(1) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

IES MASTER
Institute for Engineers (IES/GATE/PSUs)

Sl. No. 01 ABCDEF(M)

Civil Engineering

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Conventional Test - 01
17h March 2019

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SOLUTIONS

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Section-A
1.(a) Write down the short note on cement stabilisation of soil. [12 Marks]
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Sol. Cement stabilisation is done by mixing pulverised soil and portland cement with water and compaction the
mix to attain a strong material. The material obtained by mixing soil and cement is known as soil-cement.
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The soil-cement becomes a hard and durable structural material as the cement hydrates and develops
strength.
There are 3 types of soil cement–
1. Normal Soil Cement: It consists of 5 to 14% of cement by volume. The quantity of cement mixed
with soil is sufficient to produce a hard and durable construction material. The quantity of water used
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should be just sufficient to satisfy hydration requirements of the cement and to make the mixture
workable.
2. Plastic Soil-cement: This type of soil-cement also contains cement 5 to 14% by volume, but it has
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more quantity of water to have wet consistency similar to that of plastering mortar at the time of
placement. The plastic soil-cement can be placed on steep or irregular slopes where it is difficult to
use normal road-making equipment. It has also been successfully used for water-proof lining of canals
and reservoirs.
3. Cement-Modified Soil: It is a type of soil-cement that contains less than 5% of cement by volume.
It is a semi-hardened product of soil and cement. It is quite inferior to the other two types.
Factors affecting cement stabilisation
1. Type of soil: Granular soils with sufficient fines are ideally suited for cement stabilisation. Such soils
can be easily pulverized and mixed. They require the lest amount of cement. Granular soils with
deficient fines, such as beach sands and wind-blown sand, can also be stabilised but these soils
require more cement. Silty and clavey soils can produce satisfactory soil-cement but those with a high
clay-content are difficult to pulverise.
2. Quantity of cement: A well-graded soil requires about 5% cement, whereas a poorly graded, uniform
(2) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
sand may require about 9% cement. Non-plastic silts require about 10% cement, whereas plastic clays
may need about 13% cement. Sometimes, the quantity of cement is determined according to the
minimum unconfined compressive strength. Generally, a minimum strength of about 1500 kN/m 2 for
clayey soils and of abut 5500 kN/m2 for sandy soils is specified.
3. Quantity of water: The quantity of water used must be sufficient for hydration of cement and silt-clay
cement and for making the mix workable. Generally, the amount of water ascertained from compaction
consideration is adequate for hydration as well.
4. Mixing, Compaction and Curing: The mixture of the soil, cement and water should be throughly
mixed, as the success of cement staboilisation depends mainly on through mixing. If it is not properly
mixed it may result in a non-homogeneous, weak product. However, the mixing should not be continued
after the cement has started hydrating, as it would result in a loss of strength.
5. Admixture: To increase the effectiveness of cement as stabiliser, admixtures are sometimes added
to soil cement. Admixtures may permit a reduction in the amount of cement required. These may also

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help stablisation of soils which are not responsive to cement along.

1.(b) The bar shown in Figure is subjected to a tensile load of 160 kN. If the stress in the

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middle portion is limited to 150 N/mm2, determine the diameter of the middle portion.
Find also the length of the middle portion if the total elongation of the bar is to be 0.2

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mm. Young’s modulus is given as equal to 2.1 × 105N/mm2.
[12 Marks]
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Sol. Given:
Tensile load, P = 160 kN = 160 × 103N
A
Stress in middle portion, 2 = 150 N/mm2
Total elongation, dL = 0.2 mm
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Total length of the bar, L = 40 cm = 400 mm

Young’s modulus, E = 2.1 × 105N/mm2
Diameter of both end portions, D1 = 6 m = 60 mm
 Area of cross-section of both end portions,
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
A1 =  602  900  mm2 .
4
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160 kN 160 kN
6cm DIA 6cm DIA

40 cm
Let, D2 = Diameter of the middle portion
L2 = length of middle portion in mm.
 Length of both end portions of the bar,,
L1 = (400 – L2) mm
Load
We have Stress =
Area
P  2
For the middle portion, we have 2 = where A  D2
A2 4
(3) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
160000
or 150 =
 2
D
4 2

4  160000
 D22 =  1358 mm2
  150

or D2 = 1358  36.85 mm  3.685 cm

 Area of cross-section of middle portion,

A3 =  36.5  1066 mm2
4
We get,
P  L1 L2 

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Total extension, dL = E  A  A 
 1 2

160000   400  L 2  L2 

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or 0.2 =   
2.1  10 5  900  1066 
[  L1 = (400 – L2) and A2 = 1066]

or
0.2  2.1 105
160000
=
 400  L 2 
900
T

L2
1066
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1066  400  L 2   900L2
or 0.2625 =
900  1066
A
or 0.2625  900  1066 = 1066  400  1066L2  900  L2
or 791186 = 426400 – 1066L2 + 2827L2
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or 791186 – 426400 = L2(2827 – 1066)

or 364786 = 1761L2
364786
 L2 =  207.14 mm  20.714 cm
1761
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1.(c) A 3 thick clay alayer beneath a building is overlain by a permeable stratum and
is underlain by an impervious rock. The coefficient of consolidation of the clay was
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found to be 0.025 cm2/minute. The final expected settlement for the layer is 8 cm.

(a) How much time will it take for 80% of the total settlement to take place ?

(b) Determine the time required for a settlement of 2.5 cm to occur.

(c) Compute the settlement that would occur in one year.

[12 Marks]
Sol. (a) Length of drainage path, d = 3m = 300 cm.
C v = Tvd2/t
Substituting the values, 0.025 = Tv(300)2/t or t = 3.6 × 106Tv ...(a)
When, U = 80%, Tv = 0.567
(4) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
Therefore, from equation (a), t = 3.6 × 106 × 0.567 = 2.041 × 106 minutes = 3.883 years.
(b) When the settlement is 2.5 cm,
2.5
U =  100  31.25%
8.0
When, U = 31.25%, Tv = 0.078
Therefore, equation (a), t = 3.6 × 106 × 0.078 = 0.2808 × 106minutes = 195 days
(c) From equation (a),
1 × 365 × 24 × 60 = 3.6 × 106Tv or Tv = 0.146
When, T v = 0.146, U = 0.429
Therefore, Settlement = 0.429 × 8 = 3.432 cm

1.(d) A circle of diameter d = 225 mm is inscribed on an unstressed aluminum plate of

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thickness t = 18 mm. Forces acting in the plane of the plate later cause normal
1
st r esses x  84 MPa and z  140 MPa . For E = 70 GPa and v  v  poisson's ratio  ,

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3
determine the change in
y

T
mm
380
S
x
D
A
380 mm A
B x

C
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z
z
(i) the length of diameter AB,
(ii) the length of diameter CD,
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(iii) the thickness of the plate,

(iv) the volume of the plate. [12 Marks]
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Sol. Hooke’s Law: We note that  y  0 , we find the strain in each of the coordinate directions.

 x v y vz
x    
E E E

1  1
= 84 MPa   0  140 MPa   = + 0.533 × 10–3 mm/mm
70 GPa  3 

vx  y vz
y    
E E E

1  1 1 
=    84 MPa   0  140 MPa   = – 1.067 × 10–3 mm/mm
70 GPa  3 3 
(5) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

vx v y z
z    
E E E

1  1 
=    84 MPa   0  140 MPa   = +1.600 × 10–3 mm/mm
70 GPa  3 

(i) Diameter AB: The change in length is B A x d

B A x d = (+0.533 × 10–3 mm/mm) × (225 mm)

B A  0.12 mm

(ii) Diameter CD

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C D z d = (+1.600 × 10–3 mm/mm) × (225 mm)

