Water tap controlling system

Introduction :
Our self Subhamoy Mallick, we are trainee of ILLAMBAZAR GOVT. ITI. We have
pleasure in introducing our new project “AUTOMATIC WATER TAP CONTROLLING
SYSTEM”, which is fully equipped by IR sensors circuit and water tap controlling
system. It is a genuine project which is fully equipped and designed for domestic.
This is an era of automation where it is broadly defined as
replacement of manual effort by mechanical power in all degrees of automation.
The operation remains an essential part of the system although with changing
demands on physical input as the degree of echanization is increased.
Degrees of automation are of two types.
1.Full automation.
2.Semi automation.

To make this project all material Requirements are:

81. 12V relay
2. 4.7k variable resistance
3. 47 ohm resistance
4. 680 ohm resistance
5. 4007 diode
6. 158 Transistor
7. Led mode photo diode
8. PCB Board
9. 220V AC to 12V DC Adapter
10. Inlet valve
11. Small water pipe
12. Wire

To this project all tools needed are:

1. 10cm electrical knife
2. 125w soldering iron
3. Soldering wire
4. Wire striper

Speciation of material:
1. 12V relay :
Relay are most commonly used switching device in electronics. There are
two important parameters of relay, first is the Trigger Voltage, this is the voltage
required to turn on the relay that is to change the contact from Common → NC to
Common → NO. The other parameter is your Load Voltage & Current, this is the
amount of voltage or current that the NC, NO or Common terminal of the relay
could withstand, in our case for DC it is maximum of 30V and 10A. Make sure the
load you are using falls into this range.

Resistance :
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used
to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power
resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used
as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for
generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with
temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust
circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing
devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
 Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete
components can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are
also implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common
commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of
magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing
tolerance, indicated on the component.

Diode:
A diode is defined as a semiconductor device with two terminals that
conducts current in one direction only (if operated within a specified voltage
level)

A diode only blocks current in the reverse direction while the reverse voltage is
within a limited range otherwise reverse barrier breaks and the voltage at which
this breakdown occurs is called reverse breakdown voltage. The diode acts as a
valve in the electronic and electrical circuit.

A PN junction is the simplest form of the semiconductor diode which in ideal

conditions behaves as a short circuit when it is forward biased and in open circuit
when it is in the reverse biased. The name diode is derived from “di–ode” which
means a device that has two electrodes.

Transistor:
The critical and important component of an electronic device
was a vacuum tube; it is an electron tube used to control electric current. The
vacuum tubes worked but they are bulky, require higher operating voltages,
high power consumption, yield lower efficiency and cathode electron-
emitting materials are used up in operation. So, that ended up as heat
which shortened the life of the tube itself. To overcome these problems,
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley were invented a
transistor at Bell Labs in the year of 1947. This new device was a much
more elegant solution to overcome many of the fundamental limitations of
vacuum tubes.
Transistor is a semiconductor device that can both conduct and insulate. A
transistor can act as a switch and an amplifier. It converts audio waves into
electronic waves and resistor, controlling electronic current. Transistors have
very long life, smaller in size, can operate on lower voltage supplies for
greater safety and required no filament current. The first transistor was
fabricated with germanium. A transistor performs the same function as a
vacuum tube triode, but using semiconductor junctions instead of heated
electrodes in a vacuum chamber. It is the fundamental building block of
modern electronic devices and found everywhere in modern electronic
systems.

220V AC to 12V DC adapter:

AC-DC Adapter converter are electrical

circuits that transform alternating current (AC) Input into direct current (DC)
output. They are used in power electronic applications where the power input
a 50Hz or 60Hz sine wave AC voltage that requires power conversion for a
DC output. It’s input voltage is 220V A.C and output voltage is 12V D.C.

Led mode photo diode :

A photodiode is a semiconductor device that

converts light into an electrical current. The current is generated when photons are
absorbed in the photodiode. Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and
may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a slower response time
as their surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate
electric solar power is a large area photodiode.

Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either
exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical
fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes
designed for use specially as a photodiode use a PIN junction rather than a p–n junction,
to increase the speed of response. A photodiode is designed to operate in reverse bias.