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1
The Duhamel-Neumann Law for a Homogeneous, Isotropic,
Linear-Thermoelastic Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
2
Positive-Definiteness of the Strain-Energy Density Function . . . . . . . .67
3
Clapeyron’s Formula In Abridged Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Physical Meaning of the Elastic Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
4
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Monoclinic Materials - Reflective Symmetry About
the Plane x1 = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
5
TRIGONAL MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
Trigonal Materials - Reflective Symmetry About Planes that
Contain the x3 axis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
6
Summary of Tetragonal Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344
7
REDUCED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444
Constitutive Equations for Plane Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445
Stress and Strain Transformation Equations for Plane Stress . . . . . .474
Transformed Constitutive Equations for Plane Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . .481
Constitutive Equations for Generalized Plane Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . .497
Constitutive Equations for Inplane Deformations of Thin Plates . . . .509
Constitutive Equations for Plane Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533
Stress and Strain Transformation Equations for Plane Strain. . . . . . .557
Transformed Constitutive Equations for Plane Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . .563
BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .577
8
SUMMARY
An in-depth tutorial on the thermoelastic constitutive equations for elastic,
anisotropic materials is presented. First, basic concepts are introduced that
are used to characterize materials, and then notions about how anisotropic
material deform are presented. Next, a common notation used to describe
stresses and strains is given, followed by the rules of indicial notation used
herein. Based on this notation, Hooke’s law and the Duhamel-Neuman law
for isotropic materials are presented and discussed.
After discussing isotropic materials, the most general form of Hooke’s law
for elastic anisotropic materials is presented and symmetry requirements
that are based on symmetry of the stress and strain tensors are given.
Additional symmetry requirements are then identified based on the
reversible nature of the strain energy and complimentary strain energy
densities of elastic materials. A similar presentation is then given for the
generalized Duhamel-Neuman law for elastic, anisotropic materials that
includes thermal effects. Next, a common abridged notation for the
constitutive equations is introduced and physical meanings of the elastic
constants are discussed.
9
SUMMARY - CONCLUDED
As a prelude to establishing various material symmetries, the
transformation equations for stress and strains are presented, the most
general form of the transformation equations for the constitutive matrices
are presented. Then, specialized transformation equations are presented for
dextral rotations about the coordinate axes. Next, the concepts of material
symmetry are introduced, the mathematical process used to describe
symmetries is discussed, and examples are given. After describing the
mathematics of symmetry, the criteria for the existence of material
symmetries are presented and the classes of material symmetries are given.
Then, the invariance conditions and simplifications to the constitutive
equations are presented for monoclinic, orthotropic, trigonal, tetragonal,
transversely isotropic, and completely isotropic materials.
10
PREFATORY
COMMENTS
11
!!!!!
12
! ! ! !
DEDICATION
" To The Men and Women of the NACA - The premier examples of
government researchers
13
BASIC CONCEPTS
AND NOTATIONS
14
! !! ! ! !
BASIC CONCEPTS
" The material properties of a solid, regardless of its shape, are generally
functions of the coordinates of the material particles
" Solids for which the material properties vary pointwise are
described as inhomogeneous (e.g., a bi-metallic strip)
" For homogeneous solids, the material properties are the same for
every particle of the solid
15
! ! !! ! !
16
! !
" The angle between every pair of intersecting material line elements,
that lie in the planes that are perpendicular to the normal stresses
in the solid, remains unchanged during deformation (no shearing)
17
BASIC NOTIONS OF DEFORMATION - CONTINUED
" The angle between every pair of intersecting material line elements
that lie in the planes of the shearing stresses in the solid change
during deformation, but the length of the line elements does not
change (no dilatation)
Shearing stress
Deformed shape of Deformed shape of
an anisotropic solid an isotropic solid
18
! !
19
BASIC NOTIONS OF DEFORMATION - CONCLUDED
20
NOTATION FOR STRESSES AND STRAINS
" In the development that follows, stresses and strains are defined
relative to standard rectangular Cartesian coordinates x 1, x 2, x 3
σ 33
x3 σ 13 σ 23
σ 22
x2
O σ 12
σ 11 x1
Shearing stresses
Normal stresses
" The normal strains ε 11, ε 22, and ε 33 correspond to the normal stresses
σ 11, σ 22, and σ 33 , respectively
" The shearing strains 2εε12 = γ 12, 2εε13 = γ 13, and 2εε23 = γ 23 correspond to the
shearing stresses σ 12, σ 13, and σ 23 , respectively
21
INDICIAL NOTATION
" The rules of indicial notation associated with Cartesian tensors are
used herein
1
" For example, ε ij = E 1 + ν σ ij − νδ ijσ kk
" Latin indices take on the values 1, 2, 3 , and repeated latin indices
3
Σ
imply summation over this set; e. g.; σ kk = k = 1 σ kk = σ 11 + σ 22 + σ 33
" Indices that are not summed in an equation are called free indices and
take on the complete set of possible values
22
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
23
HOOKE’S LAW
HOMOGENEOUS, ISOTROPIC, LINEAR-ELASTIC SOLID
" Hooke’s work led to the following equations that are in use today
2 1+ν
ε 11 = 1 σ 11 − ν σ 22 + σ 33 2ε
ε 12 = γ 12 = E
σ 12
E
2 1+ν
ε 22 = 1 σ 22 − ν σ 11 + σ 33 2ε
ε 13 = γ 13 = E
σ 13
E
2 1+ν
ε 33 = 1 σ 33 − ν σ 11 + σ 22 2ε
ε 23 = γ 23 = E
σ 23
E
or in indicial notation ε ij = 1
E 1 + ν σ ij − νδ ijσ kk
24
HOOKE’S LAW - CONCLUDED
HOMOGENEOUS, ISOTROPIC, LINEAR-ELASTIC SOLID
σ 11 = E 1 − ν ε 11 + ν ε 22 + ε 33 σ 12 = E γ 12 = E ε 12
1 + ν 1 − 2ν
ν 2 1+ν 1+ν
σ 22 = E 1 − ν ε 22 + ν ε 11 + ε 33 σ 13 = E γ 13 = E ε 13
1 + ν 1 − 2ν
ν 2 1+ν 1+ν
σ 33 = E 1 − ν ε 33 + ν ε 11 + ε 22 σ 23 = E γ 23 = E ε 23
1 + ν 1 − 2ν
ν 2 1+ν 1+ν
or in indicial notation
σ ij = E 1 − 2ν
ν ε ij + νδ ijε kk
(1 + ν)(1 − 2ν
ν)
" For these equations, it is important to remember that the strains are
caused by the externally applied loads and displacements
" Strains of this type are called (stress-induced) mechanical
strains and are the result of the internal stresses
25
THE DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW
HOMOGENEOUS, ISOTROPIC, LINEAR-THERMOELASTIC SOLID
" This law is based, in part, on the premise that the total strain ε ij at a
point of a solid, subjected to thermomechanical loading, consists of
σ T
mechanical strain ε ij and strain caused by free thermal expansion ε ij
σ
" The mechanical strain ε ij is the stress-induced strain caused by the
externally applied loads and displacements, and the stress-induced
strain caused by nonuniformity in the temperature field or in the
thermal expansion properties of the material
σ T σ 1 T
" ε ij = ε ij + ε ij where ε ij = E
1 + ν σ ij − νδ ijσ kk , ε ij = αδ ij T − Tref , T is
the temperature field, and Tref is the temperature field at which the
body is deemed stress and strain free (or negligible)
26
THE DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW - CONTINUED
HOMOGENEOUS, ISOTROPIC, LINEAR-THERMOELASTIC SOLID
" The temperature fields T and Tref are, in general, functions of position
within the body; that is, T = T x 1, x 2, x 3 and Tref = Tref x 1, x 2, x 3
" T is, in general, also time dependent and Tref is typically uniform,
with a value equal to a nominal ambient temperature
27
THE DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW - CONTINUED
HOMOGENEOUS, ISOTROPIC, LINEAR-THERMOELASTIC SOLID
" The work of Hooke, Duhamel, and Neumann led to the following
thermoelastic constitutive equations that are used today
2 1+ν
ε 11 = 1 σ 11 − ν σ 22 + σ 33 + α T − Tref 2ε
ε 12 = γ 12 = E
σ 12
E
2 1+ν
ε 22 = 1 σ 22 − ν σ 11 + σ 33 + α T − Tref 2ε
ε 13 = γ 13 = E
σ 13
E
2 1+ν
ε 33 = 1 σ 33 − ν σ 11 + σ 22 + α T − Tref 2ε
ε 23 = γ 23 = E
σ 23
E
or in indicial notation
ε ij = 1 1 + ν σ ij − νδ ijσ kk + αδ ij T − Tref
E
28
THE DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW - CONTINUED
HOMOGENEOUS, ISOTROPIC, LINEAR-THERMOELASTIC SOLID
E Eα
α T − Tref
σ 11 = 1 − ν ε 11 + ν ε 22 + ε 33 −
1 + ν 1 − 2ν
ν 1 − 2ν
ν
E Eα
α T − Tref
σ 22 = 1 − ν ε 22 + ν ε 11 + ε 33 −
1 + ν 1 − 2ν
ν 1 − 2ν
ν
E Eα
α T − Tref
σ 33 = 1 − ν ε 33 + ν ε 11 + ε 22 −
1 + ν 1 − 2ν
ν 1 − 2ν
ν
σ 12 = E γ 12 = E ε 12 σ 13 = E γ 13 = E ε 13
2 1+ν 1+ν 2 1+ν 1+ν
E γ 23 = E ε 23
σ 23 =
2 1+ν 1+ν
or in indicial notation
E Eα
α T − Tref
σ ij = 1 + ν 1 − 2ν
ν
1 − 2ν
ν ε ij + νδ ijε kk − δ ij 1 − 2ν
ν
29
THE DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW - CONCLUDED
HOMOGENEOUS, ISOTROPIC, LINEAR-THERMOELASTIC SOLID
E
" E and ν are related by G = 2 1+ν
, where G is called the
30
GENERALIZED HOOKE’S LAW
FOR
HOMOGENEOUS,
ANISOTROPIC,
LINEAR-ELASTIC SOLIDS
31
GENERAL FORM OF HOOKE’S LAW
" The generalization of Hooke’s law to anisotropic materials is attributed
to Cauchy (in 1829) and postulates that every component of the stress
tensor is coupled linearly with every component of the strain tensor;
i.e.,
32
GENERAL FORM OF HOOKE’S LAW - CONTINUED
33
GENERAL FORM OF HOOKE’S LAW - CONTINUED
" Thus, dilatational deformation (expansion-contraction) and
distortional deformation (shearing) are fully coupled in an
anisotropic material, unlike common isotropic materials
34
GENERAL FORM OF HOOKE’S LAW - CONTINUED
" Cijkl are called the components of the (4th-order) elasticity or stiffness
tensor and are often called stiffness coefficients
" Note that Sijkl and Cijkl are constants for a homogeneous material
" ε ij = ε ji gives S ijklσ kl = S jiklσ kl , which implies S ijkl = S jikl for a general
stress state at a point in a body
" S ijkl = S jikl and S ijkl = S ijlk yield 36 independent compliance coefficients
35
GENERAL FORM OF HOOKE’S LAW - CONTINUED
S ijkl = S ijlk
for a general stress state at a point in a body
36
GENERAL FORM OF HOOKE’S LAW - CONTINUED
" σ ij = σ ji gives C ijklε kl = C jiklε kl , which implies C ijkl = C jikl for a general
strain state at a point in a body
" C ijkl = C jikl and C ijkl = C ijlk yield 36 independent stiffness coefficients
37
GENERAL FORM OF HOOKE’S LAW - CONTINUED
38
GENERAL FORM OF HOOKE’S LAW - CONTINUED
" Then, enforcing the conditions S ijkl = S ijlk give the result
" Applying this equation for all, independent values of the free indices i
and j results in the following matrix representation of Cauchy’s
generalized Hooke’s law ε ij = S ijklσ kl :
39
GENERAL FORM OF HOOKE’S LAW - CONTINUED
40
GENERAL FORM OF HOOKE’S LAW - CONTINUED
" Then, enforcing the conditions C ijkl = C ijlk give the result
" Applying this equation for all, independent values of the free indices i
and j results in the following matrix representation of Cauchy’s
generalized Hooke’s law σ ij = C ijklε kl :
41
GENERAL FORM OF HOOKE’S LAW - CONTINUED
" The compliance coefficients Sijkl and the stiffness coefficients Cijkl
are described as components of a fourth-order tensor (field) because
each are the components of a linear transformation that relates
components of the second-order stress tensor (field) to components of
the second-order strain tensor (field)
42
REDUCTION TO 21 INDEPENDENT CONSTANTS
43
REDUCTION TO 21 INDEPENDENT CONSTANTS
CONCLUDED
" The term "density" is used herein to indicate that the strain energy
is defined per unit volume of material
44
STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY
d U = σ 11dε
ε 11 + σ 22dε
ε 22 + σ 33dε
ε 33 + 2σ
σ 23dε
ε 23 + 2σ
σ 13dε
ε 13 + 2σ
σ 12dε
ε 12
σ ij = σ ij ε 11,ε
ε 22,ε
ε 33,ε
ε 23,ε
ε 13,ε
ε 12
d U = σ ij ε pq dε
ε ij
45
STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY - CONTINUED
" For an arbitrary process that involves loading followed by total
unloading, the strain-energy density U is given by the circuit integral
U= σ ij ε pq dε
ε ij
U= σ ij ε pq dεεij = 0
46
STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY - CONTINUED
ILLUSTRATION OF ELASTIC LOADING-UNLOADING PROCESSES
O
A
Stress
A O B
C C
B
O
C Strain
B
47
STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY - CONTINUED
ILLUSTRATION OF ELASTIC LOADING-UNLOADING PROCESSES
O Stress
A
A
A O
48
STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY - CONTINUED
∂U
differential has the property that d U = ∂ε dεεij
ij
∂U
= U dε
∂
" Equating d U = σ ij ε pq dεεij with d U ∂ε ij
ε ij gives ∂ε = σ ij
ij
" The last equation on the right indicates that the stress-strain
relations are derivable from a potential function when the
deformation process is elastic
" A material of this type is called a hyperelastic or a Green-
elastic material
49
STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY - CONCLUDED
∂ U ∂ U
2 2
" This condition arises from the connection of the path integral with
Stokes’ integral theorem
50
PROOF THAT Cijkl = Cklij
∂ U
2
∂ U
2
∂U ∂σ ij ∂σ kl
" First, note that = and ∂ε = σ ij give =
∂ε ij ∂ε kl ∂ε kl ∂ε ij ij ∂ε kl ∂ε ij
∂σij ∂ ∂ε
rs
" Then, σ ij = C ijrsε rs gives ∂ε = ∂ε C ijrsε rs = C ijrs ∂ε = C ijrsδ rkδ sl = C ijkl
kl kl kl
∂σ
kl ∂ pq ∂ε
" Also, σ kl = C klpqε pq gives ∂ε = ∂ε C klpqε pq = C klpq ∂ε = C klpqδ piδ qj = C klij
ij ij ij
∂σ ij ∂σ kl
" Thus, ∂ε = ∂ε yields C ijkl = C klij , which reduces the number of
kl ij
51
ILLUSTRATION OF THE PATH-INDEPENDENCE CONDITION
∂F ∂F
" The chain rule of differentiation gives dF = ∂x dx 1 + ∂x dx 2
1 2
∂F ∂F
dF = i 1 + i2 • dx 1 i 1 + dx 2 i 2 ≡ ∇F • dx
∂x 1 ∂x 2
52
ILLUSTRATION OF THE PATH-INDEPENDENCE CONDITION
CONTINUED
dF = 0 becomes ∇F •dx = 0
P P
where
53
ILLUSTRATION OF THE PATH-INDEPENDENCE CONDITION
CONTINUED
∇F • dx = n • ∇ × ∇F dA = 0
P S(P)
" For a simply connected region, the necessary and sufficient conditions
for the line integral to vanish are given by the requirement that the
integrand in the double integral vanish; that is,
n • ∇ × ∇F = 0
54
ILLUSTRATION OF THE PATH-INDEPENDENCE CONDITION
CONTINUED
∂ ∂ ∂F ∂F
" Expanding ∇ × ∇F = 0 gives i1
∂x 1
+ i2
∂x 2
× i1
∂x 1
+ i2
∂x 2
=0
∂F ∂F
2 2
which simplifies to ∂x ∂x i 1 ×i 2 + i
∂x 2∂x 1 2
×i 1 =0
1 2
∂F ∂F
2 2
∂F ∂F
2 2
the condition ∂x ∂x =
1 2 ∂x 2∂x 1
55
ILLUSTRATION OF THE PATH-INDEPENDENCE CONDITION
CONTINUED
∂F ∂F
2 2
B C
x2
i1 i2
P: (x1,x2)
x1
56
ILLUSTRATION OF THE PATH-INDEPENDENCE CONDITION
CONCLUDED
∂F ∂F ∂F ∂F ∂F
2
F +
∂x 1
dx 1 + ∂
∂x 2
F + dx dx 2 =
∂x 1 1
F +
∂x 1
dx 1 +
∂x 2
dx 2 + dx dx
∂x 2∂x 1 1 2
∂F ∂F ∂F ∂F ∂F
2
F +
∂x 2
dx 2 + ∂
∂x 1
F + dx dx 1 =
∂x 2 2
F +
∂x 2
dx 2 +
∂x 1
dx 1 + dx dx
∂x 1∂x 2 2 1
" For path independence, it follows that these two expressions must be
equal, hence
∂F ∂F
2 2
=
∂x 1 ∂x 2 ∂x 2 ∂x 1
57
COMPLEMENTARY STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY
" In the part σ ijdεεij , the strains are taken as the independent variables
58
COMPLEMENTARY STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY
CONTINUED
ε pq ε pq σ pq
d σ ijε ij = σ ij ε pq dε
ε ij + ε ij σ pq dσ
σ ij
0 0 0
ε pq
" In the term d σ ijε ij , it is presumed that the stresses are known as
0
" Both terms yield σ ijε ij , the product of the current values of the
stresses and strains
59
COMPLEMENTARY STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY
CONCLUDED
" Using the previous expression and the definition of the strain-energy
σ pq
density function U gives σ ijε ij = U ε pq + ε ij σ pq dσ
σ ij
0
60
ILLUSTRATION OF ENERGY DENSITY FUNCTIONALS
ONE-DIMENSIONAL CASE
σε = U ε + U* σ Single-parameter
loading system
= + ε = ε(σ
σ)
dεε
ε ε ε
Strain Strain Strain
ε σ
Area = σε Area = σ(εε) dεε = U (εε) Area = ε(σ
σ) dσ
σ= U *(σ
σ)
0 0
61
ILLUSTRATION OF ENERGY DENSITY FUNCTIONALS
ONE-DIMENSIONAL CASE - CONCLUDED
" The previous figure indicates that because strain-energy density is not
lost in an arbitrary elastic loading process, neither is the
complementary strain-energy density
" Thus, the complementary strain-energy density function is also
path independent and conserved in an elastic loading-unloading
process
∂U *
" Thus, U * = dU * = 0 and d U * = ∂σ dσσ ij
ij
∂U * ∂U *
" Equating d U * = ε ij σ pq dσ
σ ij with d U * = ∂σ dσσ ij gives = ε ij
ij ∂σ ij
" The equations given above indicate that the strain-stress relations
are derivable from a potential function when the deformation
process is elastic (hyperelastic material)
62
PROOF THAT Sijkl = Sklij
∂ U*
2
∂ U*
2
∂U * ∂ε ij ∂ε kl
" First note that = and ∂σ = ε ij give =
∂σ ij ∂σ kl ∂σ kl ∂σ ij ij ∂σ kl ∂σ ij
∂ε
ij ∂ ∂σ
rs
" Then, ε ij = S ijrsσ rs gives ∂σ = ∂σ S ijrsσ rs = S ijrs ∂σ = S ijrsδ rkδ sl = S ijkl
kl kl kl
kl∂ε ∂ pq ∂σ
" And, ε kl = S klpqσ pq gives ∂σ = ∂σ S klpqσ pq = S klpq ∂σ = S klpqδ piδ qj = S klij
ij ij ij
∂ε ij ∂ε kl
" Thus, ∂σ = ∂σ yields S ijkl = S klij , which reduces the number of
kl ij
63
STANDARD FORMS FOR GENERALIZED HOOKE’S LAW
" The standard forms of the generalized Hooke’s law are now given by
64
CLAPEYRON’S FORMULA
" For a linear-elastic solid, strain-energy-density increment
d U = σ ij ε pq dε
ε ij is combined with σ ij = C ijklε kl to get d U = C ijklε kldεεij
1 d C ε ε = 1 C dε
" Now consider, ijkl ij kl ijkl ε ijε kl + C ijkl ε ijdε
ε kl
2 2
" Because all indices are summation indices, this expression can be
expressed as
1 d C ε ε = 1 C ε dε ε ij = 1 C ijkl + C klij ε kldε
ijkl ij kl ijkl kl ε ij + C klij ε kldε ε ij
2 2 2
1 d C ε ε = C ε dε
2 ijkl ij kl ijkl kl ε ij and that d U = 12 d C ijklε ijε kl
65
CLAPEYRON’S FORMULA - CONCLUDED
" Noting that U = 0 when the strain field is zero-valued gives K=0
66
POSITIVE-DEFINITENESS OF THE STRAIN-ENERGY
DENSITY FUNCTION
" The strain-energy density of a solid in its stress- and strain-free
state is defined to be zero-valued
" As a solid deforms under load, it stores strain energy and develops
the potential to perform work upon removal of the loads
ε pq
67
POSITIVE-DEFINITENESS OF THE STRAIN-ENERGY
DENSITY FUNCTION - CONTINUED
T
ε 11 C 1111 C 1122 C 1133 C 1123 C 1113 C 1112 ε 11
ε 22 C 1122 C 2222 C 2233 C 2223 C 2213 C 2212 ε 22
U= 1
2
ε 33
2εε23
C 1133 C 2233 C 3333 C 3323 C 3313 C 3312
C 1123 C 2223 C 3323 C 2323 C 2313 C 2312
ε 33
2εε23
2εε13 C 1113 C 2213 C 3313 C 2313 C 1313 C 1312 2εε13
2εε12 C 1112 C 2212 C 3312 C 2312 C 1312 C 1212 2εε12
68
POSITIVE-DEFINITENESS OF THE STRAIN-ENERGY
DENSITY FUNCTION - CONCLUDED
69
GENERALIZED
DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW
FOR
HOMOGENEOUS,
ANISOTROPIC,
LINEAR-ELASTIC SOLIDS
70
THE GENERALIZED DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW
71
THE GENERALIZED DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW
CONTINUED
" To obtain a simple working theory that is linear and that includes
thermal effects, a constitutive law was developed with the following
attributes:
72
THE GENERALIZED DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW
CONTINUED
" This law states, in part, that the total strain ε ij at a point of a solid,
subjected to thermomechanical loading, consists of stress-induced
σ T
mechanical strain ε ij and strain caused by free thermal expansion ε ij
σ
" The mechanical strain ε ij is the strain caused by the externally
applied loads and displacements, and the strain caused by
nonuniformity in the temperature field or in the thermal
expansion properties of the material, or both
σ T σ T
" ε ij = ε ij + ε ij where ε ij = S ijrsσ rs , ε ij = α ij T − Tref , T is the temperature
field, and Tref is the temperature field at which the body is stress
and strain free
73
THE GENERALIZED DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW
CONTINUED
" Sijkl are the components of the (4th-order) compliance tensor, at T = Tref,
that appear in the generalized Hooke’s law and αij are the coefficients
of linear thermal expansion (with units of temperature-1)
74
THE GENERALIZED DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW
CONTINUED
σ
and in indicial form by σ ij = C ijkl ε kl − α kl T − Tref = C ijklε kl
" Cijkl are the components of the (4th-order) stiffness tensor, at T = Tref,
that appear in the generalized Hooke’s law and the column vector on
right-hand side of the matrix equation contains the mechanical strains
75
THE GENERALIZED DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW
CONTINUED
" The inverted form of the Duhamel-Neumann law is also expressed often
in matrix form by
76
THE GENERALIZED DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW
CONTINUED
" Symmetry of the strain tensor also yields α ij = α ji , and reduces the
number of independent coefficients of linear thermal expansion from
9 to 6
77
THE GENERALIZED DUHAMEL-NEUMANN LAW
CONCLUDED
" The expanded forms of the Duhamel-Neumann law are now given by
78
EQUATIONS FOR THE THERMAL MODULI
" The thermal moduli βij are related to the coefficients of linear thermal
expansion by β ij = − C ijklα kl or by
" Note that βij have units of stress/ temperature; e.g., lb/in2-oF
79
STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY FOR THERMAL LOADING
" The symmetry relations C ijkl = C klij for a thermoelastic solid can also be
obtained from first principles by enforcing path independence of the
strain-energy density function U
σ T
where the stress-induced, mechanical strains are given by ε ij = ε ij − ε ij
and the stresses depend on the mechanical strains; that is,
σ σ σ σ σ σ
σ ij = σ ij ε 11, ε 22, ε 33, ε 23, ε 13, ε 12
80
STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY FOR THERMAL LOADING
CONTINUED
d U = σ ij ε pq dε
σ σ
ε ij
81
STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY FOR THERMAL LOADING
CONTINUED
implies
∂U ∂U
= Uσ dε
2 2
∂
dU
σ
ε ij and σ σ = σ σ
∂ε ij ∂ε ij ∂ε kl ∂ε kl ∂ε ij
82
STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY FOR THERMAL LOADING
CONCLUDED
∂U ∂U
Equating d U = σ ij ε pq dεεij and d U = σ dεεij gives
σ σ σ σ
" σ = σ ij ε pq
∂ε ij ∂ε ij
∂U ∂σ ij ∂σ kl
Then, σ U σ = σ U σ
2 2
∂ ∂ σ
=
" and σ = σ ij ε pq give σ σ
∂ε ij ∂ε kl ∂ε kl ∂ε ij ∂ε ij ∂ε kl ∂ε ij
σ
σ ∂σ ij ∂ σ ∂ε rs
" σ ij = C ijrsε rs gives σ = σ C ijrsε rs = C ijrs σ = C ijrsδ rkδ sl = C ijkl
∂ε kl ∂ε kl ∂ε kl
σ
σ ∂σ kl ∂ σ ∂ε pq
" σ ij = C ijpqε pq gives σ = σ C klpqε pq = C klpq σ = C klpqδ piδ qj = C klij
∂ε ij ∂ε ij ∂ε ij
∂σ ij ∂σ kl
" Thus, ∂ε σ = ∂ε σ yields C ijkl = C klij
kl ij
83
COMPLEMENTARY STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY FOR
THERMAL LOADING
" In the part σ ijdεεσij , the stress-induced, mechanical strains are taken
as the independent variables
84
COMPLEMENTARY STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY FOR
THERMAL LOADING - CONTINUED
σ σ
" Next, the expression d σ ijε ij = σ ijdεεij + ε ij dσ
σ ij + d σ ijα ij T − Tref is
integrated from the initial stress- and strain- free state to the current
stress and strain state; i.e.,
σ
ε pq ε pq σ pq ε pq
σ σ σ
d σ ijε ij = σ ij ε pq dε
ε +
ij ε σ pq dσ
ij σ ij + d σ ijα ij T − Tref
0 0 0 0
ε pq
" In the term d σ ijε ij it is presumed that the stresses are known as
0
" Both terms yield σ ijε ij , the current values of the stresses and
strains
85
COMPLEMENTARY STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY FOR
THERMAL LOADING - CONCLUDED
" Using the previous expression and the definition of the strain-energy
σ pq
density function U gives σ ijε ij = U ε
σ
pq +
σ
ε ij σ pq dσ
σ ij + σ ijα ij T − Tref
0
Note that d U * = ε ij dσ
σ
" σ ij + d σ ijα ij T − Tref
86
ILLUSTRATION OF THERMOELASTIC ENERGY DENSITIES
ONE-DIMENSIONAL CASE
σε = U ε +
σ
U * σ,T
Stress Stress σ
Stress
σ=σε
σ σ σ dσ
σ
α T − Tref
= + α T − Tref
σ
ε =ε σ
σ
dεεσ
εσ ε εσ εσ ε
Total strain Total strain Total strain
εσ
σ
Area = σε Area = ε =U ε
σ σ σ
σ ε dε σ + σα T − Tref = U * σ,T
σ
Area = ε σ dσ
0 0
87
ILLUSTRATION OF THERMOELASTIC ENERGY DENSITIES
ONE-DIMENSIONAL CASE - CONTINUED
σε = U σ
ε + U * σ,T
Stress Stress Stress σ σ
σ=σε
σ
ε =ε σ
σ σ dσ
σ
σ
εσ = dεεσ
+
α T − Tref ε εσ α T − Tref ε
Total strain Mechanical strain Total strain
σ
ε σ
Area = σε Area = ε =U ε σ + σα T − Tref = U * σ,T
σ σ σ σ
σ ε dε Area = ε σ dσ
0 0
88
ILLUSTRATION OF THERMOELASTIC ENERGY DENSITIES
ONE-DIMENSIONAL CASE - CONTINUED
" The previous figures illustrate that path independence of the elastic
loading-unloading process implies path independence of the
complementary strain-energy density function
∂U *
σ ij + U dT
∂ *
" Thus, U * σ pq,T = dU * = 0 and d U * = ∂σ dσ ∂T
ij
d U * = ε ij dσ gives d U * = ε ij + α ij T − Tref dσ
σ σ
" σ ij + d σ ijα ij T − Tref σ ij + σ ijα ijdT
89
ILLUSTRATION OF THERMOELASTIC ENERGY DENSITIES
ONE-DIMENSIONAL CASE - CONCLUDED
∂U *
σ ij + U dT with d U * = ε ijdσ
∂ *
" Equating d U * = ∂σ dσ ∂T
σ ij + σ ijα ijdT gives
ij
∂U * σ ∂U *
= ε ij = ε ij + α ij T − Tref and = σ ijα ij
∂σ ij ∂T
∂ U* ∂ U* ∂ U* ∂ U*
2 2 2 2
= and =
∂σ ij ∂σ kl ∂σ kl ∂σ ij ∂σ ij ∂T ∂T ∂σ ij
∂ U*
2
∂ U*
2
∂U * ∂ε ij ∂ε kl
" = and ∂σ = ε ij give =
∂σ ij ∂σ kl ∂σ kl ∂σ ij ij ∂σ kl ∂σ ij
90
PROOF THAT Sijkl = Sklij FOR THERMOELASTIC SOLIDS
∂U * ∂U * ∂ U* ∂ U*
2 2
σ
" First, ∂σ = ε ij + α ij T − Tref and ∂T = σ ijα ij satisfy =
ij ∂σ ij ∂T ∂T ∂σ ij
identically
∂ε ij ∂ ∂σ rs
= S σ + α ij T − Tref = S ijrs = S ijrsδ rkδ sl = S ijkl
∂σ kl ∂σ kl ijrs rs ∂σ kl
∂ε kl ∂ ∂σ pq
= S σ + α ij T − Tref = S klpq = S klpqδ piδ qj = S klij
∂σ ij ∂σ ij klpq pq ∂σ ij
∂ε ∂ε
yields S ijkl = S klij
ij kl
" Thus, ∂σ = ∂σ
kl ij
91
CLAPEYRON’S FORMULA FOR THERMOELASTIC SOLIDS
92
STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY EXPRESSIONS
"
σ
Using ε ij = S ijrsσ rs gives U = 12 S ijrsσ ijσ rs
For isotropic materials, U = 2E
2
"
1 1+ν σ σ −ν σ
ij ij kk
93
STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY EXPRESSIONS
CONCLUDED
σ
" Further, using ε ij = ε ij − α ijΘ , Θ = T − Tref and C klij = C ijkl gives
U= 1 C ε ε − 2ε 2
ijkl ij kl ε ijα klΘ + α ijα klΘ
2
U= E E 3E 2
ε ijε ij + ε kk ν ε kk − αΘ +
2
αΘ
2 1+ν 2 1 − 2ν 1+ν 2 1 − 2ν
or
2
U = νE
2 1 + ν 1 − 2ν
ε 11 + ε 22 + ε 33
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ E ε 11 + ε 22 + ε 33 + 2 ε 12 + 2 ε 23 + 2 ε 13
2 1+ν
2
3α E
− αE
2
ε 11 + ε 22 + ε 33 Θ + Θ
1 − 2ν 2 1 − 2ν
94
ABRIDGED NOTATION
AND
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
95
ABRIDGED NOTATION FOR CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
" The components of the stress, strain, thermal expansion, and thermal
moduli tensors are written as column vectors
ε 11 β 11 β1 α 11
σ 11 σ1 ε1 α1
σ 22 σ2 ε 22 ε2 β 22 β2 α 22 α2
β 33 β3
σ 33
σ 23 → σ3
σ4
ε 33
2εε23 → ε3
ε4 β 23 → β4