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C D  0.36 mm

(iii) Thickness: Recalling that t = 18 mm, we have

t y t = (–1.067 × 10–3 mm/mm) × (18 mm)

T
t  0.0192 mm
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(iv) Volume of the Plate:
A
e   x   y   z = (+0.533 – 1.067 + 1.600)10–3 = +1.067 × 10–3

V  eV = +1.607 × 10–3 [(380 mm) × (380 mm) × (18 mm)]= 2733 mm 3

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1.(e) The state of plane stress shown occurs at a critical point of a steel machine component.
As a result of several tensile tests. It has been found that the tensile yield strength is
1  250 MPa for the grade of steel used. Determine the factor of safety with respect to
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yield using (a) the maximum shearing stress criterion, and (b) the maximum distortion
energy criterion.
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40 MPa

80 MPa

25 MPa

[12 Marks]
Sol.

 x  80MPa ,  y  40 MPa ,  xy  25MPa

(6) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

2
 x  y 
R =    2xy
 2 

2
 80  40 
=    25 2  60 2  25 2  65 MPa
 2 

x  y 80  40
avg =   20MPa
2 2

1 = 20  65  85MPa

 2 = 20  65  45 MPa

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(a) Maximum shearing stress criterion
max = R  65MPa

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y

max = 2
F.O.S.

y
T
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2  250  1.923
 F.O.S. =  2  65
max
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(b) Maximum distortion energy criterion

2
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 y 
12  22  1 2 =  
 F.O.S. 

2
2  250 
 85 2   45   85  45  =  F.O.S. 
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62500
 13075 =
F.O.S.2
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62500
 F.O.S. =  2.186
13075

2.(a)(i) Five different particle sizes are mixed in proportions shown below and water is
added to make the volume of soil suspension exactly equal to 1000 cc.
Particle size, mm Weight, g
0.060 5
0.020 15
0.010 20
0.005 4
0.001 6
(7) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
The particles have a specific gravity of 2.65 and the dynamic viscosity of water is
8.95 millipoises.  w can be taken as 1.0 g/cc.
The soil suspension was thoroughly shaken and sedimentation allowed.
(i) What is the largest particle size present at a depth of 10 cm after 8 minutes of the
start of sedimentation?
(ii) What is the specific gravity of the soil suspension at a depth of 10cm after 8 minutes
of the start of sedimentation? [15 Marks]
8.95  103
Sol. (i)  = gm/cm2
980.7
 s  2.65g / cc ,  w  1.0 g/cc , He = 10 cm
t = 8 min.

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18, H
D =  e
 s  w  60t

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18  0.00895  10
=
 2.65  1  
980.7  60  8

T
= 0.00144 cm = 0.0144 mm
This is the largest size of the particle that can be present, theoretically, at a depth of 10 cm after
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8 min. of sedimentation. However, as per the sizes of particles actually present in the soil suspension,
the largest size of particle will be 0.01 mm.
(ii) Since particles of equal size have equal velocities of fall, the concentration of soil suspension at 10
A
cm depth after 8 min. will be of all those particles equal to or smaller in size than 0.01 mm.
Weight of soil particles present at 10 cm depth
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= 20 + 4 + 6 = 30 g
30
Volume of soil particles =  11.3 cc
2.65  1
Volume of water = 1000 – 11.3 = 988.7 cc
Weight of water = 988.7 × 1 = 988.7 g
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Weight of soil suspension = 988.7 + 30 = 1018.7 g

1018.7
Unit weight of soil suspension =  1.019 g/cc
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1000
Hence, specific gravity of the soil suspension = 1.019 Ans.
2.(a)(ii) The minimum and maximum dry unit weight of a sand were found to be 14.71 and
16.68 kN/m3, respectively. Calculate the dry unit weight corresponding to a relative
density of 50%. [5 Marks]
Sol. By question,

  d max = 16.68 kN/m3

  d min = 14.71 kN/m3

Dr = 50%
 d max  d    d min
 Relative density,, Dr =   100
d   d max    d min
(8) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
16.68   14.71
 0.5 =  d
d 16.68  14.71

 0.06 d =  d  14.71

  d = 15.633 kN/m3
2.(b) A tensile load of 40 kN is acting on a rod of diameter 40 mm and of length 4m. A bore
of diameter 20 mm is made centrally on the rod. To what length the rod should be
bored so that the total extension will increase 30% under the same tensile load. Take
E = 2 × 105N/mm2.
[20 Marks]
Sol. Given:

R
40 kN 40 kN

E
4m
Tensile load, P = 40 kN = 40,000 N
Dia. of rod, D = 40 mm

T
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 Area of rod, A =  40 2  400 mm2
4
(4 – x)m xm
A
d D
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4m
Length of rod, L = 4 m = 4 × 1000 = 4000 mm
Dia. of bore, d = 20 mm
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
 Area of bore, a =  202  100  mm2
4
Total extension after bore = 1.3 × Extension before bore
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Value of E = 2 × 105N/mm2
Let the rod be bored to a length of x metre or x × 1000 mm. Then length of unbored portion = (4 – x) m
= (4 – x) × 1000 mm. First calculate the extension before the bore is made.

The extension  L  is given by,,

P 40000  4000 2
L = AE  L   mm
400  2  105 
Now extension after the bore is made
= 1.3 × Extension before bore
2 2.6
= 1.3   mm ...(i)
 
(9) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
The extension after the bore is made, is also obtained by finding the extensions of the unbored length and
bored length.
For this, find the stresses in the bored and unbored portions.
Stress in unbored portion
Load P 40000 100
=    N / mm2
Area A 400 
 Extension of unbored portion
Stress
=  Length of unbored portion
E
100 4  x
= 5
  4  x   1000  mm
  2  10 2
Stress in bored portion

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Load P 40000 40000
= Area  A  a  400  100   300
   

E
 Extension of bored portion
Stress
=  Length of bored portion

T
E
40000 4x
= 5
 1000x  mm
6
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300  2  10
 Total extension after the bore is made
4  x 4x
A
=  mm ...(ii)
2 6
Equating equations (i) and (ii),
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2.6 4  x 4x
= 
 2 6

4  x 4x
or 2.6 = 
2 6
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or 2.6 × 6 = 3 × (4 – x) + 4x
or 15.6 = 12 – 3x + 4x
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or x = 3.6 m

2.(c) A hollow shaft, having an internal diameter 40% of its external diameter, transmits
562.5 kW power at 100 r.p.m. Determine the external diameter of the shaft if the
shear stress is not to exceed 60 N/mm2 and the twist in a length of 2.5 m should not
exceed 1.3 degrees. Assume maximum torque = 1.25 mean torque and modulus of
rigidity = 9 × 104N/mm2.
[20 Marks]
Sol. Given:
Internal diameter Di = 40% of external diameter, (D0) = 0.40D0
Power transmitted, P = 562.5 kW = 562.5 × 103W
Speed of the shaft, N = 100 r.p.m
Maximum shear stress,  = 60 N/mm2
(10) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

Twist in the shaft,  = 1.3° = 1.3  radians  0.02269 rad
180
Length of shaft, L = 2.5 m = 2500 mm
Maximum torque, Tmax = 1.25 × Tmean
Modulus of rigidity, C = 9 × 104N/mm2
The horse power transmitted is given by
2NT
P =
60
2  100  Tmean
or 562.5 × 103 = ( Here T = Tmean)
60
60  562.5  103
or Tmean = = 53714.7 N-m = 53714700 N-mm

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2  100
 Tmax = 1.25 × Tmean = 1.25 × 53714700 = 67143375 N-mm
(i) Diameter of the hollow shaft when maximum shear stress is 60 N/mm2.

