1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the project introduction, background of the study, problem
statement, research objective and scope of the study thus briefly describe the chapters
available in this report.

1.2 Background Study

Construction of the first steel jacket-type offshore structure began in 1947, in

shallow water, in the Gulf of Mexico. Both design and installation techniques have
progressed to the point that a fixed platform now stands in a water depth of over 300
meters. The jacket platform is characterized by good adaptability, high safety and high
reliability and has become the primary structure form in the development of beach and
shallow sea oil and gas fields.

The principal structural components of the offshore platform are the jacket, the
piles, and the deck. The concept is very simple: the jacket is prefabricated on shore as a
 2

space frame, and then it is transported to the site and seated on the seafloor. The piles are
then driven through sleeves in the jacket, and connected to the sleeves (K. Sadeghi,
2007). The deck is now completed.

According to Infield Systems, rising energy demand in Asia, with China and
Malaysia marked as key drivers, played a major role in steering the global fixed platform
market. Since the market looks sustainable, Asia is expected to hold a 37% share of
worldwide fixed platform capex and 42% of the installation market. Infield Systems
believed that state-owned PETRONAS, have the highest levels of national oil company
expenditures globally, recently established a subsidiary – Vestigo – to focus solely on
development and production activities from small, marginal, and mature fields not only
in Malaysia but also abroad. This shows that as a greater share of oil and gas is supplied
from deeper water depths, investment in subsea production and processing systems tend
to increase rapidly.

By today's standards, the early design calculations were rather crude. As

electronic computers became available, more sophisticated analysis tools were
developed. Still further enhancements have been developed in design technology to take
into account the dynamic characteristics of both the load application and the structural
response. Parallel improvements have also been made in the construction engineering
phase of design which insures that the installation can be safely performed as planned.
Improvements in fabrication and installation capability have kept pace with the
developments in design technology.

Traditional planning tools such as CPM and Gantt chart are not capable to plan
the repetition process and delay that might occurred during the fabrication process of the
jacket platform. Therefore, by applying the Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) is the
solution to address complexity and interdependency (feedback and iteration) of
fabrication process.
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1.3 Problem Statement

The fabrication process of a jacket platform is an example of complex project

since its planning involves the repetition of procedures where it is difficult to be planning
using the traditional management tools within time such as PERT, CPM and Gantt Chart
(J. Koto, 2014). On top of that, difficulty to reschedule is also a concern when repetition
procedure and iteration happen; apart from the fact that they only allow modelling of
sequential and parallel processing of activities (M. Hafizd, 2014). These project
management tools are not capable of planning the project that involves looping activities
(M. Hafizd, 2014). These kinds of project management tools only consider time
information of activity, and not information exchange only (M. Hafizd, 2014).
Complexion project might occur from some stages during fabrication or for improvement
of its quality standard. Therefore, to address the interdependency issue during the
completion of the project, the new approach has to be applied in planning of jacket
platform fabrication process by using Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM). DSM has
been applied on E-House FPSO (N. Haziyah Afiqah, 2015) and FPSO conversion from
VLCC (M. Firdaus, 2016) before this. This research discussed on the implementation of
DSM on jacket platform fabrication process and the total time of project completion to
be compared with the time of project completion from Microsoft Project (CPM).

1.4 Research Objectives

Objectives of this research:

1) To develop a Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) model for planning of

jacket platform fabrication process.

2) To determine total man-hour of jacket platform fabrication using DSM and

compared with the conventional (CPM) method.
 4

1.5 Scope of Study

This research focuses on the planning of four-legged jacket platform fabrication

by using the Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) Model. The sequence of fabrication
process jacket platform is a complex process, from right at the beginning until the delivery
of the project. This research involves the fabrication process of jacket platform and
highlights the interdependency (feedback and iteration) activities. This research also uses
the partitioning method in order to minimize time for completion of the project. Also, to
determine total man-hour duration of jacket platform fabrication. Last but not least, this
research also discusses the comparison result of planning of jacket platform fabrication
between these two management tools; Microsoft Project and Dependency Structure
Matrix (DSM).
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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter provides literature review which is related to this research project.
Literature reviews are done to increase more understanding and knowledge about the
problem of the study and the method used to solve the problem occurred. This includes a
description of jacket platform, basic operation of jacket platform, Dependency Structure
Matrix (DSM) history and Application of DSM in Various Field.

2.2 Jacket Platform

A jacket is a welded tubular space frame with three or more near vertical tubular
chord legs with a bracing system between the legs. The jacket provides support for the
foundation piles, conductors, risers, and other appurtenances (Paul A Frieze, 2000). In
certain instances, in shallow water, it is possible to physically attach a platform to the sea
floor. This is what is shown above as a jacket platform rig. The 'legs' are constructed of
concrete or steel, extending down from the platform, and fixed to the seafloor with piles.
With some concrete structures, the weight of the legs and seafloor platform is so great,
 6

that they do not have to be physically attached to the seafloor, but instead simply rest on
their own mass. There are many possible designs for these fixed, permanent platforms.
The main advantages of these types of platforms are their stability; as they are attached
to the sea floor, there is limited exposure to movement due to wind and water forces.
However, these platforms cannot be used in extremely deep water; it simply is not
economical to build legs that long.

The typical offshore drilling and production platform does not exist for its own
sake but rather is thought of as a necessary but expensive support for the primary
functions that are the reason for the project. The jacket platform is designed to drill wells,
produce oil and gas, process it as necessary, and discharge it to pipelines to shore or a
loading terminal. Jackets are also employed for offshore terminal construction, especially
for the loading platform and breasting dolphins of petroleum terminals (Ben C. Gerwick,
Jr., 2007).
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Figure 2.1: Jacket Platform (Ben C. Gerwick, Jr., 2007)

 8

2.2.1 Basic Operation of Jacket Platform

From the platform, conductors are installed, held by conductor guides bracketed
from the jacket. On the deck, derrick and drilling modules are installed, so that the wells
can be drilled. Processing modules are installed on the deck, and all the necessary support
modules for accommodations, power and water generation, sewage disposal,
communication, and heliport. Cranes are installed to handle drill collars and casing, and
all consumables from barges or supply boats to the deck. On the deck are stored drilling
mud, cement, fresh water, and diesel oil, and contaminated drilling slurry and cuttings.
Other functions, such as re-injection of water or gas, may also be performed from the
platform. An emergency flare stack is provided in order to flare excess gas. While diesel
oil is used initially to fuel operations, produced gas may be used after production and
processing are established (Griff C. Lee et al., 2004).

2.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Jacket Platform

Table 2.1 below shows advantages and disadvantages of using jacket platform.

NUM. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Support large deck loads Cost increase exponentially with depth
2. May be constructed in sections High initial and maintenance cost
and transported
3. Large field and long term of Not reusable
production
4. Piles result in good stability Steel structural members subject to
corrosion
5. Little effect from seafloor scour

Table 2.1: Advantages and Disadvantages of Jacket Platform

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2.3 Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM)

This sub-chapter mainly discussed certain important things related to Dependency

Structure Matrix.

2.3.1 Definition of Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM)

The Design Structure Matrix (DSM) is a network modeling technique to represent

the components of a system and the relationships among them. A system model can be
considered as a graph where a node represents a system element and an edge represents
the relationship between two elements. In case of directed graph (digraph), an arrow
between two elements shows the impact from one element to another. The DSM emerged
as a concise matrix representation of digraphs. The approach has become widespread for
analyzing complex system models. It is a square adjacency matrix containing identical
row and column captions. The diagonal cells depict the components of a system and off-
diagonal cells depict the dependency among these components. In terms of advantages,
the DSMs provide more visual advantages including compactness and clear
representation of essential patterns. On the other hand, as the graph becomes larger with
nodes and edges, it gets more difficult to understand the overall representation of the
network (Yassine A., 2001). Several earlier project management tools named PERT
(Program Evaluation and Review Technique) and CPM (Critical Path Method) methods
lack managing a common phenomenon of complex product development, that is
’interdependency’ (iterations). The DSM tool overcomes this shortfall.
 10

Figure 2.2: Basic Understanding of DSM (J. Uma Maheswari, 2005)

Figure 2.3: Type of Dependencies in DSM (J. Uma Maheswari, 2005)

 11

2.3.2 History of Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM)

Warfield (1970) and Steward (1980) had been using matrices and graph theory
for modelling large and complex engineering project in their work. Then in the next year,
the first design structure matrix that is used as a network representation was introduced
by Don Steward (1981) where he explained how design tasks interact with each other.
Later on, in the 1990s, this method caught the attention of large number of design
developers and became widespread. MIT researchers applied DSM since the 1990s in
their research work on product and system development.

Eppinger et al. (2012) had expanded this model to capture more ideas about
relationships between product elements. “Engineering work can be procedural and
systematic,” says Eppinger (2012). From what have been learnt, engineering is a
repeatable process and it is not always a matter of developing something new like people
always. If we can capture the repeatable process thus we can improvise it to achieve a
better result. Thus, the problem happens stemming when complex processes which
involves interdependent (feedback and iteration) in designing and fabricating process.
Various method uses in project management could not allow feedback and iteration of
engineering work. Traditional management tools only allow for simple sequential and
parallel processing such as CPM/ PERT.

Don Steward (1970) of California State University had coined the term DSM in
the 1970s. But, there are a branch of graph theory that had long used square precedence
matrices to depict relationships among nodes in graph. However, by creating the DSM
method by first applying square-matrix format to represent a network of design variable
(or design task) interactions had given him the primary credit. The technique was derived
from methods used to sequence large systems of equations in order to solve them in
minimal iteration.
 12

According to Don Steward (1981), DSM method used to build an effective

engineering plan, showing where estimates are to be used, how to handle design iterations
and review, and how information flows during the design work. DSM represents in matrix
form provides a compactness, easy to scale and intuitive to read. DSM also offers
conciseness of the structure arrangement and provides compact through interactions
compare to other method. In addition, DSM represents a meaningfully fairly large,
complex in small space (Falkenburg D. et al., 2000).

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1998) recognized the DSM’s

potential in Steward’s book (Steward 1981a) and IEEE Transaction paper (Steward
1981b) in the year of 1989. MIT then applied the DSM in complex systems industries
such as automotive, electronics and aerospace industries in the 1990s. The results seems
promising thus MIT had extended DSM from Steward’s initial process flow models and
sequencing analysis to include static architectural model, clustering analysis, and a range
of applications to product and organization domains. In the 1990s, NASA, Boeing,
General Motors and Intel had implemented the application (and further development) of
DSM in their industry.
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2.3.3 Application of Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) in Various Field

By including a measure of the degree of dependence between tasks and

accounting for the tasks’ duration, Eppinger et al. (1994) had described the extension of
the binary structure in Steward’s task DSM. The extension provided a means for giving
preference in the matrix manipulation to stronger dependencies over weaker ones. They
used this method to recommend reorganizing a complex design process to improve
product development time.