α 33
2α
α 23 → α3
α4
σ 13 σ5 2εε13 ε5 β 13 β5 2α
α 13 α5
σ 12 σ6 ε6 α6
2εε12 β 12 β6 2α
α 12
" The term "tensor," as it is used today, was introduced by Voigt in 1899
96
ABRIDGED NOTATION FOR CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
CONTINUED
" Materials that can be characterized by the matrices given above when
they are symmetric are said to possess complete Voigt symmetry
97
ABRIDGED NOTATION FOR CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
CONTINUED
" Similarly, the constitutive equations are often expressed in matrix form
given by
ε = S σ + α T − Tref
and
σ = C ε − α T − Tref
or
σ = C ε + β T − Tref
98
ABRIDGED NOTATION FOR CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
CONTINUED
ε1 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 σ1 α1
ε2 S 12 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 σ2 α2
ε3 S 13 S 23 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 σ3 α3
= + T − Tref
ε4 S 14 S 24 S 34 S 44 S 45 S 46 σ4 α4
ε5 S 15 S 25 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 56 σ5 α5
ε6 S 16 S 26 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 66 σ6 α6
ε = S σ + α T − Tref
σ1 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 ε1 β1
σ2 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 ε2 β2
σ3 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36 ε3 β3
= + T − Tref
σ4 C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 ε4 β4
σ5 C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56 ε5 β5
σ6 C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66 ε6 β6
σ = C ε + β T − Tref
99
ABRIDGED NOTATION FOR CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
CONTINUED
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 α 11
σ 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 σ 33 α 33
= σ 23
+ T − Tref
2εε23 S 14 S 24 S 34 S 44 S 45 S 46 2α
α 23
2εε13 σ 13 2α
α 13
S 15 S 25 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 56
2εε12 σ 12 2α
α 12
S 16 S 26 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 66
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= + T − Tref
C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 2εε23 β 23
σ 13 2εε13 β 13
C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56
σ 12 2εε12 β 12
C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66
100
ABRIDGED NOTATION FOR CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
CONCLUDED
β1 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 α1
β2 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 α2
β3 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36 α3
=−
β4 C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 2α 4
β5 C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56 2α 5
β6 2α 6
C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66
or
β 11 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 α 11
β 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 α 22
β 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36 α 33
=−
β 23 C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 2α 23
β 13 C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56 2α 13
β 12 2α 12
C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66
101
CLAPEYRON’S FORMULA IN ABRIDGED NOTATION
T T
ε = ε 11 ε 22 ε 33 2εε23 2εε13 2εε12 α = α 11 α 22 α 33 2α
α 23 2α
α 13 2α
α 12
σ
" First, by inspection, it follows that ε = ε − α Θ where
Θ = T − Tref
102
CLAPEYRON’S FORMULA IN ABRIDGED NOTATION
CONTINUED
σ
" Next, noting that σ ijε ij = σ 11ε σ11 + σ 22ε σ22 + σ 33ε σ33 + σ 232εεσ23 + σ 132εεσ13 + σ 122εεσ12 it
σ T σ σ T
follows that σ ijε ij = σ ε = ε σ in matrix notation
Θ σ
" First, define σ = C α Θ such that σ = C ε becomes
Θ
σ = C ε − σ
103
CLAPEYRON’S FORMULA IN ABRIDGED NOTATION
CONTINUED
Θ −1 Θ
" Then, σ = C α Θ gives α Θ= C σ
σ σ −1 Θ
" Next, ε = ε − α Θ becomes ε = ε − C σ
T σ T T −1 Θ
" Also, σ ε = σ ε − σ C σ
Θ T T Θ T
" Transposition of σ = C ε − σ gives σ = ε C − σ ,
where symmetry of [C] has been used
T σ T T −1 Θ
" Using the last expression with σ ε = σ ε − σ C σ gives
T σ T T −1 Θ Θ T −1 Θ
σ ε = σ ε − ε C C σ + σ C σ which simplifies
T σ T Θ Θ T −1 Θ
to σ ε = σ − σ ε + σ C σ
104
CLAPEYRON’S FORMULA IN ABRIDGED NOTATION
CONCLUDED
Θ Θ T −1 Θ T 2
" Next, using σ = C α Θ gives σ C σ = α C α Θ
T σ T Θ Θ T −1 Θ
" Using the last equation with σ ε = σ − σ ε + σ C σ
T σ T Θ T 2
gives σ ε = σ − σ ε + α C α Θ
T T T
U= 1 + 1
Θ 2
2
σ − σ ε 2
α C α Θ
105
PHYSICAL MEANING OF THE ELASTIC CONSTANTS
" The shaded terms shown below correspond to independent interaction
between pure extensional stresses and strains
S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16
S 12 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26
S 13 S 23 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36
S 14 S 24 S 34 S 44 S 45 S 46 C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46
S 15 S 25 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 56 C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56
S 16 S 26 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 66 C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66
106
PHYSICAL MEANING OF THE ELASTIC CONSTANTS
CONTINUED
" The shaded terms shown below correspond to coupling of interactions
between pure extensional stresses and strains
S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16
S 12 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26
S 13 S 23 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36
S 14 S 24 S 34 S 44 S 45 S 46 C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46
S 15 S 25 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 56 C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56
S 16 S 26 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 66 C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66
107
PHYSICAL MEANING OF THE ELASTIC CONSTANTS
CONCLUDED
" The shaded terms shown below correspond to coupling or interactions
between extensional and shearing behavior
S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16
S 12 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26
S 13 S 23 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36
S 14 S 24 S 34 S 44 S 45 S 46 C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46
S 15 S 25 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 56 C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56
S 16 S 26 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 66 C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66
108
TRANSFORMATION
EQUATIONS
109
TRANSFORMATION OF [C] AND [S]
" The orthonormal bases for the two coordinate systems, for an
arbitrary point P of a body, are indicated on the figure below
110
TRANSFORMATION OF [C] AND [S] - CONTINUED
" The general relationship between the two orthonormal bases is given
by the following matrix representations
−1 T
" Examining these two matrices indicates that a = a
" Transformations of this type are known as orthogonal
transformations and preserve the lengths of, and the angles
between, vectors
" a p′′q ≡ i p′′ • i q = i q • i p′′ = a qp′′ and a p′′q = a qp′′ ≠ a pq′′ = a q′′p
111
TRANSFORMATION OF [C] AND [S] - CONTINUED
−1
" Likewise, i = a i′′ is expressed in indicial notation by i p = a r′′p i r′′
" Important relationships between the direction cosines a k′′q are obtained
by enforcing the two orthonormality conditions i k′′ • i p′′ = δ kp and
i m • i n = δ mn
112
TRANSFORMATION OF [C] AND [S] - CONTINUED
" The total of twelve independent relations are given in tabular form
below:
2 1 a 2′′1a 1′′1 + a 2′′2a 1′′2 + a 2′′3a 1′′3 = 0 2 1 a 1′′2a 1′′1 + a 2′′2a 2′′1 + a 3′′2a 3′′1 = 0
3 1 a 3′′1a 1′′1 + a 3′′2a 1′′2 + a 3′′3a 1′′3 = 0 3 1 a 1′′3a 1′′1 + a 2′′3a 2′′1 + a 3′′3a 3′′1 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 a 2′′1 + a 2′′2 + a 2′′3 =1 2 2 a 1′′2 + a 2′′2 + a 3′′2 =1
3 2 a 3′′1a 2′′1 + a 3′′2a 2′′2 + a 3′′3a 2′′3 = 0 3 2 a 1′′3a 1′′2 + a 2′′3a 2′′2 + a 3′′3a 3′′2 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 a 3′′1 + a 3′′2 + a 3′′3 =1 3 3 a 1′′3 + a 2′′3 + a 3′′3 =1
113
TRANSFORMATION OF [C] AND [S] - CONTINUED
" By using the abridged notation, matrix forms of the stress and strain
transformation equations can be obtained that are given by
σ′ = Tσ σ and ε′ = Tε ε
where
σ 11 σ1 ε 11 ε1
σ 22 σ2 ε 22 ε2
σ 33 σ3 ε 33 ε3
σ = σ 23 = σ4 ε = 2εε23
= ε4
σ 13 σ5 2εε13 ε5
σ 12 σ6 2εε12 ε6
114
TRANSFORMATION OF [C] AND [S] - CONTINUED
2 2 2
a 1′′1 a 1′′2 a 1′′3 2a 1′′2a 1′′3 2a 1′′1a 1′′3 2a 1′′1a 1′′2
2 2 2
a 2′′1 a 2′′2 a 2′′3 2a 2′′2a 2′′3 2a 2′′1a 2′′3 2a 2′′1a 2′′2
2 2 2
a 3′′1 a 3′′2 a 3′′3 2a 3′′2a 3′′3 2a 3′′1a 3′′3 2a 3′′1a 3′′2
Tσ =
a 2′′1a 3′′1 a 2′′2a 3′′2 a 2′′3a 3′′3 a 2′′2a 3′′3 + a 2′′3a 3′′2 a 2′′1a 3′′3 + a 2′′3a 3′′1 a 2′′1a 3′′2 + a 2′′2a 3′′1
a 1′′1a 3′′1 a 1′′2a 3′′2 a 1′′3a 3′′3 a 1′′2a 3′′3 + a 1′′3a 3′′2 a 1′′1a 3′′3 + a 1′′3a 3′′1 a 1′′1a 3′′2 + a 1′′2a 3′′1
a 1′′1a 2′′1 a 1′′2a 2′′2 a 1′′3a 2′′3 a 1′′2a 2′′3 + a 1′′3a 2′′2 a 1′′1a 2′′3 + a 1′′3a 2′′1 a 1′′1a 2′′2 + a 1′′2a 2′′1
2 2 2
a 1′′1 a 1′′2 a 1′′3 a 1′′2a 1′′3 a 1′′1a 1′′3 a 1′′1a 1′′2
2 2 2
a 2′′1 a 2′′2 a 2′′3 a 2′′2a 2′′3 a 2′′1a 2′′3 a 2′′1a 2′′2
2 2 2
a 3′′1 a 3′′2 a 3′′3 a 3′′2a 3′′3 a 3′′1a 3′′3 a 3′′1a 3′′2
Tε = 2a 2′′1a 3′′1 2a 2′′2a 3′′2 2a 2′′3a 3′′3 a 2′′2a 3′′3 + a 2′′3a 3′′2 a 2′′1a 3′′3 + a 2′′3a 3′′1 a 2′′1a 3′′2 + a 2′′2a 3′′1
2a 1′′1a 3′′1 2a 1′′2a 3′′2 2a 1′′3a 3′′3 a 1′′2a 3′′3 + a 1′′3a 3′′2 a 1′′1a 3′′3 + a 1′′3a 3′′1 a 1′′1a 3′′2 + a 1′′2a 3′′1
2a 1′′1a 2′′1 2a 1′′2a 2′′2 2a 1′′3a 2′′3 a 1′′2a 2′′3 + a 1′′3a 2′′2 a 1′′1a 2′′3 + a 1′′3a 2′′1 a 1′′1a 2′′2 + a 1′′2a 2′′1
a j′′p ≡ i j′′ • i p
" Inspection of the matrices shown above indicates that when the off-
diagonal terms vanish, which happens for certain transformations,
the two matrices are identical
115
TRANSFORMATION OF [C] AND [S] - CONTINUED
x 3′′
x3
x3
a j′′p ≡ i j′′ • i p
116
TRANSFORMATION OF [C] AND [S] - CONTINUED
ε = S σ + α Θ and σ = C ε + β Θ
where Θ = T − Tref
" In the x 1′′, x 2′′, x 3′′ coordinate frame the thermoelastic constitutive
equations are expressed in symbolic form by
" By using the matrix form of the stress and strain transformation
equations,
−1 −1
σ = C ε + β Θ becomes Tσ σ′ = C Tε ε′ + β Θ
117
!!!
−1
σ′ = Tσ C Tε ε′ + Tσ β Θ
−1
" Thus, C = Tσ C′′ Tε
118
!!!!
−1
ε′ = Tε S Tσ σ′ + Tε α Θ
119
TRANSFORMATION OF [C] AND [S]
CONCLUDED
" In summary:
−1 −1
S′′ = Tε S Tσ S = Tε S′′ Tσ
−1 −1
C′′ = Tσ C Tε C = Tσ C′′ Tε
α′ = Tε α β′ = Tσ β
120
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS
x 3 , x 3′′
a i′′j ≡ i i′′ • i j
i 3 , i 3′′ x 2′′
i 2′′ θ3
x2
i1 i2
i 1′′
θ3
Plane x3 = 0
x 1′′
x1
121
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 0 0 0 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2
σ 1′′1′′ sin θ 3 cos θ 3
2
0 0 0 − 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 σ 11
σ 2′′2′′ σ 22
σ 3′′3′′ 0 0 1 0 0 0 σ 33
=
σ 2′′3′′ 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 3 − sinθ
θ3 0 σ 23
σ 1′′3′′ σ 13
σ 1′′2′′ 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 3 cosθ
θ3 0 σ 12
2 2
− sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 0 0 0 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
σ′ = Tσ θ 3 σ
122
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
" Similarly, the matrix form of the inverse transformation law is given by
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 0 0 0 − 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2
σ 11 sin θ 3 cos θ 3
2
0 0 0 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 σ 1′′1′′
σ 22 σ 2′′2′′
σ 33 0 0 1 0 0 0 σ 3′′3′′
=
σ 23 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ3 0 σ 2′′3′′
σ 13 σ 1′′3′′
σ 12 0 0 0 − sinθ
θ 3 cosθ
θ3 0 σ 1′′2′′
2 2
sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 0 0 0 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
where Tσ θ 3 = Tσ − θ 3
123
!!
!" = T! # 3 !
T $1
" Note that T! # 3 = T% # 3 = T% $ # 3
124
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
" Similarly, the matrix form of the inverse transformation law is given by
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 0 0 0 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
ε 11 2 2
ε 1′′1′′
sin θ 3 cos θ 3 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 ε 2′′2′′
ε 22
ε 33 0 0 1 0 0 0 ε 3′′3′′
=
2εε23 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ3 0 2εε2′′3′′
2εε13 2εε1′′3′′
0 0 0 − sinθ
θ 3 cosθ
θ3 0
2εε12 2 2 2εε1′′2′′
2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 − 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 0 0 0 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
where Tε θ 3 = Tε − θ 3 = Tσ θ 3
125
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
" Similarly, the general expression for the inverse transformation of the
−1
−1 T
" Noting that Tσ = Tε for a dextral rotation about the x3 axis gives
T
C = Tε C′′ Tε
126
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
−1 T
" Noting that Tσ = Tε for a dextral rotation about the x3 axis gives
T
S′′ = Tε S Tε
" Similarly, the general expression for the inverse transformation of the
−1
−1 T
" Noting that Tε = Tσ for a dextral rotation about the x3 axis gives
T
S = Tσ S′′ Tσ
127
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS ABOUT
THE x3 AXIS - SUMMARY
T T
S!! = T" S T" S = T# S!! T#
T T
C!! = T# C T# C = T" C!! T"
2 2
cos $ 3 sin $ 3 0 0 0 2sin$
$ 3cos$
$3
2 2
sin $ 3 cos $ 3 0 0 0 % 2sin$
$ 3cos$
$3
0 0 1 0 0 0
T# = 0 0 0 cos$
$ 3 % sin$
$3 0
0 0 0 sin$
$ 3 cos$
$3 0
2 2
% sin$
$ 3cos$
$3 sin$
$ 3cos$
$3 0 0 0 cos $ 3 % sin $ 3
2 2
cos $ 3 sin $ 3 0 0 0 sin$
$ 3cos$
$3
2 2
sin $ 3 cos $ 3 0 0 0 % sin$
$ 3cos$
$3
0 0 1 0 0 0
T" =
0 0 0 cos$
$ 3 % sin$
$3 0
0 0 0 sin$
$ 3 cos$
$3 0
2 2
% 2sin$
$ 3cos$
$3 2sin$
$ 3cos$
$3 0 0 0 cos $ 3 % sin $ 3
128
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS ABOUT
THE x3 AXIS - SUMMARY
T
!" = T# ! ! = T$ !"
T
%" = T$ % % = T# %"
2 2
cos & 3 sin & 3 0 0 0 2sin&
& 3cos&
&3
2 2
sin & 3 cos & 3 0 0 0 ' 2sin&
& 3cos&
&3
0 0 1 0 0 0
T$ = 0 0 0 cos&
& 3 ' sin&
&3 0
0 0 0 sin&
& 3 cos&
&3 0
2 2
' sin&
& 3cos&
&3 sin&
& 3cos&
&3 0 0 0 cos & 3 ' sin & 3
2 2
cos & 3 sin & 3 0 0 0 sin&
& 3cos&
&3
2 2
sin & 3 cos & 3 0 0 0 ' sin&
& 3cos&
&3
0 0 1 0 0 0
T# =
0 0 0 cos&
& 3 ' sin&
&3 0
0 0 0 sin&
& 3 cos&
&3 0
2 2
' 2sin&
& 3cos&
&3 2sin&
& 3cos&
&3 0 0 0 cos & 3 ' sin & 3
129
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
T
" Performing the calculations given by C′′ = Tσ C Tσ yields
4 2 2 2 2 4
C 1′′1′′ = m C 11 + 2m n C 12 + 2C 66 + 4mn m C 16 + n C 26 + n C 22
2 2 2 2 4 4
C 1′′2′′ = m n C 11 + C 22 − 4C 66 − 2mn m − n C 16 − C 26 + m + n C 12
2 2
C 1′′3′′ = m C 13 + n C 23 + 2mnC 36
3 2 2 3
C 1′′4′′ = m C 14 + m n 2C 46 − C 15 − mn 2C 56 − C 24 − n C 25
3 2 2 3
C 1′′5′′ = m C 15 + m n 2C 56 + C 14 + mn 2C 46 + C 25 + n C 24
2 2 2 3
C 1′′6′′ = m m − 3n C 16 − m n C 11 − C 12 − 2C 66
3 2 2 2
+ mn C 22 − C 12 − 2C 66 − n n − 3m C 26
130
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
4 2 2 2 2 4
C 2′′2′′ = m C 22 + 2m n C 12 + 2C 66 − 4mn m C 26 + n C 16 + n C 11
2 2
C 2′′3′′ = m C 23 + n C 13 − 2mnC 36
3 2 2 3
C 2′′4′′ = m C 24 − m n 2C 46 + C 25 + mn 2C 56 + C 14 − n C 15
3 2 2 3
C 2′′5′′ = m C 25 − m n 2C 56 − C 24 − mn 2C 46 − C 15 + n C 14
2 2 2 3
C 2′′6′′ = m m − 3n C 26 + m n C 22 − C 12 − 2C 66
3 2 2 2
− mn C 11 − C 12 − 2C 66 − n n − 3m C 16
C 3′′3′′ = C 33
C 3′′4′′ = mC 34 − nC 35
C 3′′5′′ = mC 35 + nC 34
131
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
2 2
C 3′′6′′ = m − n C 36 + mn C 23 − C 13
2 2
C 4′′4′′ = m C 44 + n C 55 − 2mnC 45
2 2
C 4′′5′′ = m − n C 45 + mn C 44 − C 55
3 2 2 3
C 4′′6′′ = m C 46 − m n C 56 + C 14 − C 24 − mn C 46 − C 15 + C 25 + n C 56
2 2
C 5′′5′′ = m C 55 + n C 44 + 2mnC 45
3 2 2 3
C 5′′6′′ = m C 56 + m n C 46 + C 25 − C 15 − mn C 56 + C 14 − C 24 − n C 46
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C 6′′6′′ = m n C 11 + C 22 − 2C 12 − 2mn m − n C 16 − C 26 + m − n C 66
132
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
T
" Performing the calculations given by C = Tε C′′ Tε yields
4 2 2 2 2 4
C 11 = m C 1′′1′′ + 2m n C 1′′2′′ + 2C 6′′6′′ − 4mn m C 1′′6′′ + n C 2′′6′′ + n C 2′′2′′
2 2 2 2 4 4
C 12 = m n C 1′′1′′ + C 2′′2′′ − 4C 6′′6′′ + 2mn m − n C 1′′6′′ − C 2′′6′′ + m + n C 1′′2′′
2 2
C 13 = m C 1′′3′′ + n C 2′′3′′ − 2mnC 3′′6′′
3 2 2 3
C 14 = m C 1′′4′′ − m n 2C 4′′6′′ − C 1′′5′′ − mn 2C 5′′6′′ − C 2′′4′′ + n C 2′′5′′
3 2 2 3
C 15 = m C 1′′5′′ − m n 2C 5′′6′′ + C 1′′4′′ + mn 2C 4′′6′′ + C 2′′5′′ − n C 2′′4′′
2 2 2 3
C 16 = m m − 3n C 1′′6′′ + m n C 1′′1′′ − C 1′′2′′ − 2C 6′′6′′
3 2 2 2
− mn C 2′′2′′ − C 1′′2′′ − 2C 6′′6′′ − n n − 3m C 2′′6′′
133
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
4 2 2 2 2 4
C 22 = m C 2′′2′′ + 2m n C 1′′2′′ + 2C 6′′6′′ + 4mn m C 2′′6′′ + n C 1′′6′′ + n C 1′′1′′
2 2
C 23 = m C 2′′3′′ + n C 1′′3′′ + 2mnC 3′′6′′
3 2 2 3
C 24 = m C 2′′4′′ + m n 2C 4′′6′′ + C 2′′5′′ + mn 2C 5′′6′′ + C 1′′4′′ + n C 1′′5′′
3 2 2 3
C 25 = m C 2′′5′′ + m n 2C 5′′6′′ − C 2′′4′′ − mn 2C 4′′6′′ − C 1′′5′′ − n C 1′′4′′
2 2 2 3
C 26 = m m − 3n C 2′′6′′ − m n C 2′′2′′ − C 1′′2′′ − 2C 6′′6′′
3 2 2 2
+ mn C 1′′1′′ − C 1′′2′′ − 2C 6′′6′′ − n n − 3m C 1′′6′′
2 2
C 36 = m − n C 3′′6′′ − mn C 2′′3′′ − C 1′′3′′
2 2
C 44 = m C 4′′4′′ + n C 5′′5′′ + 2mnC 4′′5′′
134
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
2 2
C 45 = m − n C 4′′5′′ − mn C 4′′4′′ − C 5′′5′′
3 2 2 3
C 46 = m C 4′′6′′ + m n C 5′′6′′ + C 1′′4′′ − C 2′′4′′ − mn C 4′′6′′ − C 1′′5′′ + C 2′′5′′ − n C 5′′6′′
2 2
C 55 = m C 5′′5′′ + n C 4′′4′′ − 2mnC 4′′5′′
3 2 2 3
C 56 = m C 5′′6′′ − m n C 4′′6′′ + C 2′′5′′ − C 1′′5′′ − mn C 5′′6′′ + C 1′′4′′ − C 2′′4′′ + n C 4′′6′′
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C 66 = m n C 1′′1′′ + C 2′′2′′ − 2C 1′′2′′ + 2mn m − n C 1′′6′′ − C 2′′6′′ + m − n C 6′′6′′
135
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
4 2 2 2 2 4
S 1′′1′′ = m S 11 + m n 2S 12 + S 66 + 2mn m S 16 + n S 26 + n S 22
2 2 2 2 4 4
S 1′′2′′ = m n S 11 + S 22 − S 66 − mn m − n S 16 − S 26 + m + n S 12
2 2
S 1′′3′′ = m S 13 + n S 23 + mnS 36
3 2 2 3
S 1′′4′′ = m S 14 + m n S 46 − S 15 − mn S 56 − S 24 − n S 25
3 2 2 3
S 1′′5′′ = m S 15 + m n S 56 + S 14 + mn S 46 + S 25 + n S 24
2 2 2 3
S 1′′6′′ = m m − 3n S 16 − m n 2S 11 − 2S 12 − S 66
3 2 2 2
+ mn 2S 22 − 2S 12 − S 66 − n n − 3m S 26
136
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
4 2 2 2 2 4
S 2′′2′′ = m S 22 + m n 2S 12 + S 66 − 2mn m S 26 + n S 16 + n S 11
2 2
S 2′′3′′ = m S 23 + n S 13 − mnS 36
3 2 2 3
S 2′′4′′ = m S 24 − m n S 46 + S 25 + mn S 56 + S 14 − n S 15
3 2 2 3
S 2′′5′′ = m S 25 − m n S 56 − S 24 − mn S 46 − S 15 + n S 14
2 2 2 3
S 2′′6′′ = m m − 3n S 26 + m n 2S 22 − 2S 12 − S 66
3 2 2 2
− mn 2S 11 − 2S 12 − S 66 − n n − 3m S 16
S 3′′3′′ = S 33
S 3′′4′′ = mS 34 − nS 35
S 3′′5′′ = mS 35 + nS 34
137
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
2 2
S 3′′6′′ = m − n S 36 + 2mn S 23 − S 13
2 2
S 4′′4′′ = m S 44 + n S 55 − 2mnS 45
2 2
S 4′′5′′ = m − n S 45 + mn S 44 − S 55
3 2 2 3
S 4′′6′′ = m S 46 − m n S 56 + 2S 14 − 2S 24 − mn S 46 − 2S 15 + 2S 25 + n S 56
2 2
S 5′′5′′ = m S 55 + n S 44 + 2mnS 45
3 2 2 3
S 5′′6′′ = m S 56 + m n S 46 + 2S 25 − 2S 15 − mn S 56 + 2S 14 − 2S 24 − n S 46
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
S 6′′6′′ = 4m n S 11 + S 22 − 2S 12 − 4mn m − n S 16 − S 26 + m − n S 66
138
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
T
" Performing the calculations given by S = Tσ S′′ Tσ yields
4 2 2 2 2 4
S 11 = m S 1′′1′′ + m n 2S 1′′2′′ + S 6′′6′′ − 2mn m S 1′′6′′ + n S 2′′6′′ + n S 2′′2′′
2 2 2 2 4 4
S 12 = m n S 1′′1′′ + S 2′′2′′ − S 6′′6′′ + mn m − n S 1′′6′′ − S 2′′6′′ + m + n S 1′′2′′
2 2
S 13 = m S 1′′3′′ + n S 2′′3′′ − mnS 3′′6′′
3 2 2 3
S 14 = m S 1′′4′′ − m n S 4′′6′′ − S 1′′5′′ − mn S 5′′6′′ − S 2′′4′′ + n S 2′′5′′
3 2 2 3
S 15 = m S 1′′5′′ − m n S 5′′6′′ + S 1′′4′′ + mn S 4′′6′′ + S 2′′5′′ − n S 2′′4′′
2 2 2 3
S 16 = m m − 3n S 1′′6′′ + m n 2S 1′′1′′ − 2S 1′′2′′ − S 6′′6′′
3 2 2 2
− mn 2S 2′′2′′ − 2S 1′′2′′ − S 6′′6′′ − n n − 3m S 2′′6′′
139
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
4 2 2 2 2 4
S 22 = m S 2′′2′′ + m n 2S 1′′2′′ + S 6′′6′′ + 2mn m S 2′′6′′ + n S 1′′6′′ + n S 1′′1′′
2 2
S 23 = m S 2′′3′′ + n S 1′′3′′ + mnS 3′′6′′
3 2 2 3
S 24 = m S 2′′4′′ + m n S 4′′6′′ + S 2′′5′′ + mn S 5′′6′′ + S 1′′4′′ + n S 1′′5′′
3 2 2 3
S 25 = m S 2′′5′′ + m n S 5′′6′′ − S 2′′4′′ − mn S 4′′6′′ − S 1′′5′′ − n S 1′′4′′
2 2 2 3
S 26 = m m − 3n S 2′′6′′ − m n 2S 2′′2′′ − 2S 1′′2′′ − S 6′′6′′
3 2 2 2
+ mn 2S 1′′1′′ − 2S 1′′2′′ − S 6′′6′′ − n n − 3m S 1′′6′′
2 2
S 36 = m − n S 3′′6′′ − 2mn S 2′′3′′ − S 1′′3′′
2 2
S 44 = m S 4′′4′′ + n S 5′′5′′ + 2mnS 4′′5′′
140
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
2 2
S 45 = m − n S 4′′5′′ − mn S 4′′4′′ − S 5′′5′′
3 2 2 3
S 46 = m S 4′′6′′ + m n S 5′′6′′ + 2S 1′′4′′ − 2S 2′′4′′ − mn S 4′′6′′ − 2S 1′′5′′ + 2S 2′′5′′ − n S 5′′6′′
2 2
S 55 = m S 5′′5′′ + n S 4′′4′′ − 2mnS 4′′5′′
3 2 2 3
S 56 = m S 5′′6′′ − m n S 4′′6′′ + 2S 2′′5′′ − 2S 1′′5′′ − mn S 5′′6′′ + 2S 1′′4′′ − 2S 2′′4′′ + n S 4′′6′′
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
S 66 = 4m n S 1′′1′′ + S 2′′2′′ − 2S 1′′2′′ + 4mn m − n S 1′′6′′ − S 2′′6′′ + m − n S 6′′6′′
141
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
2 2
α 1′′1′′ = m α 11 + 2mnα
α 12 + n α 22
2 2
α 2′′2′′ = m α 22 − 2mnα
α 12 + n α 11
α 3′′3′′ = α 33
α 2′′3′′ = mα
α 23 − nα
α 13
α 1′′3′′ = mα
α 13 + nα
α 23
2 2
α 1′′2′′ = m − n α 12 + mn α 22 − α 11
142
!!
T
" Performing the calculations given by α = Tσ α′ yields
2 2
α 11 = m α 1′′1′′ − 2mnα
α 1′′2′′ + n α 2′′2′′
Note that
T
2
α 22 = m α 2′′2′′ + 2mnα
2
α 1′′2′′ + n α 1′′1′′ Tσ θ 3 = Tε − θ3
and hence
α 33 = α 3′′3′′
α = Tε − θ3 α′
α 23 = mα
α 2′′3′′ + nα
α 1′′3′′ So, the expressions given here
for α ij can be obtained from the
α 13 = mα
α 1′′3′′ − nα
α 2′′3′′ those previously given for α i′′j′′
by switching the primed and
2 2
unprimed indices and replacing
α 12 = m − n α 1′′2′′ − mn α 2′′2′′ − α 1′′1′′ n with -n
143
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONTINUED
2 2
β 1′′1′′ = m β 11 + 2mnβ
β 12 + n β 22
2 2
β 2′′2′′ = m β 22 − 2mnβ
β 12 + n β 11
β 3′′3′′ = β 33
β 2′′3′′ = mβ
β 23 − nβ
β 13
β 1′′3′′ = mβ
β 13 + nβ
β 23
2 2
β 1′′2′′ = m − n β 12 + mn β 22 − β 11
144
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x3 AXIS - CONCLUDED
T
" Performing the calculations given by β = Tε β′ yields
2 2
β 11 = m β 1′′1′′ − 2mnβ
β 1′′2′′ + n β 2′′2′′
Note that
T
2
β 22 = m β 2′′2′′ + 2mnβ
2
β 1′′2′′ + n β 1′′1′′ Tε θ 3 = Tσ − θ3
and hence
β 33 = β 3′′3′′
β = Tσ − θ3 β′
β 23 = mβ
β 2′′3′′ + nβ
β 1′′3′′ So, the expressions given here
for β ij can be obtained from the
β 13 = mβ
β 1′′3′′ − nβ
β 2′′3′′ those previously given for β i′′j′′
by switching the primed and
2 2 unprimed indices and replacing
β 12 = m − n β 1′′2′′ − mn β 2′′2′′ − β 1′′1′′ n with -n
145
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS
x 3′′ x3
θ1 Plane x1 = 0
i3 x 2′′
i 3′′ i 2′′
θ1 x2
i2
i 1 , i 1′′
a i′′j ≡ i i′′ • i j
x 1 , x 1′′
146
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
1 0 0 0 0 0
2
σ 1′′1′′ 0 cos θ 1
2
sin θ 1 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0 σ 11
σ 2′′2′′ 2 2
σ 22
σ 3′′3′′ 0 sin θ 1 cos θ 1 − 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0 σ 33
= 2
σ 2′′3′′ 0 − sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ 1 sinθ
θ 1cosθ
2
θ 1 cos θ 1 – sin θ 1 0 0 σ 23
σ 1′′3′′ σ 13
σ 1′′2′′ 0 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 1 − sinθ
θ1 σ 12
0 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 1 cosθ
θ1
σ′ = Tσ θ 1 σ
147
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
" Similarly, the matrix form of the inverse transformation law is given by
1 0 0 0 0 0
2
σ 11 0 cos θ 1
2
sin θ 1 − 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0 σ 1′′1′′
σ 22 2 2
σ 2′′2′′
σ 33 0 sin θ 1 cos θ 1 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0 σ 3′′3′′
= 2
σ 23 0 sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ 1 − sinθ
θ 1cosθ
2
θ 1 cos θ 1 − sin θ 1 0 0 σ 2′′3′′
σ 13 σ 1′′3′′
σ 12 0 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 1 sinθ
θ1 σ 1′′2′′
0 0 0 0 − sinθ
θ 1 cosθ
θ1
σ = Tσ θ 1 σ′
−1
where Tσ θ 1 = Tσ − θ 1
148
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
" By using the second-order, symmetric tensor transformation equations,
the transformation law for the vector of engineering strains is given by
1 0 0 0 0 0
ε 1′′1′′ 2 2 ε 11
0 cos θ 1 sin θ 1 sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0
ε 2′′2′′ 2 2
ε 22
ε 3′′3′′ 0 sin θ 1 cos θ 1 − sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0 ε 33
= 2
2εε2′′3′′ 0 − 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ 1 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ 1 cos θ 1 − sin θ 1
2
0 0 2εε23
2εε1′′3′′ 2εε13
0 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 1 − sinθ
θ1
2εε1′′2′′ 2εε12
0 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 1 cosθ
θ1
ε′ = Tε θ 1 ε
T −1
149
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
" Similarly, the matrix form of the inverse transformation law is given by
1 0 0 0 0 0
ε 11 2 2 ε 1′′1′′
0 cos θ 1 sin θ 1 − sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0
ε 22 2
ε 2′′2′′
2
ε 33 0 sin θ 1 cos θ 1 sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0 ε 3′′3′′
= 2
2εε23 0 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ 1 − 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ 1 cos θ 1 − sin θ 1
2
0 0 2εε2′′3′′
2εε13 2εε1′′3′′
0 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 1 sinθ
θ1
2εε12 2εε1′′2′′
0 0 0 0 − sinθ
θ 1 cosθ
θ1
ε = Tε θ 1 ε′
−1 T
where Tε θ 1 = Tε − θ 1 = Tσ θ 1
150
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
" Similarly, the general expression for the inverse transformation of the
−1
stiffness coefficients is C = Tσ C′′ Tε
−1 T
" Noting that Tσ = Tε for a dextral rotation about the x1 axis gives
T
C = Tε C′′ Tε
151
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
−1 T
" Noting that Tσ = Tε for a dextral rotation about the x1 axis gives
T
S′′ = Tε S Tε
" Similarly, the general expression for the inverse transformation of the
−1
compliance coefficients is S = Tε S′′ Tσ
−1 T
" Noting that Tε = Tσ for a dextral rotation about the x1 axis gives
T
S = Tσ S′′ Tσ
152
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS ABOUT
THE x1 AXIS - SUMMARY
T T
S!! = T" S T" S = T# S!! T#
T T
C!! = T# C T# C = T" C!! T"
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
0 cos $ 1 sin $ 1 2sin$
$ 1cos$
$1 0 0
2 2
0 sin $ 1 cos $ 1 % 2sin$
$ 1cos$
$1 0 0
T# = 0 % sin$
$ 1cos$
$ 1 sin$
$ 1cos$
2 2
$ 1 cos $ 1 % sin $ 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 cos$
$ 1 % sin$
$1
0 0 0 0 sin$
$ 1 cos$
$1
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
0 cos $ 1 sin $ 1 sin$
$ 1cos$
$1 0 0
2 2
0 sin $ 1 cos $ 1 % sin$
$ 1cos$
$1 0 0
T" = 0 % 2sin$
$ 1cos$
$ 1 2sin$
$ 1cos$
2
$ 1 cos $ 1 % sin $ 1
2
0 0
0 0 0 0 cos$
$ 1 % sin$
$1
0 0 0 0 sin$
$ 1 cos$
$1
153
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS ABOUT
THE x1 AXIS - SUMMARY
T
!" = T# ! ! = T$ !"