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Torque in case of hollow shaft

  D04  Di4 

T
T =  
16  D0 
where T = Tmax = 67143375 and Di = 0.4D0,  = 60N/mm2
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  D4   0.4D 4 
 67143375 =  60  0 0

16  D0 
 
A
  D04  0.0256D04 
= 16  60  
 D0 
M


=  60  0.9744D30  11.479D30
16
1/3
 67143375 
D0 =    179.6 mm ...(i)
 11.479 
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(ii) Diameter of the shaft when the twist in the hollow shaft is not to exceed 1.3°.
We know that,
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T C
= ...(ii)
J L
where T = Tmax = 67143375,  = 1.3° = 0.02269 rad., L = 2500 mm,
C = 9 × 104N/mm2
and J = Polar moment of inertia for hollow shaft
  4
= D0  Di4 
32  
  4 4
= D0   0.4D0    Di  0.4D0 
32  

=  0.9744D04  0.09566D04 .
32
substituting these values in equation (ii), we get
(11) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
67143375 9  104  0.02269
 =
0.09566D04 2500
2500  67143375
 D04 =  85928.215  104
0.09566  9  10 4  0.02269
D0 = 85928.215 × 104 = 171.2 mm ...(iii)
The external diameter of the shaft should be 179.6 mm say 180 mm (i.e., greater of the two values given
by equations (i) and (iii)).

3.(a) The tapered shaft is confined by the fixed supports at A and B. If a torque T is applied
at its midpoint, determine the reactions at the supports.
A
T B

R
2C
C

E
L/2

T
L/2
[20 Marks]
Sol.
S
TA T T
A
TB
M

T T TB
B
S

+
TB
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x x

TA  TB = T

Cx
r(x) = C 
L

T dx
T =  GIp

L
T dx
=   C4  4
L/2 G  L  x
2 L4
(12) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

L
2TL4 4
=  L  x  dx
 GC 4 L/2

L
2TL4  1 
= 3 GC 4  3
  L  x  L/2

2TL4  1 8 
=  
4
3 GC  8L3 27L3 

37TL
=
324 GC 4

R
L
TB dx
B =   C4  4
0 G  L  x

E
2 L 4

L
2 TB L4

T
4
= GC 4  L  x  dx
0
S
2TB L4  L
=  L  x  3  0
3GC4
A
2TB L4  1 1
= 4  3
 3
3 GC  8L L 
M

7 TB L
=
12GC 4

Compatibility condition
S

T  B = 0

37TL 7TB L

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 4 = 0
324 GC 12GC 4

37
 TB = T
189

152
Hence, TA = T
189

3(b). An 8m depth of sand overlies a 6m layer of clay, below which is an impermeable

stratum. The water table is 2m below the surface of the sand. Over a period of 1
year a 3m depth of fill (unit weight 20 kN/m3) is to be dumped on the surface over
an extensive area. The saturated unit weight of the sand is 19 kN/m3 and that of
the clay 20 kN/m3; above the water table the unit weight of the sand is 17 kN/m3.
For the clay, the relationship between void ratio and effective stress (units kN/m2)
(13) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
can be represented by the equation (20 marks)

Fill

2m
W.T.

8m
Sand CC = 0.32

Clay 4.5m

R
(1) d= 2.25m
6m d = 6m

1.5m (2) d = 1.5m

E
Impermeable
(a) (b)

e = 0.88  0.32log

100
T
S
and the coefficient of consolidation is 4.0 × 10–8 m2/s.
The time of full load application may be taken as
A
dumping time
t= + time after the dumping time.)
2
M

(i) Calculate the final settlement of the area due to consolidation of the clay and the
settlement after a period of 3 years from the start of dumping.
(ii) If a very thin layer of sand, freely draining, existed 1.5 m above the bottom of the
clay layer, what would be the value of the final and 3 year settlements?
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Sol.

(i) Since the fill covers a wide area, the problem can be considered to be one-dimensional. The consolidation
IE

settlement will be calculated in terms of C c , considering the clay layer as a whole therefore the initial
and final values of effective vertical stress at the centre of the clay layer are required.

o  17  2    9.2  6   10.2  3   119.8 kN/m 2

eo = 0.88 – 0.32 log 1.198 = 0.88 – 0.025 = 0.855

o    119.8   3  20   179.8 kN/m 2

179.8
log  0.176
119.8

Cc ·H  '  ' 
The final settlement is calculated from equation S cf = log  0 ' 
1  e0  
 0 
(14) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

0.32  0.176  6000

scf   182 mm
1.855

In the calculation of the degree of consolidation 3 years after the start of dumping, the corrected value
of time to allow for the 1 year dumping period is

1
t = 3 – = 2.5 years
2
The layer is half-closed,
 d = 6m

cv t 4.0  108  2.5  365  24  60  60

Then, Tv   = 0.0875
d2 62

R
 U = 0.335
Settlement after 3 years: sc = 0.335 × 182 = 61 mm

E
(ii) The final settlement will still be 182 mm (ignoring the thickness of the drainage layer): only the rate of
settlement will be affected. From the point of view of drainage there is now an open layer of thickness

T
4.5m (d = 2.25 m) above a half-closed layer of thickness 1.5 m (d = 1.5m): these layers are numbered
(1) and (2) respectively.
S
62
By proportion, Tv1  0.0875   0.622
2.252
A
 U1 = 0.825

62
and, Tv 2  0.0875   1.40
M

1.52

 U2 = 0.97
Now for each layer, sc = Uscf, which is proportional to UH.
Hence if U is the overall degree of consolidation for the two layers combined:
S

4.5U1 + 1.5U2 = 6.0 U

IE

i.e. (4.5 × 0.825) + (1.5 × 0.97) = 6.0 U

Hence, U  0.86

and the 3 year settlement is:

sc = 0.86 × 182 = 157 mm
3.(c)(i) The rosette shown has been used to determine the following strains at a point on the
surface of a crane book:
1  420  2  45 4  165 

(a) What should be the reading of gauge 3?

(b) Determine the principal strains and the maximum in-plane shearing strain.
(15) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
3
45° 45°
4 2

45°
1 x
[12 Marks]
Sol.

(a) Gages 2 and 4 are 90° apart

1
ave = 2  4 
2

R
1
ave =  45  165   60 
2
Gages 1 and 3 are also 90° apart

E
3 = 2 ave  1   2   60   420  300 

(b) x 1  420  y 3  300 

T
 xy = 2 x  x  1   2   45   420  300   210
S
2 2 2 2
 x  y    xy   420  300   210 
R =  
       
 2   2   2   2 
A
= 375 
a = ave R  60  375  435 
M

b = ave R  60  375  315

 max  in plane  = 2R  750 

3.(c)(ii) Calculate the average shear stress in a thin walled tube having a circular cross
sect i on of m ean r adi u s r m and thickness t, which is subjected to a torque T. Also what
S

is the relative angle of twist if the tube has a length L ? [8 Marks]

Sol.
IE

rm

x
am = rm2
J = 2rm3 ·t
T·rm T·rm T T
=  3
 2

J 2rm ·t 2t rm 2t·am
(16) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
T G·
Now, =
J 
T· 
 =
G·J
T ·
 =
G · 2rm2 ·t
T·
 =
2rm3 ·G·t

4.(a)(i) A circular steel rod AB (Diameter, d1 = 15 mm, Length L1 = 1100 mm) has a bronze
sleeve (outer diameter d2 = 21 mm, Length L2 = 400 mm) shrunk onto it so that the
two parts are securely bonded. Calculate the total elongation, ‘  ’ of the steel bar due

R
to a temperature rise T  350 .
Assume,

E
Es  210 GPa ,  s  12  10 6 / C

Eb = 110 GPa,  b  20  10 6 / C
A d1 C d2
T
D B
S
L2
A
L1
[12 Marks]
M

Sol.


As =  15 2  10 6  1.767  10 4 m 2
4

  2
S

Ab =  21  152   10 6  1.696  10 4 m2
4
For CD region
IE

If there is no constrain :
b = Lb  b T

= 400  103  20  10 6  350

= 2.8  103 m

 s = L s   s  T

= 400  103  12  106  350  1.68  10 3 m

 b >  s
Therefore a tensile force R will act on the steel rod and same force R will act on Bronze sleeve but
compressive in nature.
(17) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

R Steel R R Bronze R

From compatibility condition,

 s = b

 s Thermal    s due toR =  b Thermal   b  due toR

R  400  10 3 R  400  10 3
 1.68  10 3  = 2.8  10 3 
1.767  10 4  210  109 1.696  10 4  110  109

 1.68  103  1.078  108 R = 2.8  10 3  2.144  10 8 R

 3.222  108R = 1.12  10 3

R
1.12  10 3
 R =  34.761 kN
3.222  10 8

E
Total Elongation = 700  10 3  12  10 6  350  1.68  103  1.078  10 8  R

= 700  10 3  12  10 6  350  1.68  103  1.078  10 8  34.761 103

= 5 mm

T
4.(a)(ii) Find the maximum allowable value of P for the column. The cross sectional areas
S
and limiting stress (  ) are shown in figure. [8 Marks]
2P
A
Steel:
2
M

A = 500 mm
P
 = 120 MPa

Timber:
2
4P A = 2000 mm
 = 12 MPa
S

Concrete:
IE

2
A = 8000 mm
 = 16 MPa

Sol.
F.B.D. of steel
2P

2P

A = 500 mm 2
(18) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
 = 120 MPa

2P
 =
A

 A
P =  120  106  500  10 6  60KN
2
F.B.D. of Timber :
P

2
A = 2000 mm
 = 12 MPa

R
P

A = 2000 mm2

E
 = 12 MPa
P =   A  12  2000  24 kN
F.B.D. of concrete
5P
T
S
2
A = 8000 mm
A
 = 16 MPa

5P
M

A = 8000 mm2
 = 16 MPa
5P =   A
S

16  8000
P =  25.6 KN
5
IE

Hence, maximum allowable value of P = 24 KN

4.(b) The given state of plane stress is known to exist on the surface of a machine component.
Knowing that E = 200 GPa and G = 77 GPa, determine the direction and magnitude
of principal strains.

(a) By determining the corresponding state of strain and than using the Mohr’s circle for
strain

(b) By using Mohr’s circle for stress to determine the principal planes and principal stresses
and then determining the corresponding strains.
(19) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
200MPa

150MPa

[20 Marks]
Sol.

(a)  x  0 ,  y  200 MPa ,  xy  150MPa , E  200GPa , G = 77 GPa

E E 200
G = 2 1       2G  1  2  77  1  0.2987

R
1 1
    y   200  109  0  0.2987  200  10 6  

E
x =
E x

= 298.7 

y =
1
E
T 1
  y   x   200  10 9  200  10 6  0.2987  0 
S
= 1000 
A
 xy 150  10 6
 xy =   1948 
G 77  109
M

 xy
= 974 
2

1
avg =
2
x  y   350.65 
S

2 2
 x  y    xy 
R =    
IE

 2   2 

2
 298.7  1000   2
=    974 
 2 

= 1170.61

1 = avg R  350.65  1170.61  819.96 

2 = avg R  350.65  1170.61  1521.26 

(20) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
 xy
2

974
2  1521.26 2 0 1  819.96
C

298.7
350.65

974
tan 2 =
298.7  350.65

R
2 = 56.30
 = 28.15

E
1 1
(b)  avg.  x  L =
2
  x   y   2  0  200   100MPa

T
2
 x  y  2 2
R =    2xy  100   150   180.28MPa
 2 
S
1 = avg  R  100  180.28  80.28 MPa
A
 2 = avg  R  100  180.28  280.28 MPa

1
 1   2 
M

1 =
E

1
= 80.28  106  0.2987   280.28  10 6 
200  109

= 819.96 
S

1
2 =   2  1 
IE

1
=   280.28  10 6  0.2987  80.28  10 6 
200  10 9

= 1521.26 

4.(c) A footing 1.5 m square is located 1.5 m below the surface of a uniform soil deposit
of density 20 kN/m3. The void ratio of the soil is 0.8 and its compression index is
0.07. If the total thickness of the deposit, which is underlain by rock strata is 3.5m,
compute the primary consolidation settlement of the footing when it carries a load
of 225 kN. Use trapezoidal stress distribution ( 2 : 1, horizontal is to vertical) and
consider four layers. [20 Marks]
(21) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
225 kN

Sol.

3
 = 20 kN/m
l = 0.8
1.5m
Cc = 0.07

p1
Layer - I 0.5m

p2
Layer - II 0.5m

1V
:
p3

2H
Layer - III 0.5m

p4

R
Layer - IV 0.5m

E
At the point P 1,
225kN
p due to 225 kN load = = 36 kN/m 2
2.5  2.5m2
p0 due to original soil depth= h = 20 × 1.75 = 35 kN/m 2
Cc . H0  p0  p  0.07  0.5  35  36 
T
H1 = log10  log10 
S  = 5.97 × 10–3m = 5.97 mm
 1  e0  p0  1  0.8  35 
At the point P 2,
A
225
p due to 225 kN load =  11.11kN / m2
4.5  4.5
p0 due to original soil depth = 20 × 2.25 = 45 kN/m 2
M

0.07  0.5  45  11.11 

 H2 = log10   = 1.86 × 10–3m = 1.86 mm
1  0.8  45 
At the point P 3,
225
p due to 225 kN load = = 5.33 kN/m 2
6.5  6.5
S

p0 due to original soil depth = 20 × 2.75 = 55 kN/m 2

0.07  0.5  55  5.33 
 H3 = log10   = 7.81 × 10–4 m = 0.781 mm
IE

1  0.8  55 
At the point P 4,
225
p due to 225 kN load = = 3.11 kN/m 2
8.5  8.5
p0 due to original soil depth = 20 × 3.25 = 65 kN/m 2
0.07  0.5  65  3.11 
 H4 = log10   = 3.95 × 10–4m = 0.395 mm
1  0.8  65 
 Total settlement =  H = 5.97 + 1.86 + 0.781 + 0.395 = 9.006 mm.
(22) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

Section-B
5.(a) Explain the following in respect of expensive soils :
(i) Swelling potential
(ii) Swelling pressure
(iii) Free Swell
(iv) Swell Index
(v) Expansion Index [12 Marks]
Sol.
(i) Swelling Potential

R
Swelling potential is defined as the percentage of swell of a laterally confined sample in an oedometer
test which soaked under a surcharge load of 7 kPa after being compacted to maximum dry density
at optimum moisture content according to the AASHTO compaction test.

E
(ii) Swelling Pressure
The swelling pressure (ps ), is defined as the pressure required for preventing volume expansion in soil
in contact with water. The swelling pressure measured in a laboratory oedometer is different from that

T
in the field. The actual field swelling pressure is always less than the one measured in the laboratory.
(iii) Free Swell
S
Free swell (Sf) is defined as
Vf  Vi
A
Sf =  100
Vi
where Vi = initial dry volume of poured soil
M

Vf = final volume of poured soil

(iv) Swell Index : Swell index, I s ,
wn
Is = w
l
S

where, wn = natural moisture content in percent

wl = liquid limit in percent
IE

(v) Expansion Index : The expansion index (EI) is expressed as

h
EI =  1000
hi
where h = change in thickness of sample, in
hi = initial thickness of sample, in.

5.(b) Write the significance of preconsolidation pressure in soil. How would you determine
the preconsolidation pressure using Cassagrande method? [12 Marks]
Sol.

 Pre consolidation stress ( 0 ) is the maximum value of stress that the soil has ever experienced in its
(23) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
history.
 Soils tend to retain the effect of stress changes that have taken place in their geological history, in the
form of their structure.
Virgin compression
 When stresses in soil exceeds 0 , some kind of breakdown in the A curve
soil structure occurs, resulting in a much higher consolidation
indicated by a steeper void ratio (e) v/s effective stress curve ( 0 ) C Reloading
as shown in the figure. Whereas, the initial portion of e –  curve e B
D E
(when  < 0 ) is relatively flatter and is called recompression Unloading
curve.
 A knowledge of pre-consolidation pressure is significant in the sense
that within the range of recompression, the change of void ratio is 0
small and hence the settlement would be small. Thus, a soil can 
be loaded up to its pre cosolidation pressure with little worry about

R
settlement. E
B
Determination of pre consolidation pressure using Cassagrande method : A

E
e v/s log  curve is plotted for the given preconsolidated clay.. D

Void ratio, e

On this curve, the point of maximum curvature is located, say A. C

 A horizontal line AB and a tangent AC is drawn to the curve.


A line AD is then drawn bisecting the angle CAB .

T
The straight portion e–log  curve is extended back to meet the bisector AD at
log 

S
point say E. This point E corresponds to the required pre-consolidation pressure
0 .
A
5.(c) The beam has a rectangular cross-section as shown. Determine the largest load P that
can be supported on its over hanging ends so that the bending stress does not exceed
M

max  10 MPa . [12 Marks]

P p
1.5m 1.5m 1.5m 150mm

250mm
S

Sol.
IE

P p

C D
A B

RA RB

 Fy = 0

R A  RB = 2 P ....(i)

 MC = 0

P  4.5 = R A  1.5  RB  3
R A  2RB = 3P ...(ii)
(24) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
From Eqn. (i) and (ii), we get
RA = P
RB = P
P p

Mmax = 1.5P KN-m

Mmax Y
max =
I

R
250
1.5P  106 
2 N mm 2
= 250 3

E
150 
12

T
max   allow

24
P  10
S
25

250
A
P 
24
P  10.4167 KN
M

Largest load, P = 10.4167 KN

5.(d) A cantilever beam of circular cross section has the dimensions shown below. Determine
the peak bending stress in the beam due to the concentrated force applied at the tip
A.
S

P
IE

.2.5d d

[12 Marks]
Sol.
(25) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

L x1

To express the moment of inertia of the cross section at any point along the length of the beam in terms
of the given geometry, we must first determine where the extensions of the top and bottom fibers would meet
on the x-axis. From figure we immediately have from similar trangles:
x1 x1  L
=
d 2.5d

R
2L
 x1 = ...(1)
3
The bending moment at any station located a distance x from this fictitious point of intersection is

E
 2L 
M = P  x   ...(2)
 3

x x1
T
If we designate the beam diameter by D at this location x, we have from geometry

3xd
=
Sso D = ...(3)
D d 2L
so that the cross sectional moment of inertia at the general location x is
A
4  81d4  4
D4   3d 
I =   x   x ...(4)
64 64  2L    64 15  L4 
M

 

From equation (14.2) we find the outer fiber bending stress to be

Mc P  x  2L / 3  3xd / 2L 
 = 
I 81d4 /  64 16  L4  x 4
 
S

256PL3  x  2L / 3 
=   ...(5)
9d3  x3 
IE

Note that equation (5) indicates that the peak bending stress does not occur at the clamped end x = L.
To find the where the outer fiber stresses reach a maximum value, we take the derivative d / dx and set
it equal to zero to locate the critical value of x. Thus,

d  256PL3 
=  3 
dx  9d 
 x 3 1   x  2L / 3  3x 2 
  = 0  x L
 x6 
Solving, x = L measured from point. Substituting this value of x in Equation (5), we find the peak outer fiber
bending stress to be

256PL3  L  2L / 3 
 =  
9d3  L3 
(26) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

 256PL3  1  PL
=  3   2   3.02 3
 9d   3L  d
Note that from equation (5), the outer fiber bending stress at the clamped end x = (L + 2L/3) is 1.96PL/
d3, which is less than the peak value.

5.(e) A clay layer, 10 m thick, doubly drained, is expected to have a final settlement of
10 cm. The coefficient of consolidation of the clay soil is 10–3 cm2/s for the relevant
stress-range. Assume after 4 years, an additional identical load is placed causing
an additonal 10 cm of consolidation settlement. Assuming ‘instantaneous’ load
placement. Plot the consolidation settlement versus time curve. [12 Marks]
10
Sol. By question, drainage path, H = = 5m (for double drainage)

R
2

Ultimate settlement due to 1st load  sc1  f  10 cm

E
Ultimate settlement due to 2nd load  sc 2  f  10 cm

Coefficient of consolidation, cv = 10–3 cm2/s

T
To obtain the time-settlement relationship, the following steps are taken :
S
(i) For an assumed time (years), time factor (Tv) and its corresponding average degree of consolidation U
due to each loading are calculated.
A
(ii) Corresponding to the U value of each loading consolidation settlement sct is computed from
100 × U mm.
(iii) Total settlement at a time is calculated by adding individual settlement corresponding to each loading.
M

st nd
Due to 1 loading alone Due to 2 loading alone Total settlement
Time Tv U sct Tv U sct sct (mm)
(years) (mm) (mm) (col. 4 + col. 7)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
S

1 0.1261 0.4 40 — — 40
2 0.2522 0.567 56.7 — — 56.7
IE

3 0.3783 0.681 68.1 — — 68.1

4 0.5044 0.7665 76.65 — — 76.65
5 0.6305 0.829 82.9 0.1261 0.4 40 122.9
6 0.7566 0.875 87.5 0.2522 0.567 56.7 144.2
7 0.8827 0.9082 90.82 0.3783 0.681 68.1 158.92
8 1.01 0.933 93.3 0.5044 0.7665 76.65 169.95
9 1.135 0.951 95.1 0.6305 0.829 82.9 178
10 1.261 0.964 96.4 0.7566 0.875 87.5 183.9
15 1.891 99.24 99.24 0.8827 0.9082 90.82 190.06
20 2.522 99.84 99.84 1.01 0.933 93.33 193.17
  200
(27) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

T 2
Tv = U for Tv  0.2825
4
Tv = 1.781 – 0.933 log (100 – U), for T v > 0.2825
Settlement (mm)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0
5

(sc)f = 200 mm
10
Time (years)

15

R
20

E
6.(a)(i) What do you understand by “index properties of soil”? Explain and list the properties
under different categories. [8 Marks]
Sol.

T
Index properties of soil are those properties which help to access the engineering behaviour of a soil and
which assist in determining its classification accurately.
S
The index properties for coarse and fine soils are tabulated below:
Type of soil Index property
A
Coarse soil Particle size distribution, Grain shape, Relative density
Fine soil Atterberg’s limit and consistency.
(i) Particle size distribution or Grain size analysis:
M

 It is a method of seperation of soil into different fraction based on the particle size.
 It expresses quantitatively the proportions, by mass, of various sizes of particles present in a
soil.
 It helps in determining gradation and uniformity of soil. This knowledge heps in construction of
earth dams, embankment, filters etc.
S

(ii) Grain shape:

 Soil grains are called bulky in case of sand and gravel which are further classified as: angular,
IE

subangular, subrounded, rounded, well rounded.

 High angularity of soil grain leads to higher shearing strength.
(iii) Relative Density or Density Index: (Dr)
 It is defined as:
emax  enatural
Dr =  100
emax  emin
 It represents degree of denseness or coarseness of natural deposits of coarse grained soil.
 Higher relative density means higher shear strength and low compressibility and vice-versa.
(iv) Alterberg’s Limit and Consistency:
 Consistency represents the relative ease with which a soil can be deformed.
 Consistency is related to water content i.e., how with change in water content, the consistency
of soil changes.
 Alterberg classfied the consistency in four stages. Behaviour of soil is different in different stages.
(28) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
(a) Solid stage
(b) Semi solid stage
(c) Plastic stage
(d) liquid stage

ws = shrinkage limit water content

wp = plastic limit water content
wl = liquid limit water content

VL

VP

Vdry

R
Solid Sem-solid Plastic Liquid

E
ws wP wl

Water content

T
6.(a)(ii) The atterberg limits of a clay are : LL = 60%, PL = 45% and SL = 25%. The specific
gravity of soil solids is 2.70 and the natural moisture content is 50%
S
(i) What is its state of consistency in nature?
(ii) Calculate the volume to be expected in the sample when moisture content is reduced
A
by ev apor at i on t o 20%. I t s v ol u m e at l i qu i d l i m i t i s 10 cm 3.
[12 Marks]
M

Sol. l = 60%, wp = 45%, ws = 25%

 = 50% and G = 2.70
wl  w
(i) Consistency index, Ic = 100 and I = w -- w
Ip p l p
S

60  50
 Ic =  100  66.67%
60  45
 It is a medium (firm) clay
IE

(ii)


10
vp
Volume (cm )
3

vs

ws = 25% wp = 45% wl = 60%

 (%) 
Let Ms be mass of the solids in the sample.
(29) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
 Mass of the water at LL = 0.6 Ms gm
 Volume of water at LL = 0.6 Ms ml
 Volume of solids at LL = 10 – 0.6 Ms

Ms
 10 – 0.6 Ms = G
w

Ms
 10 – 0.6 Ms =  Ms 10.305 g
2.70
10.305
 Volume of solids =  3.817 ml
2.70
Volume calculation at SL (i.e. at ws = 25%)
Mass of water = 0.25 Ms = 0.25 × 10.305 = 2.57625 g

R
Volume of water in the Sample = 2.57625 ml.
Volume of solids in the sample = 3.817 ml
 Volume of sample = 3.817 + 2.57625 = 6.39325 ml

E
= 6.40 ml
Calculation of volume at w = 20%

T
As at the shrinkage limit (25%) volume = 6.40 ml
Reducing w.c after SL does not change the volume of sample.
 Volume of sample at w = 20% = 6.40 ml
S
6.(b) A rectangular strip 50  15mm deep of brass is placed on top of another strip 50  15mm
A
deep of steel to form a beam of 50  30 mm deep cross-section. The beam is supported
across a span of 100 cm. Determine the magnitude of a point load that may be placed
M

at its midspan if

(a) the strips separate and bend independently

(b) the strips are bonded together and bend as a single unit
S

Esteel  2  105 MPa , Ebrass  0.9  105 MPa , Permissible stress are steel  150 MPa and
IE

brass  100 MPa

100 cm
[20 Marks]
Sol.

Brass 15 mm
Steel 15 mm

50 mm
MB + M S = M ...(i)
(30) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

1 MS MB
= E ·I  E ·I ..(ii)
R S S B B

From equation (i) & (ii)

 ESIS 
MS =  E ·I  E ·I  M
 S S B B 

 EBIB 
MB =  E ·I  E ·I M
 S S B B 
P

100cm

R
 P 
M =  
 4 

E
 0.9   0.9 
MB = 
0.9  2  M   2.9  M
   
9

T
= M
29
 2  2
  M  2.9 M
MS = 
S
 2  0.9 
 My  9 M 6
Brass =  I   100
A
2
 Brass  29  50  15
M = 604166.6 Nmm ...(A)
M

My 2 M 6
steel = I   150
steel 2.9  50  152
M = 407812.5 N.mm ...(B)
So, allowable M is maximum from both (A) & (B)
P  1000
S

= 407812.5
4
P  1.631 kN
IE

(b)
Brass
Steel

50 mm

XC 15 mm
N A 15 mm
Xt

m×50 = 2.22×50 = 111.11 mm

(31) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

Esteel 2  105
m = E   2.22
brass 0.9  10 5

Aeq = 50  15  2.22  50  15
= 2416.67 mm2

50  15  7.5  111.11 15  22.5

Position of NA from top =
50  15  111.11 15
= 17.845 mm
Xc = 17.845 mm
Xt = 30  17.845  12.155mm

R
50  15 3  2 111.11 15 3 2
INA =  50  15    7.845  7.5    111.11 15   22.5  17.845  
12  12 

E
= 94326.76875  67365.04167

= 161691.81 mm 4

INA 161691.81

T
Zc = X  17.845  9060.903 mm
C
3
S
INA 16191.81 3
Zt = X  12.155  13302.494mm
A
t

For brass For steel

  100 MPa   150MPa
M

M M
 100MPa  150MPa
ZC Zt

250w 250w
S

 100  150
9060.903 13302.294
w = 3.624 KN w = 7.981 KN
IE

Hence safe maximum point load = 3.624 KN

6.(c) The shaft ABC shown in figure is driven by a motor that delivers 300 KW at a rotational
speed of 32 Hz. The gears at B and C take out 120 and 180 KW respectively. The
length of the two parts of the shaft are L1 = 1.5 m and L2 = 0.9 m. Determine the
required diameter ‘d’ of the shaft if the allowable shear stress is 50 MPa, the allowable
angle of twist between points A and C is 4° and G = 75 GPa.
300kW 120kW
180kW
B
C
A L1 L2
[20 Marks]
Sol.
(32) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

L1 = 1.5 m, L2 = 0.9 m, f = 32 Hz, allow  50MPa , G = 75 GPa,   AC allow  4  0.06981 rad

At point A,

300  1000
TA =  1492N  m
2    32

120
TB =  1492  596.8N  m
300

180
TC =  1492  895.3N  m
300
Free body diagram :
596.8 + 895.3 895.3 895.3

R
1492 N-m
= 1492

TBC = 895.3 N-m

E
TAB = 1492N-m
Diameter based on allowable shear stress :
 TAB > TBC
Therefore, diameter of AB governs the design.

16 TAB
T
S
max =
 d3
A
16  1492
d3 =
  50  10 6
M

d3 = 0.0001520m3
d = 53.4 mm
Diameter based upon allowable angle of twist.

TL TL 32TL
 
S

 = GIp G   d4 Gd4
32
IE

For segment AB,

32TAB  L AB 32  1492  1.5

AB = 
 Gd4   75  109  d4

0.3039  10 6
AB =
d4
For segment BC,

32 TBC LBC
BC =
 Gd4

32  895  3  0.9
=
  75  109  d4
(33) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

0.1094  10 6
=
d4

AC =  AB  BC

0.3039  10 6 0.1094  10 6
0.06981 = 
d4 d4

0.4133  10 6
 0.06981 =
d4
 d = 49.33 mm
Comparing the two diameters.
Required diameter = 53.4 mm

R
7.(a) The rectangular beam as shown below is subject to loads that create a bending moment
of 2711.5 N m acting in a plane oriented at 30° to the y-axis. Determine the peak

E
tensile and compressive stresses in the beam.

