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This work is the compilation of all the research works carried out by the students of the 5th
semester of petroleum engineering according to the following chronological order:
• Introduction to the well planning. (student 1 and 15)
• Drilling equipment and location. (student 2 and 16)
• Function of the rig components. (student 3 and 17)
• Geology. (student 4)
• Onshore and offshore rigs. (student 5)
• Power system. (student 6)
• Circulating system. (student 7 and 18)
• Hoisting system. (student 8)
• Rotating system. (student 9)
• Well control. (student 11 and 19)
• Pressure. (student 12)
• Planning and organization in rig down. (student 13)
• Rig abandonment. (student 14 and 20)
• Drilling fluid. (student 10)
Marco Andres Alvarez Bustillos
Its existence and use are known from ancient times; however, its history is relatively recent.
Oil has been known since prehistory. The Bible mentions it as bitumen, or asphalt. For
example, we see that, in Genesis, chapter 11 verse 3, it is said that the asphalt was used to
glue the bricks of the tower of Babel. In Peru at the time of the Incas it was called Copé and
they were used as waterproofing for boats.
In 1850 Samuel Kier, (USA), traded oil for the first time under the name of "rock oil" or "oil".
The first Petroleum Refinery was built in the United States with a capacity of 1 barrel.
Scottish chemist J. Young understands the importance of refining and using it as a fuel for
lighting. The process was patented under the name of "kerosene" in 1853.
Marco Andres Alvarez Bustillos
William Drake (called colonel) drilled the first oil well for commercial purposes in 1859 in
Titusville, Pennsylvania (USA).
In 1882 Rockefeller created the Standard Oil Trust, which was the first trust in the world,
declared an illegal monopoly and forced to dissolve by the Ohio Superior Court of Justice in
1892 but which, in fact, did not dissolve until 1899. That year, Rockefeller established the
Standard Oil Company in New Jersey, being its president until his retirement in 1911.
In 1911 the Standard Oil Trust was divided by the US government into vertically integrated
companies: Standard Oil New Jersey (Exxon), Standard Oil New York (Sonoco- Mobil),
Standard Oil California (Chevron), Amoco, Standard Oil Ohio (Sohio ) and 29 other
companies. These are called the Seven Sisters, today they are called Majors
These three companies with Texaco and Gulf of USA, the Anglo-Dutch company Royal
Dutch Shell and the company Anglo Iranian Oil Co. (British Petroleum then BP) were called
the "Seven Sisters."
Marco Andres Alvarez Bustillos
En 1850 Samuel Kier, (EE.UU.), comercializó petróleo por vez primera bajo el nombre de
"aceite de roca" o "petróleo". Se construyó la primera Refinería de Petróleo en Estados
Unidos con una capacidad de 1 barril.
El químico escocés J. Young comprende la importancia de refinarlo y utilizarlo como
combustible para la iluminación. Se patentó el proceso bajo el nombre de "kerosene" en
1853.
Marco Andres Alvarez Bustillos
William Drake (llamado coronel) perforó el primer pozo de petróleo con fines comerciales
en 1859 en Titusville, Pennsylvania (EE.UU.)
En 1882 Rockefeller creó la Standard Oil Trust, que fue el primer trust del mundo,
declarado monopolio ilegal y obligado a disolverse por el Tribunal Superior de Justicia de
Ohio en 1892 pero que, de hecho, no se disolvió hasta 1899. Ese año, Rockefeller
estableció la Standard Oil Company en Nueva Jersey, siendo su presidente hasta su
jubilación en 1911.
En 1911 la Standard Oil Trust fue dividida por el gobierno de EUA en compañias integradas
verticalmente: Standard Oil New Jersey (Exxon), Standard Oil New York (Sonoco- Mobil),
Standard Oil California (Chevron), Amoco, Standard Oil Ohio (Sohio) y otras 29
compañías. A estas s eles denominó las Siete Hermanas, hoy se las llaman Majors
Estas tres compañías con Texaco y Gulf de EUA, la compañía angloholandesa Royal
Dutch Shell y la compañía Anglo Iranian Oil Co. (British Petroleum luego BP) fueron
llamadas las “Seven Sisters.”
Marco Andres Alvarez Bustillos
GLOSSARY
OIL INDUSTRY. – Industria petrolera.
ROCK OIL. – Aceite de roca.
KEROSENE. – Keroseno.
OIL WELL. – Pozo de petróleo.
WELL PLANING. – Planeamiento de un pozo.
SAFE DRILLING. – perforación segura.
MINIMUM COST. – Costo mínimo.
Erick Ronald Quiroz Cáceres
WELL PLANNING
OBJETIVE
The objective of well planning is to formulate from many variables a program for drilling a well
that has the following characteristics: safe, minimum cost, and usable. Unfortunately, it is not
always possible to accomplish these objectives on each well because of constraints based
on geology, drilling equipment, temperature, casing limitations, hole sizing, or budget.
Safety, Safety should be the highest priority in well planning. Personnel consideration must
be placed above all other aspects of the plan. In some cases, the plan must be altered during
the course of drilling the well when unforeseen drilling problems endanger the crew. Failure
to stress crew safety has resulted in loss of life and burned or permanently crippled
individuals.
The second priority involves the safety of the well. The well plan must be designed to minimize
the risk of blowouts and other factors that could create problems. This designed requirement
must be adhered to rigorously in all aspects of the plan.
Erick Ronald Quiroz Cáceres
Minimum cost. A valid objective of the well-planning process is to minimize the cost of the
well without jeopardizing the safety aspects. In most cases, costs can be reduced to a certain
level as additional effort is given to the planning. It is not noble to build “steel monuments” in
the name of safety if the additional expense is not required. On the other hand. Funds should
be spent as necessary to develop a safe system.
Usable Holes. Drilling a hole to the target depth is unsatisfactory if the final well configuration
is not usable. In this case, the term “usable” omplies the following:
This requirement of the well planning process can be difficult to achieve in abnormal-
pressure, deep zones that can cause hole-geometry or mud problems.
Erick Ronald Quiroz Cáceres
OBJETIVO
La segunda prioridad tiene que ver con la seguridad del pozo. El plan de pozo debe estar
diseñado para minimizar el riesgo de reventones y otros factores que podrían crear
problemas. Este requisito diseñado debe cumplirse rigurosamente en todos los aspectos del
plan.
Erick Ronald Quiroz Cáceres
Costo mínimo. Un objetivo válido del proceso de planificación del pozo es minimizar el costo
del pozo sin poner en peligro los aspectos de seguridad. En la mayoría de los casos, los
costos pueden reducirse a un cierto nivel a medida que se da un esfuerzo adicional a la
planificación. No es noble construir “monumentos de acero” en nombre de la seguridad si no
se requiere el gasto adicional. Por otra parte. Los fondos deben gastarse según sea
necesario para desarrollar un sistema seguro.
• El diámetro del orificio es suficientemente grande para que se pueda realizar una
terminación adecuada.
• El agujero o formación que produce no está dañado irreparablemente.
Este requerimiento del proceso de planificación de pozos puede ser difícil de lograr en el
pesaje anormal, zonas profundas que pueden causar problemas de geometría o de lodo en
los orificios.
Erick Ronald Quiroz Cáceres
GLOSSARY
WELL PLANNING. – Planeamiento del pozo.
DRILLING EQUIPMENT. – Equipo de perforación.
SAFETY. – Sefuridad.
MINIMUM COST. – Costo mínimo.
USABLE HOLES. – Agujeros utilizables.
Barbara Carmen Cayoja Torrico
DRILLING EQUIPMENT
Drilling and exploration have never been more challenging. Drilling equipment must
operate in harsher and more remote environments than ever before, and Grayford
Industrial are on hand to assist with equipment purchases suitable for your
environment.
Grayford Industrial provide various types of Drilling Equipment, including drawworks,
travelling blocks, generators, coiled tubing units, completion tools, oil tools, wireline
handling systems, oilfield clutches and many others. We offer mechanical
components for land and offshore drilling rigs, complete land drilling and well
servicing rigs, tubular inspection and internal tubular coatings, drill string equipment,
extensive lifting and handling equipment, and a wide range of downhole drilling
motors, bits and tools.
Halliburton, Dresser Rand, GE, MI Swaco, Schlumberger, FMC, Baker Hughes and
many more.
Drawworks
Drawworks are normally skid-mounted and designed for continuous drilling service.
Providing the power to the rig, they are a vital element of the drilling system.
Travelling Blocks
Travelling Blocks come in a broad range of sizes and models to meet any rating or
specific application. Designs for direct-couple to top drives and motion compensating
drawworks have been developed in order to enhance performance and operability.
Barbara Carmen Cayoja Torrico
Coiled Tubing
Coiled tubing is normally 1" to 3.25" in diameter, used for interventions in oil and gas
wells, and sometimes as production tubing in depleted gas wells, where it is usually
spooled on a large reel. Coiled tubing is often used to carry out operations similar to
wirelining, but the main benefits over wireline are the ability to pump chemicals
through the coil, and the ability to push it into the hole rather than relying on gravity.
Drilling Instrumentation
Varied instrumentation is used as an ongoing part of the drilling process, monitoring
different aspects of the well and its status.
Barbara Carmen Cayoja Torrico
Drilling Generators
Many drilling rigs are in difficult and hard-to-reach locations, and generators are often
required for power production, either using natural gas supply or liquid fuel.
Wireline Equipment
As with coiled tubing, we can offer a wide range of wireline equipment for use in
wells reliant on gravity. Our USA office works closely with us on our clients
requirements for wireline equipment.
Barbara Carmen Cayoja Torrico
Completion Tools
A wide range for completion tools are available from a variety of manufactures, with
everything you need to get your well ready for production. The completion tools are
vital for the production start of your well, and we supplies only the best quality
products at competitive pricing levels.
Oil Tools
Grayford Industrial supplies a wide range of general oil tools from leading
manufactures in their field, such as Baker Hughes, Elmar, Halliburton, Weatherford,
Cameron and many more.
Barbara Carmen Cayoja Torrico
Power Swivel
Power Swivels are mostly hydraulic motor-driven pipe-rotating machines. They are
simple, compact units supplied with a power supplier of the correct size and
horsepower output to match the swivel, and with either air or electric remote control
assemblies. Many Swivel assemblies are skid or trailer-mounted to form a rugged
portable unit.
DRILLING LOCATION
There a lot of drilling companies operating throughout the United States. While some
of these oilfield operations offer their services worldwide, we’ve compiled a more
inclusive list of U.S. drilling rig locations. The breakdown includes oil rig locations,
oilfield tools utilized, operations headquarters, and company structure.
Barbara Carmen Cayoja Torrico
Cactus Drilling
Cactus is the largest privately-held domestic land drilling contractor in the United
States. With headquarters in Oklahoma City, the company has operations in
Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, and New Mexico.
Precision Drilling
Precision Drilling is Canada’s largest oil and gas driller, with over 240 drilling rigs
and servicing locations worldwide. The company’s headquarters are located in
Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Precision Drilling is listed on the New York Stock
Exchange under the trading symbol “PDS,” and on the Toronto Stock Exchange
under the trading symbol “PD.”
Cyclone Drilling
Cyclone Drilling is a drilling contractor based in the Rocky Mountains. Cyclone
operates top drive and rotary table rigs throughout Montana, North Dakota,
Wyoming, and Colorado. Company headquarters are located in Gillette, Wyoming.
Patterson UTI
Patterson UTI operates land based drilling rigs throughout oil and natural gas
producing regions of the continental United States and Western Canada. Founded
in 1978, Patterson is headquartered in Houston, Texas. The company is composed
of three segments: Contract Drilling, Pressure Pumping, and Oil and Natural Gas.
Request a Quote
Barbara Carmen Cayoja Torrico
Energy Drilling
Energy Drilling Company is a privately owned land drilling contractor with
headquarters in Natchez, Mississippi. Energy Drilling’s fleet is made up of nine
drilling rigs operating in Louisiana, East Texas, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Alabama.
Nomac Drilling
Nomac provides drilling services for oil and natural gas operators in Kansas,
Louisiana, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, West Virginia and
Wyoming. Nomac Drilling was founded in 2001 and is based in El Reno, Oklahoma.