T
%" = T$ % % = T# %"
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
0 cos & 1 sin & 1 2sin&
& 1cos&
&1 0 0
2 2
0 sin & 1 cos & 1 ' 2sin&
& 1cos&
&1 0 0
T$ = 0 ' sin&
& 1cos&
& 1 sin&
& 1cos&
2
& 1 cos & 1 ' sin & 1
2
0 0
0 0 0 0 cos&
& 1 ' sin&
&1
0 0 0 0 sin&
& 1 cos&
&1
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
0 cos & 1 sin & 1 sin&
& 1cos&
&1 0 0
2 2
0 sin & 1 cos & 1 ' sin&
& 1cos&
&1 0 0
T# = 0 ' 2sin&
& 1cos&
& 1 2sin&
& 1cos&
2
& 1 cos & 1 ' sin & 1
2
0 0
0 0 0 0 cos&
& 1 ' sin&
&1
0 0 0 0 sin&
& 1 cos&
&1
154
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
T
" Performing the calculations given by C′′ = Tσ C Tσ yields
C 1′′1′′ = C 11
2 2
C 1′′2′′ = m C 12 + n C 13 + 2mnC 14
2 2
C 1′′3′′ = m C 13 + n C 12 − 2mnC 14
2 2
C 1′′4′′ = m − n C 14 + mn C 13 − C 12
C 1′′5′′ = mC 15 − nC 16
C 1′′6′′ = mC 16 + nC 15
155
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
4 2 2 2 2 4
C 2′′2′′ = m C 22 + 2m n C 23 + 2C 44 + 4mn m C 24 + n C 34 + n C 33
2 2 2 2 4 4
C 2′′3′′ = m n C 22 + C 33 − 4C 44 − 2mn m − n C 24 − C 34 + m + n C 23
2 2 2 3
C 2′′4′′ = m m − 3n C 24 − m n C 22 − C 23 − 2C 44
3 2 2 2
+ mn C 33 − C 23 − 2C 44 − n n − 3m C 34
3 2 2 3
C 2′′5′′ = m C 25 + m n 2C 45 − C 26 − mn 2C 46 − C 35 − n C 36
3 2 2 3
C 2′′6′′ = m C 26 + m n 2C 46 + C 25 + mn 2C 45 + C 36 + n C 35
4 2 2 2 2 4
C 3′′3′′ = m C 33 + 2m n C 23 + 2C 44 − 4mn m C 34 + n C 24 + n C 22
2 2 2 3
C 3′′4′′ = m m − 3n C 34 + m n C 33 − C 23 − 2C 44
3 2 2 2
− mn C 22 − C 23 − 2C 44 − n n − 3m C 24
156
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
3 2 2 3
C 3′′5′′ = m C 35 − m n 2C 45 + C 36 + mn 2C 46 + C 25 − n C 26
3 2 2 3
C 3′′6′′ = m C 36 − m n 2C 46 − C 35 − mn 2C 45 − C 26 + n C 25
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C 4′′4′′ = m n C 22 + C 33 − 2C 23 − 2mn m − n C 24 − C 34 + m − n C 44
3 2 2 3
C 4′′5′′ = m C 45 − m n C 46 + C 25 − C 35 − mn C 45 − C 26 + C 36 + n C 46
3 2 2 3
C 4′′6′′ = m C 46 + m n C 45 + C 36 − C 26 − mn C 46 + C 25 − C 35 − n C 45
2 2
C 5′′5′′ = m C 55 + n C 66 − 2mnC 56
2 2
C 5′′6′′ = m − n C 56 + mn C 55 − C 66
2 2
C 6′′6′′ = m C 66 + n C 55 + 2mnC 56
157
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
T
" Performing the calculations given by C = Tε C′′ Tε yields
C 11 = C 1′′1′′
2 2
C 12 = m C 1′′2′′ + n C 1′′3′′ − 2mnC 1′′4′′
2 2
C 13 = m C 1′′3′′ + n C 1′′2′′ + 2mnC 1′′4′′
2 2
C 14 = m − n C 1′′4′′ − mn C 1′′3′′ − C 1′′2′′
C 15 = mC 1′′5′′ + nC 1′′6′′
C 16 = mC 1′′6′′ − nC 1′′5′′
4 2 2 2 2 4
C 22 = m C 2′′2′′ + 2m n C 2′′3′′ + 2C 4′′4′′ − 4mn m C 2′′4′′ + n C 3′′4′′ + n C 3′′3′′
158
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
2 2 2 2 4 4
C 23 = m n C 2′′2′′ + C 3′′3′′ − 4C 4′′4′′ + 2mn m − n C 2′′4′′ − C 3′′4′′ + m + n C 2′′3′′
2 2 2 3
C 24 = m m − 3n C 2′′4′′ + m n C 2′′2′′ − C 2′′3′′ − 2C 4′′4′′
3 2 2 2
− mn C 3′′3′′ − C 2′′3′′ − 2C 4′′4′′ − n n − 3m C 3′′4′′
3 2 2 3
C 25 = m C 2′′5′′ − m n 2C 4′′5′′ − C 2′′6′′ − mn 2C 4′′6′′ − C 3′′5′′ + n C 3′′6′′
3 2 2 3
C 26 = m C 2′′6′′ − m n 2C 4′′6′′ + C 2′′5′′ + mn 2C 4′′5′′ + C 3′′6′′ − n C 3′′5′′
4 2 2 2 2 4
C 33 = m C 3′′3′′ + 2m n C 2′′3′′ + 2C 4′′4′′ + 4mn m C 3′′4′′ + n C 2′′4′′ + n C 2′′2′′
2 2 2 3
C 34 = m m − 3n C 3′′4′′ − m n C 3′′3′′ − C 2′′3′′ − 2C 4′′4′′
3 2 2 2
+ mn C 2′′2′′ − C 2′′3′′ − 2C 4′′4′′ − n n − 3m C 2′′4′′
3 2 2 3
C 35 = m C 3′′5′′ + m n 2C 4′′5′′ + C 3′′6′′ + mn 2C 4′′6′′ + C 2′′5′′ + n C 2′′6′′
3 2 2 3
C 36 = m C 3′′6′′ + m n 2C 4′′6′′ − C 3′′5′′ − mn 2C 4′′5′′ − C 2′′6′′ − n C 2′′5′′
159
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C 44 = m n C 2′′2′′ + C 3′′3′′ − 2C 2′′3′′ + 2mn m − n C 2′′4′′ − C 3′′4′′ + m − n C 4′′4′′
3 2 2 3
C 45 = m C 4′′5′′ + m n C 4′′6′′ + C 2′′5′′ − C 3′′5′′ − mn C 4′′5′′ − C 2′′6′′ + C 3′′6′′ − n C 4′′6′′
3 2 2 3
C 46 = m C 4′′6′′ − m n C 4′′5′′ + C 3′′6′′ − C 2′′6′′ − mn C 4′′6′′ + C 2′′5′′ − C 3′′5′′ + n C 4′′5′′
2 2 2 2
C 55 = m C 5′′5′′ + n C 6′′6′′ + 2mnC 5′′6′′ C 56 = m − n C 5′′6′′ − mn C 5′′5′′ − C 6′′6′′
2 2
C 66 = m C 6′′6′′ + n C 5′′5′′ − 2mnC 5′′6′′
160
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
T
" Performing the calculations given by S′′ = Tε S Tε yields
S 1′′1′′ = S 11
2 2
S 1′′2′′ = m S 12 + n S 13 + mnS 14
2 2
S 1′′3′′ = m S 13 + n S 12 − mnS 14
2 2
S 1′′4′′ = m − n S 14 + 2mn S 13 − S 12
S 1′′5′′ = mS 15 − nS 16
S 1′′6′′ = mS 16 + nS 15
4 2 2 2 2 4
S 2′′2′′ = m S 22 + m n 2S 23 + S 44 + 2mn m S 24 + n S 34 + n S 33
161
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
2 2 2 2 4 4
S 2′′3′′ = m n S 22 + S 33 − S 44 − mn m − n S 24 − S 34 + m + n S 23
2 2 2 3
S 2′′4′′ = m m − 3n S 24 − m n 2S 22 − 2S 23 − S 44
3 2 2 2
+ mn 2S 33 − 2S 23 − S 44 − n n − 3m S 34
3 2 2 3
S 2′′5′′ = m S 25 + m n S 45 − S 26 − mn S 46 − S 35 − n S 36
3 2 2 3
S 2′′6′′ = m S 26 + m n S 46 + S 25 + mn S 45 + S 36 + n S 35
4 2 2 2 2 4
S 3′′3′′ = m S 33 + m n 2S 23 + S 44 − 2mn m S 34 + n S 24 + n S 22
2 2 2 3
S 3′′4′′ = m m − 3n S 34 + m n 2S 33 − 2S 23 − S 44
3 2 2 2
− mn 2S 22 − 2S 23 − S 44 − n n − 3m S 24
3 2 2 3
S 3′′5′′ = m S 35 − m n S 45 + S 36 + mn S 46 + S 25 − n S 26
162
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
3 2 2 3
S 3′′6′′ = m S 36 − m n S 46 − S 35 − mn S 45 − S 26 + n S 25
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
S 4′′4′′ = 4m n S 22 + S 33 − 2S 23 − 4mn m − n S 24 − S 34 + m − n S 44
3 2 2 3
S 4′′5′′ = m S 45 − m n S 46 + 2S 25 − 2S 35 − mn S 45 − 2S 26 + 2S 36 + n S 46
3 2 2 3
S 4′′6′′ = m S 46 + m n S 45 + 2S 36 − 2S 26 − mn S 46 + 2S 25 − 2S 35 − n S 45
2 2
S 5′′5′′ = m S 55 + n S 66 − 2mnS 56
2 2
S 5′′6′′ = m − n S 56 + mn S 55 − S 66
2 2
S 6′′6′′ = m S 66 + n S 55 + 2mnS 56
163
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
" Let m = cosθ 1 and n = sinθ 1
T
" Performing the calculations given by S = Tσ S′′ Tσ yields
S 11 = S 1′′1′′
2 2
S 12 = m S 1′′2′′ + n S 1′′3′′ − mnS 1′′4′′
2 2
S 13 = m S 1′′3′′ + n S 1′′2′′ + mnS 1′′4′′
2 2
S 14 = m − n S 1′′4′′ − 2mn S 1′′3′′ − S 1′′2′′
S 15 = mS 1′′5′′ + nS 1′′6′′
S 16 = mS 1′′6′′ − nS 1′′5′′
4 2 2 2 2 4
S 22 = m S 2′′2′′ + m n 2S 2′′3′′ + S 4′′4′′ − 2mn m S 2′′4′′ + n S 3′′4′′ + n S 3′′3′′
164
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
2 2 2 2 4 4
S 23 = m n S 2′′2′′ + S 3′′3′′ − S 4′′4′′ + mn m − n S 2′′4′′ − S 3′′4′′ + m + n S 2′′3′′
2 2 2 3
S 24 = m m − 3n S 2′′4′′ + m n 2S 2′′2′′ − 2S 2′′3′′ − S 4′′4′′
3 2 2 2
− mn 2S 3′′3′′ − 2S 2′′3′′ − S 4′′4′′ − n n − 3m S 3′′4′′
3 2 2 3
S 25 = m S 2′′5′′ − m n S 4′′5′′ − S 2′′6′′ − mn S 4′′6′′ − S 3′′5′′ + n S 3′′6′′
3 2 2 3
S 26 = m S 2′′6′′ − m n S 4′′6′′ + S 2′′5′′ + mn S 4′′5′′ + S 3′′6′′ − n S 3′′5′′
4 2 2 2 2 4
S 33 = m S 3′′3′′ + m n 2S 2′′3′′ + S 4′′4′′ + 2mn m S 3′′4′′ + n S 2′′4′′ + n S 2′′2′′
2 2 2 3
S 34 = m m − 3n S 3′′4′′ − m n 2S 3′′3′′ − 2S 2′′3′′ − S 4′′4′′
3 2 2 2
+ mn 2S 2′′2′′ − 2S 2′′3′′ − S 4′′4′′ − n n − 3m S 2′′4′′
3 2 2 3
S 35 = m S 3′′5′′ + m n S 4′′5′′ + S 3′′6′′ + mn S 4′′6′′ + S 2′′5′′ + n S 2′′6′′
3 2 2 3
S 36 = m S 3′′6′′ + m n S 4′′6′′ − S 3′′5′′ − mn S 4′′5′′ − S 2′′6′′ − n S 2′′5′′
165
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
S 44 = 4m n S 2′′2′′ + S 3′′3′′ − 2S 2′′3′′ + 4mn m − n S 2′′4′′ − S 3′′4′′ + m − n S 4′′4′′
3 2 2 3
S 45 = m S 4′′5′′ + m n S 4′′6′′ + 2S 2′′5′′ − 2S 3′′5′′ − mn S 4′′5′′ − 2S 2′′6′′ + 2S 3′′6′′ − n S 4′′6′′
3 2 2 3
S 46 = m S 4′′6′′ − m n S 4′′5′′ + 2S 3′′6′′ − 2S 2′′6′′ − mn S 4′′6′′ + 2S 2′′5′′ − 2S 3′′5′′ + n S 4′′5′′
2 2 2 2
S 55 = m S 5′′5′′ + n S 6′′6′′ + 2mnS 5′′6′′ S 56 = m − n S 5′′6′′ − mn S 5′′5′′ − S 6′′6′′
2 2
S 66 = m S 6′′6′′ + n S 5′′5′′ − 2mnS 5′′6′′
166
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
α 1′′1′′ = α 11
2 2
α 2′′2′′ = m α 22 + 2mnα
α 23 + n α 33
2 2
α 3′′3′′ = m α 33 − 2mnα
α 23 + n α 22
2 2
α 2′′3′′ = m − n α 23 + mn α 33 − α 22
α 1′′3′′ = mα
α 13 − nα
α 12
α 1′′2′′ = mα
α 12 + nα
α 13
167
!!
T
" Performing the calculations given by α = Tσ α′ yields
α 11 = α 1′′1′′
Note that
T
2
α 22 = m α 2′′2′′ − 2mnα
2
α 2′′3′′ + n α 3′′3′′ Tσ θ 1 = Tε − θ1
2 2
and hence
α 33 = m α 3′′3′′ + 2mnα
α 2′′3′′ + n α 2′′2′′
α = Tε − θ1 α′
2 2
α 23 = m − n α 2′′3′′ − mn α 3′′3′′ − α 2′′2′′ So, the expressions given here
for α ij can be obtained from the
α 13 = mα
α 1′′3′′ + nα
α 1′′2′′ those previously given for α i′′j′′
by switching the primed and
unprimed indices and replacing
α 12 = mα
α 1′′2′′ − nα
α 1′′3′′ n with -n
168
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
β 1′′1′′ = β 11
2 2
β 2′′2′′ = m β 22 + 2mnβ
β 23 + n β 33
2 2
β 3′′3′′ = m β 33 − 2mnβ
β 23 + n β 22
2 2
β 2′′3′′ = m − n β 23 + mn β 33 − β 22
β 1′′3′′ = mβ
β 13 − nβ
β 12
β 1′′2′′ = mβ
β 12 + nβ
β 13
169
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
T
" Performing the calculations given by β = Tε β′ yields
β 11 = β 1′′1′′
Note that
T
2
β 22 = m β 2′′2′′ − 2mnβ
2
β 2′′3′′ + n β 3′′3′′ Tε θ 1 = Tσ − θ1
2 2
and hence
β 33 = m β 3′′3′′ + 2mnβ
β 2′′3′′ + n β 2′′2′′
β = Tσ − θ1 β′
2 2
β 23 = m − n β 2′′3′′ − mn β 3′′3′′ − β 2′′2′′ So, the expressions given here
for β ij can be obtained from the
β 13 = mβ
β 1′′3′′ + nβ
β 1′′2′′ those previously given for β i′′j′′
by switching the primed and
unprimed indices and replacing
β 12 = mβ
β 1′′2′′ − nβ
β 1′′3′′ n with -n
170
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
" When the expressions for these matrix operations are known for either
dextral rotations about the x3 axis or about the x2 axis, a simpler and
much less tedious method for obtaining the transformed stiffnesses,
compliances, thermal moduli, and thermal-expansion coefficients for
dextral rotations about the x1 axis is available
171
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
" Consider the case in which the transformation expressions are known
for dextral rotations about the x3 axis and one wishes to find similar
expressions for dextral rotations about the x1 axis
172
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
x3 Plane x1 = 0
x 3 , x 3′′ x 3′′
Plane x3 = 0 θ1
173
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
" Next, it must be realized that the exchanging of indices must be used
with the indices of tensors to determine the indices used with the
abridged notation (matrix)
" The following index pairs relate the tensor indices to the matrix
indices
tensor notation 11 22 33 23, 32 31, 13 12, 21
matrix notation 1 2 3 4 5 6
174
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONTINUED
" Likewise, the transformation of index pairs that appear in the abridged
notation are given by
11 → 22
12 → 23 22 → 33
13 → 12 23 → 13 33 → 11
14 → 25 24 → 35 34 → 15 44 → 55
15 → 26 25 → 36 35 → 16 45 → 56 55 → 66
16 → 24 26 → 34 36 → 14 46 → 45 56 → 46 66 → 44
175
TRANSFORMATIONS FOR DEXTRAL ROTATIONS
ABOUT THE x1 AXIS - CONCLUDED
176
MATERIAL SYMMETRIES
177
MATERIAL SYMMETRIES
" The next logical step in the development of linear thermoelastic
constitutive equations is the search for analytical conditions for which
dilatation and distortion uncouple
" For example, experience with common metals indicates that there
are classes of materials for which dilatation and distortion
uncouple
" Previously, it was shown herein that there exists 21 independent elastic
constants for an elastic anisotropic material - a finding that is
substantiated by experimental evidence
178
MATERIAL SYMMETRIES - CONCLUDED
" However, the number of independent constants needed to fully
characterize an anisotropic material was the subject of a lengthy
controversy
" In the early to mid 19th century, A. L. Cauchy (1789-1857) and
S. D. Poisson (1781-1840) formulated specialized mathematical
models of the molecular interaction in solids, and argued that the
number of independent constants could not exceed 15
179
MATHEMATICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SYMMETRY
" The commonplace notion of symmetry is usually concerned with
geometric objects
Five-fold Original
symmetry position
A
A A
A
A
A
A
A A
A
180
MATHEMATICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SYMMETRY
CONTINUED
" For the object shown in the previous figure, it can be rotated
incrementally by 72 degrees into the identical shape
360 deg
" = 5 and the shape is said to possess five-fold symmetry
72 deg
181
MATHEMATICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SYMMETRY
CONTINUED
182
MATHEMATICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SYMMETRY
CONTINUED
183
MATHEMATICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SYMMETRY
CONTINUED
" For φ = 180 deg and φ = 360 deg, the geometric shape is invariant, and
the transformation of coordinates given symbolically by x = x x,y and
y = y x,y is called a symmetry transformation for the rectangle
184
MATHEMATICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SYMMETRY
CONCLUDED
2 2
" Consider the function F x, y = x + y and the transformation of
coordinates given by x = − x and y = − y
" The more common, and more succinct, way of describing the
symmetry is given by writing F x, y = F − x, − y
185
SOME TYPES OF SYMMETRY IN TWO DIMENSIONS
GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
x
x
186
SOME TYPES OF SYMMETRY IN THREE DIMENSIONS
PLANE OF REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY
Tapered beam
Symmetry plane
187
SOME TYPES OF SYMMETRY IN THREE DIMENSIONS
PLANE OF REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY
F − x, y = F x, y
F − x, y F x, y
x-axis
πy
F x, y = y cos πx sin −1≤x≤1 0≤y≤2
2 2
188
SOME TYPES OF SYMMETRY IN THREE DIMENSIONS
PLANE OF REFLECTIVE ANTISYMMETRY
F − x, y = − F x, y
y-axis
Contour plot of F(x, y)
F − x, y F x, y
x-axis
πy
F x, y = y sin πx sin −1≤x≤1 0≤y≤2
2
189
SOME TYPES OF SYMMETRY IN THREE DIMENSIONS
CENTRAL POINT OF INVERSION SYMMETRY (POLAR SYMMETRY)
F − x, − y = F x, y
y-axis
Contour plot of F(x, y)
F x, y
x-axis
F − x, − y
9y
F x, y = sin π x − sin πy
10
−1≤x≤1 0≤y≤1
190
SOME TYPES OF SYMMETRY IN THREE DIMENSIONS
CENTRAL POINT OF INVERSION ANTISYMMETRY
F − x, − y = − F x, y
y-axis
Contour plot of F(x, y)
F x, y
x-axis
F − x, − y
9y
F x, y = sin π x − sin 2π
πy
10
−1≤x≤1 0≤y≤1
191
CRITERIA FOR MATERIAL SYMMETRY
P
" The stresses, strains, stiffness x1- axis
and compliance matrices, thermal
moduli, and thermal-expansion
Body, B
coefficients for this coordinate
system are σij, εij, [C], [S], βij, and x3- axis
αij, respectively
192
CRITERIA FOR MATERIAL SYMMETRY - CONTINUED
σ = C ε + β T − Tref or ε = S σ + α T − Tref
" There is no need to place the restriction that x , x , x be the 1′′ 2′′ 3′′
193
CRITERIA FOR MATERIAL SYMMETRY - CONTINUED
" The abridged forms of the thermoelastic constitutive equations for the
material in the x 1′′, x 2′′, x 3′′ coordinate system are given by
" Moreover, it was shown previously that, for the given arbitrary
transformation (rotation) of coordinates,
−1
C′′ = Tσ C Tε β′ = Tσ β
−1
S′′ = Tε S Tσ α′ = Tε α
194
CRITERIA FOR MATERIAL SYMMETRY - CONCLUDED
" The matrix C′′ must be invariant under the transformation given
−1 −1
by C′′ = Tσ C Tε ; that is, C = Tσ C Tε must hold
−1
" Similarly, S = Tε S Tσ , α = Tε α , and β = Tσ β must
hold
" Collectively, these invariance conditions are the criteria for a state of
material symmetry to exist, and are sufficient conditions because
x = x x , x , x is presumed to be a symmetry transformation
k k 1′′ 2′′ 3′′
195
CLASSES OF MATERIAL SYMMETRY
" The classes are distinguished by the number of, and orientation of,
planes of elastic symmetry
196
CLASSES OF MATERIAL SYMMETRY
CONTINUED
" The eight distinct classes of elastic-material symmetry are given by:
197
CLASSES OF MATERIAL SYMMETRY
CONTINUED
" There are four classes of elastic materials that are of great practical
importance in engineering
198
CLASSES OF MATERIAL SYMMETRY
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATIONS
60 deg
Orthotropic
Triclinic Monoclinic Trigonal
45 deg
45 deg
199
MONOCLINIC
MATERIALS
200
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0
" First, consider the case in which the material exhibits elastic symmetry
about the plane x1 = 0
−1 0 0
i1 i 2 , i 2′′ x 2 , x 2′′
a 1′′1 a 1′′2 a 1′′3
a 2′′1 a 2′′2 a 2′′3 = 0 1 0
a 3′′1 a 3′′2 a 3′′3 0 0 1
x1 Plane x3 = 0
201
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
the diagonal matrix Tσ =
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 −1 0
0 0 0 0 0 −1
202
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
σ 33 x3 σ 13 σ 23
σ 22
x2
σ 11 σ 12
x1
Normal stresses Shearing stresses
203
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
σ 1′′1′′
= σ 11 σ
2′′2′′
= σ 22 σ 3′′3′′
= σ 33
σ 2′′3′′
= σ 23 σ 1′′3′′
=− σ 13 σ 1′′2′′
=− σ 12
204
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Expressing the relationships in matrix form gives
1 0 0 0 0 0
σ 1′′1′′ σ 11
0 1 0 0 0 0
σ 2′′2′′ σ 22
σ 3′′3′′ 0 0 1 0 0 0 σ 33
=
σ 2′′3′′ 0 0 0 1 0 0 σ 23
σ 1′′3′′ σ 13
0 0 0 0 −1 0
σ 1′′2′′ σ 12
0 0 0 0 0 −1
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
" Thus, σ′ = Tσ σ gives Tσ = directly
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 −1 0
0 0 0 0 0 −1
205
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Now, for a state of reflective symmetry about the plane x1 = 0 to exist at
a point P of the body, it was shown herein that the matrix C′′ must be
−1
invariant under the transformation given by C′′ = Tσ C Tε
−1 −1
" That is, C′′ = Tσ C Tε must become C = Tσ C Tε
" A more convenient form of this invariance condition is obtained for this
particular transformation as follows
206
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
T
" Also, because Tσ = Tσ for this particular symmetry transformation
T T T T
and C = C , it follows that C Tσ = Tσ C = Tσ C
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 − C 15 − C 16
1 0 0 0 0 0
C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 0 1 0 0 0 0 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 − C 25 − C 26
C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 − C 35 − C 36
= C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36
0 0 1 0 0 0
C Tσ =
C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 0 0 0 1 0 0 C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 − C 45 − C 46
C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56 0 0 0 0 −1 0
C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 − C 55 − C 56
0 0 0 0 0 −1
C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66 C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 − C 56 − C 66
207
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
T
" Enforcing C Tσ = C Tσ yields the following requirements on the
stiffnesses in order to exhibit a state of elastic reflective symmetry
about the plane x1 = 0:
C 15 = 0 , C 16 = 0 , C 25 = 0 , C 26 = 0 , C 35 = 0 , C 36 = 0 , C 45 = 0 , and C 46 = 0
" Thus, the stiffness matrix for a monoclinic material, which exhibits
elastic reflective symmetry about the plane x1 = 0, has the form
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 0 0
C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 0 0
C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 0 0
which has 13 independent stiffnesses
C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 0 0
0 0 0 0 C 55 C 56
0 0 0 0 C 56 C 66
208
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Similarly, for a state of elastic reflective symmetry about the plane x1 = 0
to exist at a point P of the body, the matrix S′′ must be invariant
−1
under the transformation given by S′′ = Tε S Tσ
−1 −1
" That is, S′′ = Tε S Tσ must become S = Tε S Tσ
209
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
T
" Like before, because Tσ = Tσ for this particular transformation and
T T T T
S = S , it follows that S Tσ = Tσ S = Tσ S
S 15 = 0 , S 16 = 0 , S 25 = 0 , S 26 = 0 , S 35 = 0 , S 36 = 0 , S 45 = 0 , and S 46 = 0
210
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Thus, the compliance matrix for a monoclinic material that a state of
elastic reflective symmetry about the plane x1 = 0 has the form
S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 0 0
S 12 S 22 S 23 S 24 0 0
S 13 S 23 S 33 S 34 0 0
which has 13 independent compliances
S 14 S 24 S 34 S 44 0 0
0 0 0 0 S 55 S 56
0 0 0 0 S 56 S 66
" Comparison of the compliance and stiffness matrices for this case
indicates that they have the same form
211
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
212
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
1 0 0 0 0 0
α 11 α 11 α 11
0 1 0 0 0 0 α 11
α 22 α 22 α 22
α 22
α 33 0 0 1 0 0 0 α 33
2α
α 23
= 0 0 0 1 0 0 2α
α 23 which reduces to α 33
=
α 33
2α
α 23 2α
α 23
2α
α 13 0 0 0 0 −1 0 2α
α 13 2α
α 13 − 2α
α 13
2α
α 12 0 0 0 0 0 −1 2α
α 12 2α
α 12 − 2α
α 12
213
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 0 0 α 11
σ 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 S 24 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 S 34 0 0 σ 33 α 33
= σ 23
+ T − Tref
2εε23 S 14 S 24 S 34 S 44 0 0 2α
α 23
2εε13 σ 13 0
0 0 0 0 S 55 S 56
2εε12 σ 12 0
0 0 0 0 S 56 S 66
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 0 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= + T − Tref
C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 0 0 2εε23 β 23
σ 13 2εε13 0
0 0 0 0 C 55 C 56
σ 12 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 C 56 C 66
214
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x1 = 0 (CONCLUDED)
" Finally, the nonzero thermal moduli are given in terms of the
coefficients of thermal expansion by
β 11 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 α 11
β 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 α 22
=−
β 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 α 33
β 23 C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 2α 23
215
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x2 = 0
" Next, consider the case in which the material exhibits elastic symmetry
about the plane x2 = 0
216
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x2 = 0 (CONTINUED)
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
the diagonal matrix Tσ =
0 0 0 −1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 −1
217
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x2 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Like before, the sufficient conditions for a state of elastic reflective
symmetry about the plane x2 = 0 to exist are found from
T T
C Tσ = C Tσ S Tσ = S Tσ α = Tε α β = Tσ β
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 C 11 C 12 C 13 − C 14 C 15 − C 16
1 0 0 0 0 0
C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 0 1 0 0 0 0 C 12 C 22 C 23 − C 24 C 25 − C 26
C 13 C 23 C 33 − C 34 C 35 − C 36
= C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36
0 0 1 0 0 0
C Tσ =
C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 0 0 0 −1 0 0 C 14 C 24 C 34 − C 44 C 45 − C 46
C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56 0 0 0 0 1 0
C 15 C 25 C 35 − C 45 C 55 − C 56
0 0 0 0 0 −1
C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66 C 16 C 26 C 36 − C 46 C 56 − C 66
218
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x2 = 0 (CONTINUED)
T
" Enforcing C Tσ = C Tσ yields the following requirements on the
stiffnesses:
C 14 = 0 , C 16 = 0 , C 24 = 0 , C 26 = 0 , C 34 = 0 , C 36 = 0 , C 45 = 0 , and C 56 = 0
" Thus, the stiffness matrix for a monoclinic material that a state of
elastic reflective symmetry about the plane x2 = 0 has the form
C 11 C 12 C 13 0 C 15 0
C 12 C 22 C 23 0 C 25 0
C 13 C 23 C 33 0 C 35 0
which also has 13 independent stiffnesses
0 0 0 C 44 0 C 46
C 15 C 25 C 35 0 C 55 0
0 0 0 C 46 0 C 66
219
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x2 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Likewise, the compliance matrix for a monoclinic material that a state of
elastic reflective symmetry about the plane x2 = 0 has the form
S 11 S 12 S 13 0 S 15 0
S 12 S 22 S 23 0 S 25 0
S 13 S 23 S 33 0 S 35 0
which also has 13 independent compliances
0 0 0 S 44 0 S 46
S 15 S 25 S 35 0 S 55 0
0 0 0 S 46 0 S 66
220
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x2 = 0 (CONTINUED)
1 0 0 0 0 0
α 11 α 11 α 11 α 11
α 22 0 1 0 0 0 0 α 22 α 22 α 22
α 33 0 0 1 0 0 0 α 33
2α
α 23
= 0 0 0 −1 0 0 2α
α 23 which reduces to α 33
= α 33
2α
α 23 − 2α
α 23
2α
α 13 0 0 0 0 1 0 2α
α 13 2α
α 13 2α
α 13
2α
α 12 0 0 0 0 0 −1 2α
α 12 2α
α 12 − 2α
α 12
221
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x2 = 0 (CONTINUED)
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 S 15 0 α 11
σ 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 S 25 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 0 S 35 0 σ 33 α 33
= σ 23
+ T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 0 S 46 0
2εε13 S 15 S 25 S 35 0 S 55 0 σ 13 2α
α 13
2εε12 σ 12 0
0 0 0 S 46 0 S 66
C 11 C 12 C 13 0 C 15 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 C 25 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 0 C 35 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= + T − Tref
0 0 0 C 44 0 C 46 2εε23 0
σ 13 C 15 C 25 C 35 0 C 55 0 2εε13 β 13
σ 12 2εε12 0
0 0 0 C 46 0 C 66
222
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x2 = 0 (CONCLUDED)
" The nonzero thermal moduli are given in terms of the coefficients of
thermal expansion by
β 11 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 15 α 11
β 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 25 α 22
=−
β 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 35 α 33
β 13 C 15 C 25 C 35 C 55 2α
α 13
223
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x3 = 0
224
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
the diagonal matrix Tσ =
0 0 0 −1 0 0
0 0 0 0 −1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
225
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Like before, the sufficient conditions for a state of elastic reflective
symmetry about the plane x3 = 0 to exist are found from
T T
C Tσ = C Tσ S Tσ = S Tσ α = Tε α β = Tσ β
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 C 11 C 12 C 13 − C 14 − C 15 C 16
1 0 0 0 0 0
C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 0 1 0 0 0 0 C 12 C 22 C 23 − C 24 − C 25 C 26
C 13 C 23 C 33 − C 34 − C 35 C 36
= C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36
0 0 1 0 0 0
C Tσ =
C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 0 0 0 −1 0 0 C 14 C 24 C 34 − C 44 − C 45 C 46
C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56 0 0 0 0 −1 0
C 15 C 25 C 35 − C 45 − C 55 C 56
0 0 0 0 0 1
C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66 C 16 C 26 C 36 − C 46 − C 56 C 66
226
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
T
" Enforcing C Tσ = C Tσ yields the following requirements on the
stiffnesses:
C 14 = 0 , C 15 = 0 , C 24 = 0 , C 25 = 0 , C 34 = 0 , C 35 = 0 , C 46 = 0 , and C 56 = 0
" Thus, the stiffness matrix for a monoclinic material that a state of
elastic reflective symmetry about the plane x3 = 0 has the form
C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 C 16
C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 C 26
C 13 C 23 C 33 0 0 C 36
which also has 13 independent stiffnesses
0 0 0 C 44 C 45 0
0 0 0 C 45 C 55 0
C 16 C 26 C 36 0 0 C 66
227
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Likewise, the compliance matrix for a monoclinic material that a state of
elastic reflective symmetry about the plane x3 = 0 has the form
S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 S 16
S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 S 26
S 13 S 23 S 33 0 0 S 36
which also has 13 independent compliances
0 0 0 S 44 S 45 0
0 0 0 S 45 S 55 0
S 16 S 26 S 36 0 0 S 66
228
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
1 0 0 0 0 0
α 11 α 11 α 11 α 11
α 22 0 1 0 0 0 0 α 22 α 22 α 22
α 33 0 0 1 0 0 0 α 33
2α
α 23
= 0 0 0 −1 0 0 2α
α 23 which reduces to α 33
= α 33
2α
α 23 − 2α
α 23
2α
α 13 0 0 0 0 −1 0 2α
α 13 2α
α 13 − 2α
α 13
2α
α 12 0 0 0 0 0 1 2α
α 12 2α
α 12 2α
α 12
229
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 S 16 α 11
σ 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 S 26 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 0 0 S 36 σ 33 α 33
= σ 23
+ T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 S 45 0 0
2εε13 0 0 0 S 45 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 σ 12 2α
α 12
S 16 S 26 S 36 0 0 S 66
C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 C 16 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 C 26 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 0 0 C 36 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= + T − Tref
0 0 0 C 44 C 45 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 C 45 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 2εε12 β 12
C 16 C 26 C 36 0 0 C 66
230
MONOCLINIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANE x3 = 0 (CONCLUDED)
" The nonzero thermal moduli are given in terms of the coefficients of
thermal expansion by
β 11 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 16 α 11
β 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 26 α 22
=−
β 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 36 α 33
β 12 C 16 C 26 C 36 C 66 2α
α 12
231
ORTHOTROPIC
MATERIALS
232
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANES x1 = 0 AND x2 = 0
" Now, consider the case in which a monoclinic material, which exhibits
symmetry about the plane x1 = 0, also exhibits symmetry about the
plane x2 = 0, which is perpendicular to the plane x1 = 0
" For this monoclinic material, it was shown previously that the material
properties are given by
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 0 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= + T − Tref
C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 0 0 2εε23 β 23
σ 13 2εε13 0
0 0 0 0 C 55 C 56
σ 12 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 C 56 C 66
and
233
! !