At Ford Motor Company, Pimmler and Eppinger (1994) used component-based

DSMs to exhibit alternative architectures to improve the quality of the resulting product
design at Ford Motor Company. Table 2.2 and Figure 2.4 show the materials-type
interaction for an automotive climate control system, where numeric value quantifies the
importance/strength of that specific interaction type. Referring to Figure 2.4, three
groups/modules/clusters have been identified considering only the materials-type
interactions. Components within a cluster have many strong interactions (intra-group
interactions). Components among three clusters have relatively few interactions (inter-
group interactions). For instance, there exists strong interactions among components of
front-end air cluster while there exists few interactions between components of cluster
front-end air and cluster refrigerant.

Required +2 Physical adjacency is necessary but functionality

Desired +1 Physical adjacency is beneficial, but not necessary for functionality
Indifferent 0 Physical adjacency does not affect functionality
Undesired -1 Physical adjacency causes negative effect but does not prevent
functionality
Detrimental -2 Physical adjacency must be prevented to achieved functionality

Table 2.2: Quantification Scheme (Pimmler and Eppinger, 1994)

 14

Figure 2.4: Component-Based Original DSM of Automobile Climate Control System

(Pimmler and Eppinger, 1994)

McCord and Eppinger (1994) demonstrated the use of a team-based DSM to

describe the patterns of required information exchange for an automobile engine
development team. They suggested reorganization of the systems teams to optimize
exchange of information. Pimmler and Eppinger (1994) extended this work by
presenting a methodology for the analysis of product design decompositions. They also
identified four important types of interactions between elements in a component DSM and
provided a method for quantifying the strength of these interactions. 8 The four component
interaction types were:

i. Spatial interaction – identifies need for adjacency or orientation between

elements;

ii. Energy interaction – identifies needs for energy transfer;

iii. Information interaction – identifies need for information or signal

exchange between the two elements;

iv. Material interaction – identifies need for materials exchange between

elements.
 15

Eppinger (1997) showed the use of both the team-based DSM and the above
component interaction quantification in a component DSM to demonstrate a method for
integration analysis of large- scale engineering systems. Eppinger and Salminen (2001)
extended earlier works by using DSM to understand patterns in the complexity of product
development from three views: a process view, a product view and an organizational
view.

Their DSM application is reviewed by Browning (2001) and the development is

continued by other researcher, Vieira and Richardson (2002), where they take a more
practical approach by defining a method for analyzing software component dependencies.
Furthermore advantages of DSM include also compact format, visual nature, intuitive
representation, powerful analytical capacity, and flexibility.

Amra Talic-Cikmis (2013) used DSM method for solving problem in wind tunnel
“Armfield C15-10” where is present the experiment of fluid flow over the air profiles.
Because of DSM power, new computational DSM aid known as PSM 32 software is
introduced. His research shows that DSM can minimize feedback within the design
process.

The problem that overlapped while planning and scheduling using DSM has
become an issue. Krishnan et al. (1997) had rightly addressed that for any overlapping
to be effective, upstream information availability and downstream information needs
must be clearly understood. Researchers at MIT have addressed the types of overlapping
from a different viewpoint. A model-based framework has been used to overlap product
development activities.

Simon Austin and Andrew Baldwin et.al (2002) within published paper online
have produced the DSM via a schedule of information using the output from a design
process model. Paper published review analytical design planning technique (ADePT) a
dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process. They also
examine the tool schedules task in the design process on the basic design requirement,
 16

identify areas of iterative work within the process and allow the effectiveness of
eliminating the need for some information estimates by over-designing.

Indra Gunawan and Kamarul Ahsan (2010) used DSM approach to solve the
problem to address interdependency activities in terms of feedback and iteration since
traditional tool such as CPM and PERT do not work to address interdependency activities
in terms of feedback and iteration. DSM used to represent the dependencies and show the
sequence of activity that would be performed. In additional they use DSM to account for
feedback and iteration.

According to V. Paul Christopher Charlesraj, J. Uma Maheswari,

Satyanarayana N. Kalidindi and Koshy Varghese (2004), Dependency Structure
Matrix (DSM) is a powerful tool for modeling information flow and planning alternate
sequences successfully elaborated in implementation procedure for modelling
construction projects. The critical inputs such as Criticality of assumption, Information
Change Occurrence and Information Change Propagation for the estimation of rework
duration of a project using DSM have been identified.

Tyson R. Browning (1998)’s research was done to identify challenges that

impede efforts to reduce cycle time for complex system developments projects. DSM was
used as tools to highlight potential iterations and visual representation of process. His
research succeeded by helping in managing some of the cycle time reduction challenges.

M. Hafidz Efendy and Jaswar Koto (2014) used Dependency Structure Matrix
(DSM) method in order to address the complexity of the project. Partitioning DSM process
which minimizes the amount of iteration (iteration) within the process. This method used
to identify the relationship of the activities which involved independent, dependent and
interdependent. While, partitioning method use to highlight the interdependency activities
and identify the looping activities. Their research by using DSM to reschedule of Electric
House of FPSO fabrication had decrease the number of iteration and time of the whole
project.
 17

N. Haziyah Afiqah and J. Koto (2015) research discusses scheduling of FPSO

E-House module Fabrication Model using Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) method
in order to address the complexity. Partitioning DSM process which minimize the amount
of iteration (iteration) within the process. As a result, reducing probability of iteration
affect to the time reduction to complete the project. Her successful scheduling using DSM
decreased the number of iteration and time of the whole project. In comparison,
fabrication time of the Electric House planned by using Microsoft Project is 130 days.
But, required fabrication time have been reduced to 123 days by using the Dependency
Structure Matrix Model.

M. Firdaus Ismail and J. Koto (2016) had developed a Dependency Structure

Matrix (DSM) model for the planning of floating production storage offloading (FPSO)
fabrication. He had successfully proved that DSM approach is more efficient for the
planning process of FPSO compared to the traditional management tools such as CPM
and PERT when the time taken calculated for the project to be completed had been
reduced by seven days.

2.3.4 Advantages and Challenges of Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM)

Conventional tools such as Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation
and Review Technique (PERT) are not suitable for representing information
dependencies because interdependent activities or loops cannot be modeled. Dependency
Structure Matrix (DSM) has been identified as a potential tool to model interdependent
activities (or loops), to identify suitable assumptions, formulate and evaluate the resulting
sequence. Table 2.3 below explain the pro and cons of using DSM:
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NUM. ADVANTAGES CHALLENGES

1. Enhanced review effectiveness High degree of dependency between
the modules
2. Improved quality delivered to downstream phases Poor downstream quality in previous
releases
3. No major defects identified during UAT/Warranty Defect fix turnaround time high for
phases similar past releases
4. Faster turnaround for design, change request Anticipated Schedule crunch in
analysis and implementation integration and system testing
5. Value threads used for iteration planning,
prioritization and alignment across the team
6. Optimal planning and team ramp-up.
Implemented and tested components with more
complexity early
7. Streamlined work allocation and distribution;
Identifying collocation and distribution, task
assignments per complexity

Table 2.3: Advantages and Challenges of Using DSM

2.4 Summary

Last but not least, DSM theory is powerful tools in its application in various fields.
Therefore, this research shows significant to improve project management tool of
complex project by using Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) method in offshore
industries rather than by using CPM and PERT method thus need to develop DSM model
for planning of jacket fabrication.
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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the method that will be used to carry out
the research. This include the process flow chart from data input, data processing to the
data output. The step and tools in each process are explained in details. Theory of DSM
has been used in systems engineering and project management to model the structure of
complex systems or processes, in order to perform system analysis, project planning and
organization design. Thus, DSM theory will be used significantly in this research
methodology. There are some research methods implemented as in the explanation
below:
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3.2 Flow Chart of Study

Figure 3.1 below shows the flow chart of study carried out for this research.

Literature Review

Scope and Objective

Analyzed Parameter Used

for DSM

Develop DSM Model for

Jacket Construction Process

Simulate the Project

Planning

Compare With Current

Management Tools (CPM)

Write Thesis

Figure 3.1: Flow Chart of Study

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To complete this research, various research methods had been used such as
reviewing past research journals and articles written by other researcher. Any related
topic regarding this research is pointed out and bookmarked. All of the info then were put
into the literature review part of this research. The first literature review is on Jacket
Platform and structure. After that, the review on Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) is
carried out where this is the most important part of this research. This research focus on
planning of jacket platform fabrication.

The most important part is the step of analyzing the real data in the sequence of
jacket platform fabrication. All necessary data need to be collected and analyze before
the simulation of the project planning can be carried out. After that, the result of new
development is compared to the current conventional management tool such as Critical
Path Method (CPM). The overall thesis is written at the end of this process.

3.3 Gathering Jacket and DSM Database

To gather as much data as possible regarding fabrication process of jacket

platform and DSM, a research was carried out in proper manner. An established database
is planned so there will be a guidance while planning of jacket platform by using DSM
model.

3.3.1 Research from Journal

The most relevant way to gather a huge amount of information is by collecting

and reviewing past journals related to the research topic. Many journals have been
reviewed to provide data on jacket platform and DSM theory. But in this research,
discussion regarding DSM theory will be prioritize and focused on.
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3.3.2 Resources from Internet

Internet has been used in worldwide as source of knowledge. There are problems
regarding facts in the internet is that, certain references on the internet are published for
temporary period and some websites required payment to access.

3.3.3 Data from Malaysia Marine Heavy Engineering (MMHE)

The sequence of jacket platform fabrication process and time scheduling

completion of jacket platform are crucial in this research. The data are used for the
analysis. Gathering a lot of inputs starting from collection of project specifications and
requirements to the scope of the work. The list of activities and duration is defined. After
this stage, the information predecessors are decided and the activity DSM is drawn.
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CHAPTER 4

DEPENDENCY STRUCTURE MATRIX (DSM) THEORY

4.1 Introduction

Briefly, this research is about the planning of the jacket platform fabrication by
using dependency structure matrix (DSM) model. Basic understanding of traditional
project management tools theory such as critical path method (CPM) and Program
Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) is significant at the early stage of this research.
Basic theory included the introduction of the previous theory and research theory, how to
use the theory, the power of the theory, weaknesses and their application.

