Background

In this paper I am going to write “the existence of allophone and minimal pairs,
based on Kedang language that use by Kedang society at Buyasuri and Omesuri sub-
districts in Lembata district of East Nusa Tenggara province”. But to make this paper
complete I will add the explanation of phonology, phonetic, and phone before explain the three
parts of phoneme. To make reader can understand this paper well, I make a framework. It
divided my explanation into 6 parts. Those parts are:

1. The Definitions of Phonology

2. The definitions of phonetic
3. Definitions of Phoneme
4. The explanations of Kedang and Kedang language
5. The Definitions of phone and allophones and allophone’s existence in Kedang language
6. Definitions of minimal pairs and its existence in Kedang language and
7. The summary

This paper is arranged to present my understanding of phoneme. It shows parts of

phoneme that understood. The explanation will be limited according to parts of phoneme that
have already explained. This paper is a summary of phoneme and how it exists in Kedang
language. I am so sorry if this paper is so far from the good writing, but I swear that I do my best
in doing this.
1. Definitions of Phonology

Phonology is the study of sound patterns, where sound refers to the auditory effect of
articulations made by the vocal apparatus during speech, and patterns , to abstract structures that
correlate to mind —they ―attract our notice, they grab our attention, they seem in varying
degrees to somehow fit human processes of cognition, to be sense making, to bear
intelligibility‖ .

As a core discipline of generative linguistics, phonology is driven by the following

assumption: The overt aspects of language — the articulatory actions and the acoustic signal
they produce — cannot be properly understood without reference to the covert aspect of
language, that is, to the implicit knowledge that enables individuals to speak and understand a
language.

The modern view of phonology — as the study of an aspect of human cognition rather
than the study of an external, physical or social reality — originated during the late 1950‘s and
early 1960‘s with Morris Halle and Noam Chomsky who were hired at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology amid concerns that the Russian KGB were close to being able to use
telepathy. While phonology has never been used for telepathy (by definition, it can‘t!), to be sure
it now has many other applications outside linguistics. For instance, it is of great consequence to
language instructors and has received attention among educators because of its importance to
reading.

According to my opinion phonology is a study of sound’s meaning that refers to how

people mean and understand every single sound that used in their daily life. It means every single
sound is different n a process to say it or how they understand every single sound hat used.
While the place for articulating it is same.
2. Definitions of phonetic

Phonetics is the study of the articulation and acoustic properties of the sounds of human
language. Phonetics is the study of the sounds of language. According to my opinion phonetic is
a study to search, compare and to make and to understand every different sound based on
societies that have some similarities in articulating sound. These sounds are called phonemes.
Phonetic has three different aspect:

1. Articulatory phonetics
The study of how speech sounds are produced by the human vocal apparatus.
2. Acoustic phonetics
The study of the sound waves made by the human vocal organs for communication.
3. Auditory phonetics
The study of how speech sounds are perceived by the ear, auditory nerve, and brain.

a) The Vocal Tract

Vocal tract is the airway used in the production of speech, especially the passage above
the larynx, including the pharynx, mouth, and nasal cavities. Ø Alveolar Ridge A short distance
behind the upper teeth is a change in the angle of the roof of the mouth. (In some people it‘s
quite abrupt, in others very slight.) This is the alveolar ridge. Sounds which involve the area
between the upper teeth and this ridge are called alveolars.

Ø Hard Palate The hard portion of the roof of the mouth. The term ―palate‖ by itself usually
refers to the hard palate.

Ø Soft Palate / Velum The soft portion of the roof of the mouth, lying behind the hard palate.
The tongue hits the velum in the sounds [k], [g], and [ng]. The velum can also move: if it lowers,
it creates an opening that allows air to flow out through the nose; if it stays raised, the opening is
blocked, and no air can flow through the nose.

Ø Uvula The small, dangly thing at the back of the soft palate. The uvula vibrates during the [ r ]
in many French dialects.

Ø Pharynx The cavity between the root of the tongue and the walls of the upper throat.
Ø Tongue The flat surface of the tongue just behind the tip.

Ø Tongue Body / Dorsum The main part of the tongue, lying below the hard and soft palate. The
body, specifically the back part of the body (hence ―dorsum‖, Latin for ―back‖), moves to
make vowels and many consonants.

Ø Tongue Root The lowest part of the tongue in the throat.

Ø Epiglottis The fold of tissue below the root of the tongue. The epiglottis helps cover the larynx
during swallowing, making sure (usually!) that food goes into the stomach and not the lungs. A
few languages use the epiglottis in making sounds. English is fortunately not one of them.

