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 U it -1
Stea Ge erators

INTRODUCTION
Stea is e te si el used fo a ious appli atio s su h as po e p odu tio , i dust ial p o esses,
o k i te a tio , heati g et . With the i easi g use of stea i diffe e t e gi ee i g s ste s
the stea ge e atio te h olog has also u de go e a ious de elop e ts sta ti g f o
B.C. he He o of Ale a d ia i e ted a o i ed ea tio tu i e a d oile . Boile , also alled
stea ge e ato is the e gi ee i g de i e hi h ge e ates stea at o sta t p essu e. It is a
losed essel, ge e all ade of steel i hi h apo izatio of ate takes pla e. Heat e ui ed
fo apo izatio a e p o ided the o ustio of fuel i fu a e, ele t i it , u lea ea to ,
hot e haust gases, sola adiatio s et . Ea lie oile s e e losed essels ade f o sheets of
ought i o hi h e e lapped, i eted a d fo ed i to shapes of si ple sphe e t pe o
m
o ple se tio s su h as the o e sho i Fig. It is the Wago oile of Watt de eloped i .

o
.c
a
m
a
n
y
d
u
t
S
Wagon boiler of Watt, 1

A o di g to A.S.M.E. A e i a So iet of Me ha i al E gi ee s, U.S.A. ode a oile is defi ed

as a o i atio of appa atus fo p odu i g, fu ishi g o e o e i g heat togethe ith the
appa atus fo t a sfe i g the heat so ade a aila le to ate hi h ould e heated a d
apo ized to stea fo .

Page no: 1
 TYPES OF BOILERS
Boile s a e of a t pes. Depe di g upo thei featu es the a e lassified as gi e u de :
a Based upo the orie tatio /a is of the shell: A ordi g to the a is of shell oiler a e
lassified as erti al oiler a d horizo tal oiler.
i Ve ti al oile has its shell e ti al.
ii Ho izo tal oile has its shell ho izo tal.
iii I li ed oile has its shell i li ed.
Based upo utilit of oiler: Boilers a e lassified as
i Statio e oile , su h oile s a e statio e a d a e e te si el used i po e pla ts,
i dust ial p o esses, heati g et .
ii Po ta le oile , su h oile s a e po ta le a d a e of s all size. These a e of the follo i g
t pes,
Lo o oti e oile , Ma i e oile .
Based o t pe of firi g e plo ed: A ordi g to the ature of heat additio pro ess oilers
a e lassified as,
i E te all fi ed oile s, i m
hi h heat additio is do e e te all i.e. fu a e is outside the
oile u it, su h as La hashi e oile , Lo o oti e oile et .
o
ii I te all fi ed oile s, i hi h heat additio is do e i te all i.e. fu a e is ithi the oile
u it, su h as Co h a oile , Bo o k Wil o oile et .
.c
d Based upo the tu e o te t: Based o the fluid i side the tu es, oilers a e,
a
i Fi e tu e oile s, su h oile s ha e the hot gases i side the tu e a d ate is outside
su ou di g the . E a ples fo these oile s a e, Co ish oile , Co h a oile , La ashi e
oile , Lo o oti e oile et .
m
a
ii Wate tu e oile s, su h oile s ha e ate flo i g i side the tu es a d hot gases su ou d
the . E a ples fo su h oile s a e Ba o k-Wil o oile , Sti li g oile , La-Mo t oile , Be so
oile et .
n
y
e Based o t pe of fuel used: A ordi g to the t pe of fuel used the oilers a e,
i Solid fuel fi ed oile s, su h as oal fi ed oile s et .

d
ii Li uid fuel fi ed oile s, su h as oil fi ed oile s et .

u
iii Gas fi ed oile s, su h as atu al gas fi ed oile s et .
f Based o ir ulatio : A ordi g to the flo of ater a d stea ithi the oiler ir uit the
t
oile s a e of follo i g t pes,

S
i Natu al i ulatio oile s, i hi h the i ulatio of ate /stea is aused
diffe e e hi h is due to the te pe atu e a iatio .
the de sit

ii Fo ed i ulatio oile s, i hi h the i ulatio of ate /stea is aused a pu p i.e.

e te all , assisted i ulatio
g Based o e te t of firi g: A ordi g to the e te t of firi g the oilers a e,
i Fi ed oile s, i hi h heat is p o ided fuel fi i g.
ii U fi ed oile s, i hi h heat is p o ided so e othe sou e e ept fuel fi i g su h as hot
flue gases et .
iii Supple e ta fi ed oile s, i hi h a po tio of heat is p o ided fuel fi i g a d e ai i g
so e othe sou e.