4.2 Traditional Project Management Tools

This sub-chapter discussed the common project management tools used for
planning project, the CPM and PERT.
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4.2.1 Critical Path Method (CPM)

The critical path method (CPM) is a step-by-step project management technique

for process planning that defines critical and non-critical tasks with the goal of preventing
time-frame problems and process bottlenecks. The CPM is ideally suited to projects
consisting of numerous activities that interact in a complex manner.
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Figure 4.1: Example of Critical Path Method (CPM) (A&D High Tech Case, Online Store Project, 60 tasks, HW2, 2007)
 26

4.2.2 Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)

A PERT chart is a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. PERT stands for
Program Evaluation and Review Technique, a methodology developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1950s to manage the Polaris submarine
missile program. A similar methodology, the Critical Path Method (CPM) was developed for project management in the private sector
at about the same time.

Figure 4.2: Example of Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) Chart
 27

4.2.3 Differences Between PERT and CPM

Table 4.1 below shows the comparison between PERT and CPM.

BASIS FOR PERT CPM

COMPARISON
Meaning PERT is a project management
technique, used to manage
uncertain activities of a project
CPM is a statistical
technique of project
management that
manages well defined
activities of a project

What is it? A technique of planning and A method to control cost

control of time and time
Orientation Event-oriented Activity-oriented
Evolution Evolved as Research & Evolved as Construction
Development project project
Model Probabilistic Model Deterministic Model
Focuses on Time Time-cost trade-off
Estimates Three time estimates One time estimate
Appropriate for High precision time estimate Reasonable time estimate
Management of Unpredictable Activities Predictable activities
Nature of jobs Non-repetitive nature Repetitive nature
Critical and non- No differentiation Differentiated
critical activities
Suitable for Research and Development Non-research projects
Project like civil construction,
ship building etc.
Crashing concept Not applicable Applicable

Table 4.1: Comparison Between PERT and CPM

 28

4.2.4 Power of PERT and CPM

Even CPM and PERT are traditional management, but they are method that’s easy
to understand since, the graphic diagram depicts the flow and sequence of the project.
This method also able to estimate duration for project completion from start till the end
of the project. In addition, this method able to identify activities which are critical that
directly impact the completion time. Therefore, development of this method produces
computational aid with the Microsoft Project software.

4.2.5 Weakness of PERT and CPM

Since, CPM/ PERT is one of techniques for doing project planning, however, this
method also has limitation in planning and scheduling the project. Both only allow the
modelling of dependent (sequence) and independent (parallel) but fail to address the
interdependency (feedback and iteration). The interdependency task is prohibited in CPM
and PERT. In addition, they also not address the problem that stemming from the
complexity.

According to Gray and Larson (2000), CPM/PERT cannot planning and

scheduling project that involved looping activities. This method difficult to reschedule
because of repetition procedure and iteration of the complex project. Maheswari and
Varghese (2005) said, CPM and PERT method only consider time information of activity
not information exchange. In addition, these techniques have weakness in sequencing,
displaying and controlling the development process, especially when dealing with
iteration. Moreover, these techniques also only allow one-way progression along paths,
ignoring feedback and iteration.
 29

4.3 Advance Project Management Tools

This sub-chapter discussed the current and modern project management tools
available for project planning, the Microsoft Project where CPM can be generated
through this software.

4.3.1 Microsoft Project

Microsoft Project Professional is a new project management software developed

from CPM and PERT technique. It is designed to assist a project manager in developing
a plan, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress, managing the budget, and
analyzing workloads. It provides the flexibility to manage projects by applying the theory
of CPM and PERT. It also helps to create the project plan and assistance in tracking the
project to its completion.

4.4 Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) Theory

The Dependency Structure Matrix is also known as the design structure matrix,
the problem solving matrix and design precedence matrix. As a tool for system analysis,
DSM provides a compact and clear representation of a complex system and a capture
method for the interactions/interdependencies/ interfaces between system elements
(Rumana Quashem, 2015). As a management tool, DSM most commonly applied in
project management, and it provides a project representation that allows for feedback and
cyclic task dependencies. This is extremely important since most engineering applications
exhibit such a cyclic property. As such, this representation often results in an improved
and more realistic execution schedule for the corresponding design activities.
 30

DSM clearly reveals which information exchange involves design iteration and
which do not. Referring to Figure 4.3, all the X's in the diagonal denote “feed forward”
information exchanges in which information from earlier activities is available for later
activities. On the other hand an X in the upper half denotes feedback in which information
from a subsequent activity may force rework of a prior activity. This is defined as coupled
or interdependent activities. Activity B, for instance, needs information from activity D,
which is completed after B. Executing B requires making a guess about, or assuming the
missing information from, activity D. When complete and accurate information from
activity D is finally available, rework of activity B may be necessary leading to increases
in cost and time (Steven D. Eppinger, 2001).

A B C D
A
B X X
C X
D X X

Figure 4.3: Simplified Example of DSM

 31

4.5 Different Types of Dependencies in DSM Representation

There are mainly three different types of activities that can be found in
Construction design projects: Sequential (Dependant), Parallel or Concurrent
(Independent) and Coupled (Interdependent). The different types of activities are shown
in Figure 4.4 is a CPM network representation (activity on arrow) and as DSM
representation.

Figure 4.4: Different Type of Dependencies in DSM (M. Fayez, 2003)

 32

Dependencies in matrix form depicts the relationship of the dependencies that used
in describing the relationship between the activities. If there exists an edge from node i
to node j, then the value of element ij (column i, row j) is unity (or flagged with a mark
such as “X” or “●”). Otherwise, the value of the element is zero (or left empty). In the
binary matrix representation of a system, the diagonal elements of the matrix do not have
any interpretation in describing the system, so they are usually either left empty or
blacked out Mark along the column gives information to and mark along the rows means
needs information from. Binary matrices for system modelling are useful in systems
modelling because they can represent the presence or absence of a relationship between
pairs of elements of a system. A major advantage of the matrix representation is the ability
to provide a systematic mapping among system elements that is clear and easy to read
regardless of size.

The following figures shows a simple Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM)

understanding .

Figure 4.5: DSM in Matrix Layout Figure 4.6: Sequence of the DSM Matrix
(Rumana Quashem, 2015)
 33

Basic matrix in Figure 4.5 shows tasks scheduled in matrix form and their
relationship in Figure 4.6. The “x” mark in the upper side is the continuity of the activities
and lower side is the repetition activity. Refer to row task 1. Task 1 provides information
to task 2 and task 5 which mean when task 1 is completed at certain times, flow proceeds
to task 2 and task 5 which is dependent upon task 1 but not related to each other therefore
the process can flow in parallel form.

There are some cases where marks appear in the lower- triangular region of DSM.
Task 1 will have to make assumption about the information it needs from task 3. Iteration
may occur before task 3 has begun and task 1 is rework. Thus, in the coupled system, the
flow of influence or information is intertwined: task 1 influences task 3 and task 3
influences task 1. This would occur if task 1 could not be determined (with certainty)
without first knowing task 3 and task 3 could not be determined without knowing task 1.
This cyclic dependency is called "Circuits" or "Information Cycles". Dependent
relationship can be seen in task 3 to task 6 where after completing both task 3 and task 4,
then task 6 can be proceed till finish. Mark at the lower- triangular reveal the chance of
having iteration, which could have given impact on cost and schedule. In order to reduce
the impact, bring the marks to the above or close to the diagonal which called partitioning
analysis.
 34

4.6 Types of Data Represented in Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM)

Browning, (2001) have introduced where DSM can be represented in four

different types data with different type analysis method with different application. Table
4.2 below shows in details every type of data represented in DSM.

Table 4.2: Types of Data Represented in DSM

Task-Based and Parameter-Based is used in this research because Task-Based is

suitable for project planning application and the collected data in Parameter-Based
require the information generated by the Task-Based. Project planning became more
challenging when all the dependency relationship and more interdependency activities
involved. DSM is a powerful management tool because this matrix can account feedback
and iteration where it is most compact. The matrix contains a list of all constituent
activities and the corresponding information exchange patterns that is required for
analysis further.
 35

4.7 DSM Optimization

There are a number of techniques that were developed for optimizing and streamlining information flows. This research used
the partitioning technique in analyzing the DSM. All of the techniques can be summarized in Table 4.3 below following categories of:

NO. TECHNIQUE DESCRIPTION

1. Partitioning Sequencing or reordering of the rows and columns of DSM with new arrangement which does
not have feedback and looping mark at the below diagonal.
2. Clustering Finding subsets of DSM elements (clusters or modules) that are mutually exclusive or
minimally interacting subsets. Clustering is useful in formulating project teams.
3. Tearing A process of choosing the set of feedback marks that if removed from the matrix (and then
the matrix is re-partitioned) will render the matrix lower triangular.
4. Aggregation Aggregating two or more activities or elements in one new activity or element.

5. Decomposition Decomposing coupled activities. Manage rework by moving as many “x” marks as possible
close to or below the diagonal. All coupled activities could be carried out concurrently, so all
iterations could be planned for.

Table 4.3: Techniques for Optimizing DSM

 36

4.8 Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) Partitioning Analysis

Partitioning is the process of manipulating (i.e. reordering) the DSM rows and
columns such that the new DSM arrangement does not contain any feedback marks; thus,
transforming the DSM into a lower triangular form. For complex engineering systems, it
is highly unlikely that simple row and column manipulation will result in a lower
triangular form. Therefore, the analyst's objective changes from eliminating the feedback
marks to moving them as close as possible to the diagonal (this form of the matrix is
known as block triangular). In doing so, fewer system elements will be involved in the
iteration cycle resulting in a faster development process. There are several methods to do
partitioning:

1) Path Searching

2) Power of the Adjacency Matrix Method

3) The Reachability Matrix Method

4) Triangularization Method

5) Tarjan's Depth First Search Algorithm (Tarjan 1972)

However, they are all similar with a difference in how do they identify cycles
(loops or circuits) of information. All partitioning algorithms proceed as follows:

1) Identify system elements (or tasks) that can be determined (or executed) without input
from the rest of the elements in the matrix. Those elements can easily be identified
by observing an empty row in the DSM. Place those elements in the top of the DSM.
Once an element is rearranged, it is removed from the DSM (with all its
corresponding marks) and step 1 is repeated on the remaining elements.

2) Identify system elements (or tasks) that deliver no information to other elements in
the matrix. Those elements can easily be identified by observing an empty column in
the DSM. Place those elements in the bottom of the DSM. Once an element is
 37

rearranged, it is removed from the DSM (with all its corresponding marks) and step
2 is repeated on the remaining elements.

3) If after steps 1 and 2 there are no remaining elements in the DSM, then the matrix is
completely partitioned; otherwise, the remaining elements contain information
circuits (at least one).