Ø Vocal Folds / Vocal Cords Folds of tissue stretched across the airway to the lungs. They can
vibrate against each other, providing much of the sound during speech.

Ø Glottis The opening between the vocal cords. During a glottal stop, the vocal cords are held
together and there is no opening between them.

Ø Larynx The structure that holds and manipulates the vocal cords. The ―Adam‘s apple‖ in
males is the bump formed by the front part of the larynx.

b) Voice and Voiceless

Voice is A simple explanation of voiced consonants is that they use the voice. This is
easy to test by putting your finger on your throat. If you feel a vibration the consonant is voiced.
Here is a list of some voiced consonants. Pronounce each consonant sound (not the letter) and
feel the vibration of your vocal chords. b d th (as in then) v l r z j (as in Jane).

Voiceless consonants do not use the voice. They are percussive and use hard sounds.
Once again, you can test if a consonant is voiceless by putting your finger on your throat. You
will feel no vibration in your throat, just a short explosion of air as you pronounce. Pronounce
each of these consonant sounds and feel NO vibration in your throat. p t k s sh ch th (as in thing)
the Place of Articulation. These are the abbreviated names for the places of articulation used in
English:
1) Bilabial The articulators are the two lips. English bilabial sounds include [p], [b], and [m].

2) Labio dental These sound are formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. English labio-
dental sounds include [f] and [v].

3) Dental Dental sounds are formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth.

4) Alveolar These sounds are formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge,
which is the rough, bony ridge immediately behind the upper teeth. English alveolar sounds
include [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l].

5) Alveo palatals Formed by hard part in the root of mouth called palate. Sound which is
produced with the tongue at the in front of palate near alveolar ridge is called alveo palatal.

6) Palatal These sounds are formed with the tongue middle and the palate.

7) Velars The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the soft palate or
velum. Sounds produced with the back of tongue against the velum are called velars. English
velars include [k], [g].

8) Uvular The sounds are produced from the tongue back and the uvula.

9) Glottal Glottal sounds are made in the larynx. There are two other sounds which are produce
without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth. English glottal include [ h].

b) Manner of Articulation

Consonants are sounds which involve full or partial blocking of airflow. In English, the
consonants are p, b, t, d, ch, j, k, g, f, v, th, dh, s, z, sh, zh, m, n, ng, l, r, w, and y. They are
classified in a number of different ways, depending on the vocal tract. According the manner of
articulation ( how breath is used) the consonants are:

1. Stops, also known as plosives. The air is blocked for a moment, then released. The word stop
refers to stopping the air , the word plosives refers to the release the air. In English, they are p, b,
t, d, k, and g.
2. Fricatives these are sounds produced by having the air rub against some surface in the mouth
causing friction. In English, these include f, v, th, dh, s, z, sh, zh, and h.

3. Affricates are sounds that produced by made up of two parts a stop and fricative. In English,
we have ch (unvoiced) and j (voiced). Many consider these as blends: t-sh and d-zh.

4. Nasals are sounds made with air passing through the nose. In English, these are m, n, and ng.
5. Laterals These sounds are produced by having the air go out of the mouth from both besides of
tongue. In English, these include [l].

6. Vibrant These are sounds produced by having the tongue vibrate in the mouth.

7. Semivowels Semivowels are sounds that are, as half consonant and half vowel. In English, we
have w and y, which you can see are a lot like vowels such as oo and ee, but with the lips almost
closed for w ( bilabial) and the tongue almost touching the palate for y (a palatal).

3. Definitions of Phoneme
There are many definitions of phoneme. They are: phoneme is one of the units of sound
that distinguish one word from another in a particular language
(wikipedia), the smallest segment of sound which can distinguish two words (Aitchinson), the
smallest distinctive meaningful unit of sound (Bloomfield), minimal sound unit which is capable
of contrasting word meaning(Katamba), and phonemes are units of sound that can contras the
meaning. For me phoneme is a smallest sound that has meaning. Based on this definition I want
to say that every phoneme has its different meaning in every place that make and use sound to
communicate.