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 0 0 α 11
σ 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 S 24 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 S 34 0 0 σ 33 α 33
= σ 23
+ T − Tref
2εε23 S 14 S 24 S 34 S 44 0 0 2α
α 23
2εε13 σ 13 0
0 0 0 0 S 55 S 56
2εε12 σ 12 0
0 0 0 0 S 56 S 66
234
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANES x1 = 0 AND x2 = 0
" The effect of the second transformation, for symmetry about the plane
x2 = 0, is obtained directly from the results given previously for a
monoclinic material that exhibits symmetry about the plane x2 = 0
235
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANES x1 = 0 AND x2 = 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
" For this case, Tε = Tσ =
0 0 0 −1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 −1
" It was also shown that, for symmetry about the plane x2 = 0,
C 14 = 0 , C 16 = 0 , C 24 = 0 , C 26 = 0 , C 34 = 0 , C 36 = 0 , C 45 = 0 , C 56 = 0 ,
S 14 = 0 , S 16 = 0 , S 24 = 0 , S 26 = 0 , S 34 = 0 , S 36 = 0 , S 45 = 0 , S 56 = 0 ,
α 12 = 0 , α 23 = 0 , β 12 = 0 , and β 23 = 0
236
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANES x1 = 0 AND x2 = 0
C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= + T − Tref and
0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 0 C 66
237
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANES x1 = 0 AND x2 = 0
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 0
σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
= + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 σ 12 0
0 0 0 0 0 S 66
238
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANES x1 = 0 AND x2 = 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
Tσ = Tε =
0 0 0 −1 0 0
0 0 0 0 −1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
239
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANES x1 = 0 AND x2 = 0
−1
" Next, the condition C = Tσ C Tε for a state of symmetry to exist at
a point P of the body is applied
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 C 11 C 12 C 13 − C 14 − C 15 C 16
1 0 0 0 0 0
C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 0 1 0 0 0 0 C 12 C 22 C 23 − C 24 − C 25 C 26
C 13 C 23 C 33 − C 34 − C 35 C 36
= C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36
0 0 1 0 0 0
C Tσ =
C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 0 0 0 −1 0 0 C 14 C 24 C 34 − C 44 − C 45 C 46
C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56 0 0 0 0 −1 0
C 15 C 25 C 35 − C 45 − C 55 C 56
0 0 0 0 0 1
C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66 C 16 C 26 C 36 − C 46 − C 56 C 66
240
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS - CONCLUDED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANES x1 = 0 AND x2 = 0
T
" Enforcing C Tσ = C Tσ yields the following requirements on the
stiffnesses:
C 14 = 0 , C 15 = 0 , C 24 = 0 , C 25 = 0 , C 34 = 0 , C 35 = 0 , C 46 = 0 , and C 56 = 0
" Inspection of the conditions and comparison with the previous result
for the two successive transformations shows that the results are
different
241
!! ! !
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANES x1 = 0, x2 = 0, AND x3 = 0
242
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT THE PLANES x1 = 0, x2 = 0, AND x3 = 0
243
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
" The constitutive equations for a linear, thermoelastic, orthotropic
material are given by
C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= + T − Tref and
0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 0 C 66
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 0
σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
= + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 σ 12 0
0 0 0 0 0 S 66
244
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS - CONCLUDED
" The thermal moduli are given in terms of the coefficients of thermal
expansion by
β 11 C 11 C 12 C 13 α 11
β 22 = − C 12 C 22 C 23 α 22
β 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 α 33
" The constitutive equations show that extension and shearing are totally
uncoupled in the planes x1 = 0, x2 = 0, and x3 = 0
245
SPECIALLY ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS
" Any material that is fully characterized by the following constitutive
equations is defined as a specially orthotropic material
C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= + T − Tref and
0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 0 C 66
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 0
σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
= + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 σ 12 0
0 0 0 0 0 S 66
246
GENERALLY ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS
247
GENERALLY ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS
CONTINUED
" For a dextral rotation about the x3 - axis, with m = cosθ 3 and
n = sinθ 3 , the transformed elastic constants are given by
4 2 2 4
C 1′′1′′ = m C 11 + 2m n C 12 + 2C 66 + n C 22
2 2 4 4
C 1′′2′′ = m n C 11 + C 22 − 4C 66 + m + n C 12
2 2
C 1′′3′′ = m C 13 + n C 23 C 1′′4′′ = 0 C 1′′5′′ = 0
2 2 2 2
C 1′′6′′ = mn m − n C 12 + 2C 66 + mn n C 22 − m C 11
4 2 2 4
C 2′′2′′ = m C 22 + 2m n C 12 + 2C 66 + n C 11
2 2
C 2′′3′′ = m C 23 + n C 13 C 2′′4′′ = 0 C 2′′5′′ = 0
2 2 2 2
C 2′′6′′ = mn n − m C 12 + 2C 66 + mn m C 22 − n C 11
248
GENERALLY ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS
CONTINUED
2 2
C 4′′4′′ = m C 44 + n C 55 C 4′′5′′ = mn C 44 − C 55 C 4′′6′′ = 0 C 5′′6′′ = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C 5′′5′′ = m C 55 + n C 44 C 6′′6′′ = m n C 11 + C 22 − 2C 12 + m − n C 66
" For the x 1′′,x 2′′,x 3′′ coordinate frame, the specially orthotropic material
appears to have the properties of a monoclinic material
249
GENERALLY ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS
CONTINUED
" Similarly,
4 2 2 4
S 1′′1′′ = m S 11 + m n 2S 12 + S 66 + n S 22
2 2 4 4
S 1′′2′′ = m n S 11 + S 22 − S 66 + m + n S 12
2 2
S 1′′3′′ = m S 13 + n S 23 S 1′′4′′ = 0 S 1′′5′′ = 0
2 2 2 2
S 1′′6′′ = mn m − n 2S 12 + S 66 + 2mn n S 22 − m S 11
4 2 2 4 2 2
S 2′′2′′ = m S 22 + m n 2S 12 + S 66 + n S 11 S 2′′3′′ = m S 23 + n S 13
2 2 2 2
S 2′′6′′ = mn n − m 2S 12 + S 66 + 2mn m S 22 − n S 11
S 3′′6′′ = 2mn S 23 − S 13
250
GENERALLY ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS
CONTINUED
2 2
S 4′′4′′ = m S 44 + n S 55 S 4′′5′′ = mn S 44 − S 55 S 4′′6′′ = 0
2 2
S 5′′5′′ = m S 55 + n S 44 S 5′′6′′ = 0
2 2 2 2 2
S 6′′6′′ = 4m n S 11 + S 22 − 2S 12 + m − n S 66
" For the x 1′′,x 2′′,x 3′′ coordinate frame, the specially orthotropic material,
again, appears to have the properties of a monoclinic material
251
GENERALLY ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS
CONTINUED
" For a dextral rotation about the x3 - axis, the transformed thermal-
expansion coefficients are given by
252
GENERALLY ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS
CONCLUDED
" Thus, for a dextral rotation about the x3 - axis, the transformed
constitutive equations for a specially orthotropic material are given by
253
TRIGONAL
MATERIALS
254
TRIGONAL MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
255
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
" For the x 1′′, x 2′′, x 3′′ coordinate i 2′′ , i 2′′′′ x 2′′, x 2′′′′
system, the general constitutive i 1′′ Plane x 1′′ = 0
equations are expressed as
follows
x 1′′
256
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
where Θ = T − Tref
257
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
" For the x 1′′′′, x 2′′′′, x 3′′′′ coordinate system, the constitutive equations are
identical in form and are obtained by replacing the index pair i′′j′′ with
i′′
′′j′′
′′
ε′′ = S′′
′′ σ′′ + α′′ Θ and
σ′′ = C′′
′′ ε′′ + β′′ Θ , where Θ = T − Tref
σ′′ = Tσr 1′
σ′ and ε′′ = Tεr 1′
ε′ where
258
!
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
r′ r′ 0 0 1 0 0 0
Tσ = Tε =
1 1
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 −1 0
0 0 0 0 0 −1
" Likewise,
−1 −1
r r′ r r
S′′
′′ = T S′′ T S′′ = T S′′
′′ Tσ
1′ 1 1′ 1′
ε σ ε
−1 −1
r′ r r′ r
C′′
′′ = T C′′ T C′′ = T C′′
′′ Tε
1 1′ 1 1′
σ ε σ
r′ r′
α′′ = Tε β′′ = Tσ
1 1
α′ β′
259
! ! !
r′ r′
α′ = Tε β′ = Tσ
1 1
α′ β′
" Rather than calculating the outcome of the invariance conditions, the
outcome can be found by direct comparison with the results given
previously for a material that is monoclinic with respect to the plane
x1 = 0
260
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
261
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
262
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2 2
sin θ 3 cos θ 3 0 0 0 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
0 0 1 0 0 0
Tε θ 3 =
0 0 0 cosθ
θ 3 − sinθ
θ3 0
0 0 0 sinθ
θ 3 cosθ
θ3 0
2 2
− 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 0 0 0 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
263
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
264
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
" Because of the invariance conditions, the matrices C′′ and S′′ have
C 1′1′ C 1′2′ C 1′3′ C 1′4′ 0 0 S 1′1′ S 1′2′ S 1′3′ S 1′4′ 0 0
C 1′2′ C 2′2′ C 2′3′ C 2′4′ 0 0 S 1′2′ S 2′2′ S 2′3′ S 2′4′ 0 0
C 1′3′ C 2′3′ C 3′3′ C 3′4′ 0 0 S 1′3′ S 2′3′ S 3′3′ S 3′4′ 0 0
the form and
C 1′4′ C 2′4′ C 3′4′ C 4′4′ 0 0 S 1′4′ S 2′4′ S 3′4′ S 4′4′ 0 0
0 0 0 0 C 5′5′ C 5′6′ 0 0 0 0 S 5′5′ S 5′6′
0 0 0 0 C 5′6′ C 6′6′ 0 0 0 0 S 5′6′ S 6′6′
α 1′1′ β 1′1′
α 2′2′ β 2′2′
α 3′3′ β 3′3′
" Also, the vectors α′ and β′ have the form 2α
α 2′3′
and β 2′3′
0 0
0 0
265
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
C 15 = 0 , C 16 = 0 , C 25 = 0 , C 26 = 0 , C 35 = 0 , C 36 = 0 , C 45 = 0 , and C 46 = 0
266
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
S 15 = 0 , S 16 = 0 , S 25 = 0 , S 26 = 0 , S 35 = 0 , S 36 = 0 , S 45 = 0 , and S 46 = 0
α 12 = α 13 = 0 and β 12 = β 13 = 0
" These conditions are identical to the conditions previously obtained for
a material that is monoclinic with respect to the plane x1 = 0
267
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
π <θ ≤ π
" Now consider an arbitrary value for the angle θ3 such that − 2 3
2
" The previous example for θ 3 = 0 shows that the invariance conditions
on C , S , α , and β were obtained by the terms of C′′ , S′′ ,
α′ , and β′ that were zero valued
" Using the transformation equations for a dextral rotation about the x3
axis that were given previously for a (triclinic) fully anisotropic, elastic
material gives the following results for the invariance conditions on
C′′
3 2 2 3
C 1′′5′′ = 0: m C 15 + m n 2C 56 + C 14 + mn 2C 46 + C 25 + n C 24 = 0
2 2 2 3
C 1′′6′′ = 0: m m − 3n C 16 − m n C 11 − C 12 − 2C 66
3 2 2 2
+ mn C 22 − C 12 − 2C 66 − n n − 3m C 26 = 0
268
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
3 2 2 3
C 2′′5′′ = 0: m C 25 − m n 2C 56 − C 24 − mn 2C 46 − C 15 + n C 14 = 0
2 2 2 3
C 2′′6′′ = 0: m m − 3n C 26 + m n C 22 − C 12 − 2C 66
3 2 2 2
− mn C 11 − C 12 − 2C 66 − n n − 3m C 16 = 0
C 3′′5′′ = 0: mC 35 + nC 34 = 0
2 2
C 3′′6′′ = 0: m − n C 36 + mn C 23 − C 13 = 0
2 2
C 4′′5′′ = 0: m − n C 45 + mn C 44 − C 55 = 0
3 2 2 3
C 4′′6′′ = 0: m C 46 − m n C 56 + C 14 − C 24 − mn C 46 − C 15 + C 25 + n C 56 = 0
269
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
2 2 2 3
S 1′′6′′ = 0: m m − 3n S 16 − m n 2S 11 − 2S 12 − S 66
3 2 2 2
+ mn 2S 22 − 2S 12 − S 66 − n n − 3m S 26 = 0
3 2 2 3
S 2′′5′′ = 0: m S 25 − m n S 56 − S 24 − mn S 46 − S 15 + n S 14 = 0
2 2 2 3
S 2′′6′′ = 0: m m − 3n S 26 + m n 2S 22 − 2S 12 − S 66
3 2 2 2
− mn 2S 11 − 2S 12 − S 66 − n n − 3m S 16 = 0
2 2
S 3′′5′′ = 0: mS 35 + nS 34 = 0 S 3′′6′′ = 0: m − n S 36 + 2mn S 23 − S 13 = 0
2 2
S 4′′5′′ = 0: m − n S 45 + mn S 44 − S 55 = 0
3 2 2 3
S 4′′6′′ = 0: m S 46 − m n S 56 + 2S 14 − 2S 24 − mn S 46 − 2S 15 + 2S 25 + n S 56 = 0
270
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
2 2
α 1′′3′′ = 0: mα
α 13 + nα
α 23 = 0 α 1′′2′′ = 0: m − n α 12 + mn α 22 − α 11 = 0
2 2
β 1′′3′′ = 0: mβ
β 13 + nβ
β 23 = 0 β 1′′2′′ = 0: m − n β 12 + mn β 22 − β 11 = 0
271
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
S 15 = 0 S 16 = 0 S 25 = 0 S 26 = 0 S 35 = 0 S 36 = 0 S 45 = 0 S 46 = 0
α 12 = 0 α 13 = 0 β 12 = 0 β 13 = 0
272
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
" Group 1
2 2
C 1′′5′′ = 0: m 2C 56 + C 14 + n C 24 = 0 m = cosθ 3 n = sinθ 3
2 2
C 2′′5′′ = 0: − m 2C 56 − C 24 + n C 14 = 0
2 2
C 4′′6′′ = 0: n C 56 − m C 56 + C 14 − C 24 = 0
" Group 2
C 3′′5′′ = 0: C 34 = 0
C 3′′6′′ = 0: m C 23 − C 13 = 0
C 4′′5′′ = 0: m C 44 − C 55 = 0
" Group 3
2 3
C 1′′6′′ = 0: mn C 22 − C 12 − 2C 66 − m C 11 − C 12 − 2C 66 = 0
3 2
C 2′′6′′ = 0: m C 22 − C 12 − 2C 66 − mn C 11 − C 12 − 2C 66 = 0
273
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
" Because the right-hand side of the equations are identical, it follows
that the left-hand sides are equal; that is, C 56 = − C 24 = C 14 = Γ
2
" Each equation can be expressed as Γ = 4Γ
Γcos θ 3 , which is satisfied
by Γ = 0 and by cos 2θ 3 = 14
274
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
" The third group of equations is simplified by first adding the two
equations together and then by subtracting the two equations
π <θ ≤ π
which is satisfied for all − 2 3
2 if C 22 = C 11 , or for all
C 22 ≠ C 11 if θ 3 = π2
π <θ ≤ π
which is satisfied for all − 2 3
2 if 2C 12 + 4C 66 − C 11 − C 22 = 0 ,
or for all 2C 12 + 4C 66 − C 11 − C 22 ≠ 0 if θ 3 = ± π4 or π2
275
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
" Group 4
2 2
S 1′′5′′ = 0: m S 56 + S 14 + n S 24 = 0 m = cosθ 3 n = sinθ 3
2 2
S 2′′5′′ = 0: − m S 56 − S 24 + n S 14 = 0
2 2
S 4′′6′′ = 0: − m S 56 + 2S 14 − 2S 24 + n S 56 = 0
" Group 5
S 3′′5′′ = 0: S 34 = 0
S 3′′6′′ = 0: m S 23 − S 13 = 0
S 4′′5′′ = 0: m S 44 − S 55 = 0
" Group 6
2 3
S 1′′6′′ = 0: mn 2S 22 − 2S 12 − S 66 − m 2S 11 − 2S 12 − S 66 = 0
3 2
S 2′′6′′ = 0: m 2S 22 − 2S 12 − S 66 − mn 2S 11 − 2S 12 − S 66 = 0
276
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
" Like for the stiffnesses, the fourth group can also be written as
2
S 1′′5′′ = 0: − S 24 = m S 56 + S 14 − S 24 m = cosθ 3 n = sinθ 3
2
S 2′′5′′ = 0: S 14 = m S 56 + S 14 − S 24
S 4′′6′′ = 0: 1 S = m2 S + S − S
2 56 56 14 24
" Because the right-hand side of the equations are identical, it follows
that the left-hand sides are equal; that is, 12 S 56 = − S 24 = S 14 = Δ
277
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
" The sixth group of equations is also simplified by first adding the two
equations together and then by subtracting the two equations
π <θ ≤ π
which is satisfied for all − 2 3
2 if S 22 = S 11 , or for all
S 22 ≠ S 11 if θ 3 = π2
π <θ ≤ π
which is satisfied for all − 2 3
2 if 2S 12 + S 66 − S 11 − S 22 = 0 ,
or for all 2S 12 + S 66 − S 11 − S 22 ≠ 0 if θ 3 = ± π4 or π2
278
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
" The symmetry properties for trigonal materials arise from the
solution for the invariance conditions that are given by cos 2θ 3 = 14
Symmetry
" The stiffness equations in group 2 plane for θ 3 = − π3
yield the invariance conditions θ 3 = − π3
C 34 = 0 , C 23 = C 13 , and C 55 = C 44
Plan view of symmetry planes
279
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
280
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
α 23 = α 13 = α 12 = 0 and α 22 = α 11
β 23 = β 13 = β 12 = 0 and β 22 = β 11
281
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONCLUDED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 22 C 12 C 11 C 13 − C 14 0 0 ε 22 β 11
σ 33 C C 13 C 33 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= 13 + T − Tref
C 14 − C 14 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 44 C 14 2εε13 0
σ 12 C 11 − C 12 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 C 14
2
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 0 0 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 11 S 13 − S 14 0 0 σ 22 α 11
ε 33 S S 13 S 33 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
= 13 + T − Tref
2εε23 S 14 − S 14 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 44 2S 14 σ 13 0
2εε12 σ 12 0
0 0 0 0 2S 14 2 S 11 − S 12
282
TRIGONAL MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
283
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" For the x 1′′, x 2′′, x 3′′ coordinate i 3′′ , i 3′′′′ x 3′′ , x 3′′′′
system, the constitutive i 2′′
equations are expressed as
follows
x 2′′
284
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
where Θ = T − Tref
285
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" For the x 1′′′′, x 2′′′′, x 3′′′′ coordinate system, the constitutive equations are
identical in form and are obtained by replacing the index pair i′′j′′ with
i′′
′′j′′
′′
ε′′ = S′′
′′ σ′′ + α′′ Θ and
σ′′ = C′′
′′ ε′′ + β′′ Θ , where Θ = T − Tref
σ′′ = Tσr 2′
σ′ and ε′′ = Tεr 2′
ε′ where
286
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
r′ r′ 0 0 1 0 0 0
Tσ = Tε =
2 2
0 0 0 −1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 −1
" Likewise,
−1 −1
r′ r′ r′ r′
S′′
′′ = Tε S′′ Tσ S′′ = Tε S′′
′′ Tσ
2 2 2 2
−1 −1
r′ r′ r′ r′
C′′
′′ = Tσ C′′ Tε C′′ = Tσ C′′ Tε
2 2 2 2
′′
α′′ = Tεr 2′
α′ β′′ = Tσr 2′
β′
287
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
α′ = Tεr 2′
α′ β′ = Tσr 2′
β′
" Rather than calculating the outcome of the invariance conditions, the
outcome can be found by direct comparison with the results given
previously for a material that is monoclinic with respect to the plane
x2 = 0
288
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
289
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
290
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
0 cos θ 1 sin θ 1 sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0
2 2
0 sin θ 1 cos θ 1 − sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0
Tε θ 1 = 2 2
0 − 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ 1 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ 1 cos θ 1 − sin θ 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 1 − sinθ
θ1
0 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 1 cosθ
θ1
291
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" These laws transform the invariance conditions on C′′ , S′′ , α′ , and
β′ into invariance conditions on C , S , α , and β
" Note that the matrices C and S , and the vectors α and β ,
are fully populated
292
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" Because of the invariance conditions, the matrices C′′ and S′′ have
C 1′1′ C 1′2′ C 1′3′ 0 C 1′5′ 0 S 1′1′ S 1′2′ S 1′3′ 0 S 1′5′ 0
C 1′2′ C 2′2′ C 2′3′ 0 C 2′5′ 0 S 1′2′ S 2′2′ S 2′3′ 0 S 2′5′ 0
C 1′3′ C 2′3′ C 3′3′ 0 C 3′5′ 0 S 1′3′ S 2′3′ S 3′3′ 0 S 3′5′ 0
the form and
0 0 0 C 4′4′ 0 C 4′6′ 0 0 0 S 4′4′ 0 S 4′6′
C 1′5′ C 2′5′ C 3′5′ 0 C 5′5′ 0 S 1′5′ S 2′5′ S 3′5′ 0 S 5′5′ 0
0 0 0 C 4′6′ 0 C 6′6′ 0 0 0 S 4′6′ 0 S 6′6′
α 1′1′ β 1′1′
α 2′2′ β 2′2′
α 3′3′ β 3′3′
" Also, the vectors α′ and β′ have the form and
0 0
2α
α 1′3′ β 1′3′
0 0
293
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
C 14 = 0 , C 16 = 0 , C 24 = 0 , C 26 = 0 , C 34 = 0 , C 36 = 0 , C 45 = 0 , and C 56 = 0
294
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" The conditions are identical to the conditions previously obtained for a
material that is monoclinic with respect to the plane x2 = 0
295
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
π <θ ≤ π
" Now consider an arbitrary value for the angle θ1 such that − 2 1
2
" The previous example for θ 1 = 0 showed that the invariance conditions
on C , S , α , and β were obtained by the terms of C′′ , S′′ ,
α′ , and β′ that were zero valued
" Using the transformation equations for a dextral rotation about the x1
axis that were given previously for a (triclinic) fully anisotropic, elastic
material gives the following results for the invariance conditions on
C′′
2 2
C 1′′4′′ = 0: m − n C 14 + mn C 13 − C 12 = 0
C 1′′6′′ = 0: mC 16 + nC 15 = 0
296
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
2 2 2 3
C 2′′4′′ = 0: m m − 3n C 24 − m n C 22 − C 23 − 2C 44
3 2 2 2
+ mn C 33 − C 23 − 2C 44 − n n − 3m C 34 = 0
3 2 2 3
C 2′′6′′ = 0: m C 26 + m n 2C 46 + C 25 + mn 2C 45 + C 36 + n C 35 = 0
2 2 2 3
C 3′′4′′ = 0: m m − 3n C 34 + m n C 33 − C 23 − 2C 44
3 2 2 2
− mn C 22 − C 23 − 2C 44 − n n − 3m C 24 = 0
3 2 2 3
C 3′′6′′ = 0: m C 36 − m n 2C 46 − C 35 − mn 2C 45 − C 26 + n C 25 = 0
3 2 2 3
C 4′′5′′ = 0: m C 45 − m n C 46 + C 25 − C 35 − mn C 45 − C 26 + C 36 + n C 46 = 0
2 2
C 5′′6′′ = 0: m − n C 56 + mn C 55 − C 66 = 0
with m = cosθ
θ 1 and n = sinθ
θ1
297
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
2 2 2 3
S 2′′4′′ = 0: m m − 3n S 24 − m n 2S 22 − 2S 23 − S 44
3 2 2 2
+ mn 2S 33 − 2S 23 − S 44 − n n − 3m S 34 = 0
3 2 2 3
S 2′′6′′ = 0: m S 26 + m n S 46 + S 25 + mn S 45 + S 36 + n S 35 = 0
2 2 2 3
S 3′′4′′ = 0: m m − 3n S 34 + m n 2S 33 − 2S 23 − S 44
3 2 2 2
− mn 2S 22 − 2S 23 − S 44 − n n − 3m S 24 = 0
3 2 2 3
S 3′′6′′ = 0: m S 36 − m n S 46 − S 35 − mn S 45 − S 26 + n S 25 = 0
3 2 2 3
S 4′′5′′ = 0: m S 45 − m n S 46 + 2S 25 − 2S 35 − mn S 45 − 2S 26 + 2S 36 + n S 46 = 0
2 2
S 5′′6′′ = 0: m − n S 56 + mn S 55 − S 66 = 0
298
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
2 2
α 1′′2′′ = 0: mα
α 12 + nα
α 13 = 0 α 2′′3′′ = 0: m − n α 23 + mn α 33 − α 22 = 0
2 2
β 1′′2′′ = 0: mβ
β 12 + nβ
β 13 = 0 β 2′′3′′ = 0: m − n β 23 + mn β 33 − β 22 = 0
299
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
S 14 = 0 S 16 = 0 S 24 = 0 S 26 = 0 S 34 = 0 S 36 = 0 S 45 = 0 S 56 = 0
α 12 = 0 α 23 = 0 β 12 = 0 β 23 = 0
300
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" Group 1
2 2
C 2′′6′′ = 0: m 2C 46 + C 25 + n C 35 = 0 m = cosθ
θ1 n = sinθ
θ1
2 2
C 3′′6′′ = 0: − m 2C 46 − C 35 + n C 25 = 0
2 2
C 4′′5′′ = 0: − m C 46 + C 25 − C 35 + n C 46 = 0
" Group 2
C 1′′4′′ = 0: m C 13 − C 12 = 0
C 1′′6′′ = 0: C 15 = 0
C 5′′6′′ = 0: m C 55 − C 66 = 0
" Group 3
3 2
C 2′′4′′ = 0: − m C 22 − C 23 − 2C 44 + mn C 33 − C 23 − 2C 44 = 0
3 2
C 3′′4′′ = 0: m C 33 − C 23 − 2C 44 − mn C 22 − C 23 − 2C 44 = 0
301
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
2
C 4′′5′′ = 0: C 46 = m 2C 46 + C 25 − C 35
" Because the right-hand side of the equations are identical, it follows
that the left-hand sides are equal; that is, C 46 = − C 35 = C 25 = Γ
302
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" The third group of equations is simplified by first adding the two
equations together and then by subtracting the two equations
π <θ ≤ π
which is satisfied for all − 2 1
2 if C 33 = C 22 , or for all
C 33 ≠ C 22 if θ 1 = π2
π <θ ≤ π
which is satisfied for all − 2 1
2 if 2C 23 + 4C 44 − C 22 − C 33 = 0 ,
or for all 2C 23 + 4C 44 − C 22 − C 33 ≠ 0 if θ 1 = ± π4 or π2
303
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" Group 4
2 2
S 2′′6′′ = 0: m S 46 + S 25 + n S 35 = 0 m = cosθ
θ1 n = sinθ
θ1
2 2
S 3′′6′′ = 0: − m S 46 − S 35 + n S 25 = 0
2 2
S 4′′5′′ = 0: − m S 46 + 2S 25 − 2S 35 + n S 46 = 0
" Group 5
S 1′′4′′ = 0: m S 13 − S 12 = 0
S 1′′6′′ = 0: S 15 = 0
S 5′′6′′ = 0: m S 55 − S 66 = 0
" Group 6
3 2
S 2′′4′′ = 0: − m 2S 22 − 2S 23 − S 44 + mn 2S 33 − 2S 23 − S 44 = 0
3 2
S 3′′4′′ = 0: m 2S 33 − 2S 23 − S 44 − mn 2S 22 − 2S 23 − S 44 = 0
304
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" Like for the stiffnesses, the fourth group can also be written as
2
S 2′′6′′ = 0: − S 35 = m S 46 + S 25 − S 35 m = cosθ
θ1 n = sinθ
θ1
2
S 3′′6′′ = 0: S 25 = m S 46 + S 25 − S 35
S 4′′5′′ = 0: 1 S = m2 S + S − S
2 46 46 25 35
" Because the right-hand side of the equations are identical, it follows
that the left-hand sides are equal; that is, 12 S 46 = − S 35 = S 25 = Δ
305
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" The sixth group of equations is also simplified by first adding the two
equations together and then by subtracting the two equations
π <θ ≤ π
which is satisfied for all − 2 1
2 if S 33 = S 22 , or for all
S 33 ≠ S 22 if θ 1 = π2
π <θ ≤ π
which is satisfied for all − 2 1
2 if 2S 23 + S 44 − S 22 − S 33 = 0 ,
or for all 2S 23 + S 44 − S 22 − S 33 ≠ 0 if θ 1 = ± π4 or π2
306
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" The symmetry properties for trigonal materials arise from the
solution for the invariance conditions that is given by cos 2θ 1 = 14
and n = sin ± π3 = ± 23 ≠ 0 θ1 = 0
Symmetry
" The stiffness equations in group 2 plane for θ 1 = − π3
yield the invariance conditions θ 1 = − π3
C 15 = 0 , C 13 = C 12 , and C 66 = C 55
Plan view of symmetry planes
307
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
308
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
α 23 = α 13 = α 12 = 0 and α 33 = α 22
β 23 = β 13 = β 12 = 0 and β 33 = β 22
309
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
C 11 C 12 C 12 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
C 12 C 22 C 23 0 C 25 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 22
σ 33 C 12 C 23 C 22 0 − C 25 0 ε 33 β 22
σ 23
= C 22 − C 23 + T − Tref
0 0 0 0 C 25 2εε23 0
σ 13 2 2εε13 0
σ 12 0 C 25 − C 25 0 C 55 0 2εε12 0
0 0 0 C 25 0 C 55
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 12 0 0 0 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 S 25 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S S 23 S 22 0 − S 25 0 σ 33 α 22
= 12 + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 2 S 22 − S 23 0 2S 25 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 S 25 − S 25 0 S 55 0
σ 13 0
2εε12 σ 12 0
0 0 0 2S 25 0 S 55
" Again, the trigonal material has six independent elastic constants
and two independent thermal-expansion or thermal-compliance
parameters
310
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" That is, the desired constitutive equations are found by simply
determining the renumbering of the indices that brings the figure
shown below for symmetry planes that contain the x3 axis into
congruence with the adjacent figure shown below for symmetry planes
that contain the x1 axis
311
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
x2 x3
Plane Plane
θ3 = 0 θ1 = 0
x1 x2
312
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" Next, it must be realized that the exchanging of indices must be used
with the indices of tensors to determine the indices used with the
abridged notation (matrix)
" The following index pairs relate the tensor indices to the matrix
indices
tensor notation 11 22 33 23, 32 31, 13 12, 21
matrix notation 1 2 3 4 5 6
313
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" Likewise, the transformation of index pairs that appear in the abridged
notation are given by
11 → 22
12 → 23 22 → 33
13 → 12 23 → 13 33 → 11
14 → 25 24 → 35 34 → 15 44 → 55
15 → 26 25 → 36 35 → 16 45 → 56 55 → 66
16 → 24 26 → 34 36 → 14 46 → 45 56 → 46 66 → 44
" Consider the following constitutive equations for a trigonal material that
has reflective symmetry planes that contain the x3 axis
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 11 C 13 − C 14 0 0 ε 22 β 11
σ 33 C 13 C 13 C 33 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= +
0
T − Tref
C 14 − C 14 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 44 C 14 2εε13 0
σ 12 1 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 C 14 2
C 11 − C 12
314
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONCLUDED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
315
TRIGONAL MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x2 AXIS
" That is, the desired constitutive equations are found by simply
determining the renumbering of the indices that brings the figure
shown below for symmetry planes that contain the x3 axis into
congruence with the adjacent figure shown below for symmetry planes
that contain the x2 axis
316
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x2 AXIS
x2 x1
Plane Plane
θ3 = 0 θ2 = 0
x1 x3
317
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x2 AXIS
" Next, it must be realized that the exchanging of indices must be used
with the indices of tensors to determine the indices used with the
abridged notation (matrix)
" The following index pairs relate the tensor indices to the matrix
indices
tensor notation 11 22 33 23, 32 31, 13 12, 21
matrix notation 1 2 3 4 5 6
318
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x2 AXIS
" Likewise, the transformation of index pairs that appear in the abridged
notation are given by
11 → 33
12 → 13 22 → 11
13 → 23 23 → 12 33 → 22
14 → 36 24 → 16 34 → 26 44 → 66
15 → 34 25 → 14 35 → 24 45 → 46 55 → 44
16 → 35 26 → 15 36 → 25 46 → 56 56 → 45 66 → 55
" Consider the following constitutive equations for a trigonal material that
has reflective symmetry planes that contain the x3 axis
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 11 C 13 − C 14 0 0 ε 22 β 11
σ 33 C 13 C 13 C 33 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= +
0
T − Tref
C 14 − C 14 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 44 C 14 2εε13 0
σ 12 1 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 C 14 2
C 11 − C 12
319
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x2 AXIS
C 33 C 13 C 23 C 36 0 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 33
σ 11 C 13 C 33 C 23 − C 36 0 0 ε 11 β 33
σ 22 C C 23 C 22 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 12
= 23 + T − Tref
C 36 − C 36 0 C 66 0 0 2εε12 0
σ 23 0 0 0 0 C 66 C 36 2εε23 0
σ 13 1 C −C 2εε13 0
0 0 0 0 C 36
2 33 13
C 33 C 23 C 13 0 0 − C 36 ε 11 β 33
σ 11
σ 22 C 23 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 0 0 C 36 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= + T − Tref
0 0 0 C 66 C 36 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 2εε13 0
σ 12 0 0 0 C 36 1 C 33 − C 13 0
2 2εε12 0
− C 36 0 C 36 0 0 C 66
320
TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONCLUDED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY ABOUT PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x2 AXIS
ε 11 S 33 S 23 S 13 0 0 − S 36
σ 11 α 33
ε 22 S 23 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 33
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 0 0 S 36 σ 33 α 22
= + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 S 66 2S 36 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 σ 13 0
0 0 0 2S 36 2 S 33 − S 13 0
2εε12 σ 12 0
− S 36 0 S 36 0 0 S 66
321
SUMMARY OF TRIGONAL MATERIALS
C 11 C 12 C 12 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 C 25 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 12 C 23 C 22 0 − C 25 0 ε 33 β 22 x1 axis
= 1 + T − Tref
σ 23 0 0 0 C 22 − C 23 0 C 25 2εε23 0
2
σ 13 2εε13 0
0 C 25 − C 25 0 C 55 0
σ 12 2εε12 0
0 0 0 C 25 0 C 55
C 33 C 23 C 13 0 0 − C 36 ε 11 β 33
σ 11
σ 22 C 23 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 0 0 C 36 ε 33 β 33
= + T − Tref x2 axis
σ 23 0 0 0 C 66 C 36 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 1 2εε13 0
σ 12 0 0 0 C 36 2
C 33 − C 13 0
2εε12 0
− C 36 0 C 36 0 0 C 66
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 11 C 13 − C 14 0 0 ε 22 β 11
σ 33 C 13 C 13 C 33 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33 x3 axis
= + T − Tref
σ 23 C 14 − C 14 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 44 C 14 2εε13 0
σ 12 1 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 C 14 2
C 11 − C 12
322
SUMMARY OF TRIGONAL MATERIALS - CONCLUDED
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 12 0 0 0 α 11
σ 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 S 25 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S S S 22 0 − S 25 0 σ 33 α 22
= 12 23 + T − Tref x1 axis
2εε23 0 0 0 2 S 22 − S 23 0 2S 25 σ 23 0
2εε13 σ 13 0
0 S 25 − S 25 0 S 55 0
2εε12 σ 12 0
0 0 0 2S 25 0 S 55
ε 11 S 33 S 23 S 13 0 0 − S 36
σ 11 α 33
ε 22 S 23 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 33
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 0 0 S 36 σ 33 α 22
= + T − Tref x2 axis
2εε23 0 0 0 S 66 2S 36 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 σ 13 0
0 0 0 2S 36 2 S 33 − S 13 0 σ 12
2εε12 0
− S 36 0 S 36 0 0 S 66
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 0 0 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 11 S 13 − S 14 0 0 σ 22 α 11
ε 33 S S 13 S 33 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33 x3 axis
= 13 + T − Tref
2εε23 S 14 − S 14 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 44 2S 14 σ 13 0
2εε12 σ 12 0
0 0 0 0 2S 14 2 S 11 − S 12
323
TETRAGONAL
MATERIALS
324
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS
" Previously, it was shown that for a single plane of elastic symmetry
containing the x3 axis, special invariance conditions arise for values of
π
θ3 = ± , in addition to θ3 = 0
4
" Likewise, it was shown that for a single plane of elastic symmetry
containing the x1 axis, special invariance conditions arise for values of
π
θ1 = ± , in addition to θ1 = 0
4
" Three particular cases of interest arise from these invariance conditions
in which there exists five planes of elastic symmetry, four of which
are perpendicular to the fifth plane
325
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
" Specifically, consider a material with three planes of elastic symmetry
π
given by θ3 = 0 and ± 4
Plane x3 Plane
π θ3 = -π
π/4 θ3 = +π
π/4
" By taking θ1 = + 2
as an additional
plane of elastic symmetry, the fact that
π Plane
the planes θ3 = 0 and θ1 = + 2
are θ1 = +π
π/2
" Thus, there exists five planes of elastic symmetry, four of which
π
are perpendicular to plane θ1 = + 2
326
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
" Next, consider a material with three planes of elastic symmetry given by
π
θ1 = 0 and ±
4
x3
Plane θ1 = 0
" By taking θ3 = 0 as an additional
plane of elastic symmetry, the fact
that the planes θ1 = 0 and θ3 = 0 are Plane
θ1 = +π
π/2
perpendicular implies the existence x2
of a fifth symmetry plane given by Plane
π θ1 = -π
π/4
θ1 = +
2 Plane
θ3 = 0
Plane
x1 θ1 = +π
π/4
" Thus, there exists five planes of
elastic symmetry, four of which
are perpendicular to plane θ3 = 0
327
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
" Finally, consider a material with three planes of elastic symmetry given
π
by θ2 = 0 and ± 4
x3
Plane θ3 = 0 Plane θ3 = +π
π/2
π
" By taking θ3 = + 2
as an additional
plane of elastic symmetry, the fact
π
that the planes θ3 = + and θ2 = 0 Plane
2 θ2 = 0 x2
are perpendicular implies the
existence of a fifth symmetry plane
Plane
given by θ3 = 0 θ2 = -π
π/4
Plane
x1 θ2 = +π
π/4
" Thus, there exists five planes of
π
elastic symmetry, four of which are perpendicular to plane θ3 = + 2
328
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONCLUDED
" When there exists five planes of elastic symmetry, in which four
planes are perpendicular to a fifth plane, the material is classified as a
tetragonal material
π
" Planes of elastic symmetry given by θ1 = 0 and ± 4
and θ3 = 0
π π
" Planes of elastic symmetry given by θ2 = 0 and ± 4
and θ3 = + 2
329
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
" For a specially orthotropic material, it was shown previously that the
constitutive equations are given by
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C C C 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
= 13 23 33 + T − Tref and
σ 23 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 0 0 0 0 0 C 66 2εε12 0
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 0 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S S S 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
= 13 23 33 + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 0 S 66 σ 12 0
330
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
" For this case, the additional conditions on the constitutive equations
π
are obtained by enforcing symmetry planes given by θ3 = ± 4
π
" For θ3 = ± 4
, m = cos ± π4 = 22 ≠ 0 and n = sin ± π4 = ± 22 ≠ 0
π
" With θ3 = ± 4
, the first group of stiffness equations previously given
herein for an arbitrary plane of symmetry, defined by constant values of
θ3, requires Γ = 0
" Similarly, the second group of stiffness equations for an arbitrary plane
of symmetry, defined by constant values of θ3, requires C34 = 0 ,
C23 = C13 , and C55 = C44
331
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
332
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
α 23 = α 13 = α 12 = 0 and α 22 = α 11
β 23 = β 13 = β 12 = 0 and β 22 = β 11
333
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONCLUDED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x3 AXIS
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 22 C 12 C 11 C 13 0 0 0 ε 22 β 11
σ 33 C 13 C 13 C 33 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23
+ 0
T − Tref
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 44 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 0 0 0 0 0 C 66 2εε12 0
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 0 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 11 S 13 0 0 0 σ 22 α 11
ε 33 S 13 S 13 S 33 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
2εε23
= 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23
+ 0
T − Tref
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 44 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 0 S 66 σ 12 0
334
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
π
" For θ1 = ± 4
, m = cos ± π4 = 22 ≠ 0 and n = sin ± π4 = ± 22 ≠ 0
" The first group of stiffness equations previously given herein for an
arbitrary plane of symmetry, defined by constant values of θ1, yields the
invariance conditions C46 = C35 = C25 = 0
335
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
β 23 = β 13 = β 12 = 0 and β 33 = β 22
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 12 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 12 C 23 C 22 0 0 0 ε 33 β 22
σ 23
= 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23
+ 0
T − Tref
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 0 0 0 0 0 C 55 2εε12 0
336
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONCLUDED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x1 AXIS
" Applying the same process to the equations for the compliances and
coefficients of thermal expansion yields
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 12 0 0 0 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 12 S 23 S 22 0 0 0 σ 33 α 22
2εε23
= 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23
+ 0
T − Tref
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 0 S 55 σ 12 0
337
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x2 AXIS
338
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x2 AXIS
Plane Plane
θ1 = +π
π/2 θ3 = +π
π/2
x2 x1
Plane Plane
θ3 = 0 θ2 = 0
Plane Plane
x1 θ3 = +π
π/2 x3 θ2 = +π
π/2
339
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x2 AXIS
" Next, it must be realized that the exchanging of indices must be used
with the indices of tensors to determine the indices used with the
abridged notation (matrix)
" The following index pairs relate the tensor indices to the matrix
indices
tensor notation 11 22 33 23, 32 31, 13 12, 21
matrix notation 1 2 3 4 5 6
340
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x2 AXIS
" Likewise, the transformation of index pairs that appear in the abridged
notation are given by
11 → 33
12 → 13 22 → 11
13 → 23 23 → 12 33 → 22
14 → 36 24 → 16 34 → 26 44 → 66
15 → 34 25 → 14 35 → 24 45 → 46 55 → 44
16 → 35 26 → 15 36 → 25 46 → 56 56 → 45 66 → 55
341
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x2 AXIS
σ 33 C 33 C 13 C 23 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 11 C 13 C 33 C 23 0 0 0 ε 11 β 33
σ 22 C 23 C 23 C 22 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 12
= 0 0 0 C 66 0 0 2εε12
+ 0
T − Tref
σ 23 0 0 0 0 C 66 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 0 C 55 2εε13 0
σ 11 C 33 C 23 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 33
σ 22 C 23 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= 0 0 0 C 66 0 0 2εε23
+ 0
T − Tref
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 0 0 0 0 0 C 66 2εε12 0
342
TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONCLUDED
REFLECTIVE SYMMETRY PLANES THAT CONTAIN THE x2 AXIS
ε 11 S 33 S 23 S 13 0 0 0 σ 11 α 33
ε 22 S 23 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
2εε23
= 0 0 0 S 66 0 0 σ 23
+ 0
T − Tref
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 0 S 66 σ 12 0
343
SUMMARY OF TETRAGONAL MATERIALS
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 12 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C C C 0 0 0 ε 33 β 22
= 12 23 22 + T − Tref x1 axis
σ 23 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 0 0 0 0 0 C 55 2εε12 0
σ 11 C 33 C 23 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 33
σ 22 C 23 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C C C 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
= 13 23 33 + T − Tref x2 axis
σ 23 0 0 0 C 66 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 0 0 0 0 0 C 66 2εε12 0
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 22 C 12 C 11 C 13 0 0 0 ε 22 β 11
σ 33 C C C 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
= 13 13 33 + T − Tref x3 axis
σ 23 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 44 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 0 0 0 0 0 C 66 2εε12 0
344
SUMMARY OF TETRAGONAL MATERIALS - CONTINUED
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 12 0 0 0 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S S S 0 0 0 σ 33 α 22
= 12 23 22 + T − Tref x1 axis
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 0 S 55 σ 12 0
ε 11 S 33 S 23 S 13 0 0 0 σ 11 α 33
ε 22 S 23 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S S S 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
= 13 23 33 + T − Tref x2 axis
2εε23 0 0 0 S 66 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 0 S 66 σ 12 0
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 0 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 11 S 13 0 0 0 σ 22 α 11
ε 33 S S S 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
= 13 13 33 + T − Tref x3 axis
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 44 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 0 S 66 σ 12 0
345
SUMMARY OF TETRAGONAL MATERIALS
CONCLUDED
346
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC
MATERIALS
347
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x3 = 0
" Now, consider the case in which a specially orthotropic material, which
exhibits symmetry about the perpendicular principal-coordinate planes,
also exhibits isotropy in the plane x3 = 0
" For the specially orthotropic material, it was shown previously that the
material properties are given by
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C C C 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
= 13 23 33 + T − Tref and
σ 23 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 0 0 0 0 0 C 66 2εε12 0
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 0 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S S S 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
= 13 23 33 + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 0 S 66 σ 12 0
348
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" For this type of symmetry to exist, there must be an infinite number of
elastic symmetry planes that are perpendicular to the plane x3 = 0
" Equivalently, the constitutive matrices and vectors must invariant
with respect to dextral rotations about the x3 axis
349
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2 2
sin θ 3 cos θ 3 0 0 0 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
0 0 1 0 0 0
Tε θ 3 =
0 0 0 cosθ
θ 3 − sinθ
θ3 0
0 0 0 sinθ
θ 3 cosθ
θ3 0
2 2
− 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 0 0 0 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
350
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
−1
" For a specially orthotropic material, C′′ = Tσ C Tε yields the
expressions given previously for a generally orthotropic material;
that is,
4 2 2 4
C 1′′1′′ = m C 11 + 2m n C 12 + 2C 66 + n C 22
2 2 4 4
C 1′′2′′ = m n C 11 + C 22 − 4C 66 + m + n C 12
2 2
C 1′′3′′ = m C 13 + n C 23 C 1′′4′′ = 0 C 1′′5′′ = 0
2 2 2 2
C 1′′6′′ = mn m − n C 12 + 2C 66 + mn n C 22 − m C 11
4 2 2 4
C 2′′2′′ = m C 22 + 2m n C 12 + 2C 66 + n C 11
351
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
2 2
C 2′′3′′ = m C 23 + n C 13 C 2′′4′′ = 0 C 2′′5′′ = 0
2 2 2 2
C 2′′6′′ = mn n − m C 12 + 2C 66 + mn m C 22 − n C 11
2 2
C 4′′4′′ = m C 44 + n C 55 C 4′′5′′ = mn C 44 − C 55 C 4′′6′′ = 0 C 5′′6′′ = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C 5′′5′′ = m C 55 + n C 44 C 6′′6′′ = m n C 11 + C 22 − 2C 12 + m − n C 66
−1
" Next, the invariance condition C = Tσ C Tε is enforced, which
implies the conditions C r′′s′′ = C rs , where r, s ∈ 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6
352
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
353
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Thus, the stiffness matrix for a transversely isotropic material that is
isotropic in the plane x3 = 0 has the form
C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0
C 12 C 11 C 13 0 0 0
C 13 C 13 C 33 0 0 0
which has 5 independent stiffnesses
0 0 0 C 44 0 0
0 0 0 0 C 44 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 C 11 − C 12
2
" Following the same procedure for the compliance coefficients by using
the transformed-compliance expressions previously given for a
generally orthotropic material and enforcing the invariance
−1
condition S = Tε S Tσ or S r′′s′′ = S rs yields similar results
354
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Thus, the compliance matrix for a transversely isotropic material that is
isotropic in the plane x3 = 0 has the form
S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 0
S 12 S 11 S 13 0 0 0
S 13 S 13 S 33 0 0 0
which has 5 independent compliances
0 0 0 S 44 0 0
0 0 0 0 S 44 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 S 11 − S 12
2
355
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Following the same procedure for the thermal moduli by using the
transformed-thermal-moduli expressions previously given for a
generally orthotropic material and enforcing the invariance
condition β = Tσ β or β r′′s′′ = β rs yields similar results; that is,
β 22 = β 11 and β 12 = 0
356
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x3 = 0 (CONTINUED)
C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 11 C 13 0 0 0 ε 22 β 11
σ 33 C 13 C 13 C 33 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
= + T − Tref and
σ 23 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 44 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 1 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 0 2
C 11 − C 12
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 0
σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 11 S 13 0 0 0 σ 22 α 11
ε 33 S 13 S 13 S 33 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
= + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 44 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 1
σ 12 0
0 0 0 0 0 2
S 11 − S 12
357
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x3 = 0 (CONCLUDED)
β 11 C 11 + C 12 C 13 α 11
" Likewise =−
β 33 2C 13 C 33 α 33
358
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x1 = 0
" For the specially orthotropic material, it was shown previously that the
material properties are given by
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C C C 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
= 13 23 33 + T − Tref and
σ 23 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 0 0 0 0 0 C 66 2εε12 0
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 0 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S S S 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
= 13 23 33 + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 0 S 66 σ 12 0
359
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" For this type of symmetry to exist, there must be an infinite number of
elastic symmetry planes that are perpendicular to the plane x1 = 0
" Equivalently, the constitutive matrices and vectors must invariant
with respect to dextral rotations about the x1 axis
x3 Plane of
" The coordinate transformation for this x 3′′ isotropy
symmetry is shown in the figure and is
given by x 1′′ = x 1 , x 2′′ = x 2cosθ
θ 1 + x 3sinθ
θ1 ,
θ1
and x 3′′ = − x 2sinθ θ 1 , with
θ 1 + x 3cosθ
0 ≤ θ 1 < 2π
π i3 x 2′′
i 3′′ i 2′′
" The corresponding matrix of direction θ1 x2
cosines is given by i2
a 1′′1 a 1′′2 a 1′′3 1 0 0 i 1 , i 1′′
a 2′′1 a 2′′2 a 2′′3 = 0 cosθ
θ1 sinθ
θ1
a i′′j ≡ i i′′ • i j
a 3′′1 a 3′′2 a 3′′3 0 − sinθ
θ 1 cosθ
θ1 x 1 , x 1′′
360
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
0 cos θ 1 sin θ 1 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0
2 2
0 sin θ 1 cos θ 1 − 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0
Tσ = 0 − sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ 1 sinθ
θ 1cosθ
2
θ 1 cos θ 1 − sin θ 1
2
0 0
and
0 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 1 − sinθ
θ1
0 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 1 cosθ
θ1
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
0 cos θ 1 sin θ 1 sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0
2 2
0 sin θ 1 cos θ 1 − sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ1 0 0
Tε = 0 − 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
θ 1 2sinθ
θ 1cosθ
2
θ 1 cos θ 1 − sin θ 1
2
0 0
0 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 1 − sinθ
θ1
0 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 1 cosθ
θ1
361
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
−1
" For a specially orthotropic material, C′′ = Tσ C Tε yields the
expressions for a generally orthotropic material; that is,
C 2′2′ = m 4C 22 + 2m 2n 2 C 23 + 2C 44 + n 4C 33
2 2 4 4
C 2′′3′′ = m n C 22 + C 33 − 4C 44 + m + n C 23
3 3
C 2′′4′′ = mn C 33 − C 23 − 2C 44 − m n C 22 − C 23 − 2C 44
362
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
2 2 2 2 2
C 3′′5′′ = 0 C 3′′6′′ = 0 C 4′′4′′ = m n C 22 + C 33 − 2C 23 + m − n C 44
C 5′′6′′ = mn C 55 − C 66 C 6′6′ = m 2C 66 + n 2C 55
with m = cosθ
θ 1 and n = sinθ
θ1
−1
" Next, the invariance condition C = Tσ C Tε is enforced, which
implies the conditions C r′′s′′ = C rs , where r, s ∈ 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6
363
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
364
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Thus, the stiffness matrix for a transversely isotropic material that is
isotropic in the plane x1 = 0 has the form
C 11 C 12 C 12 0 0 0
C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 0
C 12 C 23 C 22 0 0 0
which has 5 independent stiffnesses
0 0 0 1 C 22 − C 23 0 0
2
0 0 0 0 C 55 0
0 0 0 0 0 C 55
" Following the same procedure for the compliance coefficients by using
the transformed-compliance expressions previously given for a
generally orthotropic material and enforcing the invariance
−1
condition S = Tε S Tσ or S r′′s′′ = S rs yields similar results
365
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Thus, the compliance matrix for a transversely isotropic material that is
isotropic in the plane x1 = 0 has the form
S 11 S 12 S 12 0 0 0
S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0
S 12 S 23 S 22 0 0 0
which has 5 independent compliances
0 0 0 1 S 22 − S 23 0 0
2
0 0 0 0 S 55 0
0 0 0 0 0 S 55
366
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
" Following the same procedure for the thermal moduli by using the
transformed-thermal-moduli expressions previously given for a
generally orthotropic material and enforcing the invariance
condition β = Tσ β or β r′′s′′ = β rs yields similar results; that is,
β 33 = β 22 and β 23 = 0
367
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x1 = 0 (CONTINUED)
C 11 C 12 C 12 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 12 C 23 C 22 0 0 0 ε 33 β 22
= + T − Tref and
σ 23 0 0 0 1 C 22 − C 23 0 0 2εε23 0
2
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 0 C 55
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 12 0 0 0
σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 12 S 23 S 22 0 0 0 σ 33 α 22
= + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 1
2
S 22 − S 23 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 σ 12 0
0 0 0 0 0 S 55
368
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
ISOTROPY PLANE x1 = 0 (CONCLUDED)
β 11 C 11 2C 12 α 11
" Likewise β 22
=−
α 22
C 12 C 22 + C 23
369
CUBIC
MATERIALS
370
CUBIC MATERIALS
" A cubic material arises from the invariance conditions that are obtained
for a single plane of elastic reflective symmetry that contains a
coordinate axis
x3
" Precisely, a cubic material is obtained by
enforcing the invariance conditions for a
tetragonal material, for each of the three
coordinate axes
371
CUBIC MATERIALS - CONCLUDED
The resulting constitutive equations are given by
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 12 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 22 C 12 C 11 C 12 0 0 0 ε 22 β 11
σ 33 C 12 C 12 C 11 0 0 0 ε 33 β 11
σ 23
= 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23
+ 0
T − Tref
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 44 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 0 0 0 0 0 C 44 2εε12 0
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 12 0 0 0 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 11 S 12 0 0 0 σ 22 α 11
ε 33 S 12 S 12 S 11 0 0 0 σ 33 α 11
2εε23
= 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23
+ 0
T − Tref
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 44 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 0 S 44 σ 12 0
372
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC
MATERIALS
373
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
" First, consider the case in which both the planes x1 = 0 and x2 = 0 are
planes of isotropy
C 11 C 12 C 12 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 11 C 12 0 0 0 ε 22 β 11
σ 33 C 12 C 12 C 11 0 0 0 ε 33 β 11
σ 23
= 1
+ T − Tref
0 0 0 2
C 11 − C 12 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 1 C 11 − C 12 0 2εε13 0
2
σ 12 1 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 0 2
C 11 − C 12
374
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
(CONTINUED)
" Similarly,
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 12 0 0 0
σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 11 S 12 0 0 0 σ 22 α 11
ε 33 S 12 S 12 S 11 0 0 0 σ 33 α 11
= + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 1
2
S 11 − S 12 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 1 S 11 − S 12 0 σ 13 0
2
2εε12 1
σ 12 0
0 0 0 0 0 2
S 11 − S 12
β 11 = − C 11 + 2C 12 α 11
375
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
(CONTINUED)
−1
" The general transformation law is given by C′′ = Tσ C Tε , where
2 2 2
a 1′′1 a 1′′2 a 1′′3 2a 1′′2a 1′′3 2a 1′′1a 1′′3 2a 1′′1a 1′′2
2 2 2
a 2′′1 a 2′′2 a 2′′3 2a 2′′2a 2′′3 2a 2′′1a 2′′3 2a 2′′1a 2′′2
2 2 2
a 3′′1 a 3′′2 a 3′′3 2a 3′′2a 3′′3 2a 3′′1a 3′′3 2a 3′′1a 3′′2
Tσ = a a a a a a a 2′′2a 3′′3 + a 2′′3a 3′′2 a 2′′1a 3′′3 + a 2′′3a 3′′1 a 2′′1a 3′′2 + a 2′′2a 3′′1
and
2′′1 3′′1 2′′2 3′′2 2′′3 3′′3
a 1′′1a 3′′1 a 1′′2a 3′′2 a 1′′3a 3′′3 a 1′′2a 3′′3 + a 1′′3a 3′′2 a 1′′1a 3′′3 + a 1′′3a 3′′1 a 1′′1a 3′′2 + a 1′′2a 3′′1