4) The circuits by one of the following methods:

i. Path searching: information flow is traced either backwards or forwards until

a task is encountered twice (Sargent and Westerberg, 1964; Steward,
1981). All tasks between the first and second occurrence of the task constitute
a loop of information flow.

ii. Powers of the Adjacency Matrix Method: Raising the DSM to the n-th power
shows which element can be reached from itself in n steps by observing a non-
zero entry for that task along the diagonal of the matrix (Warfield, 1973).

5) Collapse the elements involved in a single circuit into one representative element and
go to step 1.

The partitioning analysis in this research applied the path searching method to gain
results.

4.9 Partitioning Analysis by using Path Searching

Table 4.4 below explains the process of partitioning analysis of DSM by using
path searching method.
 38

STEP DSM FORM EXPLANATION

1. The dependency structure matrix is in its
original order.

2. Task F does not depend on information

from any other tasks as indicated by an
empty column. Schedule task F first in
the matrix and remove it from further
consideration.

3. Task E does not provide information to

any tasks in the matrix as indicated by an
empty row. Schedule task E last in the
matrix and remove it from further
consideration.
 39

4. Task C is simultaneously dependent

upon information from task A. Since task
A and task C are in a loop, collapse one
into the other and represent them in a
single, composite task (i.e. task CA).

5. Task CA has an empty column indicating

that it is not part of any other loop.
Schedule it last and remove it from
further consideration.

6. Trace dependency starting with any

unscheduled task: task B depends on task
G which depends on task D which
depends on task B. This final loop
includes all the remaining unscheduled
tasks.

7. The final partitioned matrix.

 40

Table 4.4: Partitioning Analysis of DSM by using Path Searching

4.10 Estimation of Project Duration Using DSM

Once the activities are re-sequenced based on the partition analysis, the normal
project duration (for one cycle) can be determined. The duration for each activity can be
given along the diagonal cells. According J. Uma Maheswari and Korshy Varghese
(2005) proposed estimate the project Duration using DSM as formula below:

(𝐸𝑆)𝑖 = (𝐸𝑆)𝑖 + 𝐴𝑖𝑖 , 0< i ≤ n (4.1)

(𝐸𝑆)𝑗 = 𝑀𝐴𝑋[(𝐸𝐹)𝑖 + 𝐴𝑗𝑖 ], 0< i ≤ n, 0< j ≤ n (4.2)
P= 𝑀𝐴𝑋[(𝐸𝐹)𝑗 ], 0< j ≤ n (4.3)

Where;

𝑃 = 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐴𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑖

𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑠

𝑖 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑠 (𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑠) 𝑜𝑓 𝑗

𝑗 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑆𝑀 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

𝐸𝑆 = 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡

𝐸𝐹 = 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ
 41

The elements outside the diagonal, 𝐴𝑗𝑖 are equivalent to the communication times
of each task. The meanings of n, i, and j are the same as previously stated. When one task
depends on another, there are two possibilities: they may overlap, or they may not. Wang
and Lin (2009) said that the situations in which there is no overlap are of interest to
administrators and carry a comparative minimum of risk. In situations where there is
overlap, the upstream task may communicate available preliminary information to the
downstream task and enable the downstream task to begin earlier.

The relationship from Finish to Start (FS) is a conventional representation of the

relationship between tasks in DSM, which by itself does not completely represent the
overlap of projects. It is also possible to estimate the duration of overlap by taking into
account the time taken to transfer information between tasks through a relationship Start
to Start (SS). In the case of tasks that do not overlap, it is assumed that the following, or
successor, task will not start until the previous task or tasks have been completed. Tasks
that overlap assume that a successor task can start before receiving information about
tasks that took place previously and that these tasks are able to provide information before
they have been finalized.
 42

4.11 Overlap Review

This sub-chapter explains type of overlapping might occurred in during

Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) model development.

4.11.1 Types of Overlapping

NO. TYPE OF OVERLAPPING EXPLANATION

1. Activity A give information to
B. The duration of A is
assumed to be dA while B is dB

2. A release certain piece of

information ‘x’ after tA which
is less than dA and B require
information after tB which is
less than db

3. A is forced to release ‘x’ (in

form ‘x1’) even or before tA
and/or B requires information
before tB

Table 4.5: Type of Overlapping

 43

DSM layout in this research is divided into several stages before applying
partitioning method. This need to be done since it is complicated to analysis the large
form of matrix, since the DSM model is in the form of (314 x 314) matrix. Therefore,
to display the difficulties in applying the partitioning analysis, the DSM model had been
divided into 13 stages. Thus, the partitioning focused on the marks below the diagonal
of the matrix which means probability of rework (iteration) throughout the whole
planning of project.

4.12 Project Scheduling in Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM)

The original sequence of all tasks is re-ordered and the information flow or
dependency relationship among all project tasks is identified by manipulating the original
matrix of DSM. The information obtained from the DSM is basic and crucial for project
scheduling. According Chun-Hsien Chen (2003), the project schedule constructing
process comprises five major steps:

1) Read the task of the DSM in sequence;

2) Read the estimate duration for this task;

3) Correctly position it into the schedule according to its relationship with other tasks;

4) Repeat steps 1–3 for all the tasks until no tasks left;

5) Confirm the feasibility of the schedule generated.

 44

4.13 Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) Critical Path

Project faces with iteration in real life scheduling. It is the repetition of design
tasks due to availability of new and more accurate information. According Chun-Hsien
Chen (2003), it is necessary to take consideration of duration each task and dependency
relationships. The longest path, usually called the critical path, must be found first
because its length determines the duration of the project. Using DSM method, this is done
by ignoring the mark above the diagonal of the matrix. The procedure of computing
project duration briefly described in steps as follows:

1) Start with the terminal task of the project, trace back to search for all the
predecessors from the row where the terminal task is located in the matrix.

2) Select the closest predecessor as the new search point (task) and trace back for all
the predecessors along the same path.

3) Continue step 2 to trace back the whole matrix until the start task of the project is
found.

4) Link all the passed tasks in the same path together and sum up the tasks’ total
duration, which forms a potentially feasible path for the project to execute.

5) Repeat steps 1–4 to search for all potential paths and calculate every path’s
duration.

6) Compare all the path durations. The longest one is the project duration and
corresponding path is the critical path of the project.
 45

4.14 Delay Caused by Iteration

Iteration may cause delay and need modification. When iteration occurred, the
over-run caused by iteration usually shorter than the original duration time of the block.
To predict the time required for iteration, the project manager had to assess this
coefficient α (0 < α ≤ 1) based on experience.

4.14.1 Iteration Formula for Time Delay Caused by Iteration

Starting the first iteration:

𝑇𝑖1 = 𝛼1 × 𝑇𝑖 (4.4)

Where;

𝑇1𝑖 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝛼1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑇 𝑖 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑛

𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒

Similarly, the duration of the 𝑗 𝑡ℎ iteration can be calculated by:

𝑇𝑗𝑖 = 𝛼𝑗 × 𝑇 𝑖 (4.5)

Therefore the total time required for n iterations is:

𝑇𝑛𝑖𝑇 = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑇𝑗𝑖 = 𝑇 𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝛼𝑗 (4.6)

 46

It is also necessary to calculate the overdue time for each task in the iterated block:

For the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ task in a block with p tasks at the first iteration,

𝑡𝑘1 = 𝑇 𝑖 × 𝛼1 × ∑𝑘𝑞=1 𝑡𝑞 (4.7)

Where;

𝑡𝑘1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑

𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑇 𝑖 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘

𝛼1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑡𝑞 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘

For the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ task in a block with p tasks at the 𝑛𝑡ℎ iteration (𝑛 > 1),

𝑖𝑇
𝑡𝑘𝑛 = 𝑇𝑛−1 + 𝛼1 × ∑𝑘𝑞=1 𝑡𝑞 1≤𝑘≤𝑝 (4.8)

Where;

𝑖𝑇
𝑇𝑛−1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 − 1 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
 47

CHAPTER 5

DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS

5.1 Introduction

Collecting the data information for the sequence of fabrication process and
scheduling process is important in order to complete this research. The activity that
carried out in jacket platform fabrication process and the days required to finish each
activity is important and must be known in order to start this research. The scheduling
data is prepared in Microsoft Project software.

5.2 Offshore Jacket Platform Project Development

In offshore oil and gas industry, term surface is defined above the mud-line, or
simply as seabed. Surface Facilities can be defined as a set of systems and equipment to
extract, process, and export oil & gas in a safe, controlled, and efficient way which are
located on the surface.

Generally, surface facilities consist of two sections which are substructure and
topside. Substructure is a steel structure to support the upper part called topside including
 48

the foundations. Meanwhile, Topside is an integral part of steel deck and all equipment
placed on it, supported by a substructure.

Surface facilities function can be described as:

1) Extraction: Facilities to extract oil & gas from the reservoir into surface in
a safe and controlled manner at the Wellhead Platform (WHP).

2) Processing: Facilities to process raw oil and gas well stream into treated
crude oil or natural gas as per customer requirement done by Central
Processing Platform (CPP).

3) Exporting: Facilities to export treated/processed oil and/or gas to customer

receiving point done by pipeline, FPSI and FLNG.
 49

Figure 5.1: Arthit Field Development (J. Koto, 2016)

Reservoir contain oil, gas, water, as well as other contaminants like nitrogen (N2),
carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), mercury (Hg), and salt. Oil and gas
molecules are constructed from the same elements, Hydrogen (H) and Carbon (C),
referred as Hydrocarbon (J. Koto, 2016). Oil is hydrocarbon mixtures which form liquid
at room temperature whereas gas is hydrocarbon mixtures which form gas at room
temperature.

Well fluids coming from the reservoir are actually a mixture of all above fluids in
a high pressure and temperature. Meanwhile, the customers which are the downstream
industry require separate treated oil (crude oil) and gas (natural gas) for further
processing. Processing function is to separate oil, gas, and water, then treats again the oil
and gas to meet customer specification, and treat water for overboard discharge (release
to the sea) or re-inject to the reservoir as shown in the Figure 5.2.
 50

Figure 5.2: Processing Block Diagram (J. Koto, 2016)

5.3 Jacket Platform and Topside Construction Stages

The construction stages start with contract awarded, material procurement, yard
preparation, material arrival, fabrication process, corrosion protection, assembly, load
out, installation and hook up and commissioning of new platform.

5.3.1 Contract Awarded

Owners requirements normally stated in a formal contract document for the

shipbuilder attention. Then, shipbuilder will prepare a building specification for approval
by the owner or the owner’s representative that will form an integral part of the contract
between the two parties and thus have legal status. This technical specification will
normally include the following information:
 51

• Brief description and essential qualities and characteristics of the ship

• Principal dimensions

• Deadweight, cargo and tank capacities, etc.