Plane of loads
T
S
0.0762 m
A
2711.5Nm
M

0.0762 m

30° x
z
S

0.0381 m
m
1 y
38
0.0
IE

[20]
Sol. Step I: Calculate moment of inertia
The vector representation of the 2711.5 N m moment is indicated by the solid double headed vector in figure,
together with its moment components (dashed vectors) in the y-and z-directions. This convenient vector
representation enables us to find the components as
M y = 2711.5 sin 30° = 1355.75 N m
Mz = 2711.5 cos 30° = 2348.23 N m
(34) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
0.0762 m

0.1524 m
Mz
z
30°
m
. 5N
11 My
27

R
152.4  76.53
Iy =  5.619  106 mm4
12

E
76.2  152.43
Iz =  22.476  106 mm4
12

T
Also, since the y- and z-axes are axes of symmetry, they are principal axes of the cross-section and, the
product of inertia with respect to these axes vanishes : Iyz = 0.
Step II: Calculate stresses
S
It was assumed that plane sections remain plane during bending. The originally plane section rotates about
the neutral axis indicated in Figure and since both strains as well as stresses vary as the distance from
A
the neutral axis it is evident that the peak tensile stress occurs at point B and peak compressive stress
occurs
0.0762 m
M

Plane of loads
S

0.1524 m

z
IE

30°

Neutral Axis B
y

2348.23  103  152.4 1355.75  103  76.2

A =  
2  22.4764  106 2  5.619  106
= – 17.153 N/mm2

2348.23  103  152.4 1355.75  103  76.2

B = 
2  22.4764  106 2  5.619  106
= 17.153 N/mm2
(35) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
7.(b)(i) A sample of soil was prepared by mixing a quantity of dry soil with 10% by mass
of water. Find the mass of this wet mixture required to produce a cylindrical,
compacted specimen of 15 cm diameter and 12.5 cm deep and having 6% air content.
Find also the void ratio and the dry density of the specimen if G = 2.68.

[15 Marks]
Sol. Air content, ac = Va/Vv = 0.06
or Va = 0.06 Vv.
Hence Vw = 0.94Vv

 Vw 
Thus Va = 0.06    0.0638Vw
 0.94 

R
2
Volume of specimen (V) =  / 4  15   12.5   2208.9 ml

E
Now, with usual notations, V = Vs + Vw + Va
or 2208.9 = Vs + Vw + 0.0638 Vw = Vs + 1.0638Vw

T
Writing volumes in terms of mass,
Ms M 
2208.9 =  1.0638  w 
S
 2.68  1.0   1.0 
Substituting Mw = 0.10Ms,
A
Ms
2208.9 =  1.0638  0.1Ms
 2.68 
M

or Ms = 4606.54 gm. Mw = 460.65 gm

Mass of wet soil, M = Ms + Mw = 4606.54 + 460.65 = 5067.19 gm
M 5067.19
Bulk density,  =   2.294 gm / ml
V 2208.9
S

 2.294
Dry density d =   2.085 gm / ml
1  w 1  0.10
G w
IE

Therefore, e = 1
d
2.68  1.0
=  1  0.285
2.085

7.(b)(ii) The following observations were taken during a pipette analysis for the
determination of particle size distribution of a soil sample.
(i) Depth below the water surface at which the sample was taken = 100 mm
(ii) Capacity of pipette = 10 ml
(iii) Mass of sample when dried = 0.3 gm
(iv) Time of taking sample = 7 minutes after the start
(v) Volume of soil suspension in the sedementation tube = 500 ml.
(36) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
(vi) Dry mass of soil used in making suspension = 25 gm.
Determine the coordinate of the point on the particle size distribution curve
corresponding to above observations.
Take G = 2.70 and  = 10.09 millipoise, gw = 1 gm/ml. [5 Marks]

0.30He
Sol. We have, D = g(G  1)w  t

0.30  10.09  10–3  10

D =  0.00161cm
981 (2.70  1)  7
mD 0.3 / 10
n = m  100  25 / 500  100  60%

R
z
The coordinates of the pont on the particle -size distribution curve are (0.0161 mm. 60%)

7.(c) A load P of 5000 Kg on the crank pin of the crank shaft as shown in figure is required

E
to turn the shaft at constant speed. The crank shaft is made of ductile steel having
yield strength of 2800 Kg/cm2 as determined in simple tensile test. Calculate the

T
diameter of the shaft based on a factor of safety of 2.5. Use maximum shear stress
theory. Consider section m-n as critical section.
S
20cm
n
A
B
15cm
m A
M

P
[20 Marks]
Sol.
S

M = P  20

= 5000  20  100000Kg  cm
IE

T = P  15

= 5000  15  75000Kg  cm
Bending stress at section m-n

32M 32  105
 =  Kg cm2
d3 d3
Shearing stress at section m-n

16T 16  75000 12  105

 =   kg cm2
d3 d3 d3

2

max =    2
2
(37) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019

2 2
 32  105   12  105 
=    
 2d3   d3 

20  105
= Kg cm2
d3
As per maximum shear stress theory
 y 
 
2
max =  F.O.S. 

20  105 2800
 =
d3 2  2.5

R
20  10 5  2  2.5
 d3 =
  2800

E
 d = 1136.8211/3 = 10.44 cm

T
8(a)(i) A compacted fill is to be constructed using one of the two potential borrow areas A
and B. The in situ properties of soil at these sites are as follows:
Borrow area A: en = 0.80; wn = 17.5%, Gs = 2.65
S
Borrow area B: en = 0.68; wn = 14.0%, Gs = 2.65
The compacted volume of the embankment will be 50,000 m3, its unit weight 20kN/
A
m3 at a placement water content of 20%.
Soil from the borrow area is to be excavated and transported to the site in trucks
M

of 10m3 capacity. During excavation and dumping of soil in the trucks, the soil
increases in volume by 10 per cent. At the site, the required additional amount of
water is added to the soil and compacted to the desired extent by pneumatic rubber
tyred rollers. The cost of excavation, transportation and compaction is Rs 400 per
S

truck for borrow area A and Rs 500 per truck for borrow area B. Water charges per
truck is Rs 150.
[13 Marks]
IE

Which of the two borrow areas is more economical?

Sol. Embankment :  t  20kN/m3 ; V = 50,000 m3; w = 20%

Weight of soil =  t  V  20  50,000  106 kN

W 106
Weight of solids =   8.33  105 kN
1  w 1  0.2
Weight of water = 106  8.33  105  1.67  105 kN

8.33  105
Volume of solids =  32,075m3
2.65  9.8
These values are shown in the phase diagram in Fig (a).
Borrow area A: en = 0.80
Volume of soil needed to have 32,075 m3 of solids = 32075(1+0.8) = 57,736 m3
(38) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
Number of truck trips required to be made making allowance for 10% increase in volume
57,736  1.1
 6,351
=
10
Amount of water present in 57,736 m3 of soil
= wn × W s = 0.175 × 8.33 × 105 = 1,45,775 = 21,225 kN

21,225
Number of truck loads required to transport water =  217
10  9.8
Cost of excavation, transport and compaction of soil = 6351 × 400 = Rs 25,40,400
Cost of transport of water = 217 × 150 = Rs 32,550
Total cost of using soil from borrow area A = 25,40,400 + 32,550 = Rs 25,72,950
Borrow area B: en = 0.68

R
Volume of soil needed to contain 32075 m3 of solids = 32075(1+0.68) = 53886 m3
53886  1.1
Number of truck trips required to be made =  5928
10

E
Amount of water present in 53886 m3 of soil = wn × W s = 0.14 × 8.33 ×105 = 116620 m3
Additional account of water needed = 167000 –116620 = 50380 kN