Page no: 2
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 REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD BOILER
Diffe e t e ui e e ts of a good oile a e gi e elo . I ge e al oile is supposed to ge e ate
la ge ua tit of stea at desi ed p essu e a d te pe atu e ui kl a d effi ie tl .
a It should e apa le of ge e ati g stea at desi ed ate at desi ed p essu e a d te pe atu e
ith i i u fuel o su ptio a d ost.
It should ha e suffi ie t stea a d ate sto age apa it to eet flu tuatio i de a d a d
to p e e t flu tuatio i stea p essu e o ate le el.
Boile should ha e a o sta t a d tho ough i ulatio of ate .
d It should e e uipped ith all e essa ou ti gs.
e Boile should ha e apa ilit to get sta ted ui kl f o old.
f Its o st u tio should e si ple a d ha e good o k a ship fo the ease of i spe tio a d
epai s i.e. easil a essi le pa ts.
g Boile should ha e its heati g su fa e ea l at ight a gle to the u e t of hot gases fo good
heat t a sfe .
h The e should e i i u f i tio al po e loss du i g flo of hot gases a d ate /stea i.e.
p essu e d op th oughout the s ste should e i i u . m
o
i Tu es should e so desig ed so as to ha e i i u soot depositio a d good st e gth agai st
ea . Boile should ha e a ud d u to e ei e all i pu ities.

.c
j Boile should ha e st e gth to ithsta d e essi e the al st esses.
k Boile should o up less floo a ea a d spa e.
a
Boile s a e sele ted fo a pa ti ula appli atio s o side i g a o e ge e al e ui e e ts a d
o st ai ts, if a . Fo de idi g the oile fo a appli atio , ge e all follo i g ite io a e
ade;
m
i Stea p essu e e ui e e t
ii Stea te pe atu e e ui e e t a
iii Stea ge e atio ate
n
y
i I itial ost a d o st ai ts
Ru i g a d ai te a e osts

d
i A aila ilit of fuel a d ate

u
ii I spe tio a d ai te a e e ui e e ts
HIGH PRESSURE BOILER
t
High p essu e oile s ge e all ope ate i supe iti al a ge. Need of su h oile s is felt e ause

S
high p essu e a d te pe atu e of stea ge e ated i oile i p o es pla t effi ie . These
oile s ha e fo ed i ulatio of ate /stea i the oile . This fo ed i ulatio is ai tai ed
e plo i g suita le pu p. The stea d u is of e s all size a d i so e ases it a e
e e a se t too. This
is e ause of usi g fo ed i ulatio . I ase of atu al i ulatio d u size has to e la ge.
S he ati of high p essu e oile is sho i figu e. I fa t the high p essu e oile s ha e ee
possi le e ause of a aila ilit of high te pe atu e esista t ate ials. He e di e t heati g of
ate tu es is do e the e essi el hot gases p ese t i fi e o . The fi e o has la ge olu e
as othe ise e posed ate tu es shall elt. Heat is pi ked u e of pa allel tu es
o tai i g ate . These pa allel tu es appea as if it is a all due to lose spa i g of tu es. Wate
i ulatio i uit is sho i li e diag a . High p essu e oile s a ha e atu al i ulatio i

Page no: 3
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 ase the stea p essu e desi ed lies et ee a d a a d size is ot o st ai t. High
p essu e oile s ha e apa ilit of ge e ati g la ge ua tit of stea pe u it of fu a e olu e.
High p essu e oile s a e disad a tageous f o safet poi t of ie a d the efo e, st i ge t
elia ilit e ui e e ts of ou ti gs a e the e.

m
o
.c
a
m
High p essu e oile with atu al i ulatio
a
n
BENSON BOILER
y
d
It is a ate tu e oile apa le of ge e ati g stea at supe iti al p essu e. Figu e. sho the

u
s he ati of Be so oile . Ma k e so , o ei ed the idea of ge e ati g stea at

t
supe iti al p essu e i hi h ate flashes i to apou ithout a late t heat e ui e e t.
A o e iti al poi t the ate t a sfo s i to stea i the a se e of oili g a d ithout a
S
ha ge i olu e i.e. sa e de sit . Co t a to the u le fo atio o tu e su fa e i pai i g
heat t a sfe i the o al p essu e oile s, the supe iti al stea ge e atio does ot ha e
u le fo atio a d pulsatio s et . due to it. Stea ge e atio also o u s e ui kl i these
oile s. As the p essu e a d te pe atu es ha e to e o e tha iti al poi t, so ate ial of
o st u tio should e st o g e ough to ithsta d the al st esses. Feed pu p has to e of
la ge apa it as p essu e i side is uite high, hi h also lo e s the pla t effi ie due to la ge
egati e o k e ui e e t. Be so oile s ge e all ha e stea ge e atio p essu e o e tha
iti al p essu e a d stea i g ate of a out – to s/h . The al effi ie of these oile s
is of the o de of %.

Page no: 4
 m
Be so oile o
.c
LOEFFLER BOILER
This a fo ed i ulatio t pe oile ha i g oth di e t a d i di e t t pe of heat e ha ge

a
et ee supe heated stea / ate a d hot gases/stea espe ti el . S he ati a a ge e t of
a Loeffle oile is sho i Fig. He e the hot o ustio gases e e gi g out of fu a e a e fi stl

m
used fo supe heati g of stea a d se o dl fo eheati g/e o o ise se tio s. Stea
ge e atio is ealized th ough the supe heated stea ei g i je ted i to e apo ato d u .
a
Satu ated stea thus ge e ated i e apo ato d u as a esult of i i g of supe heated stea
a d ate is pi ked up stea
n
i ulatio pu p. This pu p fo es satu ated stea at high
p essu e th ough supe heate tu es he e the hottest flue gases f o fu a e supe heat stea
y
o i g f o e apo ato . Flue gases su se ue tl pass th ough eheated/e o o ize se tio s as

d
sho . Supe heated stea o i g out of supe heate se tio is pa tl take out th ough stea
ai a d e ai i g is i je ted i to e apo ato d u . Ge e all supe heated stea is di ided i
u
p opo tio of : fo stea ai a d e apo ato d u espe ti el . Feed ate to the oile is
pu ped
t
feed pu p th ough the e o o ise se tio to e apo ato d u . Ge e all stea
ge e ated is at p essu e of a out a a d te pe atu e of C.
S

Page no: 5
 m
S he ati a a ge e t i Loeffle Boile
o
.c
VELOX BOILER
Velo oile is a fi e tu e oile ha i g fo ed i ulatio . Boile has gas tu i e, o p esso ,

a
ge e ato , feed pu p, i ulatio pu p et . as its i teg al o po e ts. Thus Velo oile u it is
a o pa t stea ge e ati g pla t. Figu e sho s the li e diag a of Velo oile u it. Boile u it

m
has a o p esso suppl i g high p essu e ai at a out a i to the oil u e so as to p odu e
o ustio p odu ts at high p essu e a d thus ha e hot flue gases flo i g th ough fi e tu es at
a
e high elo it of the o de of supe so i elo it . Flue gases flo i g at supe so i elo it

n
y
d
u
t
S

Page no: 6
 m
o
Velo oile u it
.c
Fa ilitate e high ate of heat i te a tio et ee t o fluids, ge e all of the o de of -
k al/
a
of o ustio olu e. Co ustio spa e is li ed ith o e t i e ti al tu es ha i g
hot flue gases passi g th ough the i e tu e a d ate su ou di g it i oute tu e. Hot flue
m
gases pass th ough supe heate se tio a d su se ue tl e te i to gas tu i e fo its e pa sio .

out of gas tu i e at a out – a

Gas tu i e d i es the o p esso used fo p odu i g o p essed ai . E pa ded gases o i g
/se e te i to e o o ise he e feed ate pi ks up heat
n
f o gas tu i e e haust. Hot feed ate o i g out of e o o ise is se t i to stea / ate

y
du fo he e ate is i ulated th ough e ti al o e t i tu es usi g a i ulati g pu p.
Du i g the ate flo i o ustio olu e spa e it pa tiall gets t a sfo ed i to stea a d
d
the i tu e is i je ted ta ge tiall i to d u . Ta ge tial dis ha ge of i tu e fo s a i ulato

u
flo o te ausi g stea elease due to e t ifugal a tio , thus sepa atio of ate /stea .
Stea is su se ue tl passed th ough supe heate se tio hile ate is agai i ulated usi g
t
i ulatio pu p. Stea passes th ough stea heade s afte supe heati g. Su plus e e g , if a

S
i gas tu i e is used alte ato atta hed to it hi h supple e ts the ele t i it e ui e e t
i a ious au ilia de i es. Velo oile s a e e fle i le a d apa le of ui k sta ti g. O e all
effi ie of the oile u it is a out – %. Boile is apa le of ha dli g a i u of
to s/h ate hi h is li ited the li itatio of a i u po e e ui e e t i o p esso

LA MONT BOILER
This is a ate tu e oile ha i g fo ed i ulatio . S he ati sho i g the a a ge e t i side
oile is gi e i Fig. Boile has e ti al shell ha i g th ee disti t zo es ha i g ate tu es i
the , a el e apo ato se tio , supe heate se tio a d e o o ise se tio Feed ate is fed
f o feed pu p to pass th ough e o o ise tu es. Hot ate f o e o o ize goes i to d u
fo he e hot feed ate is pi ked up a i ulati g pu p. Ce t ifugal pu p a e stea

Page no: 7
 d i e o of ele t i d i e t pe. Pu p i eases p essu e a d ate i ulates th ough
e apo atio se tio so as to get o e ted i to stea a d e te s a k to d u . Stea a aila le
i d u e te s i to supe heate tu es a d afte getti g supe heated stea lea es th ough stea
ai .

m
o
.c
BOILER MOUNTINGS AND ACCESSORIES a
m
Boile ou ti gs a d a esso ies ha e ee defi ed ea lie a d sho o the diffe e t oile s.

a
Diffe e t ou ti gs a e
i Wate le el i di ato
ii Safet al es
iii High stea a d lo n
ate safet al es
i Fusi le plug y
P essu e gauge
i Stop al e d
ii Feed he k al eu
t
iii Blo off o k

S
i Ma hole a d ud o
Va ious oile a esso ies a e:
i Supe heate
ii E o o ise
iii Ai p eheate
i Feed pu p

BOILER DRAUGHT
D aught efe s to the p essu e diffe e e eated fo the flo of gases i side the oile . Boile
u it has a e ui e e t of the e pulsio of o ustio p odu ts a d suppl of f esh ai i side
fu a e fo o ti uous o ustio . The o o ious gases fo ed du i g o ustio should e

Page no: 8
 dis ha ged at su h a height as ill e de the gases u o je tio a le. A hi e o sta k is
ge e all used fo a i g these o ustio p odu ts f o i side of oile to outside, i.e.
d aught is eated use of hi e . D aught a e eated atu all o a tifi iall usi g
so e e te al de i e. D aught a e lassified as elo :
 I this the p essu e diffe e e is eated atu all ithout usi g a positi e displa e e t
de i e.
 A tifi ial d aught is eated usi g so e e te al assista e ausi g fo ed displa e e t
of gases. It a e eated eithe usi g e ha i al de i es o stea . A tifi ial d aught
a e of i du ed t pe, fo ed t pe o o i atio of t o t pes.

Thus the d aught i oile a e said to e e ui ed fo , p o idi g a d ai tai i g the suppl

of suffi ie t ai fo o ustio e pulsio of o ustio p odu ts f o fu a e egio a d
dis ha ge of u t gases to at osphe e. The a ou t of d aught e ui ed shall depe d upo ,
t pe of oile , ate of fuel u i g ate at hi h o ustio p odu ts a e p odu ed a d the
ai e ui e e t ate. As the p essu e diffe e e is e s all so d aught is easu ed i of
ate . Mathe ati all , p essu e due to of ate olu m
is e ui ale t to kgf/ .

o
.c
a
m
a
n
y
d
u
t
S
NATURAL DRAUGHT
It is p odu ed e plo i g hi e . The atu al d aught is p odu ed a hi e due to the fa t
that the hot gases i side the hi e a e lighte tha the outside old ai i.e. de sit diffe e e
of hot gases i side hi e a d old at osphe i ai . Thus i a oile u it the o ustio
p odu ts hot ise f o fuel ed th ough hi e , a d a e epla ed f esh ai old e te i g
the g ate. It ea s that a ou t of d aught p odu ed a hi e depe ds upo flue-gas
te pe atu e. I te sit of d aught p odu ed hi e also depe ds upo height of hi e .

