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Figure 12.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Unicellular organisms
– Reproduce by cell division
100 µm
Figure 12.3
50 µm
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Eukaryotic chromosomes
– Consist of chromatin, a complex of DNA and
protein that condenses during cell division
• In animals
– Somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes
– Gametes have one set of chromosomes
• In meiosis
– Sex cells are produced after a reduction in
chromosome number
S
G1 (DNA synthesis)
G2
Figure 12.5
G2 OF
PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE
INTERPHASE
Centrosomes Aster Fragments
(with centriole pairs) Chromatin Early mitotic Kinetochore
spindle Centromere of nuclear
(duplicated) envelope Nonkinetochore
microtubules
Nuclear
envelope
Spindle Centrosome at Daughter forming
Figure 12.6 one spindle pole chromosomes
Sister
Metaphase
chromatids Plate
Kinetochores
Overlapping
nonkinetochore
microtubules
Kinetochores
microtubules 0.5 µm
Microtubules Chromosomes
1 The microtubules of a cell in early anaphase were labeled with a fluorescent dye
that glows in the microscope (yellow).
Kinetochore
Spindle
pole
Figure 12.8
• In telophase
– Genetically identical daughter nuclei form at
opposite ends of the cell
Contractile ring of
Daughter cells
microfilaments
Vesicles Wall of 1 µm
forming patent cell Cell plate New cell wall
cell plate
Daughter cells
Figure 12.9 B (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)
Metaphase. The
1 Prophase. 2 Prometaphase. 3 Anaphase. The 5 Telophase. Daughter
The chromatin We now see discrete spindle is complete, 4 chromatids of each nuclei are forming.
is condensing. chromosomes; each and the chromosomes, chromosome have Meanwhile, cytokinesis
The nucleolus is consists of two attached to microtubules separated, and the has started: The cell
beginning to identical sister at their kinetochores, daughter chromosomes plate, which will
disappear. chromatids. Later are all at the metaphase are moving to the ends divided the cytoplasm
Although not in prometaphase, the plate. of cell as their in two, is growing
yet visible nuclear envelop will kinetochore toward the perimeter
in the micrograph, fragment. microtubles shorten. of the parent cell.
the mitotic spindle is
staring to from.
Figure 12.10
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Binary Fission
• Prokaryotes (bacteria)
– Reproduce by a type of cell division called
binary fission
• Certain protists
– Exhibit types of cell division that seem
intermediate between binary fission and
mitosis carried out by most eukaryotic cells
• Genes
– Are the units of heredity
– Are segments of DNA
• Each gene in an organism’s DNA
– Has a specific locus on a certain chromosome
• We inherit
– One set of chromosomes from our mother and one set
from our father
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
• In asexual reproduction
– One parent produces genetically identical
offspring by mitosis
Parent
Bud
• A karyotype
– Is an ordered, visual Pair of homologous
5 µm
representation of the chromosomes
Sister
chromatids
• Sex chromosomes
– Are distinct from each other in their
characteristics
– Are represented as X and Y
– Determine the sex of the individual, XX being
female, XY being male
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A diploid cell
– Has two sets of each of its chromosomes
– In a human has 46 chromosomes (2n = 46)
chromosomes
• At sexual maturity
– The ovaries and testes produce haploid
gametes by meiosis
• During fertilization
– These gametes, sperm and ovum, fuse,
forming a diploid zygote
• The zygote
– Develops into an adult organism
Sperm
Cell (n)
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
Mitosis and
development
Multicellular diploid
Figure 13.5 adults (2n = 46)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Stages of Meiosis
• An overview of meiosis Interphase
Homologous pair
of chromosomes
in diploid parent cell
Chromosomes
replicate
Sister
chromatids Diploid cell with
replicated
chromosomes
Meiosis I
1 Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Meiosis II
2 Sister chromatids
separate
• Meiosis II
– Produces four haploid daughter cells
Nuclear
Microtubule Homologous
envelope
Tetrad attached to chromosomes
Chromatin
kinetochore separate
Chromosomes duplicate Tertads line up Pairs of homologous
Homologous chromosomes chromosomes split up
(red and blue) pair and exchange
Figure 13.8
segments; 2n = 6 in this example
Prophase I
Prophase
Chromosome Chromosome
replication replication Tetrad formed by
Duplicated chromosome 2n = 6 synapsis of homologous
(two sister chromatids) chromosomes
Chromosomes Tetrads
positioned at the positioned at the Metaphase I
Metaphase
metaphase plate metaphase plate
n n n n
Maternal set of
chromosomes
Possibility 1 Possibility 2
Paternal set of
chromosomes
Metaphase II
Daughter
cells
Tetrad
Chiasma,
site of
crossing
over
Metaphase I
Metaphase II
Daughter
cells
Recombinant
Figure 13.11 chromosomes
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings