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Geometric Dimensioning and

Tolerancing (GD&T)

Professor Lye Sun Woh

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
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A Short Anecdote

Š Two men tried to schedule a meeting.

Š Man A: Let meet at 10.00.
Š Man B: Good, at the nearby cafe.
Š Man A: All right! See you then.
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A Short Anecdote (cont.)

Moments later
at 10.00
…………………
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A Short Anecdote (cont.)

Š Man A: I have arrived already. Where are you?

Š Man B: It is not time yet. It is a bit early. Anyway, I
am coming now.
Š A while later …………….
Š Man B: I have arrived but I don’t seem to see you.
Where are you?
Š Man A: I don’t seem to see you too. Where are
you?
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A Short Anecdote

Š Which one is correct?

Š What is wrong with them?
Š What went “wrong”?
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Course Plan
Š Day 1 Š Day 3
„ GD&T Language: „ Location Tolerances
Characteristics and Symbols [Concentricity, Symmetry
„ Basic Concepts Tolerances (Part 2)]
„ Datums „ Runout Tolerances

„ Worked Exercises and „ Profile Tolerances

Deliberations „ Worked Exercises and
Š Day 2 Deliberations
„ Form Controls and Tolerances „ Revisions – Problems and

„ Orientation Controls and

Questions
Tolerances
„ Location Tolerances [Position
Tolerances (Part 1)]
„ Worked Exercises and Requirements, Interpretations
Deliberations Case Examples and Applications
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Lesson Cycle

Basics and Illustrations and

Definitions Worked Examples

Exercises and
Practical Workouts
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Course Objectives

„ To learn the basic principles and building

blocks of GD&T
„ To appreciate the merits of GD&T and how it
complements conventional tolerancing
methods
„ To be able to read, specify and interpret
GD&T language
„ To apply GD&T for technical and economic
competitive advantages
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Session 1B : GD&T Language

„ Learning Outcome: Characteristics and

Symbols
z Understand basic dimensioning and
tolerancing
z The GD&T Language and Standard
z Understand the basic key terms and how
they affect the interpretation of a drawing
z Understand the modifiers and symbols used
in geometric tolerancing
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Understand what an engineering

drawing is ?

Š It is a document that communicates a precise

part description with the following information
9 Geometry (shape, size, and form of the part)
9 Critical functional relationships
9 Tolerances allowed for proper function
9 Material, heat transfer, surface coatings
9 Part documentation information (part number,
revision level)
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Dimensioning and Tolerancing #1

Š Critical to the communication of precise

information in engineering drawing concerns the
dimensioning and tolerancing of geometric parts.
Š A dimension is a numerical value expressed in
appropriate units of measurements and used to
define the size, location, orientation, form or other
geometric characteristics of a part.
Š A location dimension is one which locates the
edge, centreline, or centreplane of a feature relative
to another feature, centreline, or centreplane.
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Dimensioning and Tolerancing #2

Š A tolerance is the total amount that the

features of a part is allowed to vary from the
specified dimension.
Š Tolerance is required to provide for cutting
tool wear, variances in machine setup, die
wear, tolerances within the machine tool and
multiple operations on a part.
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Dimensioning and Tolerancing #3

Tolerance

Dimension

Title Block
Tolerances
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Types of Dimensional Tolerances #1

¾ 1. Limit tolerance
¾ 2. Plus-minus tolerance

A dimension is considered to be one followed by zeros after

the last specified digit. All dimensional limits are absolute.
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Types of Dimensional Tolerances #2

¾ 3. Bilateral tolerance
¾ 4. Unilateral tolerance
¾ 5. Unequal bilateral tolerance
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Understand what it is ?

Š GD&T is an international language that is

used on engineering drawings to
accurately describe a part.
Š GD&T language consists of a well-
defined set of symbols, rules, definitions
and conventions.
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GD&T Drawing Example

Title Block
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Understand what it is ?

Š GD&T encourages a dimensioning

philosophy called “functional dimensioning.”
Š Functional dimensioning seeks to define a
part based on how it functions in the final
product taking also other factors into
consideration.
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ASME Y14.5M – 1994

Š ASME – American Society of

Mechanical Engineers
Š Y14.5 – Standard Number
Š M – Metric
Š 1994 – Year of Approval
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GD&T Language

¾Consists of a well-defined set of symbols,

concepts, rules, definitions and
conventions.
¾A precise mathematical language for
describing the size, form, orientation, and
location of part features.
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GD&T Language (Symbols)

Š Symbols
„ True Position: The theoretical exact
location of a feature established by
basic dimensions
„ Tolerance Zone Shape: relates to the
profile of the tolerance zone
„ Modifiers: Communicate additional
information about the drawing or
tolerancing about the part.
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GD&T Symbols on True

Position
Š GT True Position symbols contain a set of FOURTEEN (14)
symbols
Š Symbols are divided into FIVE (5) categories namely;
„ Form: The desired finished shape for a given feature
„ Profile: The outline of a part feature in a given plane
„ Orientation: The relationship of one feature as it relates
to another specified as a datum
„ Location: Feature established in a place
„ Runout: The composite variation from a desired surface
during a complete rotation of the part around the axis.
Š Will discuss in greater detail in later sessions
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GT Form and Profile Symbols

Characteristics Symbol
Form: The desired finished
shape for a given feature

Straightness
Cylindricity
Circularity (Roundness)
Flatness
of a part feature
in a given plane
Profile: Outline

Profile of a Surface
Profile of a Line
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GT Orientation Symbols

Characteristics Symbol
Angularity
Perpendicularity
Parallelism

Orientation is the relationship of one feature as

it relates to another specified as the datum
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GT Location and Runout

Symbols
Location: Feature established in a place
Characteristics Symbol
Position
Concentricity (Insert Symmetry)
Symmetry
Circular Runout
Total Runout
Runout: The composite variation from a desired surface during a
complete rotation of the part around the axis.
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GD&T Language (Symbols)

Š Symbols
„ True Position: The theoretical exact
location of a feature established by
basic dimensions
„ Tolerance Zone Shape: relates to the
profile of the tolerance zone
„ Modifiers: Communicate additional
information about the drawing or
tolerancing about the part.
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GD&T Symbols on Tolerance

Zone Shape
Characteristics Symbol
Diametrical Ø
Parallel or Uniform Boundary
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Tolerance Zone Shape Definition

Š Diametrical TZS is the shape of the tolerance zone

in the form of a cylinder.
Š Parallel TZS relates to the shape of the tolerance
zone which either be of a set of parallel planes,
parallel lines. It does not have a tolerance zone
shape symbol.
Š Uniform Boundary TZS relates to a uniform
boundary of a profile. It does not have a tolerance
zone shape symbol.
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Tolerance Zone Shape Definitions

Diametrical

Parallel & Uniform

Boundary
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GD&T Language (Symbols)

Š Symbols
„ True Position: The theoretical exact location of a
feature established by basic dimensions
„ Tolerance Zone Shape: relates to the profile of
the tolerance zone
„ Modifiers: Communicate additional information
about the drawing or tolerancing about the part.
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GD&T Symbols on Material

Condition Modifiers (discussed later)

Characteristics Symbol
Maximum Material Condition MMC M

Least Material Condition LMC L

Regardless of Feature Size, RFS S

Past practice symbol – 1982 (ANSI)

Radius / Controlled Radius R / CR

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GD&T Symbols on Modifiers

Characteristics Symbol
Arc Length 2.100

Basic, or Exact, Dimension 2.125

Diameter Ø
Quantity
Radius R
Spherical Radius / Diameter SR / SØ

Reference
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Modifier Definitions (#1)

Š Arc length is used to

describe the length of a
curved surface.
Š Basic dimension is the
theoretical exact value
specified on the
drawing to describe the
size, shape, or location
of a feature.
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Modifier Definitions (#2)

Š Quantity, X is the
number of times of
a repeat feature
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Modifier Definitions (#3)

Š Spherical diameter
specifies the diameter
of the round globular
body, ball having equal
distance from a given
centre point.
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Modifier Definitions (#4)

Spherical radius
specifies the radius
of the round globular
body, ball having
equal distance from
a given centre point.
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Modifier Definitions (#5)

Š Reference dimensions are

specified for a relationship
between features in a flat
pattern application. It can
be used as the sum of
several dimensions, the
size or thickness of
material, specify travel of
moving parts.
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GD&T: Feature Control Frame

Š A rectangular box that is divided into compartments

within which the geometric characteristics symbols,
tolerance zone values, modifiers and datum
references are placed.
Second box contains
First box always tolerance information
contains one of the with modifiers if any
14 GT true position
symbols
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3th, 4th and 5th boxes

contain datum information
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GD&T: Feature Control Frame

Examples

2-box control frame

3-box control frame

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GD&T: Feature Control Frame

Tertiary Datum

Secondary Datum
Primary Datum
Tolerance Zone Modifier
Tolerance
Tolerance Zone Shape (Dia)

True Position Symbol

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Exercise 1
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Session 2: Basic Concepts #1

Š Features and Features of Size

Š Material Conditions and its Modifiers
Š Radius and Controlled Radius
Š GD&T Standard Rules
Š Boundary Conditions and Virtual Condition
Š Bonus Tolerance
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Session 2: Basic Concepts #2

Š Understand the standard rules of GD&T

Š Understand the concepts of basic
dimensions, inner and outer boundary, worst-
case boundary, virtual condition and bonus
tolerance
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Feature and Feature of Size (#1)

Š A feature is any surface on a part. It can be a

surface, hole or slot.

State the
number of
features in
this figure
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Feature and Feature of Size (#1)

Š A feature of size is a set of opposing elements (such

as a cylindrical surface or parallel surfaces). It can
be used to establish an axis, median plane or
centre point. It is associated with a size dimension.
(In short, it is a feature dimensioned with a
tolerance ??)
State the
number of
feature of
size
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Feature and Feature of Size (#1)

Š A feature of size is a set of opposing elements (such

as a cylindrical surface or parallel surfaces). It can
be used to establish an axis, median plane or
centre point. It is associated with a size dimension.
(In short, it is a feature NOT dimensioned with a
tolerance.)
State the
number of
feature of
size: 4
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Internal and External Sizes

Feature and Feature of Size (#1)

Š Internal and External Sizes

„ External F/FOS relates to the part surfaces (or
elements) that are external surfaces or the overall
width or height of a planar part.
„ Internal F/FOS comprises of part surfaces (or
elements) that are internal part surfaces such as a
hole diameter or slot width.
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Internal and External Sizes

Feature and Feature of Size (#2)

External FOS

Internal FOS
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Actual Local Size and Actual

Mating Envelop – External (#1)
Š Actual Local Size and Actual Mating
Envelop
„ Actual local size is the value of any individual
distance at any cross section of a FOS.
„ Actual mating envelop of an external FOS is a
similar perfect feature counterpart of the smallest
size that can be circumscribed about the features
so it just contacts the surfaces at the highest
points.
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Actual Local Size and Actual

Mating Envelop -External (#2)
Part Drawing

Possible Configurations
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Actual Local Size and Actual

Mating Envelop – Internal (#3)

Š Actual mating envelop of an internal FOS is

a similar perfect feature counterpart of the
largest size that can be circumscribed about
the features so it just contacts the surfaces at
the highest points.
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Actual Local Size and Actual

Mating Envelop – Internal (#4)
Part Drawing

Possible Configurations
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Material Conditions: MMC,

LMC and RFS
Š Maximum material condition (MMC) is
the condition in which a feature of size
contains the maximum amount of material
everywhere within the stated limits of size
Š Least Material Condition (LMC)
Š Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)
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Material Conditions:
MMC, LMC and RFS

Internal External
MMC = 0.526-0.008 MMC = 0.5 + 0.012
= 0.518 (tol. 0.026) = 0.512 (tol. 0.01)
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Material Conditions:
MMC, LMC and RFS

Š Least Material Condition (LMC) is the

condition in which a FOS contains the least
amount of material everywhere within the
stated limits of size
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Material Conditions:
MMC, LMC and RFS

External
Internal LMC = 0.5 - 0.008
LMC = 0.526 + 0.012 = 0.492 (tol. 0.01)
= 0.538 (tol. 0.026)
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Material Conditions:
MMC, LMC and RFS

Š Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) indicates

a geometric tolerance that applies at any
increment of size of the feature within its size
tolerance. RFS is the default condition and
sometimes not represented by its symbol.
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Material Conditions:
MMC, LMC and RFS

S or “ “
Internal
RFS = 0.518 to 0.538 (tol. 0.026)
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Radius and
Controlled Radius (#1)

Š A radius is a straight line extending from the

centre of an arc or a circle to its surface
Š A controlled radius is a radius with no flat or
reversals allowed. Part must be within the
crescent-shaped tolerance zone and be an arc
without flats or reversals.
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Radius and
Controlled Radius (#1)

X
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Radius and
Controlled Radius (#1)
Controlled radius, CR,
does not allow for flats
and reversals

CR
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GD&T Symbols on Material

Condition Modifiers

Characteristics Symbol
Maximum Material Condition MMC M

Least Material Condition LMC L

Regardless of Feature Size, RFS S

Past practice symbol – 1982

Radius / Controlled Radius R / CR

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Exercise 2
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GD&T Standard Rules (#1)

9 Rules are accepted principles or order which

guides behaviour
9 THREE (3) standard rules
9 Provide control in some general situations
9 Provide common foundation to apply and
interpret GD&T.
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GD&T Standard Rules (#2)

Rule#1: Individual Feature of Size (Limit of

Size or Dimensional Rule)
Rule#2: Tolerance of Position Rule
Rule#3: Other than Tolerance of Position
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Rule #1: Individual Feature

of Size (1) - (Limits of Size)
Š Rule#1: When only a tolerance size is
specified, that tolerance controls both size
and form
Š Implications:
z Perfectform of MMC or the envelop rule
z Limits of size define the size as well as the
form of an individual FOS (feature of size.)
z FOS surfaces should not extend beyond a
boundary (envelope) of perfect form at MMC
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Rule #1: Taylor Principle

Š States that the external part of a mating pair,

such as a shaft, must be capable of entering a
ring gauge of perfect form, having a diameter
equal to the maximum material size specified
for the part, and a length equal to the length
of engagement. The diameter of the shaft
must not be less than the minimum limit of
size at any point of measurement.
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Rule #1: Individual Feature of

Size (2)
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Rule #1: Individual Feature of

Size (3)
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Rule #1: Override, Limitation,

Exceptions and Inspection

9 Override:
9 A “straightness” control applied to a median line or median
plane of a FOS – no axis deviation (discussed in later session)
9 A special note such as “PERFECT FORM AT MMC NOT
REQUIRED” is applied to a FOS
9 Limitation
9 Exceptions
9 Inspection
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Rule #1: Override, Limitation,

Exceptions and Inspection

9 Override:
9 Limitation
9 Does not control the location, orientation or relationship
between FOS
9 Exceptions
9 Inspection
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Rule #1: Override, Limitation,

Exceptions and Inspection
E,F and G not
affected by Rule
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Rule #1: Override, Limitation,

Exceptions and Inspection

9 Override:
9 Limitation
9 Exceptions
9 A FOS on a non-rigid part (flexible part or free state variation
in unrestrained condition.)
9 Stock sizes as they are standards governed by as-furnished
condition on the finished part
9 Inspections
9 Use of a Go-Go-gauge that is intended to fit into an internal
FOS or fit over an external FOS
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Rule #1: Override, Limitation,

Exceptions and Inspection
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Rule #2: Tolerance of Position

(New Rules 2 and 3: Default to RFS)

¾Rule#2: When the position or datums of size

are specified, modifiers must also be
specified.

S, L OR M MUST BE
SPECIFIED
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Rule #3: Other than

Tolerance of Position Rule
¾Rule#3: When form/orientation is
specified, the modifier “regardless of
size” is implied.
RFS implied

RFS implied

MMC Specified
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FOS Boundary and Virtual

Conditions
Š Boundary Conditions
„ Inner Boundary (IB): A Worst-case boundary
generated by the smallest FOS minus the stated
geometric tolerance and additional ones where
applicable.
„ Outer Boundary (OB): Worst-case boundary generated
by the largest FOS plus the stated geometric tolerance
and additional ones where applicable
„ Worst-case boundary (WCB): refer to the extreme
boundary of a FOS that is worst-case for assembly
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FOS IB, OB Boundary

Conditions

Represents the farthest the surface of the Represents the closest the surface of the
feature may ever get from the basic feature may ever get to the basic location
location relative to the referenced datums relative to the referenced datums
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WCB Boundary Conditions

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Boundary Conditions and Virtual

Condition

Š Virtual Condition is the condition of a

feature where the collective effect of size and
form establish the feature size required for
determining fit between parts
Š Mathematically, it is the worst case boundary
generated by the collective effect of FOS at
MMC or LMC and the geometric tolerance
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Virtual Conditions at MMC and

LMC

Š MMC Virtual Condition:

„ VC = MMC + Geometric Tolerance (External FOS)
„ VC = MMC - Geometric Tolerance (Internal FOS)

Š LMC Virtual Condition

„ VC = LMC - Geometric Tolerance (External FOS)
„ VC = LMC + Geometric Tolerance (Internal FOS)
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Virtual Conditions at MMC

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WCB Boundary Conditions

(Difference between Feature and FOS)
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Virtual Condition at RFS

Š RFS Inner and Outer Boundary

„ Geometric Tolerance contains no modifiers
z OB = MMC + Geometric Tol. (ext FOS)
z IB = MMC - Geometric Tol. (int FOS)
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Virtual Condition at RFS

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FOS Summary
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Multiple Virtual Conditions

Š Common to have multiple geometric controls

applied to a FOS.
Š Resulting in several virtual conditions
Š Controls produces boundary condition
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Multiple Virtual Conditions