Page no: 9
 D aught p odu ed a talle hi e is la ge as the diffe e e i eight et ee the olu of
ai i side a d that of ai outside i eases ith height. Ge e all d aught is less tha kgf/
i hi e s.
I st i te te s the o d hi e is used fo i k o o ete st u tu e a d sta k is used fo
etalli o e. Chi e s a e ge e all ade of steel, i k o ei fo ed o ete. Steel hi e s
o sta ks a e ost desi a le fo s alle oile u its due to s all i itial ost, ease of o st u tio
a d e e tio . O a ou t of s all spa e e ui e e t as o pa ed to othe sta ks, self sustai i g
steel sta ks a e used i so e la ge po e pla ts. Steel sta ks ha e p o le of ust a d o osio ,
so pai ti g e ui e e ts a e uite st i ge t. B i k hi e s a e e ui ed he e pe a e t
hi e ith lo ge life is e ui ed. Su h hi e s ha e i he e t disad a tages of leakages et .
a oss the o st u tio , the efo e a eful o st u tio is e ui ed. Leakage of ai a oss hi e
all effe ts i te sit of d aught. B i k hi e s a e o st u ted of ou d, o tago al, o s ua e
se tio . Ge e all i k hi e has t o alls ith ai spa e et ee the a d i e all ha i g
fi e i k li i g. Co ete hi e s a e used due to the a se e of joi ts, light eight a d spa e
e o o as o pa ed ith i k hi e s. Also the ei fo ed o ete hi e is less
e pe si e o pa ed to i k hi e alo g ith i i u ha es of leakage a oss alls.
m
Cal ulatio s: As it is o ious f o ea lie dis ussio that the e ti al du t alled hi e eates

o
atu al d aught so esti atio of height of hi e is e i po ta t. Figu e sho s the s he ati
of hi e i a oile u it. Du i g o o ki g of oile the p essu e i side oile is at osphe i

.c
p essu e. P essu e at outlet of hi e ill e less tha at osphe i p essu e due to altitude
diffe e e.
a
m
a
n
y
d
u
t
S
EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION

F o ea lie dis ussio s it is see that the e e ists a la ge a iet of the oile s i te s of thei
a a ge e t, effi ie , stea ge e atio ate, stea o ditio , t pe of fuel used, fi i g ethod
a d d aught et . Fo o pa i g o e oile ith othe a of the a o e pa a ete s a ot e
o side ed as the a e i te depe de t. The efo e, fo o pa i g the apa it of oile s o ki g
at diffe e t p essu es, te pe atu es a d diffe e t fi al stea o ditio s et . a pa a ete alled
e ui ale t e apo atio a e used. E ui ale t e apo atio a tuall i di ates the a ou t of

Page no: 10
 heat added i the oile fo stea ge e atio . E ui ale t e apo atio efe s to the ua tit of
d satu ated stea ge e ated pe u it ti e f o feed ate at _C to stea at _C at the
satu atio p essu e o espo di g to _C. So eti es it is also alled e ui ale t e apo atio
f o a d at _C. Thus, athe ati all it ould e gi e as

Boiler Effi ie :
HEAT BALANCE ON BOILER
Heat ala e o oile efe s to the a ou ti g fo total heat eleased i side oile a d its
dist i utio . Total heat a aila le i side oile is due to u i g of fuel a d a e ua tified
the p odu t of ass of fuel a d heati g alue of fuel. Heat dist i utio a e gi e o p isi g
of the follo i g, ased o u it ass of fuel u t.

Nu eri al pro le :-
m
1. Dete i e the height of hi e e ui ed to p odu e d aught e ui ale t to . of
ate olu fo the flue gases at o
_C a d a ie t te pe atu e of _C. Take the ai

.c
e ui e e t to e kg/kg of fuel.
2. Cal ulate the d aught p odu ed i of ate hi e of height, flue gas
te pe atu e of
kg of oal .
K, oile house te pe atu e of
a K a d ai supplied at . kg pe

m
a ******

n
y
d
u
t
S

Page no: 11
 U it -
Vapour Power Cy les or Phase ha ge y le

CARNOT CYCLE
Figu e sho s a Ca ot le o T-s a d p-V diag a s. It o sists of I t o o sta t p essu e
ope atio s - a d - a d ii t o f i tio less adia ati - a d - . These ope atio s a e
dis ussed elo :

. Ope atio - . kg of oili g ate at te pe atu e T is heated to fo et stea of d ess

f a tio . Thus heat is a so ed at o sta t te pe atu e T a d p essu e p du i g this
ope atio .

. Ope atio - . Du i g this ope atio stea is e pa ded ise t opi all to te pe atu e T a d
p essu e p . The poi t ep ese ts the o ditio of stea afte e pa sio .