Nomac Drilling, L.L.C. is a subsidiary of Chesapeake Oilfield Operating, L.L.C.
Ensign Energy
Established in 1987, Ensign is a land based drilling and well servicing contractor
whose services include drilling, directional drilling, well servicing, well testing, and
pressure drilling. Ensign serves crude oil, natural gas, and geothermal energy
operators. Ensign operates rigs worldwide, with locations in the United States,
Canada, Australia, Libya, Oman, Argentina, and Venezuela.
True Drilling
True Drilling uses rotary rigs to drill for oil and natural gas from depths of 4,000 to
25,000 feet. True Drilling operates primarily in the Rocky Mountain area, with some
service in North Dakota. The company’s main office is located in Casper, Wyoming.
Barbara Carmen Cayoja Torrico
TRADUCION EN ESPAÑOL
EQUIPOS DE PERFORACION
La perforación y exploración nunca han sido más desafiantes. El equipo de
perforación debe operar en entornos más duros y más remotos que nunca, y
Grayford Industrial está a su disposición para ayudarlo con las compras de equipos
adecuadas para su entorno.
Grayford Industrial ofrece varios tipos de equipos de perforación, incluidos los
estiramientos, bloques de desplazamiento, generadores, unidades de tubería
flexible, herramientas de terminación, herramientas de aceite, sistemas de manejo
de cables, embragues de campos petroleros y muchos otros. Ofrecemos
componentes mecánicos para equipos de perforación en tierra y en alta mar,
equipos completos de perforación y mantenimiento de pozos, inspección tubular y
revestimientos tubulares internos, equipos de sarta de perforación, equipos de
elevación y manejo extensivos, y una amplia gama de motores, brocas y
herramientas para perforación de fondo de pozo.
Drawworks
Los trabajos de tracción normalmente se montan sobre patines y están diseñados
para un servicio de perforación continua. Proporcionar la potencia a la plataforma,
son un elemento vital del sistema de perforación.
Bloques viajeros
Los Travelling Blocks vienen en una amplia gama de tamaños y modelos para
cumplir con cualquier calificación o aplicación específica. Se han desarrollado
diseños para unidades de acoplamiento directo a tope y movimientos de
compensación de movimiento para mejorar el rendimiento y la operabilidad.
Tubería flexible
Barbara Carmen Cayoja Torrico
Instrumentación de perforación
La instrumentación variada se utiliza como parte continua del proceso de
perforación, y se monitorean diferentes aspectos del pozo y su estado.
Generadores de perforación
Muchos equipos de perforación se encuentran en lugares difíciles y de difícil acceso,
y los generadores a menudo se requieren para la producción de energía, ya sea
utilizando suministro de gas natural o combustible líquido.
Equipo de cable
Al igual que con los tubos enrollados, podemos ofrecer una amplia gama de equipos
de cableado para uso en pozos que dependen de la gravedad. Nuestra oficina de
EE. UU. Trabaja estrechamente con nosotros en los requisitos de nuestros clientes
para equipos de línea fija.
Herramientas de finalización
Una amplia gama de herramientas de terminación están disponibles en una
variedad de fabricantes, con todo lo que necesita para preparar su pozo para la
producción. Las herramientas de terminación son vitales para el inicio de la
producción de su pozo, y solo suministramos productos de la mejor calidad a precios
competitivos.
Herramientas de aceite
Barbara Carmen Cayoja Torrico
Power Swivel
Los giratorios eléctricos son en su mayoría máquinas hidráulicas de rotación de
tuberías impulsadas por motor. Son unidades simples y compactas que se
suministran con un proveedor de energía del tamaño y potencia de potencia
correctos para adaptarse al giro, y con ensamblajes de control remoto aéreos o
eléctricos. Muchos conjuntos giratorios están montados sobre patines o remolques
para formar una unidad portátil resistente.
UBICACIÓN DE PERFORACIÓN
Hay muchas empresas de perforación que operan en los Estados Unidos. Si bien
algunas de estas operaciones en campos petroleros ofrecen sus servicios en todo
el mundo, hemos compilado una lista más amplia de ubicaciones de equipos de
perforación de EE. UU. El desglose incluye las ubicaciones de las plataformas
petroleras, las herramientas de campos petroleros utilizadas, la sede de
operaciones y la estructura de la empresa.
Barbara Carmen Cayoja Torrico
Taladrado de cactus
Cactus es el mayor contratista privado de perforación terrestre en los Estados
Unidos. Con sede en la ciudad de Oklahoma, la compañía tiene operaciones en
Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana y Nuevo México.
Perforación de precisión
Precision Drilling es el perforador de petróleo y gas más grande de Canadá, con
más de 240 plataformas de perforación y ubicaciones de servicio en todo el mundo.
La sede de la empresa se encuentra en Calgary, Alberta, Canadá. Precision Drilling
cotiza en la Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York bajo el símbolo comercial "PDS", y en
la Bolsa de Valores de Toronto bajo el símbolo comercial "PD".
Perforación del ciclón
Cyclone Drilling es un contratista de perforación con sede en las Montañas Rocosas.
Cyclone opera plataformas de disco superior y de mesa giratoria en Montana,
Dakota del Norte, Wyoming y Colorado. La sede de la empresa se encuentra en
Gillette, Wyoming.
Patterson UTI
Patterson UTI opera plataformas de perforación terrestres en todas las regiones
productoras de petróleo y gas natural de los Estados Unidos continentales y el oeste
de Canadá. Fundada en 1978, Patterson tiene su sede en Houston, Texas. La
compañía está compuesta por tres segmentos: Contrato de perforación, Bombeo a
presión y Petróleo y gas natural.
Perforacion de energia
Energy Drilling Company es un contratista privado de perforación de terrenos con
sede en Natchez, Mississippi. La flota de Energy Drilling está formada por nueve
plataformas de perforación que operan en Louisiana, East Texas, Mississippi,
Arkansas y Alabama.
Perforacion Nomac
Nomac proporciona servicios de perforación para operadores de petróleo y gas
natural en Kansas, Louisiana, Nuevo México, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania,
Texas, West Virginia y Wyoming. Nomac Drilling fue fundada en 2001 y tiene su
sede en El Reno, Oklahoma. Perforación Nomac, L.L.C. es una subsidiaria de
Chesapeake Oilfield Operating, L.L.C.
Ensign Energy
Barbara Carmen Cayoja Torrico
Reserve pits
Cellars
Rat-hole
Mousehole
Conductor hole
The rathole crew may also drill the first part, or top, of
the main borehole. The operator can save time and
money by having the rathole rig actually start, or
spud, the main hole before moving in the regular rig.
The rathole crew backs the rathole rig to the cellar. A
special bit starts the main hole in the middle of the
cellar. This hole is shallow in depth but large in
diameter. It may be only tens of feet, depending on
the surface conditions. The rathole crew lines the
conductor hole in the cellar with conductor pipe.
Conductor pipe, or casing, keeps the hole from
caving in. It also conducts drilling mud back to the surface when regular drilling begins. The
crew often secures the conductor pipe in the hole with cement or concrete, the drilling
contractor can move in the rotary rig to drill the rest of the hole.
Other considerations
Pozos de Reserva
Rat-hole
La plataforma del contratista también puede requerir
un orificio: un orificio poco profundo perforado a un
lado del pozo principal. El operador a veces contrata
a una unidad especial de servicio liviano, montada
en un camión, llamada plataforma de rathole para
perforar el rathole. Cuando se instala la plataforma
regular, el equipo de perforación extiende la tubería
desde la parte perforada del travesaño hasta el piso
de la plataforma. Durante la perforación, el equipo
usa el rifle para almacenar temporalmente una parte especial de la sarta de perforación
llamada Kelly. Una kelly puede ser de hasta 54 pies, larga. Incluso las subestructuras de la
plataforma más alta tienen solo unos 40 pies de altura, y la mayoría son incluso más cortas. El
contratista por lo tanto tiene que perforar parte del rollo; de lo contrario, el rathole se
extendería demasiado alto sobre el piso del aparejo para ser accesible.
Bryan Adolfo Quispe Zambrana
Mousehole
las personas en el parche de aceite a menudo llaman a la cubierta del conductor "tubo de
transmisión". Después de conducir la carcasa, el equipo de la plataforma comienza a perforar
dentro de ella si el suelo es demasiado duro para conducir el tubo conductor. Lo que, es más,
también perforan el rathole y el mousehole, usando equipo especial en la plataforma regular,
ya que la plataforma de tamaño completo ya está en su lugar.
GLOSARY
26. Annulus
27. Brake
28. Casing Head
29. Cathead
30. Catwalk
31. Cellar
32. Conductor Pipe
33. Degasser
34. Desander
35. Desilter
36. Drawworks
37. Drill Bit Equipment used in drilling
38. Drill Collars 48. Ram BOP
39. Driller's Console 49. Rathole
40. Elevators 50. Rotary Hose
41. Hoisting Line 51. Rotary Table
42. Hook 52. Slips
43. Kelly 53. Spinning chain
44. Kelly Bushing 54. Stairways
45. Kelly Spinner 55. Standpipe
46. Mousehole 56. Surface Casing
47. Mud Return Line 57. Substructure
58. Swivel
59. Tongs
60. Walkways
61. Weight Indicator
3. RONALD MARCELO CHOQUE RAMOS C7477-2
17. LENNY MIROSLABA ROJAS ORDOÑEZ C7357-1
1. CROWN BLOCK AND WATER TABLE. - An
assembly of sheaves or pulleys mounted on
beams at the top of the derrick. The drilling line
is run over the sheaves down to the hoisting
drum.
3. DRILLING LINE.-
A wire rope hoisting line, reeved on sheaves of the
crown block and traveling block (in effect a block and
tackle). Its primary purpose is to hoist or lower drill pipe
or casing from or into a well. Also, a wire rope used to
support the drilling tools.
CABLE DE APAREJO O LINEA DE PERFORACION.-
Una línea de elevación de cable metálico, impregnada
de las poleas del bloque de corona y del bloque móvil
(en efecto, un bloque y aparejos). Su propósito principal
es elevar o bajar la tubería o la tubería de perforación
desde o hacia un pozo. Además, un cable de alambre
utilizado para soportar las herramientas de perforación.
3. RONALD MARCELO CHOQUE RAMOS C7477-2
17. LENNY MIROSLABA ROJAS ORDOÑEZ C7357-1
13. ENGINE GENERATOR SETS.- A diesel, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), natural
gas, or gasoline engine, along with a mechanical transmission and generator for
producing power for the drilling rig. Newer rigs use electric generators to power
electric motors on the other parts of the rig.
TANQUES DE COMBUSTIBLES.-
Tanques de almacenamiento de
combustible para el sistema de
generación de energía.
15. ELECTRIC HOUSE.- On diesel electric rigs, powerful diesel engines drive large
electric generators. The generators produce electricity that flows through cables to
electric switches and control equipment enclosed in a control cabinet or panel.
Electricity is fed to electric motors via the panel.
COMPONENTES DE LODO EN
GRANEL EN ALMACENAMIENTO.-
Tanques tipo tolva para
almacenamiento de componentes de
fluidos de perforación.
18. MUD PITS. - A series of open tanks, usually made of steel plates, through which the
drilling mud is cycled to allow sand and sediments to settle out. Additives are mixed
with the mud in the pit, and the fluid is temporarily stored there before being pumped
back into the well. Mud pit compartments are also called shaker pits, settling pits, and
suction pits, depending on their main purpose.
MUD PITS O FOSAS DE LODO.- Una serie de tanques abiertos, por lo general
hechas de placas de acero, a través del cual se cicla el lodo de perforación para
permitir que la arena y los sedimentos se asiente. Los aditivos se mezclan con el lodo
en el pozo, y el líquido para su almacenamiento temporal antes de ser bombeada de
nuevo en el pozo. compartimientos pozo de barro también se llaman fosas coctelera,
fosas de sedimentación, y pozos de succión, en función de su objetivo principal.
19. RESERVE PITS. - A mud pit in which a supply of drilling fluid has been stored. Also,
a waste pit, usually an excavated, earthen-walled pit. It may be lined with plastic to
prevent soil contamination.
