 70 MPa. The steel
rod has an area of 1200 mm2; E = 200 GPa; and the
allowable stress is 140 MPa. Determine the largest
mass M which can be supported.
M

Copper Steel Copper

160 mm 240 mm 160 mm
Example :
A rigid platform in the figure has negligible
mass and rests on two aluminum bars, each 250 mm
long. The center bar is steel and is 249.90 mm long.
Find the stress in the steel bar after the center load P
= 400 kN is applied. Each aluminum bar has an area
of 1200 mm2 and E = 70 GPa. The steel bar has an
area of 2400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
P = 400 kN

Aluminum Steel Aluminum

250 mm 249.9 250 mm
mm
Example :
As shown in the figure, a rigid beam with
negligible mass is pinned at O and supported by two
rods, identical except for length. If P = 30 kN. Find
the (a) load in A, (b) load in B and if rod A elongates
by 2 mm, (c) how much elongation of rod B? (d)
Vertical movement of P.

2m 2m 1.5m

O
P = 30 kN L = 1.5 m

A L=2m