• Speed and power requirements

• Stability requirements

• Quality and standard of workmanship

• Survey and certificates

• Accommodation details

• Trial conditions

• Equipment and fittings

• Machinery details, including the electrical installation, will normally be

produced as a separate section of the specification.

The contract signing initiate the first step in the construction of offshore platform
between the owner and the second party which is the EPCC Company. In contract signing,
overall requirements and time frame are stated and agreed by both parties. Figure 5.3
shows a ceremony of signing contract.
 52

Figure 5.3: Signing of Contract (KUFPEC, 2016)

5.3.2 Procurement

The technical and commercial activities required to supply material and

specialised products to enable the execution of construction activities.

5.3.3 Yard Preparation

The yard will be prepared for the incoming material and location for the pre each
part fabrication of offshore platform as in Figure 5.4.
 53

Figure 5.4: Yard Preparation (Heerema, 2013)

5.3.4 Material Arrival

All Materials shall be control throughout each stage of fabrication to ensure the
following. All material shall be checked during receiving stage to ensure that they’re
traceable to mill certificate.

After receiving of material, all material shall be numbering and containing to heat
number and piece number from manufacture. All structural members shall be full
traceability by hard stamp during material marking.
 54

Figure 5.5: Material Arrival (Heerema, 2013)

5.3.5 Fabrication

The processes normally carried out in a fabrication shop to produce relatively

small units. Thus fabrication includes processes such as cutting, rolling, pressing, fitting,
welding, stress relieving on such items as welded tubular, beams, nodes, girders, cones,
supports, clamps, and others.

The specifications for fabrication of offshore jackets are determined by the

designer. They are usually based on one or more of the well-known codes, with additional
requirements dictated by the specific design, client standards, statutory rules, etc. Two
recognised codes which are used extensively for establishing general requirements are
the API RP2A Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed
Offshore Platforms, and AISC Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of
Structural Steel for Buildings.
 55

5.3.5.1 Welding Process

In this project, there are several welding processes will be practised for example
shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), Flux Core Arc
Welding (FCAW) and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG). The application of the different welding
process based on the suitability of the process with the process. On the other hand, as
welding process is one of the main process for assemble each part of the platform, so
some the requirement on this process need to be consider as stated: -

1) Welder Qualification Test (WQT)

All welder shall be qualified before allow to assigned to the project. The
qualification of welder shall be done at the same requirement specified in the WPS. The
completed test specimen shall be visual inspection and follow by NDE as below: -

• 100% RT for all butt joining that is qualified for 6GR, 6G, 3G/4G, 1G

• 100% UT for 6GR and SAW-1G

• MPI for Fillet Welded

• Macro for acute angle

2) Welding Procedure Specification (WPS)

WPS are required, detailing steel grades, joint design, welding consumables, etc.
Welds are typically subject to 100% visual, magnetic particle inspection (MPI) and
ultrasonic test (UT) inspection. The weld acceptance criteria, example maximum weld
undercut length (t/2 or 10mm), and maximum depth (t/20 or 0,25mm), imply an
exceptionally high quality of welding. All welding shall be followed the approved WPS.
 56

3) Welding Procedure Qualification Test (WPQT)

Relating to the specific WPS, WPQT is also required in order to prove that the
WPS to be used is qualified in the strength, quality point of view.

The base metal, consumable and other parameters for example preheating and
temperature to be used or control in the WPQT shall be comply or equivalent to the actual
used of fabrication.

All temporary plates and fittings should be subjected to the same requirements for
weld testing as the member to which they are being affixed. There is also an overriding
necessity to ensure that such attachments are located at a safe distance from main
structural welds in order to minimise the risk of defect propagation. Temporary cut outs
should be of sufficient size to allow sound replacement. Corners should be rounded to
minimise stress concentrations.

4) Procedure Qualification Record (PQR)

During the test, all necessary parameter shall be recorded in the PQR (Procedure
Qualification Record) format. After Completed the testing, visual inspection in according
to ASME or AWS D1.1 shall be done, whichever is applicable, then followed by NDE
(24 hour for Mild steel, 48 hour for High Strength Steel).

The completed welded testing specimen shall be sent to the qualified laboratory
for mechanical testing, which will be consist of Tensile Test, bend test, Impact Test,
hardness test for each heat effect zone.

5) Welding Examination

When welds are found to be defective, they should be rectified by grinding,

machining or welding as required. Welds of insufficient strength, ductility or notch
toughness should be completely removed prior to repair. All welding shall be 100% visual
inspection after completion of welding before release for NDE and painting. NDE shall
not be carried out until 24 hour for Mild steel and 48 hour for high strength steel.
 57

5.3.6 Corrosion Protection

Two processes are normally being selected to protect the structure from the
corrosion which are Cathodic protection, anode and painting

Normally the structure which located under splash zone will be protecting from
corrosion by using of Anode. The structure located at and above splash zone will be
protect from corrosion by using of coating or paint process. The painting system and
designed of Anode shall be complied with the specification required by the clients.

5.3.7 Jacket Fabrication Layout

Figure 5.6 below shows the jacket platform fabrication layout obtained from
Malaysia Marine Heavy Engineering (MMHE).

Figure 5.6: Jacket Platform Fabrication Layout (MMHE, 2016)

 58

5.3.8 Jacket Platform Fabrication Process

This sub-chapter explains the jacket platform fabrication process in details.

Table 5.1: Jacket Platform Fabrication Process

Process Decsription
The very earlier stage in
fabrication is steel cutting using
oxy-acetelyn stell cutting.

Figure 5.7: Steel cutting (Heerema, 2013)

i. The fabrication start with

removal a layer of soil.
ii. A precasted concrete
slippers and laid with thin
steel plate. A prefabricated
skid beam will align and
welded together.
iii. The leg part will be place
on both sided.

Figure 5.8: Jacking up (Kole et al., 2013)

The prefabrication part also

parallely done in the fabrication
shop where later it will be
assemble with the main panel.
 59

Figure 5.9: Pre assembly in fabrication shop

(Kole et al., 2013)

i. Part by part of tubular steel

join together to form a leg
by welding process for leg
A. the same process repeat
for leg B.
A
ii. Then, it laid on the leg port
B
by using crawler crane.

Figure 5.10: Leg lay down (Dong, 2014)

i. Fabricated X braces C is
then installed between two
leg (A & B) and welded
C together.
ii. Then, the vertical brace
D
(D) is welded to box up the
panel.
Figure 5.11: Bracing installation (Heerema, 2013)
 60

i. Parallel installation of X is
done with another leg E
F and F.
E
ii. The panel (E & F) is then
rolled up on vertical brace
(D) using collar crane and
welded.

Figure 5.12: Top Panel rolled up (Dong, 2014)

i. The fabricated panel G

rolled up with the
completed 4 legged

G
structure.
H
ii. The same rolled up with
another prefabricated
panel same as panel G at
location H .
iii. The final structure I after
both panel rolled up.
I

Figure 5.13: Left and right panel rolled up

(Mcdermott, 2011)

Riser fabrication, painting and

installation at jacket structure.
 61

Figure 5.14: Riser installation (Heerema, 2013)

i. Buoyancy tank which are

connected to the jacket
functioned to guarantee
the required buoyancy
during the jacket launching
stage, as well as the
subsequent self up-ending

Figure 5.15: Buoyancy tank installation (Kole et and floating phases.

al., 2013) ii. It is located as in Figure

5.16 at location J.
i. The installation of mud
mat, piping and other.
ii. Now the structure is ready
for load out.

K J

Figure 5.16: Jacket structure completion

(Heerema, 2013)
 62

5.3.9 Jacket Platform Fabrication Schedule

Figure 5.17 below shows a real jacket platform fabrication schedule obtained from
Malaysia Marine Heavy Engineering (MMHE).

Figure 5.17: Jacket Platform Fabrication Schedule (MMHE, 2016)

5.4 Simulate the Data Analysis

Data is collected in form of parameter-based which is in Microsoft Project

software. Analysis data is process of extract the important information in order to creating
the Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) project scheduling. Understanding the
Microsoft Project software is one of important thing to analyse the data before create
DSM matrix and apply the DSM theory.
 63

In order to develop DSM for scheduling of jacket platform fabrication, DSM that
was converted into Microsoft Excel is used in this thesis. This tool can develop the DSM
either a Parameter-Based or a Task-Based DSM and help the user keep track the maturity
level of the specific parameter or task. Other than that, partitioning analysis is used in
order to sequencing and capture iteration/rework. For partitioning analysis, the DSM is
separated into several stages.

5.5 Constructing Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM)

Many researchers have implemented DSM method since this method is proven to
be effective in determining the accuracy of dependencies in relationship data that is
collected. To start developing DSM model, DSM design procedure approach is
implemented onto this project. Following below is steps taking in developing DSM
model:

1) List all activities involved in jacket platform fabrication process with their specific
successor and predecessor.

2) Form the listing activities in matrix form (nxm) as DSM Matrix layout.

3) Mark "X" according to predecessor and successor of each activity.

4) Apply partitioning method.

5) Final result.
 64

5.6 Microsoft Office Visual Basic Programming

Figures below show the result of DSM model that had been developed thoroughly.
The coding for this programming is available at Appendix D.

Figure 5.18: User Insert Data Table

Figure 5.19: Sample User Interface that had been transferred into Microsoft Excel
 65

Figure 5.20: User Insert Number of Element

Figure 5.21: Sample DSM Model Generated

 66

CHAPTER 6

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

6.1 Introduction

This chapter explains the result and finding of this research. Detailed discussion
on fulfilment of the research objective via the results of this research is explained as well.
Results from all analysis that had been carried out and the discussion on the analysis of
the result is also included in this chapter. These results show the distinction between
conventional project management tools (CPM) and dependency structure matrix (DSM).
The most highlighted result in this chapter is the result of the developed DSM model and
the partitioning analysis that was done. The total man-hour calculated from DSM was
also presented and compared to with the total man-hours calculated from CPM.

6.2 Result of Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) Model

The result of the DSM model is shown in Figure 6.1, but since the DSM developed
is too large therefore a larger view of the DSM model in details is shown at Appendix B
meanwhile the CPM chart generated by using Microsoft Project is shown at Appendix A.
The matrix formed for the fabrication process of jacket platform is in the form of (314 x
 67

314). The matrix had been mark with an ‘X’ mark that shows dependencies of each
activity. The dependencies included are dependent, independent and interdependent.
Below the diagonal shows the probability of interdependent activities which means
activities that require rework and iteration. While, upper the diagonal show the sequences
of the information flow.

The first column shows the list of all activities that are carried out along the
fabrication process of a jacket platform. The next column and row shows activity
relationship or dependencies, which intersect at certain points that had been labelled with
the ‘X’ mark. The major activities presented are General Milestone, Key Milestone,
Engineering, Fabrication, Loadout and Seafastening, AS Build / Final Documentation,
Weighing Loadout and Seafastening and lastly Hook-Up and Commissioning. Each of
these major activity contains sub-activity inside them. For example, in Engineering there
are Detailed Design and Analysis Report. Total activities included in the DSM is 314.

6.3 Result of Partitioning Analysis of DSM Model

The partitioning analysis of the DSM model is separated into 13 stages. This is
because difficult to implement partitioning DSM model of (314 x 314) matrix because of
too many dependencies. After applying the partitioning method (path searching), the
DSM model will be presented in a different form. Following below show results stage 1
until stage 6 of the before and after applying partitioning DSM and the rest are shown at
Appendix B later on.
 68

Figure 6.1: DSM Model Developed

 69

6.3.1 Result of 1st Stage of Partitioning Analysis

6.3.1.1 1st Stage Before Partitioning Analysis

Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
GENERAL MILESTONE 1 1
Key Milestone 2 2
Contractual 3 3
Award Contract 4 4
Mechanical Completion Date 5 X 5 X
Sailaway Date 6 X 6 X
Turn over Date 7 X 7 X
Issuance of NPA 8 X 8 X
Submission and Approval of Complete Final Docs 9 9
Issuance of Final Acceptance 10 X 10
Project 11 X 11 X
Award of Design Consultant 12 12
First Cut Steel 13 X 13 X
Complete Detail Engineering 14 X 14 X
DOSH Witness for Riser Hydrotest 15 X 15 X
Transportation Barge Arrival 16 X 16
Yard Preparation 17 X 17
Set-up Client Office / Facilities 18 18
Yard Preparation 19 X 19 X
Concrete Footing 20 X 20

Figure 6.2: Result of 1st Stage Before Partitioning Analysis

 70

6.3.1.2 1st Stage After Partitioning Analysis

Activity 1 2 3 4 10 5 6 7 8 9 13 14 15 16 19 20 11 17 18 12
GENERAL MILESTONE 1 1
Key Milestone 2 2
Contractual 3 3
Award Contract 4 4
Issuance of Final Acceptance 10 10 X
Mechanical Completion Date 5 X 5 X
Sailaway Date 6 X 6 X
Turn over Date 7 X 7 X
Issuance of NPA 8 X 8 X
Submission and Approval of Complete Final Docs 9 9
First Cut Steel 13 13 X X
Complete Detail Engineering 14 X 14 X
DOSH Witness for Riser Hydrotest 15 X 15 X
Transportation Barge Arrival 16 X 16
Yard Preparation 19 19 X X
Concrete Footing 20 X 20
Project 11 X X 11
Yard Preparation 17 17
Set-up Client Office / Facilities 18 18
Award of Design Consultant 12 12

Figure 6.3: Result of 1st Stage After Partitioning Analysis

 71

6.3.2 Result of 2nd Stage of Partitioning Analysis

6.3.2.1 2nd Stage Before Partitioning Analysis

Activity 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
ENGINEERING 21 21 X
Detailed Design 22 22
Analysis Report 23 23
Substructure Project Brief and Design Basis 24 24
Substructure Misc. Design Report (Computer, Modelling, Foun) 25 X 25 X
Substructure in Place Analysis Report 26 X 26 X
Substructure Floatation and Upending Analysis 27 X 27 X
Substructure Lifting Analysis 28 X 28 X
On-Bottom Stability Analysis / Cathodic Protection / Boatland 29 X 29 X
Substructure and Pile MTO 30 X 30 X
Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis Report 31 X 31 X
Substructure Loadout Analysis Report 32 X 32 X
Substructure Transportation and Analysis Report 33 X 33 X
Substructure Weight Control Report 34 X 34 X
Pile and Loadout Driveability Report 35 X 35
FABRICATION 36 X 36
Structural 37 37
Fabrication and Assemble 38 38
General and Misc. 39 39
Fabrication / Assemble Legs Support 40 40
Install Legs Support 41 X 41 X
Fabrication of Handrails 42 X 42

Figure 5.4: Result of 2nd Stage Before Partitioning Analysis

 72

6.3.2.2 2nd Stage After Partitioning Analysis

Activity 22 23 37 38 39 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 41 42 21 36 40
Detailed Design 22 22
Analysis Report 23 23
Structural 37 37
Fabrication and Assemble 38 38
General and Misc. 39 39
Substructure Project Brief and Design Basis 24 24
Substructure Misc. Design Report (Computer, Modelling, Foun) 25 X 25 X
Substructure in Place Analysis Report 26 X 26 X
Substructure Floatation and Upending Analysis 27 X 27 X
Substructure Lifting Analysis 28 X 28 X
On-Bottom Stability Analysis / Cathodic Protection / Boatland 29 X 29 X
Substructure and Pile MTO 30 X 30 X
Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis Report 31 X 31 X
Substructure Loadout Analysis Report 32 X 32 X
Substructure Transportation and Analysis Report 33 X 33 X
Substructure Weight Control Report 34 X 34 X
Pile and Loadout Driveability Report 35 X 35
Install Legs Support 41 41 X X
Fabrication of Handrails 42 X 42
ENGINEERING 21 X 21
FABRICATION 36 36
Fabrication / Assemble Legs Support 40 40

Figure 6.5: Result of 2nd Stage After Partitioning Analysis

 73

6.3.3 Result of 3rd Stage of Partitioning Analysis

6.3.3.1 3rd Stage Before Partitioning Analysis

Activity 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
Row 2 (Insitu) 43 43 X
Fabrication Legs A2 and B2 44 44
Fabrication Horizontal Braces and X-Panel 45 X 45 X
Fabrication / Assemble ROW 2 (Insitu) 46 X 46
Row 1 (Top) 47 X 47 X
Fabrication Legs A1 and B1 48 48
Fabrication Horizontal Braces and X-Panel 49 X 49 X
Fabrication / Assemble of ROW 1 (Top) 50 X 50
El (+) 5000 c/w Walkway 51 X 51
Fabrication / Assemble El (+) 5000 c/w Walkway 52 52
Fabrication / Assemble Conductor Support abd Sleeve 53 X 53 X
Installation of Riser Clamps 54 X 54
El (-) 22000 55 55
Fabricaton X-Panel between El (-) 6500 and El (-) 22000 56 56
Fabrication / Assemble El (-) 22000 57 X 57 X
Fabrication / Assemble Conductor and Support Sleeve 58 X 58 X
Installation of Riser Clamps 59 X 59
El (-) 6500 60 60
Fabrication / Assemble of El (-) 6500 61 61
Fabrication of Diagonal Braces between El (-) 6500 and El (+) 5000 62 X 62 X
Installation of Riser Clamps 63 X 63

Figure 6.6: Result of 3rd Stage Before Partitioning Analysis

 74

6.3.3.2 3rd Stage After Partitioning Analysis

Activity 55 60 44 45 46 49 50 51 53 54 57 58 59 62 63 43 47 61 56 52 48
El (-) 22000 55 55
El (-) 6500 60 60
Fabrication Legs A2 and B2 44 44
Fabrication Horizontal Braces and X-Panel 45 X 45 X
Fabrication / Assemble ROW 2 (Insitu) 46 X 46
Fabrication Horizontal Braces and X-Panel 49 49 X
Fabrication / Assemble of ROW 1 (Top) 50 X 50 X
El (+) 5000 c/w Walkway 51 51 X
Fabrication / Assemble Conductor Support abd Sleeve 53 53 X
Installation of Riser Clamps 54 X 54 X
Fabrication / Assemble El (-) 22000 57 57 X
Fabrication / Assemble Conductor and Support Sleeve 58 X 58 X X
Installation of Riser Clamps 59 X 59
Fabrication of Diagonal Braces between El (-) 6500 and El (+) 5000 62 62 X X
Installation of Riser Clamps 63 X 63
Row 2 (Insitu) 43 X 43
Row 1 (Top) 47 47
Fabrication / Assemble of El (-) 6500 61 61
Fabricaton X-Panel between El (-) 6500 and El (-) 22000 56 56
Fabrication / Assemble El (+) 5000 c/w Walkway 52 52
Fabrication Legs A1 and B1 48 48

Figure 6.7: Result of 3rd Stage After Partitioning Analysis

 75

6.3.4 Result of 4th Stage of Partitioning Analysis

6.3.4.1 4th Stage Before Partitioning Analysis

Activity 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83
El (-) 40850 64 64
Fabrication / Assemble of El (-) 40850 65 65
Fabrication X-Panel between El (-) 22000 and El (-) 40850 66 X 66 X
Installation of Riser Clamps 67 X 67
Timber Mud Mat 68 68 X
Fabrication / Assemble of Timber Mud Mat Panels 69 69
Boatlanding 70 X 70 X
Fabrication / Assemble of Boatlanding Overboard Ladder 71 71
Fabrication of Boatlanding and Associated 72 X 72 X
Fabrication / Assemble of Stairways 73 X 73
Conductors, Piles and Caisson 74 X 74 X
Fabrication of Conductors 75 75
Fabrication of Piles 76 X 76 X
Fabrication of Caisson 77 X 77
Grouting System 78 X 78 X
Fabrication of Grouting System 79 79
Fabrication of Grout Line Flushing Port 80 X 80
Riser 81 X 81
Fabrication of Riser Clamp 82 82
Fabrication of Jacket Riser Pipes and Bends 83 X 83

Figure 6.8: Result of 4th Stage Before Partitioning Analysis

 76

6.3.4.2 4th Stage After Partitioning Analysis

Activity 64 69 80 83 65 66 67 68 72 73 76 77 78 81 82 70 74 79 75 71
El (-) 40850 64 64
Fabrication / Assemble of Timber Mud Mat Panels 69 69
Fabrication of Grout Line Flushing Port 80 80 X
Fabrication of Jacket Riser Pipes and Bends 83 83 X
Fabrication / Assemble of El (-) 40850 65 65
Fabrication X-Panel between El (-) 22000 and El (-) 40850 66 X 66 X
Installation of Riser Clamps 67 X 67
Timber Mud Mat 68 68 X
Fabrication of Boatlanding and Associated 72 72 X X
Fabrication / Assemble of Stairways 73 X 73
Fabrication of Piles 76 76 X X
Fabrication of Caisson 77 X 77
Grouting System 78 78 X X
Riser 81 X 81
Fabrication of Riser Clamp 82 82
Boatlanding 70 X 70
Conductors, Piles and Caisson 74 74
Fabrication of Grouting System 79 79
Fabrication of Conductors 75 75
Fabrication / Assemble of Boatlanding Overboard Ladder 71 71

Figure 6.9: Result of 4th Stage After Partitioning Analysis

 77

6.3.5 Result of 5th Stage of Partitioning Analysis

6.3.5.1 5th Stage Before Partitioning Analysis

Activity 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

Buoyancy Tank 84 84 X
Fabrication of Buoyancy Tank for Leg A1 and B1 85 85
Fabrication of Padeye for Buoyancy Tank 86 X 86
Lifting Trunion and Upending Padeye 87 X 87
Fabrication of Lifting Trunion 88 88
Fabrication of Upending Padeye 89 X 89
Erection and Installation 90 90 X
El (-) 22000 91 91
Erect El (-) 22000 c/w Annodes 92 92
El (-) 6500 93 X 93 X
Erect El (-) 6500 c/w Annodes 94 94
El (-) 40850 95 X 95
Erect El (-) 40850 c/w Annodes 96 96
Trial Fit and Weighing 97 X 97
Trial Fit Handrails 98 98
Installation of Grating Stud / Trail Fit Gratings 99 X 99 X
Trial Fit Boatlanding 100 X 100 X
Weighing 101 X 101
Blasting and Painting 102 102

Figure 6.10: Result of 5th Stage Before Partitioning Analysis

 78

6.3.5.2 5th Stage After Partitioning Analysis

Activity 89 92 94 96 102 84 87 93 95 99 100 101 90 97 98 91 88 86 85

Fabrication of Upending Padeye 89 89 X
Erect El (-) 22000 c/w Annodes 92 92
Erect El (-) 6500 c/w Annodes 94 94
Erect El (-) 40850 c/w Annodes 96 96
Blasting and Painting 102 102
Buoyancy Tank 84 84 X
Lifting Trunion and Upending Padeye 87 X 87
El (-) 6500 93 93 X X
El (-) 40850 95 X 95
Installation of Grating Stud / Trail Fit Gratings 99 99 X X
Trial Fit Boatlanding 100 X 100 X
Weighing 101 X 101
Erection and Installation 90 X 90
Trial Fit and Weighing 97 97
Trial Fit Handrails 98 98
El (-) 22000 91 91
Fabrication of Lifting Trunion 88 88 X
Fabrication of Padeye for Buoyancy Tank 86 86
Fabrication of Buoyancy Tank for Leg A1 and B1 85 85

Figure 6.11: Result of 5th Stage After Partitioning Analysis

 79

6.3.6 Result of 6th Stage of Partitioning Analysis

6.3.6.1 6th Stage Before Partitioning Analysis

Activity 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125
LOADOUT AND SEAFASTENING 103 103 X
Tag/Pack Shiploose Matl. (Jacket) 104 104
Installation Aids 105 X 105 X
Fabricate Seafastening Material 106 X 106 X
Install Lifting Sling and Shackles 107 X 107
Loadout and Seafastening (Jacket) 108 X 108
AS BUILT / FINAL DOCUMENTATION 109 X 109 X
Sub/Appr Structural and Riser As-Built 110 110
Sub/Appr Final Documentation 111 X 111
WEIGHING; LOADOUT AND SEAFASTENING 112 X 112
Weighing 113 113
Weighing Module 114 114
Submit Final Weight and CoG Report to OIC 115 X 115
Loadout and Seafastening 116 X 116
Submit Sounding Data of Relevant Quay and Waterways 117 117
Tag/Pack Shiploose Matl. 118 X 118 X
OIC Confirms Padeyes Orientation 119 X 119 X
OIC Confirms Barge Details 120 X 120 X
OIC Issues Final Sefastening Design/Drawing/Calculation 121 X 121 X
OIC Delivers Seafastening Materials 122 X 122 X
Fabricate Seafastening Materials 123 X 123 X
Install Shackle and Slings 124 X 124
Loadout and Seafastening 125 X 125

Figure 6.12: Result of 6th Stage Before Partitioning Analysis

 80

6.3.6.2 6th Stage After Partitioning Analysis

Activity 108 111 115 116 125 104 105 106 107 112 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 103 109 117 114 113 110
Loadout and Seafastening (Jacket) 108 108 X
Sub/Appr Final Documentation 111 111 X
Submit Final Weight and CoG Report to OIC 115 115 X
Loadout and Seafastening 116 116 X
Loadout and Seafastening 125 125 X
Tag/Pack Shiploose Matl. (Jacket) 104 104
Installation Aids 105 X 105 X
Fabricate Seafastening Material 106 X 106 X
Install Lifting Sling and Shackles 107 X 107
WEIGHING; LOADOUT AND SEAFASTENING 112 112 X
Tag/Pack Shiploose Matl. 118 118 X X
OIC Confirms Padeyes Orientation 119 X 119 X
OIC Confirms Barge Details 120 X 120 X
OIC Issues Final Sefastening Design/Drawing/Calculation 121 X 121 X
OIC Delivers Seafastening Materials 122 X 122 X
Fabricate Seafastening Materials 123 X 123 X
Install Shackle and Slings 124 X 124
LOADOUT AND SEAFASTENING 103 X 103
AS BUILT / FINAL DOCUMENTATION 109 109
Submit Sounding Data of Relevant Quay and Waterways 117 117
Weighing Module 114 114
Weighing 113 113
Sub/Appr Structural and Riser As-Built 110 110

Figure 6.13: Result of 6th Stage After Partitioning Analysis

 81

6.4 Result of Work Iteration

Result of work iteration shows that the total activities at every major activity have
probability of rework before and after applying the partitioning DSM. The total number
of iteration before and after partitioning is shown in the Table 6.1 below. Note that
activity in capital letters are main activity.

STAGE ACTIVITY INCLUDED NO. OF NO. OF

ITERATION ITERATION
BEFORE AFTER
PARTITIONING PARTITIONING
1  GENERAL MILESTONE 22 21
 Key Milestone
 Contractual
 Project
 Yard Preparation
2  ENGINEERING 26 25
 Detailed Design
 Analysis Report
 FABRICATION
 Structural
 Fabrication and Assemble
 General and Misc.
3  Row 2 (Insitu) 21 19
 Row 1 (Top)
 El (+) 5000 c/w Walkway
 El (-) 22000
 El (-) 6500
4  El (-) 40850 19 16
 82

 Timber Mud Mat

 Boatlanding
 Conductors, Piles and
Caisson
 Grouting System
 Riser
5  Buoyancy Tank 14 13
 Lifting Trunion and
Upending Padeye
 Erection and Installation
 El (-) 22000
 El (-) 6500
 El (-) 40850
 Trial Fit and Weighing
 Blasting and Painting
6  LOADOUT AND 27 25
SEAFASTENING
 AS BUILT / FINAL
DOCUMENTATION
 WEIGHING; LOADOUT
AND SEAFASTENING
 Weighing
 Loadout and Seafastening
7  HOOK-UP AND 32 30
COMMISSIONING
 General
 Accommodation and
Support Vessel
 Hook-Up Preparation Work
at Onshore
 83

 Hook-Up Preparation Work

at Offshore
 Mobilisation
8  Hook-Up 23 21
 General Preparation
 Demob/Housekeeping
 System 01 WELHEAD
FLOWLINES
 Piping
 Oil Production
 Gas Lift
9  Gas Production 32 29
 Water Injection
 Blowdown
 Instrument
 System 29
IMPORT/EXPORT
 Erection of Scaffolding
 Piping
 Dismantle of Scaffolding
10  System 53 FIXED 37 34
FIREWATER SYSTEM
 Piping
 System 62 HP FLARE
SYSTEM
 Erection of Scaffolding
 Piping
 Dismantle of Scaffolding
 System 65 OPEN DRAIN
 Erection of Scaffolding
 84

 Piping
11  Electrical 16 14
 Instrument
 Dismantle of Scaffolding
 System 69 CHEMICAL
INJECTION
 Instrument
 System 71 STRUCTURAL
 Structural
 Sub-Cellar Deck
 System 77 SMALL
POWER AND LIGHTING
 Electrical
12  System 80 FIRE AND 9 9
GAS DETECTION
 Instrument
 Perform Continuity Test
Activity
 System 89 NAV AIDS
 Electrical
 System 92
TELECOMMUNICATION
 Erection of Scaffolding
 Structural
 Instrument
 DMR Tie-In
13  Commissioning 61 60
 Leak Test by System
 Non-Hydrocarbon System
 Hydrocarbon System
 85

TOTAL 339 316

Table 6.1: Result of Work Iteration

6.5 Result of Partitioning Analysis of DSM

Figure 6.14 below shows the result of partitioning analysis that had been carried
out.

GRAPH OF NO. OF ITERATION vs STAGES

70
60
No. of Iteration

50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
NO. OF ITERATION BEFORE
22 26 21 19 14 27 32 23 32 37 16 9 61
PARTITIONING
NO. OF ITERATION AFTER
21 25 19 16 13 25 30 21 29 34 14 9 60
PARTITIONING
Stage

NO. OF ITERATION BEFORE PARTITIONING NO. OF ITERATION AFTER PARTITIONING

Figure 6.14: Result Graph for Partitioning Analysis of DSM

 86

6.6 Microsoft Project vs. Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM)

This sub-chapter discussed and compared the result of project scheduling by using
Microsoft Project and Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM).

6.6.1 Result of Main Activity Time Reduction

Table 6.2 below shows the comparison of total time taken for the main activity of
jacket platform fabrication process to be completed between Microsoft Project and DSM
in term of days.

NO. ACTIVITIES MICROSOFT DSM

PROJECT (DAYS) (DAYS)
1. GENERAL MILESTONE 932 905
2. ENGINEERING 159 158
3. FABRICATION 168 162
4. LOADOUT AND SEAFASTENING 37 35
5. AS BUILT / FINAL 101 99
DOCUMENTATION
6. WEIGHING; LOADOUT AND 73 71
SEAFASTENING
7. HOOK-UP AND COMMISSIONING 106 93
TIME OF COMPLETION 644 618

Table 6.2: Total Time of Completion (Microsoft Project vs. DSM)

 87

6.6.2 Result of Total Time Reduction

Chart below shows the comparison of total time taken for jacket platform
fabrication process, between Microsoft Project and DSM in term of days.