3. RONALD MARCELO CHOQUE RAMOS C7477-2
17. LENNY MIROSLABA ROJAS ORDOÑEZ C7357-1
20. MUD GAS SEPARATOR. - A device that removes gas from the mud coming out of a
well when a kick is being circulated out.
LODO SEPARADOR DE GAS.- Un dispositivo que elimina el gas del lodo que sale
de un bien cuando un tiro se distribuye a cabo.
21. SHALE SHAKER. - A series of trays with sieves or screens that vibrate to remove
cuttings from circulating fluid in rotary drilling operations. The size of the openings in
the sieve is selected to match the size of the solids in the drilling fluid and the
anticipated size of cuttings. Also called a shaker.
22. CHOKE
MANIFOLD.
- The arrangement of piping and
special valves, called chokes,
through which drilling mud is
circulated when the blowout
preventers are closed to control the
pressures encountered during a kick.
ESTRANGULADORES.- La
disposición de válvulas de tuberías y
especiales, llamados estranguladores,
a través del cual se hace circular el lodo de perforación cuando los protectores de
reventones están cerrados para controlar las presiones encontradas durante una
patada.
23. PIPE RAMP. - An angled ramp for dragging drill pipe up to the drilling platform or
bringing pipe down off the drill platform.
25. ACCUMULATOR. - The storage device for nitrogen pressurized hydraulic fluid, which
is used in operating the blowout preventers.
31. CELLAR.- A pit in the ground to provide additional height between the rig floor and
the well head to accommodate the installation of blowout preventers, ratholes,
mouseholes, and so forth. It also collects drainage water and other fluids for disposal.
DESARENADOR. - Un dispositivo de
centrífuga para retirar la arena de fluido de
perforación para evitar la abrasión de las
bombas. Puede ser operado mecánicamente o
3. RONALD MARCELO CHOQUE RAMOS C7477-2
17. LENNY MIROSLABA ROJAS ORDOÑEZ C7357-1
por una corriente en rápido movimiento de fluido dentro de un recipiente especial en forma
de cono, en cuyo caso a veces se llama un hidrociclón.
35. DESILTER. - A centrifugal device, similar to a desander, used to remove very fine
particles, or silt, from drilling fluid. This keeps the amount of solids in the fluid to the lowest
possible level.
36. DRAWWORKS. - The hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig. It is essentially a large winch
that spools off or takes in the drilling line and thus raises or lowers the drill stem and bit.
38. DRILL COLLAR. - A heavy, thick-walled tube, usually steel, used between the drill pipe
and the bit in the drill stem. It is used to put weight on the bit so that the bit can drill.
39. DRILLERS CONSOLE. - The control panel, located on the platform, where the driller
controls drilling operations.
ASCENSORES. - Un conjunto de
41. HOISTING LINE. - A wire rope used in hoisting operations. Must conform to the API
standards for its intended uses.
44. KELLY BUSHING. - A device fitted to the rotary table through which the kelly passes. It
is the means by which the torque of the rotary table is transmitted to the kelly and to the drill
stem. Also called the drive bushing.
KELLY BUJE. - Dispositivo instalado en la mesa giratoria a través del cual el kelly pasa. Es
el medio por el cual el par de la mesa giratoria se transmite a la kelly y a la barra de
perforación. También llamado el cojinete de transmisión.
3. RONALD MARCELO CHOQUE RAMOS C7477-2
17. LENNY MIROSLABA ROJAS ORDOÑEZ C7357-1
45. KELLY SPINNER. - A device for spinning the drill
pipe. Replaces the spinning chain.
47.
MUD RETURN LINE. - A trough or pipe, placed
between the surface connections at the well
bore and the shale shaker. Drilling mud flows
through it upon its return to the surface from the
hole.
LOS RESBALONES. - piezas en forma de cuña, de metal con dientes u otros elementos de
sujeción que se utilizan para evitar que la tubería se deslice hacia abajo en el orificio o para
sostener la tubería en su lugar. resbalones Rotary se ajustan alrededor de la tubería de
perforación y la cuña contra el buje maestro para apoyar el tubo. resbalones alimentación
de energía son dispositivos que permiten a la tripulación a prescindir de la manipulación
manual de los resbalones al realizar una conexión accionados neumática o hidráulicamente.
Packers y otros equipos de agujero abajo están asegurados en posición por los resbalones
que se dedican a la tubería por la acción dirigida a la superficie.
3. RONALD MARCELO CHOQUE RAMOS C7477-2
17. LENNY MIROSLABA ROJAS ORDOÑEZ C7357-1
53. SPINNING CHAIN. - A relatively short length of chain attached to the tong pull chain on
the manual tongs used to make up drill pipe. The spinning chain is attached to the pull chain
so that a crew member can wrap the spinning chain several times around the tool joint box
of a joint of drill pipe suspended in the rotary table. After crew members stab the pin of
another tool joint into the box end, one of them then grasps the end of the spinning chain
and with a rapid upward motion of the wrist "throws the spinning chain"-that is, causes it to
unwrap from the box and coil upward onto the body of the joint stabbed into the box. The
driller then actuates the makeup cathead to pull the chain off of the pipe body, which causes
the pipe to spin and thus the pin threads to spin into the box.
GLOSSARY
1. Weight: The weight of a person or thing is how heavy they are, measured in units
such as kilograms, pounds, or ton.
Peso: El peso de una persona o cosa es lo pesado que es, medido en unidades tales
como kilogramos, libras o toneladas.
2. Drilling mud: mixture of clays, water, and chemicals pumped down the drill string while
an oil well is being drilled to lubricate the mechanism, carry away rock cuttings, and
maintain pressure so that oil or gas does not escape.
Barro de perforación: una mezcla de arcillas, agua y productos químicos bombeados
hacia abajo de la cadena de perforación mientras se perfora un pozo de petróleo para
lubricar el mecanismo, transportar los cortes de roca y mantener la presión para que
el petróleo o el gas no escapen.
3. Appraisal drilling: an assessment or estimation of the worth, value, or quality of a
person or thing
Evaluación de pozo: Una evaluación o estimación del valor, valor o calidad de una
persona o cosa.
4. Street elbow: A street elbow (sometimes called a street ell or service ell) is a type of
plumbing or piping fitting intended to join a piece of pipe and another fitting at an
angle. The difference between a street elbow and a regular elbow is the nature of the
connections on either end.
Codo de calle: Un codo de calle (a veces llamado calle o el) es un tipo de tubería o
tubería que se destina a unir un trozo de tubería y otro accesorio en ángulo. La
diferencia entre un codo de calle y un codo regular es la naturaleza de las conexiones
en cada extremo.
5. Downward: A downward movement or look is directed towards a lower place or a
lower level.
Hacia abajo: Un movimiento o mirada hacia abajo se dirige hacia un lugar inferior o
un nivel inferior
6. Flange: a radically projecting collar or rim on an object for locating or strengthening it
or for attaching it to another object.
Rebordear: un collar o reborde radialmente saliente sobre un objeto para localizarlo
o reforzarlo o para sujetarlo a otro objeto.
7. Hydraulically. - Operated, moved, or effected by means of water. Of or relating to
hydraulics hydraulic engineer. Of or relating to water or other liquid in motion hydraulic
erosion.
Hidráulicamente. - Operado, movido, o efectuado por medio de agua. De o
relacionada con hidráulico ingeniero hidráulico. De o relacionada con agua u otro
líquido en movimiento por erosión hidráulica.
8. hook shaped. - Curved like a hook.
forma de gancho. -Curvado como un gancho.
9. hand·rail. - A rail fixed to posts or a wall for people to hold on to for support.
3. RONALD MARCELO CHOQUE RAMOS C7477-2
17. LENNY MIROSLABA ROJAS ORDOÑEZ C7357-1
Pasamanos o rejillas. -Un riel fijo a los postes o una pared para que la gente se aferre
para soporte.
10. Cathead. - A horizontal beam extending from each side of a ship's bow, used for
raising and carrying an anchor.
Serviola. - Una viga horizontal que se extiende desde cada lado de la proa de un
barco, utilizada para levantar y transportar un ancla.
11. Packers. - A person or machine that packs something, especially someone who
prepares and packs food for transportation and sale.
Empacadores. - Una persona o máquina que empaca algo, especialmente alguien
que prepara y empaca alimentos para su transporte y venta.
MARIA VANIA CUSIQUISPE VALLEJOS
GEOLOGY
GENETICS OF HYDROCARBONS
1.INTRODUCTION
2. GENETICS OF HYDROCARBONS
Bacterial degradation
Excavation and remobilization by benthonic fauna
The organic matter in the water.
LAKES.-
Of continental origin.
Significant geological time intervals
Anoxic conditions (missing dissolved oxygen )
Damage of: lactone and negative
DELTA
MARINE BASINS
Geological structure that makes possible the accumulation and concentration of oil,
keeping it trapped in the pores of a groundwater permeable rock and without the
possibility of escaping . the combination of physical factors that promote the
accumulation of hydrocarbons in a land.
TRAPAS
CLASIFICATION
1. STRUCTURAL TRAP
2. STRAIGRAPH TRAP
3. COMBINED
4. DIAGNETIC TRAP
MARIA VANIA CUSIQUISPE VALLEJOS
STRUCTURAL TRAP
They are associated with folds or failures, such anticlinals, sinclinals, failures, etc.
STRAIGRAPH TRAP
COMBINED
DIAGNETIC TRAP
MARIA VANIA CUSIQUISPE VALLEJOS
GEOLOGIA
GENETICA DE HIDROCARBUROS
1.INTRODUCCION
PRODUCTO y DEMANDA
2.GENETICA DE HIDROCARBUROS
ORGANICA
• Degradación bacteriana
LAGOS
DELTAS
CUENCAS MARINAS
TRAMPAS
CLASIFICACION:
1. Trampa estructural
2. Trampa estratigráfica
3. Combinadas
4. Trampa diagenetica
TRAMPA ESTRUCTURAL
TRAMPA ESTRATIGRAFICA/ESTRUCTURAL
GLOSSARY
INTRODUCTION
The amount of recoverable oil and natural gas around the world has been rapidly expanding,
thanks to two advanced drilling techniques: onshore and offshore drilling. With significant
improvements in fracking continuing to influence the industry, these oil drilling methods have
turned otherwise uneconomic drilling locations all over the world to suddenly become
profitable. But what’s the difference between the two?
In short, onshore drilling refers to drilling deep holes under the earth’s surface
whereas offshore drilling relates to drilling underneath the seabed. These drilling methods are
used in order to extract natural resources – usually oil and gas – from the earth. While
extracting oil from below the surface of the ocean used to be much more difficult than the
traditional onshore drilling method of making wells on land and drilling holes, offshore drilling
has become easier through the innovative methods that have surfaced such as making either
floating or fixed platforms on the bed of the ocean to support drilling.
DEVELOPING
The drilling of bores into underground formations is accomplished using an elongated "drill
string" built from a number of tubular drill pipe sections coupled at their ends, which carries the
drill bit or other cutting tools. The drill string extends from the surface into a well or "wellbore",
which is formed by the rotating drill bit.
The drill string, which frequently contacts the surrounding bore hole casing, inevitably suffers
from frictional wear, shock and abrasion, causing similar damage to the surrounding casing. If
this persists, the casing is worn thin and will eventually rupture. A shut-down is then
necessary, with lengthy and expensive remedial work before the casing is restored to a fully
effective condition. Frequently, the productive life of a well is wholly determined by the integrity
of its bore hole casing.
Nowadays growing trends include offshore drilling, deep water drilling, pre-salt drilling and
shale fracking. Offshore drilling, with today’s advanced technology, allows a larger amount of
the drilling to be done in the same well. Although this gives cost and logistic advantages it is
also greatly increasing wear on the
drilling string and casing. This wear and
the string/casing friction (where they
touch) are critcal to the drilling efficiency
operation.
The system is developed to grind off the old hardbanding, pre-heat the tool joint steered by
temperature sensors and cooling in the center of the pipe to control the heat and protect the
Katerin Franco Fernandez
liner inside. Equally important in the hardbanding concept is the introduction of the pioneering
hardbanding wire Castolin OTW-12Ti, or exceptionally wear resistant Trio MX5 coating.
Offshore drilling rigs are classified differently, mainly based on their movability and how deep
the sea bed is. There are two types of offshore drilling rigs.
1. Bottom-supported units are rigs that have contact with the seafloor. There are
submersible bottom-supported units and also jack up units that are supported by
structured columns.
2. Floating units do not come in direct contact with the ocean floor and instead float on the
water. Some are partially submerged and anchored to the sea bed while others are
drilling ships which can drill at different water depths.
So there are some key similarities and differences between the two drilling methods. But which
is more profitable?
If you’re interested in offshore or onshore drilling, you’re likely interested in it for one reason:
making a profit. Drilling on land versus drilling offshore can provide different return on value
based on investment costs and timeline. Since it only takes a matter of weeks to drill an inland
well, you have more flexibility as to when you start and stop new drilling projects. The chart
Katerin Franco Fernandez
below shows the correlation between the price of oil and the number of onshore drilling rigs in
the United States. As soon as the price goes down, the number of inland rigs also decreases.
As for offshore drilling, there can be similar “boom and bust” phenomenon. However the
offshore market is much less volatile, especially with very deep water drilling rigs. Since
offshore rigs take much longer to drill, these contracts are typically much more long-term,
providing the involved companies a bit more security. It is also worth noting, however, that as
drilling companies meander into deeper waters, the drilling becomes more complex and costly.
In addition, offshore drilling can bear greater risks and hazards such as marine weather and
pollution that can be very expensive over time.
Katerin Franco Fernandez
CONCLUSION
Whether offshore or onshore drilling is best for your business goals depends on a range of
things.
Timeline Offshore drilling projects require a much longer timeline than onshore drilling rigs –
many offshore drilling contracts last several years. Onshore drilling requires less of a time
investment as many inland rigs can drill oil in a matter of months.
Cost Given the elongated timeline of offshore drilling compared to onshore in addition to the
added risks, onshore drilling will require more investment, at least initially. However, offshore
drilling profitability rates have been improving and demand remains high. As for onshore
drilling rigs, the cost can be lower since the timeline of the contract is often shorter. New
innovations have also helped boost the onshore drilling industry and profits expect to
increase as more companies develop new technologies.
No matter if you’re leaning toward offshore or onshore drilling, Entrance can help. Our team
has extensive experience in the oil and gas industry and can help develop custom applications
to support your exploration needs to better position your business for success.
Katerin Franco Fernandez
INTRODUCCION
DESARROLLO
La sarta de perforación, que con frecuencia hace contacto con la carcasa del orificio
circundante, sufre inevitablemente desgaste por fricción, golpes y abrasión, lo que provoca
daños similares en la carcasa circundante. Si esto persiste, la carcasa se adelgaza y
eventualmente se rompe. Entonces es necesario un apagado, con un trabajo de remediación
prolongado y costoso antes de que la
Hoy en día, las tendencias de crecimiento incluyen perforación en alta mar, perforación en
aguas profundas, perforación pre-sal y fracking de lutitas. La perforación en alta mar, con la
tecnología avanzada de hoy, permite que una mayor cantidad de la perforación se realice en
el mismo pozo. Aunque esto brinda ventajas logísticas y de costo, también aumenta
considerablemente el desgaste en la
sarta de perforación y la caja. Este
desgaste y la fricción de la cuerda /
carcasa (donde se tocan) son
fundamentales para la operación de
eficiencia de perforación.
petrolera. Sin embargo, hay un aumento general en la demanda para encontrar soluciones
más eficientes para extender la vida útil del equipo. En el campo de los servicios de
hardbanding en tuberías de perforación, Trio OilTec Services utiliza un sistema de
hardbanding único especialmente diseñado.
El sistema está desarrollado para desgastar la banda rígida antigua, precalentar la junta de la
herramienta dirigida por sensores de temperatura y enfriar en el centro de la tubería para
controlar el calor y proteger el revestimiento interior. Igualmente importante en el concepto de
hardbanding es la introducción del cable pionero de hardolining Castolin OTW-12Ti, o el
revestimiento Trio MX5 excepcionalmente resistente al desgaste.
En general, los equipos utilizados en la perforación tanto en alta mar como en tierra no son
muy diferentes. Ambos métodos
requieren herramientas como equipos
de exploración, separadores de aguas
residuales / aceite, bombas, tuberías y
tanques de almacenamiento.
1. Las unidades con soporte inferior son plataformas que tienen contacto con el fondo marino.
Hay unidades sumergibles con soporte en la parte inferior y también unidades de elevación
que son compatibles con columnas estructuradas.
2. Las unidades flotantes no entran en contacto directo con el fondo del océano, sino que
flotan en el agua. Algunos están parcialmente sumergidos y anclados al fondo marino,
mientras que otros están perforando barcos que pueden perforar a diferentes profundidades
de agua.
Así que hay algunas similitudes y diferencias clave entre los dos métodos de perforación.
¿Pero cuál es más rentable?
Si está interesado en la perforación en alta mar o en tierra, es probable que esté interesado
en él por una razón: obtener una ganancia. La perforación en tierra frente a la perforación en
alta mar puede proporcionar un rendimiento sobre el valor diferente según los costos de
inversión y el calendario. Dado que solo se necesitan semanas para perforar un pozo interior,
tiene más flexibilidad en cuanto a cuándo iniciar y detener nuevos proyectos de perforación.
Katerin Franco Fernandez
En cuanto a la perforación en alta mar, puede haber un fenómeno similar de "auge y caída".
Sin embargo, el mercado en alta mar es mucho menos volátil, especialmente con plataformas
de perforación de aguas muy profundas. Dado que los equipos de perforación en alta mar
tardan mucho más en perforarse, estos contratos suelen ser mucho más a largo plazo, lo que
proporciona a las empresas involucradas un poco más de seguridad. También vale la pena
señalar, sin embargo, que a medida que las empresas de perforación serpentean en aguas
más profundas, la perforación se vuelve más compleja y costosa. Además, la perforación en
alta mar puede soportar mayores riesgos y peligros, como el clima marino y la contaminación,
que pueden ser muy costosos con el tiempo.
CONCLUSION
Si la perforación en alta mar o en tierra es lo mejor para sus objetivos comerciales, depende
de una variedad de cosas.
Cronología Los proyectos de perforación en alta mar requieren una línea de tiempo mucho
más larga que las plataformas de perforación en tierra: muchos contratos de perforación en
Katerin Franco Fernandez
alta mar duran varios años. La perforación en tierra requiere menos inversión de tiempo, ya
que muchas plataformas interiores pueden perforar petróleo en cuestión de meses.
Costo Dada la prolongada línea de tiempo de la perforación en alta mar en comparación con
en tierra firme además de los riesgos adicionales, la perforación en tierra requerirá más
inversión, al menos inicialmente. Sin embargo, las tasas de rentabilidad de la perforación en
alta mar han mejorado y la demanda sigue siendo alta. En cuanto a las plataformas de
perforación en tierra, el costo puede ser menor, ya que el plazo del contrato suele ser más
corto. Las nuevas innovaciones también han ayudado a impulsar la industria de perforación en
tierra y las ganancias esperan aumentar a medida que más compañías desarrollen nuevas
tecnologías.
No importa si se está inclinando hacia la perforación en alta mar o en tierra, la entrada puede
ayudar. Nuestro equipo tiene una amplia experiencia en la industria del petróleo y el gas y
puede ayudarlo a desarrollar aplicaciones personalizadas para satisfacer sus necesidades de
exploración para posicionar mejor su negocio para el éxito.
GLOSSARY
Ericka Katherine Gonzales Angles
POWER SYSTEM
This rigs
engines are
enclosed in a
special
housing that
makes them
easy to move
A Rigs engines are similar to the one in your car. Rig prime movers are,
however, bigger and more powerful. Futher, they often use diesel fuel. Because
of the way diesel engines operate, they deliver more turning force, or torque,
than gasoline engines. As a result, many industries, including the drilling
industry, use diesels.
A rig many need from two to four prime movers, depending on its size. The
bigger the rig, the deeper it can drill and the more power it needs. Thus, big rigs
have three or four prime movers.
This power must be transferred to the rigs components to make them work.
Ericka Katherine Gonzales Angles
On a mechanical rig, belts, pulleys, chains, and sprockets send engine power to
various parts of the rig. On a mechanical rig, a special machine- the compound-
transfers and directs the power of the engines.
One chain and sprocket set goes from the engines to sprockets in the draw
works, or hoist. From a spot near the draw works, the driller can move levers to
engage and disengage the sprockets to operate the draw works, the rotary
table, and other components. Another chain and sprocket set goes from the
engines to pulleys on the mud pumps. Usually, large rubber belts called power
bands drive the mud pumps. To protect personnel and to contain a lubricating
oil spray, steel guards cover not only the mud pumps power bands but also all
moving parts in the compound.
Ericka Katherine Gonzales Angles
The rig builder attaches an electric motor directly to the equipment that requires
power, such as the draw works, the rotary table, and the mud pumps.
SISTEMA DE PODER
Sin poder nada funciona en una plataforma. La maquinaria debe tener una
fuente de energía para que funcione. En prácticamente todos los equipos de
perforación, la potencia proviene de los motores de combustión interna, que se
denominan motores primarios.
Estos motores
de plataformas
están
encerrados en
una carcasa
especial que
los hace
fáciles de
mover
Los motores de los aparejos son similares a los de tu coche. Los motores
primarios de los aparejos son, sin embargo, más grandes y más poderosos.
Además, a menudo utilizan combustible diesel. Debido a la forma en que
funcionan los motores diesel, entregan más fuerza de giro, o par, que los
motores de gasolina. Como resultado, muchas industrias, incluida la industria
de perforación, utilizan motores diesel.
Este poder debe transferirse a los componentes de las plataformas para que
funcionen.
lubricante, las guardas de acero cubren no solo las bandas de potencia de las
bombas de lodo, sino también todas las partes móviles del compuesto.
TRANSMISION DE ENERGIA
ELECTRICA
GLOSARY
Rig: Plataforma.
Power: Potencia.
Machinery: Maquinaria.
Engines: Motores.
Belts: Cinturones.
Pulleys: Poleas.
Chains: Cadenas.
Sprockets: Piñones.
Builder: Constructor.
COMANDO GENERAL DEL EJÉRCITO
ESCUELA MILITAR DE INGINIERIA
“MCAL. ANTONIO JOSE DE SUCRE”
BOLIVIA
Circulation system
Nombres:
Ayrton Tapia Aguilar C6036-4
Luis Angel Herrera Merida C7386-5
Materia:
Ingles Tecnico
Semestre:
Quinto
Docente:
Lic. Herminio Limachi
Cochabamba 2019
Circulation system
The main function of the circulation system is to extract rock cuttings from the well during the
drilling process. The system is composed of surface and sub surface equipment as shown in the
following figure:
The greater the diameter of the shirt, the greater the expense> Dc> Q
A larger piston diameter lower pressure> d <P Parts of a pump
There is another type of pumps in drilling equipment, commonly called centrifuges, these pumps
are much smaller than the previous ones, the working pressure is only a few pounds although
the cost can reach 100 gal / min.
The cost that a pump provides depending on its components and its volumetric efficiency is obtained
with the following equations:
Eb volumetric efficiency
Ej.: What will be the hydraulic power of a pump that provides an expenditure of 400 gal / min and a
discharge pressure of 1500 lb / pg2?
If the pumps do not work efficiently providing the sludge and adequate pressure, the following
problems may arise:
At present the mud dams are metal containers used for the storage and treatment of drilling mud.
Generally, three dams connected together are used, with enough capacity to store at least 1.5 times the
total volume of the well.
Dam 1.- It is known as a discharge dam since it is where the well is discharged, this is where the
earthquake is installed to eliminate larger cuts (40 microns).
Dam 2.- It is known as a settlement dam, this is where the mud is treated and the solid control
equipment is installed to remove the smaller solids.
Dam 3.- It is known as suction dam because from here the mud pump sucks the mud to send it to the
well.
In addition to the regulatory dams, there are other dams.
Reserve dam.- Dam used to store mud when there is a loss of circulation and to maintain low or high
density mud.
Potholes .- As the name implies is a dam used to prepare small volumes of potholes such as:
Peeling pot
Heavy mud pothole
Viscous mud pothole
Bache witness
Bache with obturante
The stand pipe.- It is a tubular piece fixed to one leg of the mast, at the lower end it is connected to the
discharge of the pump and at the upper end it is connected to a flexible hose of high pressure.
Goose neck and swivel. - The gooseneck is a tubular piece that joins the flexible hose with the swivel.
The swivel is connected at the bottom with the arrow or kelly and allows us to turn the drill string while
driving.
The tremor is the first equipment used to control the solids product of the drilling, is installed on the
discharge dam, consists of a mesh that is vibrated by a motor. The size of the particles retained depends
on the size of the mesh used, generally retains particles larger than 40 microns. For the elimination of
smaller particles hydrocyclones and centrifuges are used.
El equipo desgasificador es de suma importancia, ya que a menudo se perforan formaciones con algún
contenido de gas, el cual al ser incorporado al lodo disminuye la densidad del mismo ocasionando
inestabilidad y reventones en el pozo.
The main problems caused by an inefficient elimination of the
gas in the mud are:
To avoid the deposition of To monitor the total volume They are used for the storage
solids and keep the drilling of the drilling mud, it of the barite in the well, they
mud in homogeneous indicates when there is an are pressurized tanks
conditions. increase or decrease in
volume.
Sistema de circulación
La función principal del sistema de circulación, es la de extraer los recortes de roca del pozo durante el
proceso de perforación. El sistema está compuesto por equipo superficial y sub superficial como se
muestra en la siguiente figura:
Tubería de perforación
Lastrabarrenas
Herramientas
Barrena
El pozo mismo
Las bombas.- El componente más importante en el sistema de circulación es la bomba de lodos y
la potencia hidráulica suministrada por ésta, ya que de esto dependerá el gasto y la presión
requeridas para una buena limpieza del pozo.
Bomba dúplex.- Estas bombas se caracterizan por estar constituidas de dos pistones y manejar altos
gastos pero baja presión de descarga. Son de doble acción, o sea que bombean el fluido en los dos
sentidos. En la actualidad estas bombas se utilizan en los equipos que reparan pozos ó en perforación
somera. La presión máxima recomendada de trabajo para estas bombas es de 3,000 lb/pg2.
Bomba triplex.- Están constituidas por tres pistones de acción simple y se caracterizan por manejar altas
presiones de descarga y altos gastos y son de fácil mantenimiento. Estas bombas son las más utilizadas
en la industria petrolera.
A mayor diámetro de pistón menor presión > d < P Partes de una bomba
Existe otro tipo de bombas en los equipos de perforación, comúnmente llamadas centrifugas, estas
bombas son mucho mas pequeñas que las anteriores, la presión de trabajo es de solo unas cuantas
libras aunque el gasto puede llegar a los 100 gal/min.
El gasto que proporciona una bomba dependiendo de sus componentes y de su eficiencia volumétrica se
obtiene con las siguientes ecuaciones:
Eb eficiencia volumétrica
Ej.: Cuál será la potencia hidráulica de una bomba que proporciona un gasto de 400 gal/min y una
presión de descarga de 1500 lb/pg2?
Si las bombas no trabajan de forma eficiente proporcionando el gasto de lodo y la presión adecuada se
pueden presentar los siguientes problemas:
En la actualidad las presas de lodo son recipientes metálicos utilizados para el almacenamiento y
tratamiento del lodo de perforación. Generalmente se utilizan tres presas conectadas entre sí, con la
capacidad suficiente para almacenar cuando menos 1.5 veces el volumen total del pozo.
Presa 1.- Es conocida como presa de descarga ya que en ella es donde descarga el pozo, es aquí donde
se instala la temblorina para eliminar los recortes de mayor tamaño (40 micras).
Presa 2.- Es conocida como presa de asentamiento, es aquí donde se le da tratamiento al lodo y se
instala el equipo de control de sólidos para eliminar los sólidos de menor tamaño.
Presa 3.- Es conocida como presa de succión porque de aquí la bomba de lodos succiona el lodo para
enviarlo al pozo.
Además de las presas reglamentarias existen otras presas.
Presa de reserva.- Presa utilizada para almacenar lodo cuando se ha presentado una perdida de
circulación y para mantener lodo de baja o alta densidad.
Presa de baches .- Como su nombre lo indica es una presa utilizada para preparar pequeños volúmenes
de baches como:
Bache despegador
Bache de lodo pesado
Bache de lodo viscoso
Bache testigo
Bache con obturante
El stand pipe.- Es una pieza tubular fijada a una pierna del mástil, en el extremo inferior se conecta con
la descarga de la bomba y en el extremo superior se conecta a una manguera flexible de alta presión.
Cuello de ganso y swivel.- El cuello de ganso es una pieza tubular que une a la manguera flexible con el
swivel. El swivel se conecta en su parte inferior con la flecha o kelly y nos permite girar la sarta de
perforación mientras se circula.
La temblorina es el primer equipo utilizado para el control de los sólidos producto de la perforación, se
instala sobre la presa de descarga, consta de una malla que es vibrada mediante un motor. El tamaño de
las partículas retenidas depende del tamaño de la malla utilizada, generalmente retiene partículas
mayores de 40 micras. Para la eliminación de partículas mas pequeñas se utilizan los hidrociclones y
centrifugadoras.
El equipo desgasificador es de suma importancia, ya que a menudo se perforan formaciones con algún
contenido de gas, el cual al ser incorporado al lodo disminuye la densidad del mismo ocasionando
inestabilidad y reventones en el pozo.
Los problemas principales ocasionados por una ineficiente
eliminación del gas en el lodo son:
The mud pump draws in mud through a suction line from the mud pits, or tanks,
and sends it out a discharge line. From the
discharge line, the mud goes into the standpipe. The
standpipe runs vertically up one leg of the derrick.
Mud exits the standpipe into a strong, flexible, and
reinforced rubber hose called the rotary hose, or
kelly hose. The rotary hose joins the swivel at the
gooseneck. The mud then flows down the kelly (or
through the top drive), drill pipe, and duill collars. It
jets out of the bit nozzles and moves cuttings away
from the bit. The mud and cuttings then head up the hole in the annulus. The
annulus, or annular space, is the area be- tween the drill string and the wall of
the hole. The mud leaves the annulus through a steel pipe called the mudreturn
line. It falls over a vibrating screen, the shale shaker. The shaker screens out
the larger cuttings and, in some cases, dumps them into the reserve pit.
Offshore and in environmentally sensitive areas,
however, the shaker dumps the cuttings into a
receptacle. Later, the contractor removes the
receptacle, washes the cuttings if required, and
properly dis poses of them. In either case, the
clean mud drains back int the mud tanks. The
pump then recycles it back down the hole
The mud pump recirculates the mud over and
over through- out the drilling of the well. From
time to time, the derrickhand adds water, clay, and other materials to make up
for downhole losses. This crew member also adjusts the mud's properties as
the borehole encounters new and different formations.
Suresh Huaita Cabrera
Auxiliary Equipment
Several pieces of auxiliary equipment keep the
mud in good shape. The shale shaker sifts out
the normal-sized cuttings Sometimes, though,
the bit creates particles so small that they fall
through the shaker. Desilters and desanders
remove fine particles, or small solids, to keep
them from contaminating the drilling mud.
Conclusion
The circulating system of a drilling rig is one of the most important aspects of a
drilling rig. Without the components that make up the circulating system it could
not fulfill its main duty of removing the rock cuttings from a drilled well.
Suresh Huaita Cabrera
Traducción
Equipos de circulación de lodo
circula a través de muchas piezas de equipamiento como ser : the mud pump,
the discharge line, the standpipe, the rotary hose, the swivel, the kelly (or the
top drive), the drill pipe, the drill collars, the drill bit, the annulus, the return line,
the shale shaker, the desilter, the desander, the mud pits, and the suction line
La bomba de lodo atrae el lodo a través de una línea de succión desde los
pozos de foso o tanques, y lo envía a la línea de descarga. Desde la línea de
descarga, el lodo entra en el tubo vertical. El tubo vertical corre verticalmente
hacia arriba de una pata de la torre de perforación.
El lodo sale del tubo vertical hacia una manguera de
goma fuerte, flexible y reforzada llamada manguera
rotativa o Kelly hose. La manguera giratoria se une
al eslabón giratorio en el cuello de cisne. El lodo
luego fluye hacia abajo por el Kelly hose (oa través
de la unidad superior), la tubería de perforación y el
dril collar. Sale de las boquillas de la broca y aleja
los recortes de la broca. El lodo y los recortes luego encabezan el agujero en
el anillo. El anillo, o espacio anular, es el área entre la sarta de perforación y la
pared del orificio. El lodo abandona el anillo
a través de un tubo de acero llamado la línea
de retorno de lodo. Cae sobre una pantalla
vibratoria, el shale shaker. El agitador corta
los cortes más grandes y, en algunos casos,
los arroja al pozo de reserva. Sin embargo,
en la costa y en áreas ambientalmente
sensibles, el agitador vierte los recortes en
un receptáculo. Más tarde, el contratista
retira el recipiente, tritura los recortes si es
necesario y los desecha correctamente. En cualquier caso, el lodo limpio drena
los depósitos de lodo. La bomba luego lo recicla por el agujero
La bomba de lodo recircula el lodo una y otra vez a través de la perforación del
pozo. De vez en cuando, el derrickhand agrega agua, arcilla y otros materiales
para compensar las pérdidas en el pozo. Este miembro de la tripulación
Suresh Huaita Cabrera
también ajusta las propiedades del lodo a medida que el pozo se encuentra con
formaciones nuevas y diferentes.
Equipo auxiliar
Varios equipos auxiliares mantienen el lodo en buena forma. La coctelera de
esquisto tamiza los recortes de tamaño normal A
veces, sin embargo, la broca crea partículas tan
pequeñas que caen a través de la coctelera. Los
desilters y los desanderers eliminan partículas
finas, o sólidos pequeños, para evitar que
contaminen el lodo de perforación.
Conclusión
El sistema de circulación de una plataforma de perforación es uno de los
aspectos más importantes de una plataforma de perforación. Sin los
componentes que conforman el sistema de circulación, no podría cumplir con
su deber principal de remover los recortes de roca de un pozo perforado .
Glosario
Degasser = desgasificacor
Desilter and desander = maquinas que separan el lodo de los residuos mas
finos de escombros
Well = poso
Particles = partículas
Shape = forma
Mud = lodo
Solids = solidos
Fullfill = cumplir
Duty = deber
Suresh Huaita Cabrera
Several = varios
1) Derrick and Substructure – The tall structure is used to provide ample space for the
long drill pipes and collars to be
lowered and lifted out of the well. The
derrick this is a long steel tower used
in the drilling rig to provide vertical
height which is required to raise or
lower sections of pipes into the hole. It
is the most important identifiable
symbol on the drilling rig.
2) The Block and Tackle – Primary component of handling heavy loads by creating a
large mechanical advantage to support the tension in the drawworks. This is a system in
the Hoisting System that comprises of travelling block, crown block and the drilling line.
They are used to provide a mechanical advantage that helps in handling large loads easily.
Composition
Crown Block – Located at the top of the derrick. It consists of a fixed set of pulleys, also
referred to as sheaves, through which the drilling line is threaded.
Traveling Block – As the name suggests, it is a series of sheaves that move from the
stationary crown block to the deck platform. Eases the tension on the drilling line by
creating a high mechanical advantage.
Drilling Line – Multiple threaded wire rope that is connected to the traveling and crown
blocks. Main purpose is raising or lowering drill pipe and casing.
The Drawworks – Set of equipment that provides the hoisting and braking power to
successfully handle the heavy drill pipes and collars. The components of the drawworks
are listed below:
Drum – provides the torque to power the hoisting and braking. Also, the storage container
for the drilling line.
Brakes – Manually used by driller to halt drilling progress. Auxiliary brakes are also present
on the drilling rig in case of manual brake failure.
Catheads – A drilling tool positioned on the drill floor that generates the required force to
makeup or breakout drill pipes and collars.
Operations
Now that the components of the hoisting system have been introduced, let’s discuss the
drilling operations associated with the hoisting system which are referred to as “making a
connection” and “making a trip”.