. Ope atio m
- . Du i g this ope atio heat is eje ted at o sta t p essu e p a d te pe atu e
T . As the stea is e hausted it e o es ette a d ooled f o
o
to .

. Ope atio
.c
- . I this ope atio the et stea at is o p essed ise t opi all till the stea
egai s its o igi al state of te pe atu e T a d p essu e p . Thus le is o pleted.

Refe T-s diag a :

a
m
a
Heat supplied at o sta t te pe atu e T [ope atio - ] = a ea - - -a = T s –s o T s
–s .
n
y
d
u
t
S
Fig. Ca ot le o T-s a d p-V diag a s

Heat eje ted at o sta t te pe atu e T ope atio - = a ea - -a- = T s –s .

Page no: 1
 Li itatio s of Car ot Cy le
Though Ca ot le is si ple the od a i all a d has the highest the al effi ie fo
gi e alues of T a d T , et it is e t e el diffi ult to ope ate i p a ti e e ause of the
follo i g easo s:

. It is diffi ult to o p ess a et Vapou ise t opi all to the satu ated state as e ui ed the
p o ess - .

. It is diffi ult to o t ol the ualit of the o de sate o i g out of the o de se so that the
state is e a tl o tai ed.

. The effi ie of the Ca ot le is g eatl affe ted the te pe atu e T at hi h heat is

t a sfe ed to the o ki g fluid. Si e the iti al te pe atu e fo stea is o l °C, the efo e,
if the m
le is to e ope ated i the et egio , the a i u possi le te pe atu e is se e el
li ited.
o
. The
.c
le is still o e diffi ult to ope ate i p a ti e ith supe heated stea due to the

a
e essit of suppl i g the supe heat at o sta t te pe atu e i stead of o sta t p essu e as it
is usto a .

I a p a ti al m
le, li its of p essu e a d olu e a e fa o e easil ealised tha li its of
a
te pe atu e so that at p ese t o p a ti al e gi e ope ates o the Ca ot le, although all
ode les aspi e to a hie e it.
n
y
RANKINE CYCLE d
Ra ki e u
le is the theo eti al le o hi h the stea tu i e o e gi e o ks.
t
S

Page no: 2
 Ra ki e le.

m
o
.c
a
m
a
n
(a) p- diag a ;
y
T-s diag a ; h-s diag a fo Ra ki e le.

(b) The Ra ki e
d
le is sho i Fig. It o p ises of the follo i g p o esses :
(c)
u
Pro ess - : Re e si le adia ati e pa sio i the tu i e o stea e gi e .
Pro ess - : Co sta t-p essu e t a sfe of heat i the o de se .
t
(d)
(e) Pro ess - : Re e si le adia ati pu pi g p o ess i the feed pu p.
(f)
(g) S
Pro ess - : Co sta t-p essu e t a sfe of heat i the oile .
Fig. . sho s the Ra ki e le o p- , T-s a d h-s diag a s he the satu ated stea
(h) e te s the tu i e, the stea a e et o supe heated also .
(i) Co sideri g kg of fluid :
(j) Appl i g steady flo ene gy e uation S.F.E.E. to oile , tu i e, o de se a d pu p :
(k) i For oiler as o t ol olu e , e get

Page no: 3
 Co pariso etwee Ra ki e Cy le a d Car ot Cy le-

The follo i g poi ts a e o th oti g :

i Bet ee the sa e te pe atu e li its Ra ki e le p o ides a highe spe ifi o k output

tha a Ca ot le, o se ue tl Ra ki e le e ui es a s alle stea flo ate esulti g i
s alle size pla t fo a gi e po e output. Ho e e , Ra ki e le alls fo highe ates of heat
t a sfe i oile a d o de se .

ii Si e i Ra ki e le o l pa t of the heat is supplied isothe all at o sta t highe

te pe atu e T , the efo e, its effi ie is lo e tha that of Ca ot le. The effi ie of the
Ra ki e le ill app oa h that of the Ca ot le o e ea l if the supe heat te pe atu e
ise is edu ed.

m
iii The ad a tage of usi g pu p to feed li uid to the oile i stead to o p essi g a et apou
is o ious that the o k fo o p essio is e la ge o pa ed to the pu p.
o
Fig. sho s the plots et ee effi ie
fo Ca ot a d ideal Ra ki e les.
a d spe ifi stea
.c
o su ptio agai st oile p essu e