a 1′′1a 2′′1 a 1′′2a 2′′2 a 1′′3a 2′′3 a 1′′2a 2′′3 + a 1′′3a 2′′2 a 1′′1a 2′′3 + a 1′′3a 2′′1 a 1′′1a 2′′2 + a 1′′2a 2′′1
2 2 2
a 1′′1 a 1′′2 a 1′′3 a 1′′2a 1′′3 a 1′′1a 1′′3 a 1′′1a 1′′2
2 2 2
a 2′′1 a 2′′2 a 2′′3 a 2′′2a 2′′3 a 2′′1a 2′′3 a 2′′1a 2′′2
2 2 2
a 3′′1 a 3′′2 a 3′′3 a 3′′2a 3′′3 a 3′′1a 3′′3 a 3′′1a 3′′2
Tε = 2a 2′′1a 3′′1 2a 2′′2a 3′′2 2a 2′′3a 3′′3 a 2′′2a 3′′3 + a 2′′3a 3′′2 a 2′′1a 3′′3 + a 2′′3a 3′′1 a 2′′1a 3′′2 + a 2′′2a 3′′1
2a 1′′1a 3′′1 2a 1′′2a 3′′2 2a 1′′3a 3′′3 a 1′′2a 3′′3 + a 1′′3a 3′′2 a 1′′1a 3′′3 + a 1′′3a 3′′1 a 1′′1a 3′′2 + a 1′′2a 3′′1
2a 1′′1a 2′′1 2a 1′′2a 2′′2 2a 1′′3a 2′′3 a 1′′2a 2′′3 + a 1′′3a 2′′2 a 1′′1a 2′′3 + a 1′′3a 2′′1 a 1′′1a 2′′2 + a 1′′2a 2′′1
376
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
(CONTINUED)
2 1 a 2′′1a 1′′1 + a 2′′2a 1′′2 + a 2′′3a 1′′3 = 0 2 1 a 1′′2a 1′′1 + a 2′′2a 2′′1 + a 3′′2a 3′′1 = 0
3 1 a 3′′1a 1′′1 + a 3′′2a 1′′2 + a 3′′3a 1′′3 = 0 3 1 a 1′′3a 1′′1 + a 2′′3a 2′′1 + a 3′′3a 3′′1 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 a 2′′1 + a 2′′2 + a 2′′3 =1 2 2 a 1′′2 + a 2′′2 + a 3′′2 =1
3 2 a 3′′1a 2′′1 + a 3′′2a 2′′2 + a 3′′3a 2′′3 = 0 3 2 a 1′′3a 1′′2 + a 2′′3a 2′′2 + a 3′′3a 3′′2 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 a 3′′1 + a 3′′2 + a 3′′3 =1 3 3 a 1′′3 + a 2′′3 + a 3′′3 =1
377
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
(CONTINUED)
C 11 C 12 C 12 0 0 0 a 1′′1
2
a 1′′2
2
a 1′′3
2
a 1′′2a 1′′3 a 1′′1a 1′′3 a 1′′1a 1′′2
C 12 C 11 C 12 0 0 0 a 2′′1
2
a 2′′2
2
a 2′′3
2
a 2′′2a 2′′3 a 2′′1a 2′′3 a 2′′1a 2′′2
C 12 C 12 C 11 0 0 0 a 3′′1
2
a 3′′2
2
a 3′′3
2
a 3′′2a 3′′3 a 3′′1a 3′′3 a 3′′1a 3′′2
C Tε = 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2a 2′′1a 3′′1 2a 2′′2a 3′′2 2a 2′′3a 3′′3 a 2′′2a 3′′3 + a 2′′3a 3′′2 a 2′′1a 3′′3 + a 2′′3a 3′′1 a 2′′1a 3′′2 + a 2′′2a 3′′1 and
0 0 0 0 C 44 0 2a 1′′1a 3′′1 2a 1′′2a 3′′2 2a 1′′3a 3′′3 a 1′′2a 3′′3 + a 1′′3a 3′′2 a 1′′1a 3′′3 + a 1′′3a 3′′1 a 1′′1a 3′′2 + a 1′′2a 3′′1
2a 1′′1a 2′′1 2a 1′′2a 2′′2 2a 1′′3a 2′′3 a 1′′2a 2′′3 + a 1′′3a 2′′2 a 1′′1a 2′′3 + a 1′′3a 2′′1 a 1′′1a 2′′2 + a 1′′2a 2′′1
0 0 0 0 0 C 44
2 2 2
a 1′′1 a 1′′2 a 1′′3 2a 1′′2a 1′′3 2a 1′′1a 1′′3 2a 1′′1a 1′′2
2 2 2
C 11 C 12 C 12 0 0 0
a 2′′1 a 2′′2 a 2′′3 2a 2′′2a 2′′3 2a 2′′1a 2′′3 2a 2′′1a 2′′2 C 12 C 11 C 12 0 0 0
2 2 2
a 3′′1 a 3′′2 a 3′′3 2a 3′′2a 3′′3 2a 3′′1a 3′′3 2a 3′′1a 3′′2 C 12 C 12 C 11 0 0 0
Tσ C = a 2′′1a 3′′1 a 2′′2a 3′′2 a 2′′3a 3′′3 a 2′′2a 3′′3 + a 2′′3a 3′′2 a 2′′1a 3′′3 + a 2′′3a 3′′1 a 2′′1a 3′′2 + a 2′′2a 3′′1 0 0 0 C 44 0 0
a 1′′1a 3′′1 a 1′′2a 3′′2 a 1′′3a 3′′3 a 1′′2a 3′′3 + a 1′′3a 3′′2 a 1′′1a 3′′3 + a 1′′3a 3′′1 a 1′′1a 3′′2 + a 1′′2a 3′′1 0 0 0 0 C 44 0
a 1′′1a 2′′1 a 1′′2a 2′′2 a 1′′3a 2′′3 a 1′′2a 2′′3 + a 1′′3a 2′′2 a 1′′1a 2′′3 + a 1′′3a 2′′1 a 1′′1a 2′′2 + a 1′′2a 2′′1 0 0 0 0 0 C 44
378
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
(CONTINUED)
" Performing the calculations for each element of the matrix equation
C Tε − Tσ C = 0 gives
2 2 2 2
11: C 12 a 2′′1 + a 3′′1 − a 1′′2 − a 1′′3 =0
2 2 2 2
12: C 12 a 2′′2 + a 3′′2 − a 1′′2 − a 1′′3 =0
2 2 2 2
13: C 12 a 2′′3 + a 3′′3 − a 1′′1 − a 1′′2 =0
2 2 2 2
21: C 12 a 1′′1 + a 3′′1 − a 2′′2 − a 2′′3 =0
379
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
(CONTINUED)
2 2 2 2
22: C 12 a 1′′2 + a 3′′2 − a 2′′1 − a 2′′3 =0
2 2 2 2
23: C 12 a 1′′3 + a 3′′3 − a 2′′1 − a 2′′2 =0
2 2 2 2
31: C 12 a 1′′1 + a 2′′1 − a 3′′2 − a 3′′3 =0
2 2 2 2
32: C 12 a 1′′2 + a 2′′2 − a 3′′1 − a 3′′3 =0
2 2 2 2
33: C 12 a 1′′3 + a 2′′3 − a 3′′1 − a 3′′2 =0
380
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
(CONTINUED)
381
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
(CONTINUED)
2 2 2 2
" Now, consider 11: C 12 a 2′′1 + a 3′′1 − a 1′′2 − a 1′′3 =0
2 2 2
" The condition a 1′′1 + a 1′′2 + a 1′′3 = 1 given in the previous table
2 2 2
yields a 1′′2 + a 1′′3 = 1 − a 1′′1 ; hence,
2 2 2
11: C 12 a 1′′1 + a 2′′1 + a 3′′1 −1 =0
382
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
(CONTINUED)
2 2 2
" Next, using the condition a 1′′1 + a 2′′1 + a 3′′1 = 1 , given in the
2 2 2
previous table, shows that 11: C 12 a 1′′1 + a 2′′1 + a 3′′1 − 1 = 0 is
identically satisfied
" Therefore, two orthogonal planes of isotropy imply that every plane is a
plane of isotropy because a symmetry transformation for any plane can
be obtained from the general transformation
383
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
(CONTINUED)
384
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
(CONTINUED)
α′ = Tε α becomes α − Tε α = 0
385
COMPLETELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS
(CONCLUDED)
" By performing the calculations for each element of the matrix equation
Tε S − S Tσ = 0 , and using the conditions a k′′qa p′′q = δ kp and
a q′′ka q′′p = δ kp given in the previous table, it can be shown that the
invariance condition is satisfied identically
386
CLASSES OF MATERIAL SYMMETRY
SUMMARY OF INDEPENDENT MATERIAL CONSTANTS
387
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS
FOR ELASTIC MATERIALS
388
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS
" The compliances of a homogeneous, elastic, anisotropic solid are
usually expressed in terms of engineering constants when practical
applications are under consideration
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 α 11
σ 11
ε 22 S 21 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 σ 33 α 33
= σ 23
+ T − Tref
2εε23 S 41 S 42 S 43 S 44 S 45 S 46 2α
α 23
2εε13 σ 13 2α
α 13
S 51 S 52 S 53 S 54 S 55 S 56
2εε12 σ 12 2α
α 12
S 61 S 62 S 63 S 64 S 65 S 66
389
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" The terms S11, S22, and S33 relate the normal strain to the corresponding
normal stress
390
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" The terms S44, S55, and S66 relate the shearing strain in each coordinate
plane to the corresponding shearing stress
" In particular, the symbol Gij is used herein to denote the shear
modulus in the xi - xj coordinate plane
shearing stress σ ij
" In general, G ij ≡
shearing strain 2εεij caused by σ ij
391
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" The terms S12, S21, S13, S31, S23, and S32 relate the lateral contraction or
expansion to the expansion or contraction of the solid, in the direction
of a given normal stress
" In particular, the symbol νij is used herein to denote the lateral
contraction or expansion in the xj - coordinate direction caused by
a normal stress applied in the xi - coordinate direction
392
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" The terms S14, S15, S16, S24, S25, S26, S34, S35, and S36 relate normal strains
to shearing stresses
393
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" The terms S41, S42, S43, S51, S52, S53, S61, S62, and S63 relate shearing
strains to normal stresses
" In particular, the symbol ηij,k is used herein to relate the shearing
strain in the xi - xj coordinate plane induced by the action of a
normal stress applied in the xk - coordinate direction
394
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" The terms S45, S46, S54, S56, S64, and S65 relate shearing strains to
noncorresponding shearing stresses
" In particular, the symbol µij,kl is used herein to relate the shearing
strain in the xi - xj coordinate plane induced by a shearing stress
applied in the xk - xl coordinate plane
" Note that µ ij, kl = µ ji, kl = µ ji, lk = µ ij, lk because of symmetry of 2εεij and σkl
395
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" Now, consider a parallelopiped of homogeneous
material that is subjected to only a constant value of σ 11
σ11 and no thermal loading, like a stress state that
might be exist in an experiment like a tensile test
" For this case, σ 11
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 σ 11
ε 22 S 21 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 0
ε 33 S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 0
=
2εε23 S 41 S 42 S 43 S 44 S 45 S 46 0
2εε13 S 51 S 52 S 53 S 54 S 55 S 56 0
2εε12 S 61 S 62 S 63 S 64 S 65 S 66 0
396
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
σ
From the definition of the elastic moduli, it follows that E 1 = ε 11
11
"
" Noting that the previous matrix equation gives ε 11 = S 11σ 11 for this
" Next, from the definition for the Poisson’s ratios, it follows that
ε ε 33
ν 12 = − ε 22 and ν 13 = − ε 11 for this simple state of stress
11
" Noting that the previous matrix equation also gives ε 22 = S 21σ 11 and
ε 33 = S 31σ 11 for this simple state of stress, and using ε 11 = S 11σ 11 , it
S 21 S 31
also follows that ν 12 = − and ν 13 = −
S 11 S 11
397
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
ν ν
Using S 11 = E1
12 13
" gives the results S 21 = − E and S 31 = − E
1 1 1
" Next, from the definition for the coefficients of interaction of the second
2εε 2εε 2εε
kind, it follows that η 23, 1 = ε 1123 , η 13, 1 = ε 1113 , and η 12, 1 = ε 1112 for this
simple state of stress
" Noting that the previous matrix equation also gives 2εε23 = S 41σ 11 ,
2εε13 = S 51σ 11 , and 2εε12 = S 61σ 11 for this simple state of stress, and
using ε 11 = S 11σ 11 , it also follows that
S 41 S 51 S 61
η 23, 1 = , η 13, 1 = , and η 12, 1 =
S 11 S 11 S 11
398
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 0
ε 22 S 21 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 σ 22
ε 33 S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 0
=
2εε23 S 41 S 42 S 43 S 44 S 45 S 46 0
2εε13 S 51 S 52 S 53 S 54 S 55 S 56 0
2εε12 S 61 S 62 S 63 S 64 S 65 S 66 0
399
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
22 σ
" From the definition of the elastic moduli, it follows that E 2 = ε 22
" Noting that the previous matrix equation gives ε 22 = S 22σ 22 for this
" Next, from the definition for the Poisson’s ratios, it follows that
ε ε 33
ν 21 = − ε 11 and ν 23 = − ε 22 for this simple state of stress
22
400
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" Noting that the previous matrix equation also gives ε 11 = S 12σ 22 and
ε 33 = S 32σ 22 for this simple state of stress, and using ε 22 = S 22σ 22 , it
S 12 S 32
also follows that ν 21 = − and ν 23 = −
S 22 S 22
ν 21 ν 23
" Using S 22 = E1 gives the results S 12 = − E2
and S 32 = − E2
2
" Next, from the definition for the coefficients of interaction of the second
2εε 2εε 2εε
kind, it follows that η 23, 2 = ε 2223 , η 13, 2 = ε 2213 , and η 12, 2 = ε 2212 for this
simple state of stress
401
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" Noting that the previous matrix equation also gives 2εε23 = S 42σ 22 ,
2εε13 = S 52σ 22 , and 2εε12 = S 62σ 22 for this simple state of stress, and
using ε 22 = S 22σ 22 , it also follows that
S 42 S 52 S 62
η 23, 2 = , η 13, 2 = , and η 12, 2 =
S 22 S 22 S 22
402
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" Now, consider a parallelopiped of homogeneous material σ 33
that is subjected to only a constant value of σ33 and no
thermal loading
403
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
33 σ
" From the definition of the elastic moduli, it follows that E 3 = ε 33
" Noting that the previous matrix equation gives ε 33 = S 33σ 33 for this
" Next, from the definition for the Poisson’s ratios, it follows that
ε ε 22
ν 31 = − ε 11 and ν 32 = − ε 33 for this simple state of stress
33
" Noting that the previous matrix equation also gives ε 11 = S 13σ 33
and ε 22 = S 23σ 33 for this simple state of stress, and using
S 13 S
ε 33 = S 33σ 33 , it also follows that ν 31 = − and ν 32 = − S
23
S 33 33
404
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
ν 31 ν 32
" Using S 33 = E1 gives the results S 13 = − E3
and S 23 = − E3
3
" Next, from the definition for the coefficients of interaction of the second
232εε 13 2εε 12 2εε
kind, it follows that η 23, 3 = ε 33 , η 13, 3 = ε 33 , and η 12, 3 = ε 33 for this
simple state of stress
" Noting that the previous matrix equation also gives 2εε23 = S 43σ 33 ,
2εε13 = S 53σ 33 , and 2εε12 = S 63σ 33 for this simple state of stress, and
using ε 33 = S 33σ 33 , it also follows that
S 43 S 53 S 63
η 23, 3 = η = η =
S 33 , S 33 , and
13, 3 12, 3
S 33
405
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 0
ε 22 S 21 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 0
ε 33 S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 0
=
2εε23 S 41 S 42 S 43 S 44 S 45 S 46 σ 23
2εε13 S 51 S 52 S 53 S 54 S 55 S 56 0
2εε12 S 61 S 62 S 63 S 64 S 65 S 66 0
406
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" This equation also indicates that, in general, the parallelopiped will
expand or contract along all three coordinate directions, and shear
in each face for this very simple state of pure shearing stress
23 σ
" From the definition of the shear moduli, it follows that G 23 = 2εε
23
" Noting that the previous matrix equation gives 2εε23 = S 44σ 23 for this
" Next, from the definition for the coefficients of interaction of the first
ε11 ε 22 ε
33
kind, it follows that η 1, 23 = 2εε , η 2, 23 = 2εε , and η 3, 23 = 2εε for this
23 23 23
407
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" Noting that the previous matrix equation also gives ε 11 = S 14σ 23 ,
ε 22 = S 24σ 23 , and ε 33 = S 34σ 23 f or this simple state of stress, and
S 14 S S
η 1, 23 = , η 2, 23 = 24 , and η 3, 23 = 34
S 44 S 44 S 44
η 1, 23 η 2, 23 η 3, 23
S 14 = , S 24 = , and S 34 =
G 23 G 23 G 23
408
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" Next, from the definition for the Chentsov’s coefficients, it follows that
2εε13 12 2εε
µ 13, 23 = and µ 12, 23 = 2εε for this simple state of stress
2εε23 23
" Noting that the previous matrix equation also gives 2εε13 = S 54σ 23
and 2εε12 = S 64σ 23 for this simple state of stress, and using
S 54 S 64
2εε23 = S 44σ 23 , it also follows that µ 13, 23 = µ =
and 12, 23 S
S 44 44
µ 13, 23 µ 12, 23
S 54 = and S 64 =
G 23 G 23
409
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 0
ε 22 S 21 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 0
ε 33 S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 0
=
2εε23 S 41 S 42 S 43 S 44 S 45 S 46 0
2εε13 S 51 S 52 S 53 S 54 S 55 S 56 σ 13
2εε12 S 61 S 62 S 63 S 64 S 65 S 66 0
" This equation also indicates that, in general, the parallelopiped will
expand or contract along all three coordinate directions, and shear
in each face for this very simple state of pure shearing stress
410
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
13 σ
" From the definition of the shear moduli, it follows that G 13 = 2εε
13
" Noting that the previous matrix equation gives 2εε13 = S 55σ 13 for this
" Next, from the definition for the coefficients of interaction of the first
ε11 ε 22 ε
33
kind, it follows that η 1, 13 = 2εε , η 2, 13 = 2εε , and η 3, 13 = 2εε for this
13 13 13
411
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" Noting that the previous matrix equation also gives ε 11 = S 15σ 13 ,
ε 22 = S 25σ 13 , and ε 33 = S 35σ 13 for this simple state of stress, and
using ε 13 = S 55σ 13
2ε , it also follows that
S 15 S S
η 1, 13 = , η 2, 13 = 25 , and η 3, 13 = 35
S 55 S 55 S 55
η 1, 13 η 2, 13 η 3, 13
S 15 = , S 25 = , and S 35 =
G 13 G 13 G 13
412
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" Next, from the definition for the Chentsov’s coefficients, it follows that
2εε23 12 2εε
µ 23, 13 = and µ 12, 13 = 2εε for this simple state of stress
2εε13 13
" Noting that the previous matrix equation also gives 2εε23 = S 45σ 13
and 2εε12 = S 65σ 13 for this simple state of stress, and using
S 45 S 65
ε 13 = S 55σ 13
2ε , it also follows that µ 23, 13 = µ =
and 12, 13 S
S 55 55
µ 23, 13 µ 12, 13
S 45 = and S 65 =
G 13 G 13
413
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" This equation also indicates that, in general, the parallelopiped will
expand or contract along all three coordinate directions, and shear
in each face for this very simple state of pure shearing stress
414
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
12 σ
" From the definition of the shear moduli, it follows that G 12 = 2εε
12
" Noting that the previous matrix equation gives 2εε12 = S 66σ 12 for this
" Next, from the definition for the coefficients of interaction of the first
ε11 ε 22 ε
33
kind, it follows that η 1, 12 = 2εε , η 2, 12 = 2εε , and η 3, 12 = 2εε for this
12 12 12
415
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" Noting that the previous matrix equation also gives ε 11 = S 16σ 12 ,
ε 22 = S 26σ 12 , and ε 33 = S 36σ 12 for this simple state of stress, and
using ε 12 = S 66σ 12
2ε , it also follows that
S 16 S 26 S 36
η 1, 12 = η = η =
S 66 , S 66 , and
2, 12 3, 12
S 66
η 1, 12 η 2, 12 η 3, 12
S 16 = , S 26 = , and S 36 =
G 12 G 12 G 12
416
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" Next, from the definition for the Chentsov’s coefficients, it follows that
2εε23 13 2εε
µ 23, 12 = and µ 13, 12 = 2εε for this simple state of stress
2εε12 12
" Noting that the previous matrix equation also gives 2εε23 = S 46σ 12
and 2εε13 = S 56σ 12 for this simple state of stress, and using
S 46 S 56
ε 12 = S 66σ 12
2ε , it also follows that µ 23, 12 = µ =
and 13, 12 S
S 66 66
µ 23, 12 µ 13, 12
S 46 = and S 56 =
G 12 G 12
417
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" Using all of the derived expressions for Sij, the constitutive equation
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 21 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S S S S S S σ 33 α 33
= 31 32 33 34 35 36 + T − Tref becomes
2εε23 S 41 S 42 S 43 S 44 S 45 S 46 σ 23 2α
α 23
2εε13 S 51 S 52 S 53 S 54 S 55 S 56 σ 13 2α
α 13
2εε12 S 61 S 62 S 63 S 64 S 65 S 66 σ 12 2α
α 12
1 − ν 21 − ν 31 η 1, 23 η 1, 13 η 1,12
E1 E2 E3 G 23 G 13 G 12
ν 1 − ν 32 η 2, 23 η 2, 13 η 2,12
− 12
ε 11 E1 E2 E3 G 23 G 13 G 12 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 ν ν 1 η 3, 23 η 3, 13 η 3,12 σ 22 α 22
− 13 − 23
ε 33 E1 E2 E3 G 23 G 13 G 12 σ 33 α 33
=
η 23, 1 η 23, 2 η 23, 3 µ 23, 13 µ 23, 12 σ 23
+ T − Tref
2εε23 1 2α
α 23
2εε13 E1 E2 E3 G 23 G 13 G 12 σ 13 2α
α 13
2εε12 η 13, 1 η 13, 2 η 13, 3 µ 13, 23 1 µ 13, 12 σ 12 2α
α 12
E1 E2 E3 G 23 G 13 G 12
η 12, 1 η 12, 2 η 12, 3 µ 12, 23 µ 12, 13 1
E1 E2 E3 G 23 G 13 G 12
418
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONTINUED
" Relationships between the engineering constants are obtained by
enforcing symmetry of the matrix [S]; that is:
ν 21 ν 12 ν 31 ν 13 η 1, 23 η 23, 1
S 12 = S 21 → =
E2 E1
S 13 = S 31 → =
E3 E1
S 14 = S 41 → G 23
=
E1
η 1, 13 η 13, 1 η 1, 12 η 12, 1 ν 32 ν 23
S 15 = S 51 → G 13
=
E1
S 16 = S 61 → G 12
=
E1
S 23 = S 32 → =
E3 E2
419
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS - CONCLUDED
" Using the previous symmetry conditions, the constitutive equations are
expressed as
420
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A SPECIALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL
" The engineering constants for an anisotropic material have been
presented previously herein, for an x 1,x 2,x 3 coordinate frame
S 12
E1 = 1 ν 12 = − G 23 = 1
S 11 S 11 S 44
S 13
E2 = 1 ν 13 = − G 13 = 1
S 22 S 11 S 55
E3 = 1 ν 23 = −
S 23 G 12 = 1
S 33 S 22 S 66
421
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A SPECIALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
" Substituting these expressions into
S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 0
ε 11
ε 22
S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 11 α 11
σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
2εε23
=
0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23 + 0 T − Tref gives
2εε13 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 σ 12 0
0 0 0 0 0 S 66
1 ν 21 ν 31
− − 0 0 0
E1 E2 E3
ν 1 ν
− 12 − 32 0 0 0
ε 11 E1 E2 E3 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 ν ν 1 σ 22 α 22
− 13 − 23 0 0 0
ε 33 E1 E2 E3 σ 33 α 33
=
1 + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 G 23 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 1 0 σ 12 0
G 13
0 0 0 0 0 1
G 12
422
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A SPECIALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
" Inverting these matrix equations yields
C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= + T − Tref where
0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 0 C 66
E1 E1 E
C 11 = 1 − ν 23 ν 32 C 12 = ν 21 + ν 23 ν 31 = 2 ν 12 + ν 13 ν 32
Δ Δ Δ
E1 E E2
C 13 = ν 31 + ν 21 ν 32 = 3 ν 13 + ν 12 ν 23 C 22 = 1 − ν 13 ν 31
Δ Δ Δ
E2 E E3
C 23 = ν 32 + ν 12 ν 31 = 3 ν 23 + ν 13 ν 21 C 33 = 1 − ν 12 ν 21
Δ Δ Δ
C 44 = G 23 C 55 = G 13 C 66 = G 12
Δ = 1 − ν 12 ν 21 − ν 23 ν 32 − ν 13 ν 31 − 2ν
ν 21 ν 32 ν 13
423
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A SPECIALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONCLUDED
" And, where the thermal moduli are given by
α 11 1 − ν 23 ν 32 + α 22 ν 21 + ν 23 ν 31 + α 33 ν 31 + ν 21 ν 32
β 11 = − E 1
1 − ν 12 ν 21 − ν 23 ν 32 − ν 13 ν 31 − 2ν
ν 21 ν 32 ν 13
α 11 ν 12 + ν 13 ν 32 + α 22 1 – ν 13 ν 31 + α 33 ν 32 + ν 12 ν 31
β 22 = − E 2
1 − ν 12 ν 21 − ν 23 ν 32 − ν 13 ν 31 − 2ν
ν 21 ν 32 ν 13
α 11 ν 13 + ν 12 ν 23 + α 22 ν 23 + ν 13 ν 21 + α 33 1 − ν 12 ν 21
β 33 = − E 3
1 − ν 12 ν 21 − ν 23 ν 32 − ν 13 ν 31 − 2ν
ν 21 ν 32 ν 13
424
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A TRANSVERSELY
ISOTROPIC MATERIAL
" Consider the constitutive equations for a specially orthotropic material
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 0 α 11
σ 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
=
σ 23
+
0
T − Tref and
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 σ 12 0
0 0 0 0 0 S 66
1 ν 21 ν 31
− − 0 0 0
E1 E2 E3
ν 1 ν
− 12 − 32 0 0 0
ε 11 E1 E2 E3 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 ν ν 1 σ 22 α 22
− 13 − 23 0 0 0
ε 33 E1 E2 E3 σ 33 α 33
=
1 + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 G 23 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 1 0 σ 12 0
G 13
0 0 0 0 0 1
G 12
425
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A TRANSVERSELY
ISOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
" For a transversely isotropic material with the plane of isotropy given by
x3 = 0, the constitutitve equations have the following forms
C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 11 C 13 0 0 0 ε 22 β 11
σ 33 C 13 C 13 C 33 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
= + T − Tref and
σ 23 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 C 44 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 1 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 0 2
C 11 − C 12
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 0 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 S 12 S 11 S 13 0 0 0 σ 22 α 11
ε 33 S S S 0 0 0 σ 33 α 33
= 13 13 33 + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 σ 23 0
2εε13 0 0 0 0 S 44 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 0 0 0 0 0 2 S 11 − S 12 σ 12 0
426
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A TRANSVERSELY
ISOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
" Using the conditions on the compliance coefficients required for a
transversely isotropic material, the matrix equation for specially
orthotropic materials, given in terms of engineering constants, can be
expressed as
1 − ν − ν 31 0 0 0
E E E′′
− ν 1 − ν 31 0 0 0
ε 11 E E E′′ σ 11 α
ε 22 ν ν 1 σ 22 α
− 13 − 13 0 0 0
ε 33 E E E′′ σ 33 α′
=
1 + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 0 0 σ 23 0
G′′ σ 13 0
2εε13
0 0 0 0 1 0 σ 12 0
2εε12 G′′
0 0 0 0 0 1
G
E
where E 1 = E 2 ≡ E , ν 12 = ν 21 ≡ ν , G 12 ≡ G = , α 11 = α 22 ≡ α ,
2 1+ν
E 3 ≡ E′′ , G 13 = G 23 ≡ G′′ , and α 33 ≡ α′
427
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A TRANSVERSELY
ISOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
" In this matrix equation; E, ν, G, and α are the Young’s modulus, the
Poisson’s ratio, the shear modulus, and the coefficient of thermal
expansion of the material in the plane of isotropy
" E′′, G′′, and α′ are the Young’s modulus, the shear modulus, and the
coefficient of thermal expansion of the material in the plane
perpendicular to the plane of isotropy
E
" Symmetry of the compliance matrix yields ν 13 = ν 23 = ν′ E′′
428
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A TRANSVERSELY
ISOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
" Finally, the constitutive equations for a transversely isotropic material,
with the plane of isotropy given by x3 = 0, are expressed by
1 − ν − ν′ 0 0 0
E E E′′
ε 11 − ν 1 − ν′ 0 0 0
E E E′′ σ 11 α
ε 22 1 σ 22
− ν′ − ν′ 0 0 0 α
ε 33 E′′ E′′ E′′ σ 33 α′
= 1 + T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 0 0 σ 23 0
G′′ σ 13 0
2εε13 1
0 0 0 0 0 σ 12 0
2εε12 G′′
0 0 0 0 0 1
G
" The five independent elastic constants are E, ν, E′′, ν′, and G′′
429
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A TRANSVERSELY
ISOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONCLUDED
" The inverted form of the previous matrix constitutive equation is given
by
C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 11 C 13 0 0 0 ε 22 β 11
σ 33 C C C 0 0 0 ε 33 β 33
= 13 13 33 + T − Tref where
σ 23 0 0 0 G′′ 0 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 0 G′′ 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 2εε12 0
0 0 0 0 0 G
1 − E ν′ ν + E ν′
2 2
ν′E
C 11 = E E′′ C 12 = E E′′ C 13 =
1 − ν − 2 E ν′
2
1 + ν 1 − ν − 2 E ν′ 2 1 + ν 1 − ν − 2 E ν′ 2
E′′ E′′ E′′
E′′ 1 − ν α 1 + αα′ ν′
Eα α 2ν′ + E′′α′ 1 − ν
Eα
C 33 = β 11 = − β 33 = − Eα
α
1 − ν − 2 E ν′
2
1 − ν − 2 E ν′
2
1 − ν − 2 E ν′
2
430
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A GENERALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL
" Results presented herein indicate that, for an x 1,x 2,x 3 coordinate
frame, the engineering constants of an anisotropic material are given by
E1 = 1 S 12 G 23 = 1 S 14 S 15 S 16
ν 12 = − η 23, 1 = η 13, 1 = η 12, 1 =
S 11 S 11 S 44 S 11 S 11 S 11
E2 = 1
S 13
G 13 = 1 S 24 S 25 S 26
ν 13 = − η 23, 2 = η 13, 2 = η 12, 2 =
S 22 S 11 S 55 S 22 S 22 S 22
E3 = 1 S 23 G 12 = 1 S 34 S 35 S 36
ν 23 = − η 23, 3 = η 13, 3 = η 12, 3 =
S 33 S 22 S 66 S 33 S 33 S 33
431
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A GENERALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
and
S 14 S 24 S 34 S 45 S 46
η 1, 23 = η 2, 23 = η 3, 23 = µ 13, 23 = µ 12, 23 =
S 44 S 44 S 44 S 44 S 44
S 15 S 25 S 35 S 45 S 56
η 1, 13 = η 2, 13 = η 3, 13 = µ 23, 13 = µ 12, 13 =
S 55 S 55 S 55 S 55 S 55
S 16 S 26 S 36 S 46 S 56
η 1, 12 = η 2, 12 = η 3, 12 = µ 23, 12 = µ 13, 12 =
S 66 S 66 S 66 S 66 S 66
432
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A GENERALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
1 4 2 2 E2 E1 4E ν 13 2 2ν E
S 1′′1′′ = m +mn ν 12 + n 1
− 2ν S 1′′3′′ = − m + n 23 1
E1 G 12 E 2 E2 E1 ν 13 E 2
1 4 2 2 E2 E 4E ν 23 2 2ν E
S 2′′2′′ = m +mn ν 12 2 + n 2
− 2ν S 2′′3′′ = − m + n 13 2
E2 G 12 E1 E1 E2 ν 23 E 1
ν 12 4 4 2 2 1 E E E1 1
S 1′′2′′ = − m +n −mn 1+ 1 − 2 S 3′′3′′ =
E1 ν 12 E 2 G 12 E 2 E3
E2 E1 2E
S 1′′6′′ = mn m − n
2 2 2
ν 12 + 2 n 1 − m
− 2ν
E1 G 12 E 2 E2
433
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A GENERALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
and
E2 E 2E
S 2′′6′′ = mn n − m
2 2 2
ν 12 2 + 2 m − n 2
− 2ν
E2 G 12 E1 E1
E E 2G
S 3′′6′′ = 2mn 3 ν 13 − ν 23 1 S 4′′4′′ = 1 m + n 23
2
E3 E1 E2 G 23 G 13
G 2G
S 4′′5′′ = mn 1 − 23 S 5′′5′′ = 1 m + n 13
2
G 23 G 13 G 13 G 23
2 2G E E1 2
S 6′′6′′ = 1 4m n 12 2
2 2
1 + 2ν
ν 12 + + m −n
G 12 E2 E1 E2
434
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A GENERALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
" The matrix form of the constitutive equations is given by
435
!