A phoneme has its own meaning when it is An essential property of a phoneme is that it
functions contrastively. We know that there are two phonemes /f/ and /v/ in English because
they are the only basis contrast in meaning between the forms fat and vat, or fine and vine. This
contrastive property is the basic operational test determining the phonemes which exist in a
language. If we substitute one sound for another in a word and there is a change of meaning, then
the two sounds represent different phonemes.
1. Segmental It is phonology that deals with the analysis of speech into phonemes which
correspond fairly well to phonetic segments of the analyzed speech. Consist of consonant and
vowel. The Segmental Sounds of English consist of:

a) The English Consonant The English consonants are twenty-four in number. The word
consonant is phonemic. Of courses the word consonant here does not refer to the
consonant found in the English alphabet, but rather to the consonants as they sound
orally. The example of consonants are: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /f/, /v/,/θ, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /∫/,
/з/,/t∫/, /dз/, /h/, /m/, /n/, /η/,/l/, /r/, /w/, /j/.
b) b) The English Consonant described It is a list of the English consonant phonemes and
their major allophones. The allophones are describes phonetically.
c) c) Consonant Clusters It is a combination of two or more consonant. Such clusters may
occur in initial, medial, or final positions.
d) d) The English Vowel The English vowels are fourteen in number. In addition to these
vowels, there are glides and diphthongs, which are really combinations vowels. The
examples of vowels are: /i/, /i:/, /ei/, /æ/, /ə/, //, /з/, /a/, /u:/, /u/, /əu/, /α/.

e) The English Vowel Described It is a list of the English vowel phonemes. They are
described phonetically, and their distribution is given with example: phoneme / e / ,
allophone [ e ] description mid open front unrounded. It occurs only initially and medially. /
end / [end] ‗end‘ ; / send / [send] ‗send‘.

f) Length in English Consonants and Vowels means the time it takes to produce a sound.
This does not mean the speed at which a person speaks. It means, rather, the relative length
of time in which each separate sound is produced, as compared with a longer or shorter time
in which the same sound or other sounds may be produced in the stream of speech.

2. Supra Segmental It is a vocal effect that extends over more than one sound segment in an
utterance, such as pitch, stress, or juncture, pattern. In supra-segmental consist of:

a) Stress It is the force of breath with which sounds are produced. This force is relative; that is,
the strength or weakness of the force is determined in relation to other forces of breath in the
utterance or utterances of person. For example, in the word market, it is clear that the first
syllable has stronger stress than second syllable. Four phonemic word stress levels : · Primary
stress – symbol : / / · Secondary stress – symbol : / / · Tertiary stress – symbol : / / · Weak
stress – symbol : / /

b) Intonation Means the changes in the pitch (or music) of the voice while producing speech.
Every utterance is produced with some intonation and pitch. Pitch levels, like stress levels, are
relative to each other.

c) Pause It is length of silence between parts of an utterance. In English, there are two pause
phonemes. (Some linguistics believe that there are three pause phonemes). The two pause
phonemes are a short one and a final one. bar The symbols used for these phonemes are a single
bar for short pause and a double bar for the final pause.

d) Juncture It is really a very short pause; it is space in speech between sounds or word. In
English, there is one juncture phoneme. The symbol for juncture phonemes is / + / ( a plus sign).
e) Rhythm Means the beat of language. In English, rhythm is stress-timed. This means that the
time between two primary stresses is the same. If there are many word or syllable between the
two primary stresses, then these syllable will be pronounced fast; this is why native speakers of
English jam their syllables. If, on the other hand, there is only a small number of syllables
between the primary stresses, then these syllables will be pronounced slowly and more .

For example, a group of phoneme /took/ and /look/ we can see that those phonemes (/took/ and
/look/) have only one different phoneme in coda, but they are still different. Initial /t/ and /l/
affect a group of phonemes /took/ and /look/ become different because basically they have
different meaning. The Different between phones and phonemes are :

Phones Phonemes
Can be recorded Can’t be recorded
Phones is limited in time and place Consistence of large phonological system
Can be heard Can’t be heard
Objective Mind activity
4. The explanations of Kedang and kedang’s language

Kedang is a name of two combination sub-districts (Buyasuri and Omesuri).