Number of truck trips required to transport water =

T
50380
10  9.8
 514

Total cost of using borrow area

S
B = 5928 × 500 +514 × 150 = 2964000 + 77100 = Rs 3041100
A
Using borrow area A is, therefore, more economical.
V(m3) W(kN)
3
V(m3) W(kN)
V(m ) W(kN)
M

57736 53886
50000
W 1.67 ×105 W 145775 116620
W
S

8.33×105 8.33×105 8.33×105

IE

32075 S 32075 S 32075 S

Embankment Borrow area A Borrow area B

8.(a)(ii) The total unit weight (gt) of soil is 18.8 kN/m3, the specific gravity (G) of the
solid particles of the soil is 2.67 and the water content (w) of the soil is 12%. Calculate
the dry unit weight (gd), void ratio (e) and the degree of saturation (S)

[7 Marks]
Sol. Given, Total unit weight,  t = 18.8 kN/m3
Specific gravity, G = 2.67
(39) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
Ww
Water content of the soil, w = 12% = 0.12 = W
s

 Ww = 0.12 W s
Total weight. W = W S + W w = W s + 0.12 W s = 1.12 W s

W
 Ws =
1.12
Considering 1 c.c. of sample, its weight = 18.8 kN/m3
18.8  1000  1000
= = 1.196 gm/c.c.
9.81 106
and Ww = W – Ws
= 1.1916 – 1.7107 = 0.2053 c.c.

R
Volume of sample, V = 1 c.c.,
Volume of water, Vw = 0.2053 c.c.

E
Ws 1.7107
 Volume of solids, Vs = = = 0.6407 c.c
G 2.67

T
Volume of air, Va = 1 – (0.2053 + 0.6407) = 0.154 c.c.
Volume of voids, V v = Va + Vw
= 0.154 + 0.2053 = 0.3593
S
Volumeof water 0.2053
Degree of saturation, S = = = 0.57 = 57%
Volume of voids 0.3593
A
Now, G × w = S × e

G w 2.67  0.12
M

 Void ratio, e = = = 0.562

S 0.57

G. w 2.67  1
Dry unit weight, d = = = 1.709 mg/c.c.
1 e 1  0.562
1.709  9.81 106
= = 16.765 kN/m3
S

1000  1000

8.(b) Prove that the moment of a resistance of a beam of square section, with its diagonal
IE

in the plane of bending is increased by flatting top and bottom corners as shown in
8a
Figure and that the moment of resistance is a maximum when y  . Find the
9
percentage increase in moment of resistance also.

[20 Marks]
Sol. Given:
Figure (a) shows square section with diagonal AC vertical. Let the portions CGH be cut off.
Let I1 = M.O.I. of the square ABCD about diagonal B.D.
Z1 = Section modulus of square ABCD
M1 = Moment of resistance of the square ABCD
(40) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
I2 = M.O.I. of new section with cut off portion (i.e., M.O.I. of DEFBHG
about diagonal BD)
Z2 = Section modulus of new section
M2 = Moment of resistance of the new section.
In Figure (a), diagonal AC = 2a
(2a – 2y) = 2(a – y)
A A
E F E F

y a

N D B A D K L B A
2a y y

R
G H G H
C C

E
(a) (b)
 Diagonal DB = AC = 2a
Now moment of inertia of the square ABCD about N.A. (i.e., diagonal BD) is given by

bh3
T
I1 = M.O.I. of two triangles ABD and BCD about their base BD
2a  a3
= 2
S  2 (Here b = 2a and h = a)
12 12
a4
=
A
3
 a3 
 
M

I1 3
Section modulus, Z1 =  
(Here ymax = a)
ymax a

a4 1 1 3
=   a
3 a 3
Moment of resistance is given by, M = Z
S

1 3 3
 M1 =   Z1    a    0.3333a ...(i)
3
IE

Now, the M.O.I. of the new section with cut off portion (i.e., M.O.I. of DEFBHG) about the diagonal Bd is given
by [Refer Figure (b)].
I2 = M.O.I. of four triangles(i.e., triangles DEK, FLB, DGH and HLB)
puls M.O.I. of rectangle EFHG about N.A. (i.e., diagonal BD)
3
4  bh3 EF  EG3 4  y  y 3 2  a  y    2y 
=   
12 12 12 12
( Here b = y, h = y, EF = 2(a – y) and EG = 2y)

y4 4 y 4 4ay3 4y 4 4 3
 a  y   y3 
=    ay  y 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
and section modulus of new section is given by,
(41) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
4 3
ay  y 4
I2 3
Z2 =  ( Here ymax = y)
ymax y
4 2
ay  y 3
=
3
Now moment of resistance of the new section is given by,
4 2 3
M2 =   Z 2     ay  y  ...(ii)
 3 
dM2
The moment of the resistance of the new section will be maximum, if  0.
dy
Hence differentiating equation (ii) w.r.t. y and equating it to zero, we get

R
d  4 2 
   ay  y 3   = 0
dy   3 
4 
  a  2y  3y 2  = 0

E
or (  and a are constants)
3 
4
or a  2y  3y 2 = 0 (  cannot be zero)


3

3y2 =
8
a y
T
3
S
8 a  y 8a
or y = 3 3 y  9 ...(iii)
A
Substituting this value of y in equation (ii), we get
4 2 3
 8a   8a    4  64 3 512 3 
M

(M2)max =     a            a  a ...(iv)
 3  9   9    3  81 729 
3 3 3
=   1.0535a  0.7023a     0.3512a

But from equation (i), M1 =   0.333a3

S

 M2 is more than M1. And from equation (iii), it is clear that M2 is maximum shen
8a
y = .
IE

9
Now increase in moment of resistance
= M2 max  M1    0.3512a3    0.3333a2
=   0.0179a3
Percentage increae in moment of resistance
Increase in moment of resistance
=  100
Original moment of resistance

  0.0719  a3
=  100  5.37%
  0.3333  a3

8.(c)(i) A box frame is constructed from four boards nailed together as shown in figure. If
each nail can support a shear force of 120 KN, determine the maximum spacing S of
(42) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
the nails at B and at C so that beam will support the force of 350 KN. [12 Marks]
350KN

S
750mm

B C

750mm

150mm

R
150mm
Sol.

E
150  7503 1503 2
I = 2  450   2  2  450  150   375  75 
12 12

Shear flow at B
= 2.295  1010 mm 4

T
S
The shear flow at B is determined using the shaded area shown in figure below. It is this symmetric portion
of the beam that is to be held onto the rest of the beam by nails on the left side and by the fibres of the
board on the right side.
A
B 300
M

N A

VAy
S

Shear flow at B =
I

350  750  150  300

IE

=
2.295  1010
= 0.515 KN/mm
Shear flow at C
Like wise the shear flow at C can be determined using the symmetric shaded area shown in figure below.

B 300
N A

VAy 350  450  150  300

Shear flow at C = 
I 2.295  1010
(43) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-1| 17th March 2019
= 0.309 KN/mm
2  120KN
Spacing at B =  466.02mm
0.515 KN mm
Uses spacing = 450 mm
2  120 KN
Spacing at C =  776.7mm
0.309 KN mm
Using spacing = 775 mm

8.(c)(ii) Draw shear flow diagram & locate shear centre for the channel section as shown
below: [8 Marks]
50 mm

10 mm

R
E
100mm 10 mm

Sol.
T 10 mm
S
45mm

10 mm
A
V
M

e 90 mm

10 mm

b2h2 t
e =
S

4I
3
10 100   40  103 
I =  2  40  10  452  = 2.46 × 46mm4
12  12 
IE

 
2
452  90   10
e =  16.67 mm
4  2.46  106
Shear flow diagram is as follows
q

q

q
q