436
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A GENERALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
and
437
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A GENERALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL- CONTINUED
438
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A GENERALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
" By using the expressions on the previous few pages, the effective
elastic and shear moduli of a generally orthotropic material are
given by
−1
E 1′′ 4 2 2 E2 E1 4E
= m +mn ν 12 + n 1
− 2ν
E1 G 12 E 2 E2
−1
E 2′′ 4 2 2 E2 E 4E E 3′′
= m +mn ν 12 2 + n 2
− 2ν =1
E2 G 12 E1 E1 E3
−1 −1
G 2′′3′′ 2 2G G 1′′3′′ 2 2G
= m + n 23 = m + n 13
G 23 G 13 G 13 G 23
−1
G 1′′2′′ 2 2G E E 2 2 2
= 4m n 12 2 ν 12 + 1 + m − n
1 + 2ν
G 12 E2 E1 E2
439
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A GENERALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
" Similarly, the effective Poisson’s ratios of a generally orthotropic
material are given by
4 4 1 E
2 2 E E1
m +n −mn 1+ 1 − 2
ν 1′′2′′ ν 12 E 2 G 12 E 2
=
ν 12 4 2 2 E2 E1 4E
m +mn ν 12 + n 1
− 2ν
G 12 E 2 E2
2 2ν 23 E 1
m +n
ν 1′′3′′ ν 13 E 2
=
ν 13 4 2 2 E2 E1 4E
m +mn − 2νν 12 + n 1
G 12 E2 E2
ν 13 E 2
2 2
m +n
ν 2′′3′′ ν 23 E 1
=
ν 23 4 2 2 E2 E 4E
m +mn − 2ν ν 12 2 + n 2
G 12 E1 E1
440
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A GENERALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
" Similarly, the nonzero effective coefficients of mutual influence
of the first kind for a generally orthotropic material are given by
2 2 E2 E1 2E 2
m −n − 2νν 12 + 2 n 1 − m
G 12 E 2 G 12 E 2 E2
η 1′′, 1′′2′′ = mn
E2 E1 2 2 G 12 E2 E 2 2 2
4m n ν 12 + 1 + m − n
1 + 2ν
E2 E1 E2
2 2 E2 E 2 2E
n −m ν 12 2 + 2 m − n 2
− 2ν
G 12 G 12 E1 E1
η 2′′, 1′′2′′ = mn
E2 G
2 2 E2 E 2 2 2
4m n 12 ν 12 + 1 + m − n
1 + 2ν
E2 E1 E2
E1
2 ν 13 − ν 23
G 12 E 2 E3 E2
η 3′′, 1′′2′′ = 2mn
E2 E1 E1 2 2 G 12 E 2 E 2 2 2
4m n ν 12 + 1 + m − n
1 + 2ν
E2 E1 E2
441
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A GENERALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONTINUED
" The nonzero effective coefficients of mutual influence of the
second kind for a generally orthotropic material are given by
2 E2 E1
2 2E 2
m −n − 2νν 12 + 2 n 1 − m
G 12 E 2 E2
η 1′′2′′, 1′′ = mn
4 2 2 E2 E1 4E
m +mn − 2νν 12 + n 1
G 12 E 2 E2
2 E2
2 E 2 2E
n −m ν 12 2 + 2 m − n 2
− 2ν
G 12 E1 E1
η 1′′2′′, 2′′ = mn
4 2 2 E2 E 4E
m +mn − 2νν 12 2 + n 2
G 12 E1 E1
E3 E
η 1′′2′′, 3′′ = 2mn ν 13 − ν 23 1
E1 E2
442
ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF A GENERALLY
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL - CONCLUDED
G 23 G 23
1− 1−
G 13 G 13 G 13
µ 1′′3′′, 2′′3′′ = mn µ 2′′3′′, 1′′3′′ = mn
2 2G G 23 2 2G
m + n 23 m + n 13
G 13 G 23
443
REDUCED CONSTITUTIVE
EQUATIONS
444
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
" When, analyzing solids that are relatively flat and thin, simplifying
assumptions are made about the stress state to facilitate analytical
solution of practical problems
445
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
" For this special case, the general matrix constitutive equation
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 α 11
σ 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 σ 33 α 33
= σ 23
+ T − Tref
2ε 23 S 14 S 24 S 34 S 44 S 45 S 46 2α 23
2ε 13 σ 13 2α 13
S 15 S 25 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 56
2ε 12 σ 12 2α 12
S 16 S 26 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 66
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 16 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 = S 12 S 22 S 26 σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref and
2ε 12 S 16 S 26 S 66 σ 12 2α 12
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 36 σ 11 α 33
2ε 23 = S 14 S 24 S 46 σ 22 + 2α 23 T − Tref
2ε 13 S 15 S 25 S 56 σ 12 2α 13
446
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
1 ν η 1,12
− 21
ε 11 E1 E2 G 12 α 11
σ 11
ν 1 η 2,12
ε 22 = − 12 σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref
E1 E2 G 12
2ε 12 σ 12 2α 12
η 12,1 η 12,2 1
E1 E2 G 12
ν 13 ν η 3,12
− − 23
ε 33 E1 E2 G 12 α 33
σ 11
η 23, 1 η 23, 2 µ 23, 12
2ε 23 = σ 22 + 2α 23 T − Tref
E1 E2 G 12
2ε 13 σ 12 2α 13
η 13, 1 η 13, 2 µ 13, 12
E1 E2 G 12
447
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= + T − Tref
C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 2ε 23 β 23
σ 13 2ε 13 β 13
C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56
σ 12 2ε 12 β 12
C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 ε 11 α 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 ε 22 α 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36 ε 33 α 33
σ 23
= − T − Tref
C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 2ε 23 2α 23
σ 13 2ε 13 2α 13
C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56
σ 12 2ε 12 2α 12
C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66
448
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 ε 11 α 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 ε 22 α 22
0 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36 ε 33 α 33
= − T − Tref
0 C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 2ε 23 2α 23
0 C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56 2ε 13 2α 13
σ 12 2ε 12 2α 12
C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66
" Rearranging the rows and columns into a convenient form gives
σ 11
C 11 C 12 C 16 C 13 C 14 C 15 ε 11 α 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 26 C 23 C 24 C 25 ε 22 α 22
σ 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 C 36 C 46 C 56 2ε 12 2α 12
= − T − Tref
0 C 13 C 23 C 36 C 33 C 34 C 35 ε 33 α 33
0 C 14 C 24 C 46 C 34 C 44 C 45 2ε 23 2α 23
0 2ε 13 2α 13
C 15 C 25 C 56 C 35 C 45 C 55
449
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
σ 11
C 11 C 12 C 16 C 13 C 14 C 15 σ
ε 11
σ
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 26 C 23 C 24 C 25 ε 22
σ
σ 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 C 36 C 46 C 56 2ε 12
= σ
0 C 13 C 23 C 36 C 33 C 34 C 35 ε 33
0 C 14 C 24 C 46 C 34 C 44 C 45
σ
2ε 23
0 σ
C 15 C 25 C 56 C 35 C 45 C 55 2ε 13
450
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
σ 11
C 11 C 12 C 16 C 13 C 14 C 15 σ
ε 11
σ
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 26 C 23 C 24 C 25 ε 22
σ
σ 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 C 36 C 46 C 56 2ε 12
= σ is separated to get
0 C 13 C 23 C 36 C 33 C 34 C 35 ε 33
0 C 14 C 24 C 46 C 34 C 44 C 45
σ
2ε 23
0 σ
C 15 C 25 C 56 C 35 C 45 C 55 2ε 13
σ σ
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 ε 11 C 13 C 14 C 15 ε 33
σ σ
σ 22 = C 12 C 22 C 26 ε 22 + C 23 C 24 C 25 2ε 23 and
σ σ
σ 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 2ε 12 C 36 C 46 C 56 2ε 13
σ σ
0 C 13 C 23 C 36 ε 11 C 33 C 34 C 35 ε 33
σ σ
0 = C 14 C 24 C 46 ε 22 + C 34 C 44 C 45 2ε 23
0 C 15 C 25 C 56
σ
2ε 12 C 35 C 45 C 55
σ
2ε 13
451
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
σ σ σ
" Solving the previous homogeneous equation for ε 33, 2ε 23, and 2ε 13 gives
−1
σ σ
ε 33 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 13 C 23 C 36 ε 11
σ σ
2ε 23 = − C 34 C 44 C 45 C 14 C 24 C 46 ε 22
σ σ
2ε 13 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 15 C 25 C 56 2ε 12
σ σ σ
" Back substitution of the column vector containing ε 33, 2ε 23, and 2ε 13 into
σ σ
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 ε 11 C 13 C 14 C 15 ε 33
σ σ
σ 22 = C 12 C 22 C 26 ε 22 + C 23 C 24 C 25 2ε 23
σ σ
σ 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 2ε 12 C 36 C 46 C 56 2ε 13
452
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
" Next, expressing the mechanical strains in terms of the total strains
and the strains caused by free thermal expansion results in
σ 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 ε 11 α 11
σ 22 = Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 ε 22 − α 22 T − Tref
σ 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2ε 12 2α 12
β 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11
β 22 = − Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22
β 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2α 12
453
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
" Thus, the constitutive equations for plane stress, in terms of
stiffness coefficients and thermal moduli, become
σ 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 ε 11 β 11
σ 22 = Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 ε 22 + β 22 T − Tref where
σ 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2ε 12 β 12
−1
Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 C 11 C 12 C 16 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 13 C 23 C 36
Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 = C 12 C 22 C 26 − C 23 C 24 C 25 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 14 C 24 C 46
Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 C 16 C 26 C 66 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 15 C 25 C 56
β 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11
and β 22 = − Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22
β 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2α 12
" The Q ij and β ij are called the reduced stiffness coefficients and
reduced thermal moduli, respectively
454
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
" The relationship between the reduced stiffnesses and the compliances
is obtained by first considering the previously derived equation
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 16 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 = S 12 S 22 S 26 σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref
2ε 12 S 16 S 26 S 66 σ 12 2α 12
−1
σ 11 S 11 S 12 S 16 ε 11 α 11
σ 22 = S 12 S 22 S 26 ε 22 − α 22 T − Tref
σ 12 S 16 S 26 S 66 2ε 12 2α 12
455
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
" Comparing
−1
σ 11 S 11 S 12 S 16 ε 11 α 11
σ 22 = S 12 S 22 S 26 ε 22 − α 22 T − Tref with
σ 12 S 16 S 26 S 66 2ε 12 2α 12
σ 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 ε 11 β 11
σ 22 = Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 ε 22 + β 22 T − Tref indicates that
σ 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2ε 12 β 12
−1
Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 S 11 S 12 S 16
Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 = S 12 S 22 S 26
Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 S 16 S 26 S 66
456
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
" The relationship between the reduced thermal moduli and the regular
thermal moduli is obtained by first considering the equation
β 11 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 α 11
β 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 α 22
β 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36 α 33
=−
β 23 C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 2α 23
β 13 C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56 2α 13
β 12 2α 12
C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66
β 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 α 11 C 13 C 14 C 15 α 33
β 22 = − C 12 C 22 C 26 α 22 − C 23 C 24 C 25 2α 23 and
β 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 2α 12 C 36 C 46 C 56 2α 13
β 33 C 13 C 23 C 36 α 11 C 33 C 34 C 35 α 33
β 23 = − C 14 C 24 C 46 α 22 − C 34 C 44 C 45 2α 23
β 13 C 15 C 25 C 56 2α 12 C 35 C 45 C 55 2α 13
457
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
β 33 C 13 C 23 C 36 α 11 C 33 C 34 C 35 α 33
β 23 = − C 14 C 24 C 46 α 22 − C 34 C 44 C 45 2α 23
β 13 C 15 C 25 C 56 2α 12 C 35 C 45 C 55 2α 13
−1 −1
α 33 C 33 C 34 C 35 β 33 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 13 C 23 C 36 α 11
2α 23 = − C 34 C 44 C 45 β 23 − C 34 C 44 C 45 C 14 C 24 C 46 α 22
2α 13 C 35 C 45 C 55 β 13 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 15 C 25 C 56 2α 12
458
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
" Substituting
−1 −1
α 33 C 33 C 34 C 35 β 33 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 13 C 23 C 36 α 11
2α 23 = − C 34 C 44 C 45 β 23 − C 34 C 44 C 45 C 14 C 24 C 46 α 22
2α 13 C 35 C 45 C 55 β 13 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 15 C 25 C 56 2α 12
into
β 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 α 11 C 13 C 14 C 15 α 33
β 22 = − C 12 C 22 C 26 α 22 − C 23 C 24 C 25 2α 23 gives
β 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 2α 12 C 36 C 46 C 56 2α 13
−1
β 11 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 33 C 34 C 35 β 33
β 22 − C 23 C 24 C 25 C 34 C 44 C 45 β 23 =
β 12 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 35 C 45 C 55 β 13
−1
C 11 C 12 C 16 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 13 C 23 C 36 α 11
− C 12 C 22 C 26 − C 23 C 24 C 25 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 14 C 24 C 46 α 22
C 16 C 26 C 66 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 15 C 25 C 56 2α 12
459
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
−1
β 11 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 33 C 34 C 35 β 33
β 22 − C 23 C 24 C 25 C 34 C 44 C 45 β 23 =
β 12 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 35 C 45 C 55 β 13
−1
C 11 C 12 C 16 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 13 C 23 C 36 α 11
− C 12 C 22 C 26 − C 23 C 24 C 25 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 14 C 24 C 46 α 22
C 16 C 26 C 66 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 15 C 25 C 56 2α 12
gives
−1
β 11 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 33 C 34 C 35 β 33 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11
β 22 − C 23 C 24 C 25 C 34 C 44 C 45 β 23 = − Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22
β 12 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 35 C 45 C 55 β 13 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2α 12
460
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
β 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11
β 22 = − Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22 , the expression
β 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2α 12
−1
β 11 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 33 C 34 C 35 β 33 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11
β 22 − C 23 C 24 C 25 C 34 C 44 C 45 β 23 = − Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22 gives
β 12 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 35 C 45 C 55 β 13 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2α 12
−1
β 11 β 11 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 33 C 34 C 35 β 33
β 22 = β 22 − C 23 C 24 C 25 C 34 C 44 C 45 β 23
β 12 β 12 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 35 C 45 C 55 β 13
461
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 16 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 = S 12 S 22 S 26 σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref and
2ε 12 S 16 S 26 S 66 σ 12 2α 12
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 36 σ 11 α 33
2ε 23 = 0 0 0 σ 22 + 0 T − Tref
2ε 13 0 0 0 σ 12 0
462
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
1 ν η 1,12
− 21
ε 11 E1 E2 G 12 α 11
σ 11
ν 1 η 2,12
ε 22 = − 12 σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref
E1 E2 G 12
2ε 12 σ 12 2α 12
η 12,1 η 12,2 1
E1 E2 G 12
ν 13 ν η
ε 33 = − σ 11 − 23 σ 22 + 12, 3 σ 33 + α 33 T − Tref
E1 E2 E3
463
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
−1
Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 C 11 C 12 C 16 C 13 0 0 C 33 0 0 C 13 C 23 C 36
Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 = C 12 C 22 C 26 − C 23 0 0 0 C 44 C 45 0 0 0
Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 C 16 C 26 C 66 C 36 0 0 0 C 45 C 55 0 0 0
which simplifies to
464
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
−1
σ σ
ε 33 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 13 C 23 C 36 ε 11
σ σ
2ε 23 = − C 34 C 44 C 45 C 14 C 24 C 46 ε 22 becomes
σ σ
2ε 13 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 15 C 25 C 56 2ε 12
−1
σ σ
ε 33 C 33 0 0 C 13 C 23 C 36 ε 11
σ σ
2ε 23 = − 0 C 44 C 45 0 0 0 ε 22 which reduces to
σ σ
2ε 13 0 C 45 C 55 0 0 0 2ε 12
ε 33 = − 1
σ σ σ
C 13ε σ11 + C 23ε σ22 + 2C 36ε σ12 and 2ε 23 = 2ε 13 = 0
C 33
465
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
466
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
β 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11
" Similarly, the expression β 22 = − Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22 gives
β 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2α 12
467
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
ε 11 S 11 S 12 0 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 = S 12 S 22 0 σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref and
2ε 12 0 0 S 66 σ 12 0
1 ν
− 21 0
ε 11 E1 E2 α 11
σ 11
ν 1
ε 22 = − 12 0 σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref
E1 E2
2ε 12 σ 12 0
0 0 1
G 12
ν 13 ν and 2ε 23 = 2ε 13 = 0
ε 33 = − σ 11 − 23 σ 22 + α 33 T − Tref
E1 E2
468
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
σ 11 C 11 C 12 0 ε 11
σ
C 13 0 0 ε 33
σ
σ σ
σ 22 = C 12 C 22 0 ε 22 + C 23 0 0 2ε 23 and
σ σ
σ 12 0 0 C 66 2ε 12 0 0 0 2ε 13
0 C 13 C 23 0 σ
ε 11 C 33 0 0 ε 33
σ
σ σ
0 = 0 0 0 ε 22 + 0 C 44 0 2ε 23
0 0 0 0
σ
2ε 12 0 0 C 55
σ
2ε 13
ε 33 = − 1
σ
C 13ε σ11 + C 23ε σ22 and 2ε 23 = 2ε 13 = 0
C 33
469
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
σ σ σ
" Using the previous expressions for ε , 2ε , and 2ε , the constitutive
33 23 13
σ 11 Q 11 Q 12 0 σ
ε 11 Q 11 Q 12 0 ε 11 α 11
σ
σ 22 = Q 12 Q 22 0 ε 22 = Q 12 Q 22 0 ε 22 − α 22 T − Tref
σ
σ 12 0 0 Q 66 2ε 12 0 0 Q 66 2ε 12 0
where
C 13C 13 C 13C 23
C 11 − C 12 − 0
C 33 C 33
Q 11 Q 12 0
C C C C
Q 12 Q 22 0 = C 12 − 13 23 C 22 − 23 23 0
C 33 C 33
0 0 Q 66
0 0 C 66
470
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
β 11 Q 11 Q 12 0 α 11
β 22 = − Q 12 Q 22 0 α 22 for a specially orthotropic solid
β 12 0 0 Q 66 0
σ 11 Q 11 Q 12 0 ε 11 β 11
gives σ 22 = Q 12 Q 22 0 ε 22 + β 22 T − Tref
σ 12 0 0 Q 66 2ε 12 0
" Now, note that the general expression for the regular thermal moduli
simplifies to
β 11 C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 0 α 11
β 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 α 22
β 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 0 0 0 α 33
=−
β 23 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 0
β 13 0 0 0 0 C 55 0 0
β 12 0 0 0 0 0 C 66 0
471
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONTINUED
" In addition,
−1
β 11 β 11 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 33 C 34 C 35 β 33
β 22 = β 22 − C 23 C 24 C 25 C 34 C 44 C 45 β 23 simplifies to
β 12 β 12 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 35 C 45 C 55 β 13
−1
β 11 β 11 C 13 0 0 C 33 0 0 β 33
β 22 = β 22 − C 23 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 which yields
β 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 C 55 0
C 13 C 23
β 11 = β 11 − β 33 β 22 = β 22 − β 33 β 12 = 0
C 33 C 33
472
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRESS
CONCLUDED
E1 ν 12E 2 ν 21E 1
Q 11 = Q 12 = =
1 − ν 12ν 21 1 − ν 12ν 21 1 − ν 12ν 21
E2
Q 22 = Q 66 = G 12
1 − ν 12ν 21
α 11 + α 22 ν 21 α 22 + α 11 ν 12
β 11 = − E 1 β 22 = − E 2
1 − ν 12ν 21 1 − ν 12ν 21
473
STRESS AND STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
FOR PLANE STRESS
" Often, the relationship between the planar stresses and strains that are
defined relative to two different coordinate systems is needed
x 3 , x 3′′
i 3 , i 3′′ x 2′′
i 2′′ θ3
x2
i1 i2
i 1′′
θ3
x 1′′
x1
474
STRESS AND STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
FOR PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" Previously, the matrix form of the stress-transformation law for this
specific transformation was given as
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 0 0 0 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2 2
σ 1′′1′′ sin θ 3 cos θ 3 0 0 0 − 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 σ 11
σ 2′′2′′ σ 22
σ 3′′3′′ 0 0 1 0 0 0 σ 33
=
σ 2′′3′′ 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 3 − sinθ
θ3 0 σ 23
σ 1′′3′′ σ 13
σ 1′′2′′ 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 3 cosθ
θ3 0 σ 12
2 2
− sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 0 0 0 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
σ 1′′1′′ 2
σ 11 σ 3′′3′′
0
2
σ 2′′2′′ = sin θ 3 cos θ 3 − 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 σ 22 and σ 2′′3′′ = 0
σ 1′′2′′ 2 2 σ 12 σ 1′′3′′ 0
− sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
475
STRESS AND STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
FOR PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" Thus, the stress-transformation law for a state of plane stress and a
dextral rotation about the x3 axis is given by
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
σ 1′′1′′ 2
σ 11
2
σ 2′′2′′ = sin θ 3 cos θ 3 − 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 σ 22
σ 1′′2′′ 2 2 σ 12
− sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
Tσ θ 3 ≡ 2
sin θ 3
2
cos θ 3 − 2sinθ
2
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2
− sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
476
STRESS AND STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
FOR PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" Similarly, the matrix form of the inverse stress-tensor transformation
law was also given previously as
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 0 0 0 − 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2 2
σ 11 sin θ 3 cos θ 3 0 0 0 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 σ 1′′1′′
σ 22 σ 2′′2′′
σ 33 0 0 1 0 0 0 σ 3′′3′′
=
σ 23 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ3 0 σ 2′′3′′
σ 13 σ 1′′3′′
σ 12 0 0 0 − sinθ
θ 3 cosθ
θ3 0 σ 1′′2′′
2 2
sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 0 0 0 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
−1
2 2
−1
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 − 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
Tσ θ3 = Tσ – θ3 =
2
sin θ 3
2
cos θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
2
θ3
2
sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
477
STRESS AND STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
FOR PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" Previously, the matrix form of the strain-transformation law for this
specific transformation was given as
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
ε 1′′1′′ 2 2 ε 11
sin θ 3 cos θ 3 0 0 0 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
ε 2′′2′′ ε 22
0 0 1 0 0 0 ε 33
ε 3′′3′′
=
2εε2′′3′′ 0 0 0 cosθ
θ3 − sinθ
θ3 0 2εε23
2εε1′′3′′ 2εε13
0 0 0 sinθ
θ3 cosθ
θ3 0
2εε1′′2′′ 2 2
2εε12
− 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 0 0 0 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
" This matrix equation can be partitioned into the following parts
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 ε 11
ε 1′′1′′ 2 2
ε 2′′2′′ = sin θ 3 cos θ 3 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 ε 22 ,
2ε 1′′2′′ − 2sinθ
2 2
2ε 12
θ 3cosθ
θ3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
2ε 2′′3′′ cosθ
θ3 − sinθ
θ3 2ε 23
2ε 1′′3′′
=
2ε 13 and ε = ε 3′′3′′ 33
sinθ
θ3 cosθ
θ3
478
STRESS AND STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
FOR PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
Tε θ3 ≡ 2
sin θ 3 cos θ 3
2
− sinθ
2
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2
− 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
Tε θ 3 = Tσ θ 3 = Tσ − θ 3
479
STRESS AND STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
FOR PLANE STRESS - CONCLUDED
" Similarly, the matrix form of the inverse strain-transformation law was
also given previously as
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 0 0 0 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
ε 11 2 2 ε 1′′1′′
sin θ 3 cos θ 3 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
ε 22 ε 2′′2′′
ε 33 0 0 1 0 0 0 ε 3′′3′′
=
2εε23 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ3 0 2εε2′′3′′
2εε13 2εε1′′3′′
0 0 0 − sinθ
θ 3 cosθ
θ3 0
2εε12 2εε1′′2′′
2 2
2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 − 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 0 0 0 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
−1
where Tε θ 3 = Tε − θ 3 = Tσ θ 3
480
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS
" The two matrix equations that resulted from the reduction for a state of
plane stress are
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 16 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 = S 12 S 22 S 26 σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref and
2ε 12 S 16 S 26 S 66 σ 12 2α 12
σ 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 ε 11 β 11
σ 22 = Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 ε 22 + β 22 T − Tref , where
σ 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2ε 12 β 12
−1
β 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 S 11 S 12 S 16
β 22 = − Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22 and Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 = S 12 S 22 S 26
β 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2α 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 S 16 S 26 S 66
481
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" In terms of another set of coordinates x 1′′, x 2′′, x 3′′ that correspond to a
dextral rotation about the x3 axis, the constitutive equations must also
have the forms given as
−1
β 1′′1′′ Q 1′′1′′ Q 1′′2′′ Q 1′′6′′ α 1′′1′′ Q 1′′1′′ Q 1′′2′′ Q 1′′6′′ S 1′′1′′ S 1′′2′′ S 1′′6′′
β 2′′2′′ = − Q 1′′2′′ Q 2′′2′′ Q 2′′6′′ α 2′′2′′ and Q 1′′2′′ Q 2′′2′′ Q 2′′6′′ = S 1′′2′′ S 2′′2′′ S 2′′6′′
β 1′′2′′ Q 1′′6′′ Q 2′′6′′ Q 6′′6′′ 2α 1′′2′′ Q 1′′6′′ Q 2′′6′′ Q 6′′6′′ S 1′′6′′ S 2′′6′′ S 6′′6′′
482
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" For convenience, let
S 11 S 12 S 16 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16
S = S 12 S 22 S 26 Q = Q 12 Q 22 Q 26
S 16 S 26 S 66 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66
α 11 β 11
α = α 22 β = β 22
2α 12 β 12
α 1′′1′′ β 1′′1′′
α′ = α 2′′2′′ β′ = β 2′′2′′
2α 1′′2′′ β 1′′2′′
483
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" With this notation, the two sets of thermoelastic constitutive equations
are expressed in symbolic form by
E = S Σ + α Θ and Σ = Q E + β Θ
where Θ ≡ T − Tref
" By using the matrix form of the stress and strain transformation
–1 –1
Tσ Σ′′ = Q Tε E′′ + β Θ
484
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
–1
Σ′′ = Tσ Q Tε E′′ + Tσ β Θ
Q′′ = Tσ Q Tε and β′ = Tσ β
–1
–1
Q = Tσ Q′′ Tε
485
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" Next, by using the matrix form of the stress and strain transformation
equations for plane stress, E = S Σ + α Θ becomes
–1 –1
Tε E′′ = S Tσ Σ′′ + α Θ
E′′ = Tε S Tσ Σ′′ + Tε α Θ
S′ = Tε S Tσ and α′ = Tε α
486
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
–1
S Tε S′ Tσ
–1
T T
S′ = Tε S Tε S = Tσ S′ Tσ
T T
Q′ = Tσ Q Tσ Q = Tε Q′ Tε
T
α′ = Tε α α = Tσ α′
T
β′ = Tσ β β = Tε β′
487
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
with
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
Tσ θ3 ≡ 2
sin θ 3
2
cos θ 3 − 2sinθ
2
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2
and
− sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
Tε θ 3 ≡ 2
sin θ 3
2
cos θ 3 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
2
θ3
2
− 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
488
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
T
4 2 2 2 2 4
Q 1′′1′′ = m Q 11 + 2m n Q 12 + 2Q 66 + 4mn m Q 16 + n Q 26 + n Q 22
2 2 2 2 4 4
Q 1′′2′′ = m n Q 11 + Q 22 − 4Q 66 − 2mn m − n Q 16 − Q 26 + m + n Q 12
2 2 2 3
Q 1′′6′′ = m m − 3n Q 16 − m n Q 11 − Q 12 − 2Q 66
3 2 2 2
+ mn Q 22 − Q 12 − 2Q 66 − n n − 3m Q 26
4 2 2 2 2 4
Q 2′′2′′ = m Q 22 + 2m n Q 12 + 2Q 66 − 4mn m Q 26 + n Q 16 + n Q 11
2 2 2 3
Q 2′′6′′ = m m − 3n Q 26 + m n Q 22 − Q 12 − 2Q 66
3 2 2 2
− mn Q 11 − Q 12 − 2Q 66 − n n − 3m Q 16
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Q 6′′6′′ = m n Q 11 + Q 22 − 2Q 12 − 2mn m − n Q 16 − Q 26 + m − n Q 66
489
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
T
4 2 2 2 2 4
Q 11 = m Q 1′′1′′ + 2m n Q 1′′2′′ + 2Q 6′′6′′ − 4mn m Q 1′′6′′ + n Q 2′′6′′ + n Q 2′′2′′
2 2 2 2 4 4
Q 12 = m n Q 1′′1′′ + Q 2′′2′′ − 4Q 6′′6′′ + 2mn m − n Q 1′′6′′ − Q 2′′6′′ + m + n Q 1′′2′′
2 2 2 3
Q 16 = m m − 3n Q 1′′6′′ + m n Q 1′′1′′ − Q 1′′2′′ − 2Q 6′′6′′
3 2 2 2
− mn Q 2′′2′′ − Q 1′′2′′ − 2Q 6′′6′′ − n n − 3m Q 2′′6′′
4 2 2 2 2 4
Q 22 = m Q 2′′2′′ + 2m n Q 1′′2′′ + 2Q 6′′6′′ + 4mn m Q 2′′6′′ + n Q 1′′6′′ + n Q 1′′1′′
2 2 2 3
Q 26 = m m − 3n Q 2′′6′′ − m n Q 2′′2′′ − Q 1′′2′′ − 2Q 6′′6′′
3 2 2 2
+ mn Q 1′′1′′ − Q 1′′2′′ − 2Q 6′′6′′ − n n − 3m Q 1′′6′′
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Q 66 = m n Q 1′′1′′ + Q 2′′2′′ − 2Q 1′′2′′ + 2mn m − n Q 1′′6′′ − Q 2′′6′′ + m − n Q 6′′6′′
490
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
T
4 2 2 2 2 4
S 1′′1′′ = m S 11 + m n 2S 12 + S 66 + 2mn m S 16 + n S 26 + n S 22
2 2 2 2 4 4
S 1′′2′′ = m n S 11 + S 22 − S 66 − mn m − n S 16 − S 26 + m + n S 12
2 2 2 3
S 1′′6′′ = m m − 3n S 16 − m n 2S 11 − 2S 12 − S 66
3 2 2 2
+ mn 2S 22 − 2S 12 − S 66 − n n − 3m S 26
4 2 2 2 2 4
S 2′′2′′ = m S 22 + m n 2S 12 + S 66 − 2mn m S 26 + n S 16 + n S 11
2 2 2 3
S 2′′6′′ = m m − 3n S 26 + m n 2S 22 − 2S 12 − S 66
3 2 2 2
− mn 2S 11 − 2S 12 − S 66 − n n − 3m S 16
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
S 6′′6′′ = 4m n S 11 + S 22 − 2S 12 − 4mn m − n S 16 − S 26 + m − n S 66
491
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
T
4 2 2 2 2 4
S 11 = m S 1′′1′′ + m n 2S 1′′2′′ + S 6′′6′′ − 2mn m S 1′′6′′ + n S 2′′6′′ + n S 2′′2′′
2 2 2 2 4 4
S 12 = m n S 1′′1′′ + S 2′′2′′ − S 6′′6′′ + mn m − n S 1′′6′′ − S 2′′6′′ + m + n S 1′′2′′
2 2 2 3
S 16 = m m − 3n S 1′′6′′ + m n 2S 1′′1′′ − 2S 1′′2′′ − S 6′′6′′
3 2 2 2
− mn 2S 2′′2′′ − 2S 1′′2′′ − S 6′′6′′ − n n − 3m S 2′′6′′
4 2 2 2 2 4
S 22 = m S 2′′2′′ + m n 2S 1′′2′′ + S 6′′6′′ + 2mn m S 2′′6′′ + n S 1′′6′′ + n S 1′′1′′
2 2 2 3
S 26 = m m − 3n S 2′′6′′ − m n 2S 2′′2′′ − 2S 1′′2′′ − S 6′′6′′
3 2 2 2
+ mn 2S 1′′1′′ − 2S 1′′2′′ − S 6′′6′′ − n n − 3m S 1′′6′′
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
S 66 = 4m n S 1′′1′′ + S 2′′2′′ − 2S 1′′2′′ + 4mn m − n S 1′′6′′ − S 2′′6′′ + m − n S 6′′6′′
492
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
S′ = Tε θ 3 S Tσ − θ3 and S = Tε − θ3 S′ Tσ θ 3
493
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
2 2 2 2
α 1′′1′′ = m α 11 + 2mnα
α 12 + n α 22 α 2′′2′′ = m α 22 − 2mnα
α 12 + n α 11
2 2
α 1′′2′′ = m − n α 12 + mn α 22 − α 11
2 2 2 2
α 11 = m α 1′′1′′ + 2mnα
α 1′′2′′ + n α 2′′2′′ α 22 = m α 2′′2′′ − 2mnα
α 1′′2′′ + n α 1′′1′′
2 2
α 12 = m − n α 1′′2′′ + mn α 2′′2′′ − α 1′′1′′
494
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
2 2 2 2
β 1′′1′′ = m β 11 + 2mnβ
β 12 + n β 22 β 2′′2′′ = m β 22 − 2mnβ
β 12 + n β 11
2 2
β 1′′2′′ = m − n β 12 + mn β 22 − β 11
2 2 2 2
β 11 = m β 1′′1′′ − 2mnβ
β 1′′2′′ + n β 2′′2′′ β 22 = m β 2′′2′′ + 2mnβ
β 1′′2′′ + n β 1′′1′′
2 2
β 12 = m − n β 1′′2′′ − mn β 2′′2′′ − β 1′′1′′
495
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRESS - CONCLUDED
α′ = Tε θ 3 α and α = Tε − θ3 α′
β′ = Tσ θ 3 β and β = Tσ − θ3 β′
496
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GENERALIZED
PLANE STRESS
" When relatively thin plates, with uniform thickness h, are supported
and subjected to inplane loads such that the dominant stresses,
strains, and displacements act only in planes parallel to the plane x3 = 0
shown in the figure, significant simplifications can be made to the
equations governing the elastic response
x3
" Moreover, these dominant response
quantities are presumed to vary
symmetrically through the plate
thickness, given by − h ≤ x3 ≤ + h , x2
2 2 h
such that no significant bending
deformations are exhibited by the
x1
plate
" In contrast to the plane stress approximations previously presented
herein, when these conditions exist, with respect to the through-the-
thickness variations, the plate response is described as a state of
generalized plane stress
497
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GENERALIZED
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" For a state of generalized plane stress in an anisotropic solid, with
respect to the plane x3 = 0, the displacement fields in the x1-, x2-, and x3-
coordinate directions are approximated by averaging the through-the-
thickness variations as follows
+h +h
2 2
U1 x , x = 1
1 2 u 1 x , x , x dx 3
1 2 3 U2 x , x = 11 2 u 2 x , x , x dx 3
1 2 3
h –h h –h
2 2
+h
2
and U3 x , x = 1
1 2 u 3 x , x , x dx 3 = 0
1 2 3
h –h
2
498
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GENERALIZED
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" The strain-displacement relations of the linear theory of elasticity, given
∂u i ∂u j
by ε ij x 1, x 2, x 3 = 1 + , are approximated as follows
2 ∂x j ∂x i
+h
2
" First, average strains are defined by ε ij x 1, x 2 = 1 ε ij x 1, x 2, x 3 dx 3
h –h
2
∂u i ∂u j
" Substituting ε ij x 1, x 2, x 3 = 1 + into this expression and using
2 ∂x j ∂x i
the definitions for the average displacements yields
∂U i ∂U j
ε ij x 1, x 2 = 1 + , 2ε 13 = 2ε 23 = 0 and ε 33 = ε
2 ∂x j ∂x i
499
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GENERALIZED
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" For this case, the stresses in a thin, flat body, that are normal to the
plane x3 = 0, are presumed negligible compared to the other
stresses
" The conditions on the presumed stress field are satisfied by the
previously derived plane-stress constitutive equations given in the form
σ 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 ε 11 α 11
σ 22 = Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 ε 22 − α 22 T − Tref and
σ 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2ε 12 2α 12
500
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GENERALIZED
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 16 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 = S 12 S 22 S 26 σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref
2ε 12 S 16 S 26 S 66 σ 12 2α 12
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 36 σ 11 α 33
2ε 23 = S 14 S 24 S 46 σ 22 + 2α 23 T − Tref
2ε 13 S 15 S 25 S 56 σ 12 2α 13
501
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GENERALIZED
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" Restricting the plate to homogeneous construction, integration of the
constitutive equations through the plate thickness yields
σ 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 ε11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11 +h
2
σ 22 = Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 ε − Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22 1 T − Tref dx 3
σ 12
22
2α 12
h –h
Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2ε Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2
12
502
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GENERALIZED
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
σ 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 ε
11 α 11
σ 22 = Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 ε
22
− α 22 Θ
σ 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2ε 2α 12
12
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 16 σ 11 α 11
" Similarly, ε 22
= S 12 S 22 S 26 σ 22 + α 22 Θ and
2ε S 16 S 26 S 66 σ 12 2α 12
12
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 36 σ 11 α 33
ε 23
= S 14 S 24 S 46 σ 22 + 2α 23 Θ
2ε S 15 S 25 S 56 σ 12 2α 13
13
" Inspection of the last matrix equation reveals that the material must be
monoclinic, with the plane x3 = 0 being a plane of reflective symmetry, in
order to satisfy the kinematic hypothesis 2ε 13 = 2ε 23 = 0 and ε 33 = ε
503
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GENERALIZED
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" Note that the symmetry requirement on the material properties is
consistent with the symmetry requirements imposed up front on the
displacements, stresses, and strains
ε
33 S 13 S 23 S 36 σ 11 α 33
" Thus, ε
23
= S 14 S 24 S 46 σ 22 + 2α 23 Θ becomes
2ε S 15 S 25 S 56 σ 12 2α 13
13
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 36 σ 11 α 33
ε 23
= 0 0 0 σ 22 + 0 Θ , which reduces to
2ε 0 0 0 σ 12 0
13
ε=S 13
σ 11 + S 23σ 22 + S 36σ 12 + α 33Θ
504
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GENERALIZED
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
ν 13 ν η
" In terms of engineering constants, ε = − E1
σ 11 − 23 σ 22 + 12, 3 σ 33 + α 33Θ