Effe t of Ope ati g Co ditio s o Ra ki e C le Effi ie

a
The Ra ki e le effi ie a e i p o ed : m
a
i I
n
easi g the a e age te pe atu e at hi h heat is supplied.

y
ii De easi g/ edu i g the te pe atu e at hi h heat is eje ted

d
u
t
S

Page no: 4
 This a e a hie ed aki g suita le ha ges i the o ditio s of steam ge e atio o
o de satio , as dis ussed elo : o
.c
. In reasing oiler pressure. It has ee o se ed that i easi g the oile p essu e othe
fa to s e ai i g the sa e the
p essu e of a out a [Fig. a ]. a
le te ds to ise a d ea hes a a i u alue at a oile

m
. Superheating. All othe fa to s e ai i g the sa e, if the stea is supe heated efo e
allo i g it to e pa d the Ra ki e
a
le effi ie a e i eased [Fig. ]. The use of

n
supe heated stea also e su es lo ge tu i e lade life e ause of the a se e of e osio f o

y
high elo it ate pa ti les that a e suspe ded i et apou .

d
. Redu ing ondenser pressure. The the al effi ie of the le a e a pl i p o ed

u
edu i g the o de se p essu e [Fig. . ] he e edu i g the te pe atu e at hi h heat
is eje ted , espe iall i high a uu s. But the i ease i effi ie is o tai ed at the i eased
t
ost of o de satio appa atus
S
MODIFIED RANKINE CYCLE

Figu es sho the odified Ra ki e le o p-V a d T-s diag a s egle ti g pu p o k

espe ti el . It ill e oted that p-V diag a is e a o at the toe i.e., poi t ′ a d the o k
o tai ed ea to e is e s all. I fa t this o k is too i ade uate to o e o e f i tio due to
e ip o ati g pa ts e e . The efo e, the adia ati is te i ated at ; the p essu e d op
de eases sudde l hilst the olu e e ai s o sta t. This ope atio is ep ese ted the li e
- . B this doi g the st oke le gth is edu ed ; i othe o ds the li de di e sio s edu e
ut at the e pe se of s all loss of o k a ea - - ′ hi h, ho e e , is egligi l s all.

Page no: 5
 m
o
.c
a
m
a
n
y
d
u
t
S
REGENERATIVE CYCLE

I the Ra ki e le it is o se ed that the o de sate hi h is fai l at lo te pe atu e has a

i e e si le i i g ith hot oile ate a d this esults i de ease of le effi ie . Methods
a e, the efo e, adopted to heat the feed ate f o the hot ell of o de se i e e si l
i te ha ge of heat ithi the s ste a d thus i p o i g the le effi ie . This heati g
ethod is alled ege e ati e feed heat a d the le is alled ege e ati e le. The p i iple
of ege e atio a e p a ti all utilised e t a ti g stea f o the tu i e at se e al
lo atio s a d suppl i g it to the ege e ati e heate s. The esulti g le is k o as
ege e ati e o leedi g le. The heati g a a ge e t o p ises of : i Fo ediu apa it

Page no: 6
Studynama’s BDS Community is one of India’s Largest Community of Dental Students. About
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 tu i es— ot o e tha heate s ; ii Fo high p essu e high apa it tu i es— ot o e tha
to heate s ; a d iii Fo tu i es of supe iti al pa a ete s to heate s. The ost
ad a tageous o de sate heati g te pe atu e is sele ted depe di g o the tu i e th ottle
o ditio s a d this dete i es the u e of heate s to e used. The fi al o de sate heati g
te pe atu e is kept to °C elo the oile satu ated stea te pe atu e so as to p e e t
e apo atio of ate i the feed ai s follo i g a d op i the oile d u p essu e. The
o ditio s of stea led fo ea h heate a e so sele ted that the te pe atu e of satu ated stea
ill e to °C highe tha the fi al o de sate te pe atu e diag a ati la out of a
o de si g stea po e pla t i hi h a su fa e o de se is used to o de se all the stea
that is ot e t a ted fo feed ate heati g.