Kedang is society in the east of Lembata island. Kedang basically is a part of Lamaholot
culture because it is a part of Lembata island but it is different because Kedang society
have different language. Society in Kedang use Kedang’s language.
Kedang is a district located at the extreme east of the small eastern Indonesian
island Lembata. Lembata. In Kedang, in particular the plains west of the mountain are
now widely exploited, whereas until a few decades ago most people are even to travel In
this area. To this day few people live there permanently and even they return to their
village or their field at the end of agricultural season.
Kedang is a district that has 48 villages. Those village are Wailolong, Lebe wala,
Sawar laleng, Balauring, Dolu, Leu toher, Leuweheq, Peuuma, Meluwiting, Peuara, Leu
batang, Tiri wala, walang sawa, peu sawa, Leu hapu, Hobaq matan, Tuaq Mado, Leu
Nahaq, Aliuroba, Leu dawan, Peumole, Toul Wala, Waq Lupang , Atuq Waq Lupang,
Leu Tubung, Atuqlaleng, Roho ( Roun and Hoaqratan), Loyobohor, Ai hua, Ai miteng
Laleng, Kulu Wala, Wairian, Lue utun, Uma Wala, Buri Wutun, Mulewaq, Peu Ohaq,
Biarwala, Leu Wohung, Bareng Wala, Kalikur, Leu Noda, Atarodang, Leudanung, Leu
Wayan, Mara Mamuq, Atarodang Edang, Dolu Lolong, Leu Napoq, Leu Hoeq, and Leu
Leaq.

People of Kedang speak a so far unrecorded language. Their terms for it is called
tutuq-nanang wella, or the language of the mountain. Whereas tutuq means ‘to talk’,
nanang means ‘to weave’. So the phrase suggests the interweaving force of conversation.
It satnds in opposition to iwang-kariq, is which their terms for the Lamaholot-speaking,,
Lewotolo region, and means language that they can’t understand, thus any strange
language. Disregarding slight variations of pronunciation and vocabulary, the language is
homogenous throughout Kedang. Since an increasing number of the population are
becoming literate, they now can apply the model of Bahasa Indonesia for writing their
own language.
 Prof. Karl Van Trier of Madiun Prepared (In the late forties) some words list in
Kedang and introduced the convention of using a q for the glottal stop. The glottal stop is
so frequent that it seems to deserve the character of its own. As in bahasa Indonesia their
w ranges between English w and v. The Indonesia Silent e is unknown in the language of
Kedang. Instead they have two e’s, a’s, i’s, u’s, o’s pronounced. The initial and and
internal w is dropped more frequently in Edang Ili.
There are many words of very similar forms and related meaning which are
distinguished in pronunciation only by an initial relaxing or tightening of the throat. In
some cases this can be seen to be a superficial feature used to distinguish two senses of
the same words. An example of this is ine-ame, which can mean, depending on whether
the throat is relaxed or not, either the member of the wife-giving line or one’s own
mother and father, or the equivalent level of one’s clan. In other case, this features seems
to distinguish homonyms of different origins: for example ape, which is probably derived
from Indonesian Kapasand means ‘cotton’ and ape that means ‘what?’.
Munro 1915 says that Kedang language is not a Lamaholot dialect, but it is
related to the language spoken in Pantar. This idea that there is a close linguistic
connection between Kedang and Pantar-Alor seems to have benn quite common, and is
adopted by Salzner (1960). Vater (1963) on other hand, says that it must be regarded as
an independently developed form of Lamaholot and not an Alor-Pantar language. The
elements of this common vocabulary belong to all historical levels of the language; the
two are obviously connected in their origins, but there seems to have benn a continual
influx of Lamaholot words into Kedang, and this still go on. What is remarkable is how
many fundamental elements in the language have nothing to do with Lamaholot, or from
what little known with Pantar-Alor languages either. It means that the language of
Kedang is best considered a language in its own right and should not be listed as a dialect
of any of its neighbors.
In addition to ordinary language there is a repertory phrases used in a ceremony,
songs, and public oratory. There are not ordered into long texts of fixed form as happen
in some neighbor societies. The text of chants used during ceremonies approach this to
some extent without ever achieving a determined order of lines or a stable content fixed
length. Oratory in on festive occasion is always an extemporary selection from traditional
lines. This form of oratory is not developed to the extent that one finds in Lamaholot. A
good bit of this special language is known by everyone, but certain people are recognized
to excel in it, especially the priests (Molan-maren).
In the latter one encounter words and phrases which the Kedang language’s words
themselves consider abstruse and sometimes even untranslatable. There are many
borrowings from Lamaholot or use of Kedang language’s words in the ancient form
common to both languages, and there are some borrowing from Malay and modern
Bahasa Indonesia. But in the main, the vocabulary of the ceremonial languages is largely
familiars words of ordinary used. Kedang is a very democratic society without a genuine
class of nobles, and there seems to be little competitive impulse to develop jealously
guarded reputations as experts in these matters.
Kedang language is a language that only use in Kedang, although in generally
society in Lembata use Lamaholot language Kedang and lamaholot language are different
because Kedang’s language just be understood by its user. In communication with other
people from Kedang and Lamaholot use Indonesian language. Some example of the
differences between Kedang and Lamaholot language are:
Kedang’s language Lamaholot Means
E’i Go’e I
Kamin Bua Eat
Toka Turu Feel sleepy
Pana Plate Hot
Kuq Gute Take
Pan Pai Come (here)
min Tunu Drink
I’er Hope Buy
Te Tite We
Pana Plate Hot
Ewar Bera Fast
Tokong Take Nothing
Bale Balik Come back
 Nu Ki Let (us)
Deq Kae Already