E2 E3
and
1 ν η 1,12
ε 11 E1
− 21
E2 G 12 σ 11 α 11
ν 12 η 2,12
ε 22
= −
E1
1
E2 G 12
σ 22 + α 22 Θ
2ε
η 12,1 η 12,2 1 σ 12 2α 12
12 E1 E2 G 12
505
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GENERALIZED
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
σ 1′′1′′ σ 11
where Σ′′ ≡ σ 2′′2′′ , Σ ≡ σ 22 , and
σ 1′′2′′ σ 12
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
Tσ θ 3 ≡ 2
sin θ 3
2
cos θ 3 − 2sinθ
2
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2
− sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
" Integrating the stress transformation law over the plate thickness yields
+h +h
2 2
σ 11 σ 1′′1′′
1 1
Σ ≡ h
σ 22 dx 3 and Σ′′ ≡ h
σ 2′′2′′ dx 3
σ 12 σ 1′′2′′
–h –h
2 2
506
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GENERALIZED
PLANE STRESS - CONTINUED
" Likewise, the previously derived strain-transformation law for a
state of plane stress and a dextral rotation about the x3 axis is given by
E′′ = Tε θ 3 E
ε 1′′1′′ ε 11
where E′′ ≡ ε 2′′2′′ , E ≡ ε 22 , and
2ε 1′′2′′ 2ε 12
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
Tε θ3 ≡ 2
sin θ 3
2
cos θ 3 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
2
θ3
2
− 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
507
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GENERALIZED
PLANE STRESS - CONCLUDED
" Integrating the strain transformation law over the plate thickness yields
+h +h
2 2
ε 11 ε 1′′1′′
1 1
E ≡ h
ε 22 dx 3 and E′′ ≡ h
ε 2′′2′′ dx 3
2ε 12 2ε 1′′2′′
–h –h
2 2
" Comparing the stress and strain transformation equations and the
constitutive equations for generalized plane stress with the
corresponding equations for plane stress, it is seen that they have
identical structure
508
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES
" Another practical case of interest that is similar to generalized plane
stress is the case of thin, nonhomogeneous plates that undergo inplane
deformations without any bending deformations
" For this case, the stresses in a thin,
x3
flat body, that are normal to the x1 - x2
plane shown in the figure, are
presumed negligible compared to the
other stresses x2
h
" Thus, the stress field is
approximated such that σ 13 = 0 , x1
σ 23 = 0 , and σ 33 = 0 − h ≤ x3 ≤ + h
2 2
509
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
" In addition, the plate-like body is required to have a uniform thickness
h and is not allowed to bend when subjected to inplane loads
" The conditions on the stress field are satisfied by the previously
derived plane-stress constitutive equations given in the form
σ 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 ε 11 α 11
σ 22 = Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 ε 22 − α 22 T − Tref
σ 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2ε 12 2α 12
" In the present formulation, the total strains are presumed to be uniform
through the plate thickness; that is,
ε 11 = ε 11 x 1,x 2 , ε 22 = ε 22 x 1,x 2 , and ε 12 = ε 12 x 1,x 2
510
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
" Because of the plate’s thinness, the temperature change T - Tref is
presumed to be uniform through the thickness
" The requirement that the plate not bend is fulfilled by picking the middle
surface of the plate to correspond to x3 = 0 and then to require that
the following integral be valid
+h
2
σ 11 0
σ 22 x 3 dx 3 = 0
σ 12 0
–h
2
" This matrix integral equation then requires the following through-the-
thickness symmetry conditions on the stress field
σ 11 x 1, x 2, − x 3 = σ 11 x 1, x 2, x 3 , σ 22 x 1, x 2, − x 3 = σ 22 x 1, x 2, x 3 , and
σ 12 x 1, x 2, − x 3 = σ 12 x 1, x 2, x 3
511
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
" The requirement that the plate not bend also places requirements on
material properties
" First, note that substituting the plane stress constitutive equation into
the previously stated integral equation yields
+h +h
2 2
Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 ε 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11
Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 x 3 dx 3 ε 22 − Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22 x 3 dx 3 T − Tref = 0
Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2ε 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2α 12
−h −h
2 2
" Next, note that for arbitrary strain and temperature fields, the two
integrals in the above equation must vanish independently; that is,
+h +h
2 2
Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11
Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 x 3 dx 3 = 0 and Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22 x 3 dx 3 = 0
Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2α 12
−h −h
2 2
512
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
+h
2
Q 11 Q 12 Q 16
" The integral Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 x 3 dx 3 = 0 requires that the reduced
Q 16 Q 26 Q 66
−h
2
" Thus, the full set of stiffness and compliance coefficients, Cij and
Sij, must be symmetric about the plane x3 = 0; i. e., monoclinic
+h
2
Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11
" The integral Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22 x 3 dx 3 = 0 and the symmetry
Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2α 12
−h
2
513
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
" Recall, that for a material that is monoclinic with respect to the plane
x3 = 0, the general form of the constitutive equations is
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 0 0 S 16 α 11
σ 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 S 26 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 0 0 S 36 σ 33 α 33
= σ 23
+ T − Tref
2εε23 0 0 0 S 44 S 45 0 0
2εε13 0 0 0 S 45 S 55 0 σ 13 0
2εε12 σ 12 2α
α 12
S 16 S 26 S 36 0 0 S 66
C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 C 16 ε 11 β 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 C 26 ε 22 β 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 0 0 C 36 ε 33 β 33
σ 23
= + T − Tref
0 0 0 C 44 C 45 0 2εε23 0
σ 13 0 0 0 C 45 C 55 0 2εε13 0
σ 12 2εε12 β 12
C 16 C 26 C 36 0 0 C 66
514
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
" In addition,
1 ν η 1,12
− 21 −1
S 11 S 12 S 16 E1 E2 G 12 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 S 11 S 12 S 16
ν 1 η 2,12
S 12 S 22 S 26 = − 12 and Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 = S 12 S 22 S 26
E1 E2 G 12
S 16 S 26 S 66 η 12,1 η 12,2 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 S 16 S 26 S 66
1
E1 E2 G 12
515
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
" To facilitate the formulation of a two-dimensional boundary-value
problem, the through-the-thickness functional dependence of the stress
field is eliminated by introducing the following stress resultants
+h
2
N 11 σ 11
N 22 ≡ σ 22 dx 3
N 12 σ 12
−h
2
" Substituting
σ 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 ε 11 α 11
σ 22 = Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 ε 22 − α 22 T − Tref
σ 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2ε 12 2α 12
into the expressions for the stress resultants and performing the
integration yields a two-dimensional constitutive equation
516
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
" The two-dimensional constitutive equation is given by
N 11 A 11 A 12 A 16 ε 11 β 11
N 22 = A 12 A 22 A 26 ε 22 + β 22 T − Tref
N 12 A 16 A 26 A 66 2ε 12 β 12
where
+h +h
A 11 A 12 A 16 2
Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 β 11 2
Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11
A 12 A 22 A 26 ≡ Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 dx 3 and β 22 ≡− Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22 dx 3
A 16 A 26 A 66 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 β 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2α 12
−h −h
2 2
" The Aij and β ij are called the inplane, plate stiffness coefficients and
thermal moduli, respectively
517
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
" A more convenient form of the two-dimensional constitutive equation is
obtained by first inverting it to obtain
−1 −1
ε 11 A 11 A 12 A 16 N 11 A 11 A 12 A 16 β 11
ε 22 = A 12 A 22 A 26 N 22 − A 12 A 22 A 26 β 22 T − Tref
2ε 12 A 16 A 26 A 66 N 12 A 16 A 26 A 66 β 12
" Next, the inverted matrix equation is manipulated to look like the plane-
stress constitutive equations
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 16 σ 11 α 11
ε 22 = S 12 S 22 S 26 σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref
2ε 12 S 16 S 26 S 66 σ 12 2α 12
" That is, a set of overall plate coefficients of thermal expansion are
defined to make the construction of the equations parallel
518
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
" The overall plate coefficients of thermal expansion are defined as
−1 −1 +h
α 11 A 11 A 12 A 16 β 11 A 11 A 12 A 16 2
Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11
α 22 = A 12 A 22 A 26 β 22 = A 12 A 22 A 26 Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22 dx 3
2α 12 A 16 A 26 A 66 β 12 A 16 A 26 A 66 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2α 12
−h
2
N 11 A 11 A 12 A 16 ε 11 α 11
N 22 = A 12 A 22 A 26 ε 22 − α 22 T − Tref or
N 12 A 16 A 26 A 66 2ε 12 2α 12
−1
ε 11 A 11 A 12 A 16 N 11 α 11
ε 22 = A 12 A 22 A 26 N 22 + α 22 T − Tref
2ε 12 A 16 A 26 A 66 N 12 2α 12
519
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
−1
A 11 A 12 A 16 a 11 a 12 a 16
" For convenience, let A 12 A 22 A 26 = a 12 a 22 a 26 so that
A 16 A 26 A 66 a 16 a 26 a 66
ε 11 a 11 a 12 a 16 N 11 α 11
ε 22 = a 12 a 22 a 26 N 22 + α 22 T − Tref
2ε 12 a 16 a 26 a 66 N 12 2α 12
" The subscripted a terms are plate compliances that are given by
2
A 22A 66 − A 26 A 16A 26 − A 12A 66 A 12A 26 − A 16A 22
a 11 = a 12 = a 16 =
A A A
2 2
A 11A 66 − A 16 A 12A 16 − A 11A 26 A 11A 22 − A 12
a 22 = a 26 = a 66 =
A A A
2 2 2
where A = A 11A 22 − A 12 A 66 − A 11A 26 − A 22A 16 + 2A 12A 16A 26
520
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
" Once a given boundary-value problem is solved, the strain fields
ε 11 x 1,x 2 , ε 22 x 1,x 2 , and 2ε 12 x 1,x 2 are known
" The stresses at any point of the body are found by substituting the
strain fields and the coordinates of the given point into
σ 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 ε 11 α 11
σ 22 = Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 ε 22 − α 22 T − Tref
σ 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2ε 12 2α 12
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 36 σ 11 α 33
2ε 23
= 0 0 0 σ 22 + 0 T − Tref which reduce to
2ε 0 0 0 σ 12 0
13
2ε 23 = 2ε 13 = 0 and ε 33
= S 13σ 11 + S 23σ 22 + S 36σ 12 + α 33 T − Tref
521
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
" Now consider a transformation of coordinates that corresponds to a
dextral rotation about the x3 axis
" The stress-transformation law for a state of plane stress has been
given by
σ 1′′1′′ σ 11
Σ′′ = Tσ θ 3 Σ where Σ′′ ≡ σ 2′′2′′ , Σ ≡ σ 22 , and
σ 1′′2′′ σ 12
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
Tσ θ 3 ≡ 2
sin θ 3
2
cos θ 3 − 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
2
θ3
2
− sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
522
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
" Integrating the stress transformation law over the plate thickness yields
+h +h
2 2
N 11 σ 11 N 1′′1′′ σ 1′′1′′
N ≡ N 22 ≡ σ 22 dx 3 and N′ ≡ N 2′′2′′ ≡ σ 2′′2′′ dx 3
N 12 σ 12 N 1′′2′′ σ 1′′2′′
–h –h
2 2
ε 1′′1′′ ε 11
E′′ = Tε θ 3 E where E′′ ≡ ε 2′′2′′ , E ≡ ε 22 ,
2ε 1′′2′′ 2ε 12
523
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
and Tε θ3 ≡ sin θ 3
2 2
cos θ 3 − sinθ
2
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2
; and
− 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
A 11 A 12 A 16 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16
" For convenience, let A = A 12 A 22 A 26 and Q = Q 12 Q 22 Q 26
A 16 A 26 A 66 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66
+h
2
such that A = Q dx 3
−h
2
524
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
+h
2
such that A′′ = Q′′ dx 3
−h
2
" The transformation laws that relate A and A′ are obtained by using
the following plane-stress transformation equations
T T
Q′ = Tσ Q Tσ Q = Tε Q′ Tε
525
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
T T
+h +h −1
2 −1 2
" From A = Q dx 3 , it follows that A = Q dx 3
−h −h
2 2
a 11 a 12 a 16 S 11 S 12 S 16 −1
−1
" Noting that a = a 12 a 22 a 26 ≡ A and S = S 12 S 22 S 26 ≡ Q ,
a 16 a 26 a 66 S 16 S 26 S 66
+h
2
it follows that a = S dx 3
−h
2
526
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
+h
2
and a′′ = S′′ dx 3
−h
2
" The transformation laws that relate a and a′′ are obtained by using
the following plane-stress transformation equations
T T
S′ = Tε S Tε S = Tσ S′ Tσ
527
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
T T
β 11 Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 α 11
" Noting that β ≡ β 22 = − Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 α 22 for plane stress, it
β 12 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 2α 12
+h +h
2 2
follows that β = β dx 3 and that β′ = β′ dx 3
−h −h
2 2
528
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
β′ = Tσ β β = Tε β′
β′ = Tσ β and β = Tε β′
" Next, recall that the overall plate coefficients of thermal expansion
have been given by
α 11 a 11 a 12 a 16 β 11
α ≡ α 22 = a 12 a 22 a 26 β 22 = a β
2α 12 a 16 a 26 a 66 β 12
529
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
gives α′ = Tε a Tε Tσ β
T −1
530
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONTINUED
" In summary:
T T
A′ = Tσ A Tσ A = Tε A′ Tε
T T
a′ = Tε a Tε a = Tσ a′ Tσ
T
β′ = Tσ β β = Tε β′
T
α′ = Tε α α = Tσ α′
" Comparing these equations with those of the plane stress case reveals
that the specific transformation equations can be obtained from those
given previously for plane stress as follows
531
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR INPLANE
DEFORMATIONS OF THIN PLATES - CONCLUDED
532
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
" When, analyzing solids that are relatively prismatic and slender,
simplifying assumptions are made about the strain state to facilitate
analytical solution of practical problems
x3
" One such assumption is that the strains in a
slender, prismatic body, that distort the cross-
sectional planes, are negligible compared to
the other strains
533
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 ε 11 α 11
σ 11
σ 22 C 12 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 ε 22 α 22
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36 ε 33 α 33
σ 23
= − T − Tref
C 14 C 24 C 34 C 44 C 45 C 46 2ε 23 2α 23
σ 13 2ε 13 2α 13
C 15 C 25 C 35 C 45 C 55 C 56
σ 12 2ε 12 2α 12
C 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 C 66
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 ε 11 α 11 C 13
σ 22 = C 12 C 22 C 26 ε 22 − α 22 T − Tref + C 23 ε
σ 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 2ε 12 2α 12 C 36
and
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 36 ε 11 α 11 C 33
σ 23 = C 14 C 24 C 46 ε 22 − α 22 T − Tref + C 34 ε
σ 13 C 15 C 25 C 56 2ε 12 2α 12 C 35
534
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
" This equation is manipulated further by defining thermal moduli
β 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 α 11 β 33 C 13 C 23 C 36 α 11
β 22 = − C 12 C 22 C 26 α 22 and β 23 = − C 14 C 24 C 46 α 22
β 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 2α 12 β 13 C 15 C 25 C 56 2α 12
such that
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 ε 11 β 11 C 13
σ 22 = C 12 C 22 C 26 ε 22 + β 22 T − Tref + C 23 ε and
σ 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 2ε 12 β 12 C 36
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 36 ε 11 β 33 C 33
σ 23 = C 14 C 24 C 46 ε 22 + β 23 T − Tref + C 34 ε
σ 13 C 15 C 25 C 56 2ε 12 β 13 C 35
" Note that the stiffness coefficients are obtained by inverting the fully
populated compliance matrix - a nontrivial task
535
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 α 11
σ 11
ε 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 σ 22 α 22
ε 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 σ 33 α 33
= σ 23
+ T − Tref
2ε 23 S 14 S 24 S 34 S 44 S 45 S 46 2α 23
2ε 13 σ 13 2α 13
S 15 S 25 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 56
2ε 12 σ 12 2α 12
S 16 S 26 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 66
ε 11 α 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16
σ 11
ε 22 α 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 σ 22
ε 33 α 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 σ 33
− T − Tref = σ 23
2ε 23 2α 23 S 14 S 24 S 34 S 44 S 45 S 46
2ε 13 2α 13 σ 13
S 15 S 25 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 56
2ε 12 2α 12 σ 12
S 16 S 26 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 66
536
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
ε 11 α 11 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16
σ 11
ε 22 α 22 S 12 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 σ 22
ε 33 α 33 S 13 S 23 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 σ 33
− T − Tref =
0 0 S 14 S 24 S 34 S 44 S 45 S 46 σ 23
0 0 σ 13
S 15 S 25 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 56
2ε 12 2α 12 σ 12
S 16 S 26 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 66
" Rearranging the rows and columns into a convenient form gives
ε 11 α 11 S 11 S 12 S 16 S 13 S 14 S 15
σ 11
ε 22 α 22 S 12 S 22 S 26 S 23 S 24 S 25 σ 22
2ε 12 2α 12 S 16 S 26 S 66 S 36 S 46 S 56 σ 12
− T − Tref = σ 33
ε 33 α 33 S 13 S 23 S 36 S 33 S 34 S 35
0 0 σ 23
S 14 S 24 S 46 S 34 S 44 S 45
0 0 σ 13
S 15 S 25 S 56 S 35 S 45 S 55
537
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
538
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
σ
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 16 σ 11 S 13 S 14 S 15 σ 33
σ
ε 22 = S 12 S 22 S 26 σ 22 + S 23 S 24 S 25 σ 23 and
σ
2ε 12 S 16 S 26 S 66 σ 12 S 36 S 46 S 56 σ 13
ε S 13 S 23 S 36 σ 11 S 33 S 34 S 35 σ 33
0 = S 14 S 24 S 46 σ 22 + S 34 S 44 S 45 σ 23
0 S 15 S 25 S 56 σ 12 S 35 S 45 S 55 σ 13
539
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
" Solving the previous equation with ε for σ 33, σ 23, and σ 13 gives
−1 −1
σ 33 S 33 S 34 S 35 ε S 33 S 34 S 35 S 13 S 23 S 36 σ 11
σ 23 = S 34 S 44 S 45 0 − S 34 S 44 S 45 S 14 S 24 S 46 σ 22
σ 13 S 35 S 45 S 55 0 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 15 S 25 S 56 σ 12
" Back substitution of the vector containing σ 33, σ 23, and σ 13 into
σ
ε 11 S 11 S 12 S 16 σ 11 S 13 S 14 S 15 σ 33
σ
ε 22 = S 12 S 22 S 26 σ 22 + S 23 S 24 S 25 σ 23
σ
2ε 12 S 16 S 26 S 66 σ 12 S 36 S 46 S 56 σ 13
540
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
" Next, expressing the mechanical strains in terms of the total strains and
the strains caused by free thermal expansion results in
ε 11 s s s
11 12 16 σ 11 α 11 S 11
ε 22 = s s s
12 22 26
σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref + S 22 ε
2ε 12 s s s
16 26 66
σ 12 2α 12 S 12
541
!! !
! 11 s s s
11 12 16 " 11 # 11 S 11
! 22 = s s s
12 22 26
" 22 + # 22 T $ Tref + S 22 ! where
2! 12 s s s
16 26 66
" 12 2# 12 S 12
s s s
$1
11 12 16 S 11 S 12 S 16 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 13 S 23 S 36
s s s
12 22 26
= S 12 S 22 S 26 $ S 23 S 24 S 25 S 34 S 44 S 45 S 14 S 24 S 46
s s s
16 26 66
S 16 S 26 S 66 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 15 S 25 S 56
$1
S 11 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 33 S 34 S 35 1
and S 22 = S 23 S 24 S 25 S 34 S 44 S 45 0
S 12 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 35 S 45 S 55 0
542
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
ε 11 s s s
11 12 16 σ 11 α 11 S 11
ε 22 = s s s
12 22 26
σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref + S 22 ε
2ε 12 s s s
16 26 66
σ 12 2α 12 S 12
543
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
" The relationship between the reduced compliances and the stiffnesses
is obtained by first considering the equation
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 ε 11 α 11 C 13
σ 22 = C 12 C 22 C 26 ε 22 − α 22 T − Tref + C 23 ε
σ 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 2ε 12 2α 12 C 36
−1 −1
ε 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 σ 11 α 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 C 13
ε 22 = C 12 C 22 C 26 σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref − C 12 C 22 C 26 C 23 ε
2ε 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 σ 12 2α 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 C 36
544
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
" Comparing
−1 −1
ε 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 σ 11 α 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 C 13
ε 22 = C 12 C 22 C 26 σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref − C 12 C 22 C 26 C 23 ε
2ε 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 σ 12 2α 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 C 36
with
ε 11 s s s
11 12 16 σ 11 α 11 S 11
ε 22 = s s s
12 22 26
σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref + S 22 ε indicates that
2ε 12 s s s
16 26 66
σ 12 2α 12 S 12
s s s
−1 −1
11 12 16 C 11 C 12 C 16 S 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 C 13
s s s
12 22 26
= C 12 C 22 C 26 and S 22 = − C 12 C 22 C 26 C 23
s s s
16 26 66
C 16 C 26 C 66 S 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 C 36
545
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
β 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 α 11 β 33 C 13 C 23 C 36 α 11
β 22 = − C 12 C 22 C 26 α 22 and β 23 =− 0 0 0 α 22
β 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 2α 12 β 13 0 0 0 2α 12
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 ε 11 β 11 C 13
σ 22 = C 12 C 22 C 26 ε 22 + β 22 T − Tref + C 23 ε and
σ 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 2ε 12 β 12 C 36
σ 33 C 13 C 23 C 36 ε 11 β 33 C 33
σ 23 = 0 0 0 ε 22 + 0 T − Tref + 0 ε
σ 13 0 0 0 2ε 12 0 0
546
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
" Likewise, for a material that is monoclinic in the plane of the cross-
section of the body,
s s s
−1
11 12 16 S 11 S 12 S 16 S 13 0 0 S 33 0 0 S 13 S 23 S 36
s s s
12 22 26
= S 12 S 22 S 26 − S 23 0 0 0 S 44 S 45 0 0 0
s s s
16 26 66
S 16 S 26 S 66 S 36 0 0 0 S 45 S 55 0 0 0
which simplifies to
S 13S 13 S 13S 23 S 13S 36
S 11 − S 12 − S 16 −
s s s11 12 16
S 33 S 33 S 33
S 13S 23 S 23S 23 S 23S 36
s s s12 22 26
= S 12 −
S 33
S 22 −
S 33
S 26 −
S 33
s s s16 26 66 S 13S 36 S 23S 36 S 36S 36
S 16 − S 26 − S 66 −
S 33 S 33 S 33
547
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
" Similarly,
−1
S 11 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 33 S 34 S 35 1
S 22 = S 23 S 24 S 25 S 34 S 44 S 45 0 simplifies to
S 12 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 35 S 45 S 55 0
−1
S 11 S 13 0 0 S 33 0 0 1 S 13 S 23 S 36
T
T
S 22 = S 23 0 0 0 S 44 S 45 0 or S 11 S 22 S 12 =
S 33 S 33 S 33
S 12 S 36 0 0 0 S 45 S 55 0
548
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
β 11 C 11 C 12 0 α 11 β 33 C 13 C 23 0 α 11
β 22 = − C 12 C 22 0 α 22 and β 23 =− 0 0 0 α 22
β 12 0 0 C 66 0 β 13 0 0 0 0
σ 11 C 11 C 12 0 ε 11 β 11 C 13
σ 22 = C 12 C 22 0 ε 22 + β 22 T − Tref + C 23 ε and
σ 12 0 0 C 66 2ε 12 0 0
σ 33 C 13 C 23 0 ε 11 β 33 C 33
σ 23 = 0 0 0 ε 22 + 0 T − Tref + 0 ε
σ 13 0 0 0 2ε 12 0 0
549
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
E1 E
C 12 = ν 21 + ν 23 ν 31 = 2 ν 12 + ν 13 ν 32 C 66 = G 12
Δ Δ
E1 E
C 13 = ν 31 + ν 21 ν 32 = 3 ν 13 + ν 12 ν 23
Δ Δ
E2 E
C 23 = ν 32 + ν 12 ν 31 = 3 ν 23 + ν 13 ν 21
Δ Δ
where Δ = 1 − ν 12 ν 21 − ν 23 ν 32 − ν 13 ν 31 − 2ν
ν 21 ν 32 ν 13
550
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
E 1 1 − ν 23 ν 32 α 11 + ν 21 + ν 23 ν 31 α 22
β 11 = −
1 − ν 12 ν 21 − ν 23 ν 32 − ν 13 ν 31 − 2ν
ν 21 ν 32 ν 13
E 2 ν 12 + ν 13 ν 32 α 11 + 1 – ν 13 ν 31 α 22
β 22 = −
1 − ν 12 ν 21 − ν 23 ν 32 − ν 13 ν 31 − 2ν
ν 21 ν 32 ν 13
E 3 ν 31 + ν 21 ν 32 α 11 + ν 23 + ν 13 ν 21 α 22
β 33 = −
1 − ν 12 ν 21 − ν 23 ν 32 − ν 13 ν 31 − 2ν
ν 21 ν 32 ν 13
551
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
s s s
−1
11 12 16 S 11 S 12 0 S 13 0 0 S 33 0 0 S 13 S 23 0
s s s
12 22 26
= S 12 S 22 0 − S 23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 0 0
s s s
16 26 66
0 0 S 66 0 0 0 0 0 S 55 0 0 0
which simplifies to
S 13S 13 S 13S 23
S 11 − S 12 − 0
S 33 S 33
s s 11 12
0
S S S S
s s 12 22
0 = S 12 − 13 23
S 33
S 22 − 23 23
S 33
0
0 0 s 66
0 0 S 66
552
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
" Also
s s
−1
11 12
0 C 11 C 12 0
s s
12 22
0 = C 12 C 22 0
0 0 s 66
0 0 C 66
" Similarly,
−1
S 11 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 33 S 34 S 35 1
S 22 = S 23 S 24 S 25 S 34 S 44 S 45 0 simplifies to
S 12 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 35 S 45 S 55 0
−1
S 11 S 13 0 0 S 33 0 0 1
T
T S 13 S 23
S 22 = S 23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 or S 11 S 22 S 12 = 0
0 S 33 S 33
S 12 0 0 0 0 0 S 55
553
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
ε 11 s s
11 12
0 σ 11 α 11 S 11
ε 22 = s s
12 22
0 σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref + S 22 ε
2ε 12 0 0 s 66
σ 12 0 0
S 13S 13 S 13S 23
S 11 − S 12 − 0
S 33 S 33
s s
11 12
0
S S S S
s s
12 22
0 = S 12 − 13 23
S 33
S 22 − 23 23
S 33
0
0 0 s 66
0 0 S 66
T
T S 13 S 23
S 11 S 22 S 12 = 0
S 33 S 33
554
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONTINUED
555
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR PLANE STRAIN
CONCLUDED
1 − ν 23ν 32
s 22
= s 66
= 1
E2 G 12
" Similarly,
S 11 = − ν 31 S 22 = − ν 32 S 12 = 0 and
σ 33 = E 3ε + ν 31σ 11 + ν 32σ 22
556
STRESS AND STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
FOR PLANE STRAIN
" The two primary constitutive equations of generalized plane strain are
given by
σ 11 C 11 C 12 C 16 ε 11 β 11 C 13
σ 22 = C 12 C 22 C 26 ε 22 + β 22 T − Tref + C 23 ε and
σ 12 C 16 C 26 C 66 2ε 12 β 12 C 36
ε 11 s s s
11 12 16 σ 11 α 11 S 11
ε 22 = s s s
12 22 26
σ 22 + α 22 T − Tref + S 22 ε
2ε 12 s s s
16 26 66
σ 12 2α 12 S 12
557
STRESS AND STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
FOR PLANE STRAIN - CONTINUED
" Likewise transformation equations that relate
ε 1′′1′′ ε 11
E′′ ≡ ε 2′′2′′ to E ≡ ε 22 are needed
2ε 1′′2′′ 2ε 12
x 3 , x 3′′
i 3 , i 3′′ x 2′′
i 2′′ θ3
x2
i1 i2
i 1′′
x1 θ3
x 1′′
558
STRESS AND STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
FOR PLANE STRAIN - CONTINUED
" Previously, the matrix form of the stress-transformation law for this
specific transformation was given as
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 0 0 0 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2 2
σ 1′′1′′ sin θ 3 cos θ 3 0 0 0 − 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 σ 11
σ 2′′2′′ σ 22
σ 3′′3′′ 0 0 1 0 0 0 σ 33
=
σ 2′′3′′ 0 0 0 cosθ
θ 3 − sinθ
θ3 0 σ 23
σ 1′′3′′ σ 13
σ 1′′2′′ 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 3 cosθ
θ3 0 σ 12
2 2
− sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 0 0 0 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
559
STRESS AND STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
FOR PLANE STRAIN - CONTINUED
" Thus, the stress-transformation law for a state of generalized plane
strain and a dextral rotation about the x3 axis is identical to that for the
corresponding plane-stress case and is given by
Σ′′ = Tσ θ 3 Σ where
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
Tσ θ3 ≡ 2
sin θ 3 cos θ 3
2
− 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
2
θ3
2
− sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
−1
2 2
−1
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 − 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
Tσ θ3 = Tσ – θ3 =
2
sin θ 3
2
cos θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
2
θ3
2
sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
560
STRESS AND STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
FOR PLANE STRAIN - CONTINUED
" Previously, the matrix form of the strain-transformation law for this
specific transformation was given as
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 0 0 0 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
ε 1′′1′′ 2 2 ε 11
sin θ 3 cos θ 3 0 0 0 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
ε 2′′2′′ ε 22
ε 3′′3′′ 0 0 1 0 0 0 ε 33
=
2εε2′′3′′ 0 0 0 cosθ
θ3 − sinθ
θ3 0 2εε23
2εε1′′3′′ 2εε13
0 0 0 sinθ
θ3 cosθ
θ3 0
2εε1′′2′′ 2 2
2εε12
− 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3 0 0 0 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
561
STRESS AND STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS
FOR PLANE STRAIN - CONCLUDED
" The last matrix equation is expressed symbolically by
E′′ = Tε θ 3 E where
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
Tε θ3 ≡ 2
sin θ 3
2
cos θ 3 − sinθ
2
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2
− 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
E = Tε θ 3 E′′
562
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRAIN
" In terms of another set of coordinates x 1′′, x 2′′, x 3′′ that correspond to a
dextral rotation about the x3 axis, the constitutive equations must also
have the forms given as
s s s
−1
β 1′′1′′ C 1′′1′′ Q 1′′2′′ C 1′′6′′ α 1′′1′′ 1′′1′′ 1′′2′′ 1′′6′′ C 1′′1′′ C 1′′2′′ C 1′′6′′
β 2′′2′′ = − C 1′′2′′ C 2′′2′′ C 2′′6′′ α 2′′2′′ s 1′′2′′ s 2′′2′′ s 2′′6′′
= C 1′′2′′ C 2′′2′′ C 2′′6′′
β 1′′2′′ C 1′′6′′ C 2′′6′′ C 6′′6′′ 2α 1′′2′′ s 1′′6′′ s 2′′6′′ s 6′′6′′
C 1′′6′′ C 2′′6′′ C 6′′6′′
563
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRAIN - CONTINUED
−1
S 1′′1′′ C 1′′1′′ C 1′′2′′ C 1′′6′′ C 1′′3′′
and S 2′′2′′ = − C 1′′2′′ C 2′′2′′ C 2′′6′′ C 2′′3′′
S 1′′2′′ C 1′′6′′ C 2′′6′′ C 6′′6′′ C 3′′6′′
s s s C 11 C 12 C 16 C 13
s =
11 12 16
s s s12 22 26 C = C 12 C 22 C 26 C = C 23
s s s16 26 66
C 16 C 26 C 66 C 36
α 11 β 11 S 11
α = α 22
2α 12
β = β 22 S = S 22
S 12
Θ≡T−T ref
β 12
564
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRAIN - CONTINUED
" Additionally, let
565
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRAIN - CONTINUED
−1 −1
" Substituting Σ = Tσ Σ′′ and E = Tε E′′ into
Σ = C E + β Θ+ C ε gives
−1 −1
Tσ Σ′′ = C Tε E′′ + β Θ + C ε
566
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRAIN - CONTINUED
−1 −1
" Rearranging C′′ = Tσ C Tε gives C = Tσ C′′ Tε
−1 −1
−1 −1
" Next, substituting Σ = Tσ Σ′′ and E = Tε E′′ into
E = s Σ + α Θ+ S ε gives
s
−1 −1
Tε E′′ = Tσ Σ′′ + α Θ + S ε
s
−1
E′′ = Tε Tσ Σ′′ + Tε α Θ + Tε S ε
567
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRAIN - CONTINUED
reveals that
s′ s
−1
= Tε Tσ , α ′ = Tε α , and S ′ = Tε S
s′ s s s′
−1 −1
−1 −1
" In addition, α = Tε α′ and S = Tε S′
568
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRAIN - CONTINUED
" Noting that for a dextral rotation about the x3 axis,
−1 T −1 T
Tε = Tσ and Tσ = Tε it follows that
s′ Tε s Tε
T
s Tσ s ′ Tσ
T
= =
T T
C′ = Tσ C Tσ C = Tε C′ Tε
T
α′ = Tε α α = Tσ α′
T
β′ = Tσ β β = Tε β′
T
C′′ = Tσ C C = Tε C′′
T
S′ = Tε S S = Tσ S′
569
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRAIN - CONTINUED
with
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
Tσ θ3 ≡ 2
sin θ 3
2
cos θ 3 − 2sinθ
2
θ 3cosθ
θ3
2
and
− sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
2 2
cos θ 3 sin θ 3 sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ3
Tε θ 3 ≡ 2
sin θ 3
2
cos θ 3 − sinθ
θ 3cosθ
2
θ3
2
− 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 2sinθ
θ 3cosθ
θ 3 cos θ 3 − sin θ 3
" Comparing these equations with those of the plane stress case reveals
that the specific transformation equations can be obtained from those
given previously for plane stress as follows
570
TRANSFORMED CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
PLANE STRAIN - CONCLUDED
571
LINES AND CURVES
OF
MATERIAL SYMMETRY
572
LINES AND CURVES OF MATERIAL SYMMETRY
" Up to this point of the present study, a local view of material symmetry
at a specific point P of a material body has been examined
" When more than one distinct line connects sets of contiguous material
points with identical planes of reflective symmetry, more than one
principal material direction exists
573
LINES AND CURVES OF MATERIAL SYMMETRY
CONTINUED
" One important point illustrated herein is that the constitutive equations
become simpler when a material symmetry plane exists, and that the
inherent simplicity becomes hidden when the constitutive equations
are expressed in terms of another rectangular Cartesian coordinate
frame whose axes are oriented differently
574
!! !!!
" For this case, the principal material direction follows a smooth
curve, referred to herein as a material symmetry curve
" For this case, a curvilinear coordinate system can be defined in which
one coordinate curve coincides with a material symmetry curve
575
LINES AND CURVES OF MATERIAL SYMMETRY
CONCLUDED
Plane of material
Curve of material symmetry at point P
symmetry
Tangent vector
at point P
P
Q Plane of material
symmetry at point Q
Coordinate curve C
Tangent vector
Surface of at point Q
material
points Coordinate curve
576
BIBLIOGRAPHY
577
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allen, D. H. and Haisler, W. E.: Introduction to Aerospace Structural
Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1985.
Boresi, A. P.; Sidebottom, O. M.; Seely, F. B.; and Smith, J. O.: Advanced
Mechanics of Materials. Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
1978.
Chadwick, P.; Vianello, M.; and Cowin, S. C.: A New Proof that the Number
of Linear Elastic Symmetries is Eight. Journal of the Mechanics and
Physics of Solids, Vol. 49, 2001, pp. 2471-2492.
578
BIBLIOGRAPHY - CONTINUED
Chandrasekharaiah, D. S. and Debnath, L.: Continuum Mechanics.
Academic Press, Inc, New York, 1994.
Graff, K. F.: Wave Motion in Elastic Solids. Dover Publications, Inc., New
York, 1991.
579
BIBLIOGRAPHY - CONTINUED
Hearmon, R. F. S.: An Introduction to Applied Anisotropic Elasticity. Oxford
University Press, 1961.
580
BIBLIOGRAPHY - CONTINUED
Noor, A. K.; Kim, Y. H., and Peters, J. M.: Strain Energy of Thermally-
Stressed Multilayer Panels and its Sensitivity Coefficients, Non-Classical
Problems of the Theory and Behavior of Structures Exposed to Complex
Environmental Conditions. L. Librescu, Ed., AMD-Vol. 164, ASME, 1993, pp.
33-43.
581
BIBLIOGRAPHY - CONTINUED
Reddy, J. N.: Energy and Variational Methods in Applied Mechanics - With
an Introduction to the Finite Element Method. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York, 1984.
582
BIBLIOGRAPHY - CONTINUED
Tauchert, T. R.: Energy Principles in Structural Mechanics. R. E. Krieger
Publishing Co., Malibar, Florida, 1981.
583
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01- 12 - 2011 Technical Memorandum
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
An In-depth Tutorial on Constitutive Equations for Elastic Anisotropic 5b. GRANT NUMBER
Materials
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
869021.04.07.01.13
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REPORT NUMBER
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, VA 23681-2199
L-20083
14. ABSTRACT
An in-depth tutorial on the constitutive equations for elastic, anisotropic materials is presented. Basic concepts are introduced that are used to characterize
materials, and notions about how anisotropic material deform are presented. Hooke’s law and the Duhamel-Neuman law for isotropic materials are presented
and discussed. Then, the most general form of Hooke’s law for elastic anisotropic materials is presented and symmetry requirements are given. A similar
presentation is also given for the generalized Duhamel-Neuman law for elastic, anisotropic materials that includes thermal effects. Transformation equations
for stress and strains are presented and the most general form of the transformation equations for the constitutive matrices are given. Then, specialized
transformation equations are presented for dextral roatations about the coordinate axes. Next, concepts of material symmetry are introduced and criteria for
material symmetries are presesented. Additionally, engineering constants of fully anisotropic, elastic materials are derived from first principles and the
specialized to several cases of practical importance.
Constitutive equations; anisotropic materials; engineering constants; plane strain; plane stress; strain; stress
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a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE PAGES STI Help Desk (email: help@sti.nasa.gov)
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