“Making a connection”: This term represents the process of adding a new joint of
drillpipe to the well. As the drill bit penetrates deeper into the ground, more drill pipe will be
needed to continue drilling until the required depth is reached.
“Making a trip”: The process of removing drillstring from the hole. This process is
conducted to make changes with the bottom hole assembly and is more commonly used to
change a dull bit.
Other Components
When moving extremely bulky or heavy loads through overhead spaces, overhead cranes
which have great lifting capabilities are used. The movement of the crane is operated
directly by an operator either with wireless controls or wired pendant station or manually.
These cranes are generally used during the refinement of metals like steel, copper and
aluminum. The cranes are manufactured in different configurations depending on
applications:
- EOT Crane- The Electric Overhead Travelling Crane is most popular kind of overhead
crane used in most factories. These cranes, as suggested by the name, are operated by
radio remote pendant, control pendant or an operator cabin attached to crane itself.
- The Rotatory Overhead Crane is a kind of overhead crane that has one end of the
bridge which is positioned on fixed pivot and the other end is supported on an annular
track.
SISTEMA DE ELEVACIÓN
El sistema de elevación es un componente importante de las operaciones de perforación
porque es responsable de elevar y bajar todos los equipos principales necesarios para
perforar o completar el pozo. A continuación se muestra la lista de los componentes
principales de la plataforma que conforman el sistema de elevación con breves
descripciones incluidas a la importancia que cada miembro contribuye al sistema.
Composición
Bloque viajero: Como su nombre indica, es una serie de poleas que se mueven desde el
bloque de la corona estacionaria a la plataforma de la plataforma. Facilita la tensión en la
línea de perforación creando una alta ventaja mecánica.
Línea de perforación: Cable de alambre roscado múltiple que está conectado a los
bloques de desplazamiento y de corona. El objetivo principal es elevar o bajar la tubería de
perforación y la carcasa.
Drawworks: Conjunto de equipo que proporciona la potencia de elevación y frenado para
manejar con éxito los tubos y collares de perforación pesados. Los componentes de los
drawworks se enumeran a continuación:
Abalorios: Una herramienta de perforación colocada en el piso del taladro que genera la
fuerza necesaria para el desmontaje o desmontaje de los tubos y collares.
Operaciones
Ahora que se han introducido los componentes del sistema de elevación, analicemos las
operaciones de perforación asociadas con el sistema de elevación que se conocen como
"hacer una conexión" y "hacer un viaje".
“Hacer una conexión”: Este término representa el proceso de agregar una nueva junta
de tubería de perforación al pozo. A medida que la broca penetra más profundamente en
el suelo, se necesitará más tubería de perforación para continuar perforando hasta que se
alcance la profundidad requerida.
Otros Componentes
- EOT Cráneo: la grúa eléctrica aérea es la grúa aérea más utilizada en la mayoría de las
fábricas. Estas grúas, como lo sugiere el nombre, son operadas por un control remoto de
radio, un control colgante o una cabina del operador conectada a la grúa.
- La grúa aérea giratoria es un tipo de grúa aérea que tiene un extremo del puente que
se coloca en un pivote fijo y el otro extremo se apoya en una pista anular.
GLOSSARY
- Derrick and Substructure
- The Block and Tackle
- Crown Block
- Traveling Block
- Drill Line
- Drawworks
- Drum
- Brakes
- Transmission
- Catheads
- Making a connection
- Making a trip
- EOT Crane- The Electric Overhead Travelling Crane
- The Rotatory Overhead Crane
CONTROL DE POZOS
INTRODUCCIÓN.
Se ha visto que durante las operaciones de perforación existen un sin fin de factores que
pueden entorpecer la operación, por lo tanto el equipo que esta trabajando debe contar
con la experiencia y preparación para enfrentar los imprevistos. Uno de los imprevistos
y el más importante es el amago de descontrol o surgencia. Este debe ser tratado con
extremo cuidado y los cálculos para su detección y corrección deben ser exactos ya que
un error de cálculo o un descuido por parte de los operarios puede ser mortal para la
cuadrilla.
Es un medio para controlar o prevenir que los fluidos y gases provenientes de los pozos
se escapen al medio ambiente, o que hagan un flujo cruzado en el pozo.
es la técnica utilizada en operaciones de petróleo y de gas , tales como la perforación,
así reacondicionamiento , y terminaciones de pozos para mantener la presión del fluido
de presión hidrostática de la columna y la formación para evitar afluencia de fluidos de la
formación en el pozo.
Esta técnica consiste en la estimación de las presiones de fluido de formación, la fuerza
de las formaciones del subsuelo y el uso de la carcasa y la densidad del lodo para
compensar esas presiones de una manera predecible.
CONCEPTOS BASICOS
• Sobrecarga
• Porosidad y Permeabilidad
• Profundidades
• Presión de formación
• Presión de fractura
TVD
AMMB
PRESION DE FORMACION
INDICADORES
Cierre con tubería en el fondo del pozo: (cierre blando, estrangulador abierto) abrir
válvula de la línea del estrangulador del conjunto BOPs, cerrar el BOP designado, cerrar
el estrangulador verificando que la presión no exceda el limite que el revestido puede
soportar, notificar al personal de la compañía operadora
Verificación de flujo durante la perforación: alertar al personal de turno, detener la
rotación, levantar el vástago hasta que la unión de la herramienta quede 3 pies por el
piso de perforación, parar las bombas y observar si hay flujo en el pozo
Cierre duro (estrangulador cerrado): abrir la válvula de la línea del estrangulador del
BOP, cerrar el BOP designado notificar al personal de la compañía operadora
Cierre sobre drill collars
Unos de los momentos mas críticos al cerrarse un pozo es cuando se extraen los drill
collars a través de la rotaria. Una consideración importante respecto de cualquier
maniobra de bajada o subida de tubería es la ubicación de los drill collars en la torre.
WELL CONTROL
INTRODUCTION.
It has been seen that during the drilling operations there are endless factors that can
hinder the operation, therefore the team that is working must have the experience and
preparation to face the unexpected. One of the unforeseen and the most important is the
threat of uncontrol or upwelling. This must be treated with extreme care and the
calculations for its detection and correction must be accurate since a miscalculation or an
oversight by the operators can be deadly for the crew.
It is a means to control or prevent the fluids and gases from the wells from escaping into
the environment, or from cross-flowing into the well.
It is the technique used in oil and gas operations, such as drilling, well reconditioning, and
well completions to maintain hydrostatic pressure pressure of the column and formation
to prevent fluid influx from formation in the well .
This technique consists of estimating the formation fluid pressures, the strength of the
subsurface formations and the use of the shell and mud density to compensate for these
pressures in a predictable manner.
BASIC CONCEPTS
• Overload
• Depths
• Training pressure
• Fracture pressure
TRAINING PRESSURE
Is the exerted by the content of liquid or gas in the porales spaces of the formation, this
pressure can be affected by the weight of overload above the formation, are classified in:
normal ranging from the hydrostatic pressure generated by fresh water up to the
hydrostatic pressure generated by seawater, and abnormal those that go above the
pressures generated by seawater.
FRACTURE PRESSURE
The fracture pressure is the amount of pressure that is needed to permanently deform
(fail or crack) the rock structure of the formation.
The method that is evaluated in the field to determine the fracture gradient is called "Drip
Test".
The fundamental reason for the drip test is to find the pressure at which the formation
starts to admit control fluid without causing fracture of the formation. The result will be the
sum of the pressure exerted by the hydrostatic column of the used fluid plus the pressure
of the pressure gauge when re-pressing.
• Seal the annular space between the drilling and coating pipes.
CAUSES
Identifying the warning signs that an influx has entered the well directly favors the success
of the well control operations, the greater the volume of influx into the well, the greater
the control difficulty. The hydrostatic pressure exerted by the drilling mud column is the
defense barrier against formation pressures, in other words it is the primary control of the
well; having an insufficient hydrostatic pressure in the bottom of the well, will generate an
influx, therefore it should be known that the causes that can generate an influence are:
r reconditioning.
INDICATORS
The most common indicators that an influx has entered the well are:
Closure of well: it depends mainly on the people that the procedure is successful of the
preparation that they have for these events.
Flow verification procedures: the process by which the well is observed with the mud
pumps turned off to determine the existence of a Surgency
Closing with bottomhole pipe: (soft closing, open throttle) open throttle valve of the
BOPs assembly, close the designated BOP, close the throttle verifying that the pressure
does not exceed the limit that the coated can withstand, notify to the staff of the operating
company
Verification of flow during drilling: alert the shift personnel, stop the rotation, raise the
rod until the union of the tool is 3 feet from the drilling floor, stop the pumps and observe
if there is flow in the well
Modified closure (closed throttle): close the designated BOP, open the valve of the
choke line of the set of BOPs, notify the personnel of the operating company
Hard closing (closed throttle): open the valve of the BOP throttle line, close the
designated BOP notify the operating company personnel
One of the most critical moments when closing a well is when the drill collars are extracted
through the rotary. An important consideration regarding any downward or upward piping
maneuver is the location of the drill collars in the tower.
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Well control
INTRODUCTION
Well Control Wet controt is one of the most important aspécis of dring operations.
improper handling of kicks in o welis result of Impropetno ol the loss of valuable
resouroes s not as senous as the other damages tha siy reach several cour
ireparable Even an resu mitioos of Us dof damage to the environment, waste of
valuable resources ruined equipment, and most importantly, the safety and lives
blowouts with very grave conseque blowout (as rs, the monetary loss the cost of
personnel on the drilling rig Incidents Thare wil aiways be potential ol well control
problems, as long as there are drilling operations anywhere in the world Most of
theso well control proble even though some are actually unavoidable Sine Sevare
These causs include are as a result of some errors and can be eliminated we know
the consequences of failed well control are ons should be made to prevent some
human errors which are the root causes of these inciden Lack of knowledge and
skills of rig personnel Improper work practices Leck of understanding of oil well
control training Lock of application o f policies, procedures, and standards
Inndequate risk management Building Well
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this assignment is to understand the well control techniques used
in oil and gas operations such as drilling, well work over and well completions. What
is causing a kick to occur and how the signs can be interpreted and understood. The
two most common circulation methods, Driller’s- and Wait & Weight Method have
been discussed.
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DRILLER METHOD
It's good for gas upwelling with high migration rates that can
result in well closure problems Also used to removesuctioned upwells (swab) during
Maneuver to pull tools out
of the well. Is used when the use of Densificante materialis not necessary or
Found available Used when staffand/or equipment is limited.
In this method it takes moretime to kill the well than in other methods.
Can generate, inthe annular space, a slightly higher pressure than in theother
Methods (due to the lack of additional hydrostatic pressure of the killing fluid in the
Initial circulation).
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• Local specialization
• Local advanced technology
• More local resources
• Less response time
• More engineering services
• Internal and external advice
• Frequent audits
• BCP updated.
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WORK PROGRAMS
• Well Construction.
• Intervention Programs.
• Planning.
• Risk analysis.
• Pre Work Meetings
RISK CRITERIA
Well Control Services can vary between NO RISK and different RISK LEVELS,
depending on the characteristics of the operation to be carried out.
GLOSARIO
ABNORMAL PRESSURE. PRESION ANORMAL:Presión que excede o que está
por debajo de la presión normal esperada a una profundidad dada. La
presión normal se incrementa aproximadamente10.5 KPa por metro de profundidad
(0.465 lb/pg2 por cada píe de profundidad). De tal forma,
la presión normal a 3000 m es de 315 Kg/cm2 una presión anormal a esta
profundidad sería mayor omenor que 315 Kg/cm 2. Vea pressure gradient.
ABOARD. A BORDO:Estar sobre o dentro de un barco, de un equipo marino de
perforación, odentro de un helicóptero.
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ABRASION. ABRASION:Desgaste por fricción.
ABSOLUTE PERMEABILITY. PERMEABILIDAD ABSOLUTA:Medida de la
habilidad
que posee un solo fluido (como agua, gas, aceite) para pasar a través de una roca
cuando está saturadacompletamente por el fluido. La permeabilidad medida en una
roca saturada con un solo fluido, es diferente de la permeabilidad medida en la
misma roca saturada con dos o más fluidos. Compare con effective permeability.