Kedang language also has two different types in its using. Those two type are Edang Ili
and Edang wata.1
Edang Ili Edang Wata meaning
Iheq Iseq Please
Ete Ei Me
Eke Ke We
Pang Pan Walk
Keu Dau Climb
Reu Jou Boy friend
Nobeq Nobes That

The group of village that use two different dialogue of Kedang language can be grouped
as the table below.
Edang Ili Edang Wata
Wailolong, Lebe wala, Sawar laleng, Wairian, Lue utun, Uma Wala, Buri
Balauring, Dolu, Leu toher, Leuweheq, Wutun, Mulewaq, Peu Ohaq, Biarwala,
Peuuma, Meluwiting, Peuara, Leu batang, Leu Wohung, Bareng Wala, Kalikur, Leu
Tiri wala, walang sawa, peu sawa, Leu Noda, Atarodang, Leudanung, Leu Wayan,
hapu, Hobaq matan, Tuaq Mado, Leu Mara Mamuq, Atarodang Edang, Dolu
Nahaq, Aliuroba, Leu dawan, Peumole, Lolong, Leu Napoq, Leu Hoeq, and Leu
Toul Wala, Waq Lupang , Atuq Waq Leaq.
Lupang, Leu Tubung, Atuqlaleng, Roho (
Roun and Hoaqratan), Loyobohor, Ai hua,
Ai miteng Laleng, and Kulu Wala.

1
Edang Wata is a type of Kedang language that used by Kedang’s society who live in low land. Edang Ili is a type of
Kedang language that used by Kedang’s society who live in high land.
5. Definitions of phone and allophones and allophone’s existence in Kedang language

Phone is these phonetic units are technically that have difference in pronunciation. For
examples: seed and seen. Allophones is these phonetic variants are technically, in English to
realize single phoneme. For examples: [t], [th], and [d] are similar sound. They are similar
because they are all alveolar stops. The only difference between them is that [t] is voiceless and
unaspirated, [th] is voiceless and aspirated, and [d] is voiced. Allophone is Phonetically–varied
realization of phoneme and language. In Kedang language there are to much allophones. For
example:

Words Meaning Words Meaning

Ebang Place to discuss Eban A process of
culturally closing the door
problems. without knock it.
Ole To show something Ola To create
below. something new.
Utun Small Leu Village
I’a Fish Rian Big
Anaq Child Laha Make
E’i I Eti By me
ular Snake Utun Small
Anaq Child Ai Wood
Au Dog Ariq Little brother
Ea Location Eroq Word used to say
sympathy
Iu Cook Ite A bit
Some example of sentence based on allophones:
Kedang
Ke tebeq be ebang
Eban weloq nobeq iheq!
Suo pan Ole ubeng ya.
Ola mo ape ?
Nuo sukaq yang Utun
Leu ape o ?
Suo a I’a
Yang Rian nobeq
Anaq mette huang ya.
O Laha nuo
Ei sukaq o
Eti laha ne
Ular meyoq ria ne.
Anaq mete asin ya.
O kuq Rai rasa.
Au lumen bowong be wetaq Anjing
obi.
Iu lalaq ewar!
Ite atiq suo bale ya.
Indonesia English
Kami duduk di Ebang We shit on the Ebang
Tutuplah pintu itu! Please close that door!
Mereka pergi ke bawah. They go to place below.
Apa yang sudah kau ciptakan? What that you have done ?
Dia menyukai yang kecil. She likes the small one.
Dari mana asalmu ? Where are you from ?
Mereka makan ikan They eat fish
Yang besar itu That big one.
Anak -anak sedang bermain Children are playing
Engkau memarahi dia You angry with him
Saya suka engkau I like you
Saya yang melakukan I did it
Ular itu besar. That snake is big.
Anak anak sedang makan Children are playing
Engkau mengambil terlalu You take to much
banyak.
menggonggong di The dog barked inside our
samping rumah kami tadi home last night.
malam.
Cepatlah memasak nasi! Cook the rise soon!
Mereka akan pulang sebentar They will go back soon.
lagi.
6. Definitions of minimal pairs and its existence in Kedang language
Minimal pairs are pairs of words phrases in a particular language, spoken, or
signed, that different in only one phonological element, such as a phoneme and have
distinct meanings. They are used to demonstrate that two phones are two separate
phonemes in the language. According to my opinion minimal pairs are two words that
only have one different sound. That different sound makes that two words have different
meaning. Kedang language also has minimal pairs. For example :