The tu i e is dou le e t a ti g a d the oile is e uipped ith a supe heate . The le diag a
T-s ould appea as sho i Fig.

m
o
.c
a
m
a
n
y
d
u
t
REHEAT CYCLE

S
Fo attai i g g eate the al effi ie ies he the i itial p essu e of stea as aised e o d
a it as fou d that esulti g o ditio of stea afte , e pa sio as i easi gl ette a d
e eeded i the safe li it of pe e t o de satio . It, the efo e, e a e e essa to eheat
the stea afte pa t of e pa sio as o e so that the esulti g o ditio afte o plete
e pa sio fell ithi the egio of pe issi le et ess. The eheati g o esupe heati g of stea
is o u i e sall used he high p essu e a d te pe atu e stea o ditio s su h as to
a a d °C to °C a e e plo ed fo th ottle. Fo pla ts of still highe p essu es a d
te pe atu es, a dou le eheati g a e used. I a tual p a ti e eheat i p o es the le
effi ie a out % fo a / a le. A se o d eheat ill gi e a u h less gai hile the

Page no: 7
 i itial ost i ol ed ould e so high as to p ohi it use of t o stage eheat e ept i ase of e
high i itial th ottle o ditio s. The ost of eheat e uip e t o sisti g of oile , pipi g a d
o t ols a e % to % o e tha that of the o e tio al oile s a d this additio al
e pe ditu e is justified o l if gai i the al effi ie is suffi ie t to p o ise a etu of this
i est e t. Usuall a pla t ith a ase load apa it of kW a d i itial stea p essu e of
a ould e o o i all justif the e t a ost of eheati g. The i p o e e t i the al
effi ie due to eheat is g eatl depe de t upo the eheat p essu e ith espe t to the
o igi al p essu e of stea .

m
o
.c
a
m
a
n
y
d
u
t
S

Page no: 8
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 m
o
BINARY VAPOUR CYCLE .c
a
m
a
n
y
d
u
t
S
BINARY VAPOUR CYCLE

Page no: 9
 m
o
.c
a
THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
m
. E plai the a ious ope atio of a Ca ot
a le. Also ep ese t it o a T-s a d p-V diag a s.

n
. Des i e the diffe e t ope atio s of Ra ki e le. De i e also the e p essio fo its effi ie .

. State the ethods of i y

easi g the the al effi ie of a Ra ki e le.

. E plai d
ith the help of eat diag a a Rege e ati e C le . De i e also a e p essio fo its
the al effi ie . u
t
. E plai
S
. State the ad a tages of ege e ati e

ith a eat diag a

le/si ple Ra ki e

the o ki g of a Bi a Vapou
le.

le.

NUMERICAL QESTION:-

. A si ple Ra ki e le o ks et ee p essu e of a a d . a , the i itial o ditio of

stea ei g d satu ated, al ulate the le effi ie , o k atio a d spe ifi stea
o su ptio . [A s. %, . , . kg/kWh]

Page no: 10
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 . A stea po e pla t o ks et ee a a d . a . If the stea supplied is d satu ated
a d the le of ope atio is Ra ki e, fi d: i C le effi ie ii Spe ifi stea o su ptio .
[A s. i . %, ii . kg/kWh]

. Co pa e the Ra ki e effi ie of a high p essu e pla t ope ati g f o a a d °C a d

a lo p essu e pla t ope ati g f o a °C, if the o de se p essu e i oth ases is .
a . [A s. . a d . ]

. A stea po e pla t o ki g o Ra ki e le has the a ge of ope atio f o a d

satu ated to . a . Dete i e:

i The le effi ie ii Wo k atio

iii Spe ifi fuel o su ptio . [A s. i . %, ii . , iii . kg/kWh]

. I a Ra ki e le, the stea at i let to tu i e is satu ated at a p essu e of a a d the

e haust p essu e is . a . Dete i e: m
i The pu p o k ii Tu i e o k o
iii Ra ki e effi ie IV Co de se heat flo .c
D ess at the e d of e pa sio . a
Assu e flo ate of kg/s. [A s. i kW, ii m kW, iii . %, i kW, . ]

. I a ege e ati e a
le the i let o ditio s a e a a d °C. Stea is led at a i
n
ege e ati e heati g. The e it p essu e is . a . Negle ti g pu p o k dete i e the effi ie
of the le.
y
[A s. . ] d
u
. A tu i e ith o e leedi g fo ege e ati e heati g of feed ate is ad itted ith stea
ha i g e thalp of t kJ/kg a d the e hausted stea has a e thalp of kJ/kg. The ideal

is
S
ege e ati e feed ate heate is fed ith kg/h of led stea at . a
kJ/h . The feed ate o de sate f o the o de se
hose e thalp
ith a e thalp of kJ/kg is
pu ped to the heate . It lea es the heate d satu ated at . a . Dete i e the po e
de eloped the tu i e. [A s. kW]

*****

Page no: 11
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