ABSOLUTE POROSITY. POROSIDAD ABSOLUTA: Porcentaje del volumen total
de una rocaque está ocupado por espacios porosos. Vea porosity.
PRESSURE
Pressure is defined as the quotient between the normal component of the force on
a surface and the area of said surface. The unit of measurement is called pascal
(Pa). The force exerted by a fluid in equilibrium on a submerged body at any point
is perpendicular to the surface of the body.
Is a very important concept in the oil and gas industry. Pressure can be defined as:
the force exerted per unit area. Its SI unit is newtons per square metre or pascals.
Another unit, bar, is also widely used as a measure of pressure, with 1 bar equal to
100 kilopascals. Normally pressure is measured in the U.S. petroleum industry in
units of pounds force per square inch of area, or psi. 1000 psi equals 6894.76 kilo-
pascals.
Erika Asuncion Montecinos
Erika Asuncion Montecinos
TYPES OF PRESSURE
• Atmospheric Pressure
• Absolute Pressure
• Relative Pressure
• Gauge Pressure
• Hydrostatic Pressure
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
RELATIVE PRESSURE
• Relative pressure is the overpressure value that exists over the value of
atmospheric pressure.
Erika Asuncion Montecinos
GAUGE PRESSURE
• The gauge pressure corresponds to the value that can be read directly on a
manometer or a pressure transmitter.
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
HYDROSTATIC PRESSUREEDIT
All fluids in a wellbore exert hydrostatic pressure, which is a function of density and
vertical height of the fluid column. In US oil field units, hydrostatic pressure can be
expressed as:
PRESSURE GRADIENTEDIT
The pressure gradient is described as the pressure per unit length. Often in oil well
control, pressure exerted by fluid is expressed in terms of its pressure gradient.
The SI unit is pascals/metre. The hydrostatic pressure gradient can be written as:
FORMATION PRESSUREEDIT
Formation pressure is the pressure exerted by the formation fluids, which are the
liquids and gases contained in the geologic formations encountered while drilling
for oil or gas. It can also be said to be the pressure contained within the pores of
the formation or reservoir being drilled. Formation pressure is a result of the
hydrostatic pressure of the formation fluids, above the depth of interest, together
with pressure trapped in the formation. Under formation pressure, there are 3
levels: normally pressured formation, abnormal formation pressure, or subnormal
formation pressure.
Normally pressured formation has a formation pressure that is the same with the
hydrostatic pressure of the fluids above it. As the fluids above the formation are
usually some form of water, this pressure can be defined as the pressure exerted
by a column of water from the formation's depth to sea level.
The normal hydrostatic pressure gradient for freshwater is 0.433 pounds per
square inch per foot (psi/ft), or 9.792 kilopascals per meter (kPa/m), and
0.465 psi/ft for water with dissolved solids like in Gulf Coast waters, or
10.516 kPa/m. The density of formation water in saline or marine environments,
such as along the Gulf Coast, is about 9.0 ppg or 1078.43 kg/m³. Since this is the
highest for both Gulf Coast water and fresh water, a normally pressured formation
can be controlled with a 9.0 ppg mud.
Sometimes the weight of the overburden, which refers to the rocks and fluids
above the formation, will tend to compact the formation, resulting in pressure built-
up within the formation if the fluids are trapped in place. The formation in this case
will retain its normal pressure only if there is a communication with the surface.
Otherwise, an abnormal formation pressure will result.
As discussed above, once the fluids are trapped within the formation and not allow
to escape there is a pressure build-up leading to abnormally high formation
pressures. This will generally require a mud weight of greater than 9.0 ppg to
control. Excess pressure, called "overpressure" or "geopressure", can cause a well
to blow out or become uncontrollable during drilling.
Erika Asuncion Montecinos
Subnormal formation pressure is a formation pressure that is less than the normal
pressure for the given depth. It is common in formations that had undergone
production of original hydrocarbon or formation fluid in them.[12][13][14][15]
OVERBURDEN PRESSUREEDIT
Overburden pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the rocks and
contained fluids above the zone of interest. Overburden pressure varies in different
regions and formations. It is the force that tends to compact a formation vertically.
The density of these usual ranges of rocks is about 18 to 22 ppg (2,157 to
2,636 kg/m3). This range of densities will generate an overburden pressure
gradient of about 1 psi/ft (22.7 kPa/m). Usually, the 1 psi/ft is not applicable for
shallow marine sediments or massive salt. In offshore however, there is a lighter
column of sea water, and the column of underwater rock does not go all the way to
the surface. Therefore, a lower overburden pressure is usually generated at an
offshore depth, than would be found at the same depth on land.
S = ρb× D×g
where
The bulk density of the sediment is a function of rock matrix density, porosity within
the confines of the pore spaces, and porefluid density. This can be expressed as
ρb = φρf + (1 – φ)ρm
where
φ = rock porosity
ρf = formation fluid density
ρm = rock matrix density[16][17]
Erika Asuncion Montecinos
FRACTURE PRESSUREEDIT
Pump pressure, which is also referred to as system pressure loss, is the sum total
of all the pressure losses from the oil well surface equipment, the drill pipe, the drill
collar, the drill bit, and annular friction losses around the drill collar and drill pipe. It
measures the system pressure loss at the start of the circulating system and
measures the total friction pressure.[20]
Erika Asuncion Montecinos
Slow pump pressure is the circulating pressure (pressure used to pump fluid
through the whole active fluid system,
including the borehole and all the surface
tanks that constitute the primary system
during drilling) at a reduced rate. SPP is
very important during a well kill operation in
which circulation (a process in which drilling
fluid is circulated out of the suction pit, down
the drill pipe and drill collars, out the bit, up
the annulus, and back to the pits while
drilling proceeds) is done at a reduced rate
to allow better control of circulating
pressures and to enable the mud properties
(density and viscosity) to be kept at desired
values. The slow pump pressure can also
be referred to as "kill rate pressure" or "slow
circulating pressure" or "kill speed pressure"
and so on.
The shut-in casing pressure (SICP) is a measure of the difference between the
formation pressure and the HSP in the annulus when a kick occurs.
The pressures encountered in the annulus can be estimated using the following
mathematical equation:
where
Bottom-hole pressure
(BHP)
BHP = D × ρ × C,
Where
In Canada the formula is depth in meters x density in kgs x the constant gravity
factor (0.00981), which will give the hydrostatic pressure of the well bore or (hp)
hp=bhp with pumps off. The bottom-hole pressure is dependent on the following:
Therefore, BHP can be said to be the sum of all pressures at the bottom of the
wellhole, which equals:
PRESION
TIPOS DE PRESION
• Presión Atmosférica
• Presión Absoluta
• Presión Relativa
• Presión Manométrica
• Presión Hidrostática
PRESION ATMOSFERICA
• Presión ejercida por la atmósfera sobre la superficie de la tierra.
PRESION ABSOLUTA
• Es la presión de un fluido medido con referencia al vacío perfecto o al cero
absoluto..
Erika Asuncion Montecinos
PRESION RELATIVA
• La presión relativa es el valor de sobrepresión que existe sobre el valor de
la presión atmosférica.
PRESION MANOMETRICA
PRESION HIDROSTATICA
• Presión ejercida por la atmósfera sobre la superficie de la tierra.
Erika Asuncion Montecinos
PRESION HIDROSTATICA
La presión hidrostática (HSP), como se
indica, se define como la presión debida
a una columna de fluido que no se está
moviendo. Es decir, una columna de
fluido que es estática, o en reposo, ejerce
presión debido a la fuerza de gravedad
local en la columna del fluido. [8]
La fórmula para calcular la presión
hidrostática en unidades SI (N / m²) es:
Presión hidrostática = Altura (m) ×
Densidad (kg / m³) × Gravedad (m / s²).
[9]
• 1bar = 15 ps
Erika Asuncion Montecinos
PRESION GRADIENTEDIT
El gradiente de presión se describe como la presión por unidad de longitud. A
menudo, en el control de pozos de petróleo, la presión ejercida por el fluido se
expresa en términos de su gradiente de presión. La unidad SI es pascales / metro.
El gradiente de presión hidrostática se puede escribir como:
PRESION DE FORMACION
PRESIÓN SUPERPUESTA
La presión de sobrecarga es la presión ejercida por el peso de las rocas y los
fluidos contenidos sobre la zona de interés. La presión de sobrecarga varía en
diferentes regiones y formaciones. Es la fuerza que tiende a compactar una
formación verticalmente. La densidad de estos rangos habituales de rocas es de
aproximadamente 18 a 22 ppg (2,157 a 2,636 kg / m3). Este rango de densidades
generará un gradiente de presión de sobrecarga de aproximadamente 1 psi / pie
(22.7 kPa / m). Por lo general, el 1 psi / ft no es aplicable para sedimentos marinos
poco profundos o sal masiva. En la costa, sin embargo, hay una columna más
ligera de agua de mar, y la columna de roca submarina no llega hasta la
superficie. Por lo tanto, una presión de sobrecarga más baja generalmente se
genera en una profundidad en alta mar, que se encontraría en la misma
profundidad en tierra.
Matemáticamente, la presión de sobrecarga se puede derivar como:
S = ρb × D × g
dónde
g = aceleración debida a la gravedad
S = presión de sobrecarga
ρb = densidad media de formación media
D = espesor vertical de los sedimentos suprayacentes
La densidad aparente del sedimento es una función de la densidad de la matriz de
la roca, la porosidad dentro de los límites de los espacios porosos y la densidad
del porfluido. Esto se puede expresar como
ρb = φρf + (1 - φ) ρm
dónde
φ = porosidad de la roca
ρf = densidad del fluido de formación
ρm = densidad de la matriz de roca [16] [17]
La presión de sobrecarga es la presión ejercida por el peso de las rocas y los
fluidos contenidos sobre la zona de interés. La presión de sobrecarga varía en
diferentes regiones y formaciones. Es la fuerza que tiende a compactar una
formación verticalmente. La densidad de estos rangos habituales de rocas es de
aproximadamente 18 a 22 ppg (2,157 a 2,636 kg / m3). Este rango de densidades
generará un gradiente de presión de sobrecarga de aproximadamente 1 psi / pie
Erika Asuncion Montecinos
(22.7 kPa / m). Por lo general, el 1 psi / ft no es aplicable para sedimentos marinos
poco profundos o sal masiva. En la costa, sin embargo, hay una columna más
ligera de agua de mar, y la columna de roca submarina no llega hasta la
superficie. Por lo tanto, una presión de sobrecarga más baja generalmente se
genera en una profundidad en alta mar, que se encontraría en la misma
profundidad en tierra.
Matemáticamente, la presión de sobrecarga se puede derivar como:
S = ρb × D × g
dónde
g = aceleración debida a la gravedad
S = presión de sobrecarga
ρb = densidad media de formación media
D = espesor vertical de los sedimentos suprayacentes
La densidad aparente del sedimento es una función de la densidad de la matriz de
la roca, la porosidad dentro de los límites de los espacios porosos y la densidad
del porfluido. Esto se puede expresar como
ρb = φρf + (1 - φ) ρm
Dónde
φ = porosidad de la roca
ρf = densidad del fluido de formación
ρm = densidad de la matriz de roca
Erika Asuncion Montecinos
PRESION DE FRACTURA
La presión de fractura se puede definir como la presión requerida para que una
formación falle o se rompa. Como su nombre lo indica, es la presión la que causa
la fractura de la formación y la pérdida del fluido circulante. La presión de fractura
generalmente se expresa como un gradiente, con las unidades comunes como psi
/ ft (kPa / m) o ppg (kg / m3).
Para fracturar una formación, generalmente se necesitan tres cosas, que son:
Dónde
BHP = presión del fondo del pozo
D = la profundidad vertical del pozo
ρ = densidad
C = factor de conversión de
unidades
(o, en el sistema inglés, BHP = D ×
MWD × 0.052).
GLOSSARY
KEROSENE. – Keroseno.
Introducción
como analizaremos más adelante, la cementación debe ser tal que genere un sello
total del mismo.