Word Meaning Word Meaning

Sue Two Suo them
Ei I Ea Field
Udeq One Uteq Waste
Ote To show something Ole To show something
above above
Horaq To take Horiq An impolite way to
ask someone or
something to go.
Ona The situation when Oni Try to hide.
someone gives
his/her opportunity
to someone else to
try to do something.
Metung Empty Mutung Corner
Api Fire Ape What
Ebang Place to discuss Ebeng An instruction to see
culturally problems.
Loloq Above Lolaq A half
Tipaq Hit Tipoq A situation when
you are walking and
accidently your foot
 hits a stone or
something hard.
Boteq Hill Botaq To pack
Ka Eat Ke Us
Tele That Telu Three
Min To drink ( for third Man A name of a long
person as an object) and teen fish.
Bola Eggplant Bala Ivory
Mato Eyes Mate Death
Maten People who die Matan Kitchen utensil for
closing a pan.
Tun To burn Tin To drink (for third
person as subject)
Likaq Use bag Likoq To keep.
Iwor Porridge of corn Iwar Use something
together.
Lei Feet Leu Village
Awar Teeth Ewar Cepat.
7. Summary
Kedang language is a special language. The existence of allophone and minimal
pairs are there not only in some words but also in some phrases. It is special because
many neighbors sub-district and island know about it but can’t understand it. some
words list in Kedang and introduced the convention of using a q for the glottal stop. The
glottal stop is so frequent that it seems to deserve the character of its own. As in bahasa
Indonesia their w ranges between English w and v. The Indonesia Silent e is unknown in
the language of Kedang. Instead they have two e’s, a’s, i’s, u’s, o’s pronounced. The
initial and and internal w is dropped more frequently in Edang Ili.
There are many words of very similar forms and related meaning which are
distinguished in pronunciation only by an initial relaxing or tightening of the throat. In
some cases this can be seen to be a superficial feature used to distinguish two senses of
the same words. An example of this is ine-ame, which can mean, depending on whether
the throat is relaxed or not, either the member of the wife-giving line or one’s own
mother and father, or the equivalent level of one’s clan.
In the latter one encounter words and phrases which the Kedang language’s words
themselves consider abstruse and sometimes even untranslatable. There are many
borrowings from Lamaholot or use of Kedang language’s words in the ancient form
common to both languages, and there are some borrowing from Malay and modern
Bahasa Indonesia. But in the main, the vocabulary of the ceremonial languages is largely
familiars words of ordinary used. Kedang is a very democratic society without a genuine
class of nobles, and there seems to be little competitive impulse to develop jealously
guarded reputations as experts in these matters.
People of Kedang speak a so far unrecorded language. Their terms for it is called
tutuq-nanang wella, or the language of the mountain. Whereas tutuq means ‘to talk’,
nanang means ‘to weave’. So the phrase suggests the interweaving force of conversation.
It satnds in opposition to iwang-kariq, is which their terms for the Lamaholot-speaking,,
Lewotolo region, and means language that they can’t understand, thus any strange
language. Disregarding slight variations of pronunciation and vocabulary, the language is
homogenous throughout Kedang.
References

R. H. Barnes, Kedang A Study of The Collective Thought of An Eastern Indonesian

People. Oxford: Clarendon Press,1974.

Marcelinus Yeri Fernandez Akoli, Bahan Ajar Phonology. Kupang,2019.

Interview with Mr. Heribertus Boli who is a elder of Kedang people in Kupang. On June

10th 2019.

https://www.academia.edu › All about_Phonology, Ardiela Putri. 2019, dowloaded on

June 9th 2019.

https:// id. Wikipedia.org. Bahasa Kedang. AAbot, 2019, downloaded on June 11th 2019.
 The Academic Paper of Phonology

(The existence of Allophone and Minimal pairs in Kedang Language)

By

Name : Oswaldus Leun Maryanto Mario

Student Number : 1701020103
C lass : A / IV

English Study Program

University of Nusa Cendana
2019