Sellado de pozos
Desmantelamiento de plataforma
Introduction
The useful life of an oil well (we include wells related to oil and gas production in this
definition) covers different stages. After the respective geological investigation, the
location of the well is determined, the ironing is carried out and the access roads are
determined by which the drilling equipment will enter, the depth to which it is desired
to access the selected formation is determined, the drilling, the introduction of
casing, its cementation and, finally, the completion of the well to be produced by the
most convenient method. But there is a stage that has the same importance as the
previous ones, and whose regulation we noticed is scarce and insufficient in the light
of environmental protection: the abandonment of the well.
The abandonment and plugging of wells in a critical operation for the environmental
protection of soil and subsoil. A successful clogging to prevent fluids derived from
extractive activity from flowing to other geological structures or aquifer contaminants.
In general terms, the term "abandoned well" refers to the person who is inactive and
who, for technical or economic reasons, will no longer be exploited. When the
abandonments are temporary, the blockages are made in a way that allows a future
reactivation of the same. But when the abandonment is definitive, as we will analyze
later, the cementation must be such that it generates a total seal of the same.
Oscar Onishi Bersatti
Sealing wells
As we anticipated, the main task, but not the only one, of the abandonment of wells,
is its sealing which, in general, implies an isolation that prevents the oil, gas or water,
or liquids from a well , move to another formation of the subsoil, or to the surface. If
this happens, that is, if the fluids related to the operations flow from one layer to the
other, we would find ourselves with a specific environmental risk, since underground
maps could be contaminated (aquifers, for example). A successful job of packing is
necessary not only in terms of the collective interest, but also in the interest of the
concessionaire and operator companies themselves, given that the remediation of
corrective operations of blockages carried out defectively, are highly costly and
complicated.
But the work of abandonment of well does not end with sealing or with plugging.
Then, the location where the well sits must be sanitized by removing the necessary
equipment to promote the revegetation of the place. Pipes, pipes, installations and
infrastructure must have a specific destination, either as scrap metal or disposed as
Oscar Onishi Bersatti
waste according to the specific treatment. In spite of not being normatively required,
a good sustainability practice would be to plant the location of the well to favor new
vegetation (except in arid zones). Currently, with the introduced concept of "dry
locations" in drilling, the environmental impact is even lower, since the restoration of
the environment to its natural state is accelerated.
Platform dismantling
As we anticipated, one of the main problems with the issue of the abandonment of
wells lies in the dismantling of existing facilities, structures and pipes, given that the
surface must return to its normal condition, revegetate and remedy. Land operations
are expensive and sometimes difficult depending on the geography. And more, in
operations "off shore", where those same tasks are a huge complication. Decisions
about the moment and how to dismantle marine platforms imply environmental and
security aspects of such magnitude that their costs can be incalculable. The
availability of the necessary equipment, the climatic conditions, are just some of the
obstacles that must be faced when they occur. the abandonment of the well.
Glossary
Sealing wells: sellado de pozos
FLUIDOS DE PERFORACION
Definiciones según:
Haggen y Pollard. “definieron el lodo nativo como la mezcla de agua con arcilla
la cual permanece en suspensión por un tiempo considerable”.
Lewis y mc Murray. ”Decían que un buen lodo debía ser capaz de sellar arenas
de formación, además de evitar su lavado y contrarrestar las presiones del gas”.
Tóxicos
Corrosivos
Inflamables
Pero entre sus propiedades estas deben ser inertes a las contaminaciones de
sales solubles o inertes y además, estable a altas temperaturas.
Objetivo.
Baritina.
Muy utilizado para dar la densidad a los lodos, es un material inerte e insoluble
en agua y aceite que puede ser usado en un amplio rango de concentración
según sean las condiciones exigidas.
Bentonita.
Llamada también arcilla (silico aluminato) que sirve para dar viscosidad y control
de filtrado a lodos base agua, su gravedad especifica esta alrededor de 2,6.
Los recortes y los sólidos deben retirarse en la superficie para obtener un fluido
limpio que se pueda bombear de nuevo hacia el agujero a través de la sarta.
El lodo ayuda a reducir el peso de las sartas conforme ellas flotan hacia arriba
por una fuerza de empuje igual al peso del lodo desplazado.
Propiedades físicas.
1. Densidad.-es la propiedad del fluido que tiene por función principal
mantener en sitio los fluidos de la formación. La densidad del lodo se
puede expresar en libras por galos (lb/gal), o kilogramo por metro cubico
(Kg/m3).
2. Reologia.- es el estudio del flujo de líquido y gases, la viscosidad que
puede considerarse como la resistencia al flujo (o relativamente espeso)
de un fluido, este término es común en la industria petrolera.
3. Velocidad de recorte.
4. Esfuerzo de corte.
5. Viscosidad API o de embudo.- es determinada con el embudo marsh, y
sirve para comparar la fluidez de un líquido con la del agua.
La perforación con inyección de aire es una técnica muy habitual. Su uso está
determinado por la maquinaria de la que se disponga (ya que pueden ser
necesarios compresores de gran potencia) y por el terreno que se va a perforar,
siendo muy habitual su uso, en terrenos duros algo fracturados.
Fluidos en base agua.
Lodo bentónico.-La Bentonita es una arcilla muy fina, que posee gran capacidad
de absorción de agua manteniendo su consistencia. La mezcla de bentonita y
agua forma un fluido llamado lodo bentonítico. Este lodo es usado en perforación
debido a su elevada tixotropía, ya que adquiere una consistencia líquida cuando
está en movimiento, y consistencia gel cuando está en reposo.
Bentonita
Atapulguita
Asbestos
Polímeros
Densificantes.
Barita
Óxido de hierro
Garena
carbonato de calcio
sales disueltas
- cloruro de sodio
- cloruro de calcio
- cloruro de calcio/bromuro de calcio
López Godoy Roly
Fosfatos
- pirofosfato de sodio acido
- fosfato tetrasodico
- hexametafosfato de sodio
López Godoy Roly
DRILLING FLUIDS
Definitions according to:
Haggen and Pollard. "They defined the native mud as the mixture of water with
clay which remains in suspension for a considerable time"
Lewis and mc Murray. "They said that a good mud should be capable of sealing
formation sands, in addition to avoiding washing and counteracting the pressures
of the gas."
Stround. "Responsible for finding a means to increase density to prevent lack of
well control”.
Definition.- is a heterogeneous mixture of a continuous phase (water or oil) with
the phase that are the additives that are added and that may be dissolved or
dispersed in the continuous medium in order to give the sludge suitable
PROPERTIES so that it can meet Specific FUNCTIONS in oil well drilling.
Toxic
Corrosives
Flammable
But among their properties they must be inert to the contaminations of soluble or
inert salts and also, stable at high temperatures.
Objective
The main objective is drilling fluids or drilling muds. Guarantee the safety and
speed of the drilling process, through its treatment deepen the high pressure
formations.
Drilling fluids usually use the following rocks for their composition. which play a
very important role in the mud, these are:
Barite.
Very used to give density to sludge, it is an inert and insoluble material in water
and oil that can be used in a wide range of concentration according to the required
conditions.
Bentonite
Also called clay (silico aluminate) which serves to give viscosity and control of
Filtered to water-based sludge, its specific gravity is around 2.6.
Cuttings and solids must be removed on the surface to obtain a clean fluid that
can be pumped back into the hole through the string.
Image: Arrows indicate the increase of the hydrostatic pressure with depth
The drilling fluid should have some lubricating properties that will help reduce
torque and friction.
The drilling fluids help to evaluate the formations through electrical registers, for
this a fluid is required that is an electrical conductive medium.
Physical properties
1. Density.-It is the property of the fluid whose main function is to keep the fluids
of the formation in place. The mud density can be expressed in pounds per gallon
(Ib / gal), or kilogram per cubic meter (Kg / m3).
2. Rheology - is the study of the flow of liquid and gases, the viscosity that can
be considered as the resistance to the flow (or relatively thick) of a fluid, this term
is common in the oil industry.
3. Cutting speed.
4. Cutting effort.
5. API or funnel viscosity. - is determined with the marsh funnel, and serves to
compare the fluidity of a liquid with that of water.
The main factors that determine the selection of drilling fluids are:
Drilling with air injection is a very common technique. Its use is determined by the
machinery of which dispose (since they can be compressors of great power) and
for the land that is going to be drilled, being very habitual its use, in rough terrains
somewhat fractured.
Water based fluids
Benthic sludge.-Bentonite is a very fine clay, which has a great capacity to absorb
water while maintaining its consistency. The mixture of bentonite and water forms
a fluid called bentonite mud. This mud is used in drilling due to its high thixotropy,
since it acquires a liquid consistency when it is in movement, and gel consistency
when at rest.
Bentonite
Atapulguita
Asbestos
Polymers
Densifying.
Baryta
Iron oxide
Garena
calcium carbonate
dissolved salts
-sodium chloride
-calcium chloride
López Godoy Roly
Currently there are more than 7,000 offshore facilities located around the world
(Figure 1), distributed in territorial waters of more than 50 countries, it is
expected that at least 6,500 of these facilities have to be removed in the next
20-25 years, with a cost that would range between $ 20,000 and $ 40,000
million dollars. It is estimated that the cost of uninstallation can represent up to
10% of the total investment.
The platforms are removed, if possible, in the same way they were installed,
only in the opposite direction. In very large structures where this is not feasible,
partial cuts are usually made in the substructure in order to obtain parts that can
be handled and transported more easily. The general activities of abandonment
and removal of platforms are carried out in the following sequence:
Scrap or reused options.
Total removal
Partial removal
Sinking on site
Permanence as it is on the site
Reuse
Total removal
The total removal tries to leave the seabed free as it was before the installation
of the platform, for piles, conductors or portions of pipes that are buried. This
option is highly demanded by governments and environmental groups, as it
avoids most of the potential problems related to the safety of navigation,
commercial fishing, environmental care and, in some cases, national security.
The removed installation can be deposited in deep waters, in shallow waters for
the creation of reefs or sectioned for use in various coastal works. On the
contrary, due to the high costs involved, the total removal is not a favorable
option for the oil industry.
Partial removal
This option can be adopted for large platforms located in deep water and may
include the substructure and the superstructure. These are cut into several
pieces, which will be deposited at the bottom of the sea or moved to another
location, if there is commercial interest in them. In case the sections are
deposited in the bottom of the sea, the platform should be free of any
contaminant, in addition the sections should be fixed to avoid any subsequent
movement originating from natural sources (hurricanes, earthquakes, etc.); the
operator has the obligation to document the final distribution of the sections on
the seabed.
The controlled collapse of the complete platform involves the cutting with
explosives of specific parts of the substructure, in such a way that it causes the
platform to fall towards the seabed, freeing the navigational space above the
platform. Like the previous option, the platform must be freed of any polluting
substance and secured to the seabed. The sinking at the site does not release
the operator from the responsibilities that could be generated as a result of the
sunken parts. This option allows a significant reduction in costs compared to the
total removal. Tends to be accepted by most governments only in case of
emergency (as in the case of the Piper Alfa platform, in the North Sea),
although it has a strong rejection by environmental groups.
Stay on site
The use of reconditioned platforms has been carried out in different areas of
offshore activity. This practice has been presented frequently among the North
American operators of the Gulf of Mexico. The reuse of a platform may consist
of similar activities for which it was originally designed, perhaps in less severe
conditions, or change its use function (requalification), the main justifications for
its use, have to do with the greater availability of the platform, lower costs of the
installation and normally, an early start of operations where the platform will be
used (early production, profitable marginal fields, etc.), so the costs of de-
installation are reduced by subdividing them and deferring them for the greater
installation use time. The practices carried out in the United States of America
show that most of the structures located in water depths less than 100 meters
and with an age inferior to 15 years are strong candidates for reuse, this subject
is clear, to an analysis detailed of the current structural conditions of the
installation.
Estimated costs of abandonment.
The following figure shows the typical percentage of costs of a platform removal
project with offshore wells. The size of the infrastructure and the number of
wells are scaled together, so this relationship remains fairly constant.
Glosary
Handled: Manejando
Bottom: Fondo
Easily: Facilmente
Requalification: Recalificación
Remaining: Restante
Bibliography
Diciembre 2000
Proserv offshore
Enero 2010