TOTAL TIME FOR PROJECT COMPLETION

935 932
930

925

920
No. od Days

915

910
905
905

900

895

890

Microsoft Project DSM

Figure 6.15: Chart of Total Time for Project Completion (Microsoft Project vs. DSM)

From Figure 6.15 above, it shows that by applying DSM in the planning of jacket
platform fabrication, the total time of completion had been reduced from 932 days to 905
days. A total difference of 27 days overall compared to Microsoft Project. With the
reduction of days, the total cost and risk had been ultimately reduced too therefore it will
give a huge benefit to the company.
 88

6.6.3 Result of Total Time Reduction for Relevant Researches

Table 6.3 below shows DSM implementation in various projects that produced
time reduction in project as a result. These researches were carried out by Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) students.

NO. PROJECT YEAR TOTAL TIME FOR PROJECT COMPLETION

(DAYS)
Microsoft Project DSM
1. E-House 2014 134 130
2. E-House 2014 130 123
3. FPSO 2016 775 768
4. Jacket 2017 932 905

Table 6.3: Result of Total Time Reduction for Relevant Researches

Referring to Table 6.3 above, it is clearly shown that the implementation of DSM
in each project will reduced the total time for project completion compared to Microsoft
Project. The average of time reduction is about six to seven days, except for the jacket
project which produced 27 days of total time reduction. This happened due to the amount
of activity accounted into the DSM for calculation where the total activity for jacket is
314 whereas the other three project only have 100 to 150 data accounted.
 89

6.7 Total Man-Hour

Since the total time of completion for the planning of jacket platform fabrication
by using Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) had been determined, the total-man hour
accumulated for this project can be calculated and compared with the total-man hour
accumulated by using Microsoft Project. The amount of holidays, including weekends
and public holidays had been removed from the total time of completion therefore the
formula goes as follow:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑎𝑦

MANAGEMENT TOOLS TOTAL TIME OF WORKING TOTAL

COMPLETION HOURS PER MAN-HOUR
(DAYS) DAY
Microsoft Project 932 8 7456
Dependency Structure 905 8 7240
Matrix (DSM)

Table 6.4: Total Man-Hour (Microsoft Project vs. DSM)

Table 6.4 above had clearly shows that the total man-hour for the planning of
jacket platform fabrication is lesser if DSM method is implemented. By using Microsoft
Project the total man-hour is 7456 hours and by using DSM the total man-hour is 7240
which is 216 hours in difference.
 90

6.8 Discussion

Based on the data collected regarding the planning of jacket platform fabrication,
the Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) model is developed. The planning of jacket
platform scheduled by using DSM method presents the information flow as shown in
Figure 6.1 and the detailed result is shown later in Appendix A. Furthermore, data and
information in the form of CPM also available in Appendix A. From the CPM data, the
relationship between the activities were transformed into DSM form. Scheduling using
DSM method is also simple to read and more compact as it is in matrix form. DSM also
identifies the iteration easier, which reduces the probability of activity to be reworked
again.

The DSM model developed is in the form of (314 x 314) matrix, which is very
large matrix and contains a lot of dependencies and iteration so it was rather difficult to
apply partitioning DSM analysis. Therefore, the DSM model were separated into 13
stages which transformed DSM model into a smaller DSM matrix model. Once the DSM
is partitioned, activity in series are identified and executed sequentially. Independent
activity can be executed concurrently; while upfront planning is necessary for
interdependent activity.

Referring to the result in Table 6.1, DSM partitioning successfully reduced the
probability of iteration from 339 to 316. This number proved that partitioning analysis of
DSM is a valid method to use in reducing the number of iteration.

By referring to Table 6.1 once more, it is seen that only the number of iteration at
stage 12 didn’t reduced. This happens due to some activities are not being effected by
partitioning DSM, due to sequence constraint; and in this research the partitioning is
solely focused on to address activities with no overlapping time, and DSM basically
rearranged the activities into parallel sequences.
 91

Partitioning analysis of DSM model must carried out according to the procedure
stated in Chapter 4 Subtopic 4.9, analyzing data by path searching. This method work by
rearranging the sequence and minimizing the number of iteration and feedback. Referring
to the partitioning analysis of the DSM model result, rearranging the activities by path
searching enabled the activities to be executed with either only dependently or
independently relationship into small blocks. Partitioning analysis DSM model also
indicates the number of iteration where the work needs to be carried out again. This result
is required in order to identify the interdependent activities among the whole set of
activities.

Lastly, a new program was created to develop the DSM automatically; however,
it is limited to only partitioning analysis of the project while the calculations still needs
to be done manually. A deeper understanding regarding DSM is achieved by doing the
calculations manually. By using the Microsoft Office Visual Basic Programming, the
user can insert the data information needed in order to develop DSM model automatically,
but this program still need further development to make it as an advanced and complete
tools of project management.
 92

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

7.1 Introduction

This final chapter discuss about the analysis thus concluding this research based
on the result throughout the research. Recommendation is also suggested in this chapter
for future study and improvement.

7.2 Conclusion

The DSM method proved to be a concise way to represent information-based

relationships between activities. More importantly, this method offsets the shortcoming
that the traditionally used scheduling tools are ineffective in dealing with iterative
processes. Furthermore, there are other optimization techniques available besides path
searching that can be practice to reduce feedback and rework. Through DSM, feedback
requirements can be reduced thus there will be less rework and develop a more efficient
planning network. It is extremely important to minimize rework and project duration for
companies to survive in a highly cost business.
 93

This thesis purpose is to develop a Dependency Structure matrix (DSM) model to

plan for fabrication process of jacket platform in the form of (314 x 314) matrix using
Microsoft Excel. This method is used to identify the relationship among the activities
which involved independent, dependent and interdependent activities. Partitioning
method is also used to highlight the interdependency of activities and identify the looping
activities. The purpose of partitioning method is to rearrange column and row to minimize
the amount of looping (feedback and iteration). The effectiveness of this method is proven
is this research where the total time for fabrication process of jacket platform is 905 days
when compared to Microsoft Project, 932 days. There are a total number of 27 days in
difference which able to cut the total cost efficiently.

By using the developed DSM model, the real data of jacket platform fabrication
process obtained from Malaysia Marine Heavy Engineering (MMHE) is used to calculate
the total man-hour for project completion and compared the value to the total man-hour
calculated from Microsoft Project. The results show that the total man-hour calculated
from DSM is 7240 hours meanwhile from Microsoft Project is 7456 hours. This proved
that by implementing DSM in a project planning, the total man-hour is reduced
efficiently.

7.3 Recommendations

1) DSM is a powerful tool to represent flow information exchange, however they

do not present the time information. Therefore, new development of planning
tool comprising the combination of DSM with the CPM, PERT and Gantt chart
might be favorable to solve this issue.

2) DSM Matrix Program has user interface that help the user to develop DSM
model automatically in form of matrix. However, this program is not capable
of applying partitioning method; which means that further development is still
needed to make it as an advanced tools of project management.
 94

3) DSM model lack in determining the dependency of task manually; therefore,

new computational aid should be built to help identify the relationship of
dependencies in schedule and planning of the project.

4) DSM is a very flexible management tools and easy to understand. DSM should
be included as a module in subjects regarding management such as Ship and
Offshore Production Technology or Marine and Offshore Management System
so that the students is exposed to this beneficial tool earlier.

5) Other courses than Naval Architecture and Offshore Engineering (SKMO)

should have topic involving DSM for their Undergraduates Project title so the
research and development regarding DSM can go further and improvised.
 95

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 99

APPENDIX A

MICROSOFT PROJECT (CPM) RESULT

100
 101

APPENDIX B

DEPENDENCY STRUCTURE MATRIX (DSM)

RESULT
102
 103

APPENDIX C
DEPENDENCY STRUCTURE MATRIX (DSM)
PARTITIONING RESULT
 104

Result of 7th Stage of Before Partitioning Analysis

Activity 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
HOOK-UP AND COMMISSIONING 126 126
General 127 127
Accomodation and Support Vessel 128 128
Vessel First Inspection 129 129
Vessel Final Inspection 130 X 130 X
Vessel Arrive at Port (Material / Manpower Loading) 131 X 131 X
Marine Spread 132 X 132 X
ASV Arrive at Site 133 X 133 X
ASV Anchor Mooring 134 X 134 X
Install Gangway 135 X 135
Hook-Up Preparation Work at Onshore 136 X 136 X
Offshore Workpack Preparation 137 137
Material Inspection 138 X 138 X
Pre-Mob Induction 139 X 139
Hook-Up Preparation Work at Offshore 140 X 140 X
Start Temporary DG and UPS 141 141
Mobilisation 142 X 142
DOSH Inspection for PTI 143 143
Mob GRE Sub-Cont 144 X 144 X
Mob Telecom Vendor 145 X 145 X
Mob Bolt Tensioning Sub-Cont 146 X 146 X
Mob Leak Test Sub-Cont 147 X 147 X
Mob WHCP Vendor 148 X 148 X
Mob Gas Engine Vendor 149 X 149 X
Demob from Offshore 150 X 150
 105

Result of 7th Stage of After Partitioning Analysis

Activity 126 127 128 141 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 138 139 142 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 136 140 143 137
HOOK-UP AND COMMISSIONING 126 126
General 127 127
Accomodation and Support Vessel 128 128
Start Temporary DG and UPS 141 141
Vessel First Inspection 129 129
Vessel Final Inspection 130 X 130 X
Vessel Arrive at Port (Material / Manpower Loading) 131 X 131 X
Marine Spread 132 X 132 X
ASV Arrive at Site 133 X 133 X
ASV Anchor Mooring 134 X 134 X
Install Gangway 135 X 135
Material Inspection 138 138 X X
Pre-Mob Induction 139 X 139
Mobilisation 142 142 X
Mob GRE Sub-Cont 144 144 X X
Mob Telecom Vendor 145 X 145 X
Mob Bolt Tensioning Sub-Cont 146 X 146 X
Mob Leak Test Sub-Cont 147 X 147 X
Mob WHCP Vendor 148 X 148 X
Mob Gas Engine Vendor 149 X 149 X
Demob from Offshore 150 X 150
Hook-Up Preparation Work at Onshore 136 X X 136
Hook-Up Preparation Work at Offshore 140 140
DOSH Inspection for PTI 143 143
Offshore Workpack Preparation 137 137
 106

Result of 8th Stage of Before Partitioning Analysis

Activity 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172
Hook-Up 151 151
General Preparation 152 152
Rig/Set Up Construction Equipment 153 153
Rig/Set Up Temp. Lighting 154 X 154 X
Run Cable/Hose-Cutting/Welding Equipment 155 X 155 X
Run and Power Up Cable SASA Deck Lighting 156 X 156 X
Run and Power Up Cable Temp. Lighting 157 X 157 X
Demob/Housekeeping 158 X 158 X
Rig Down Construction Equipment 159 159
Rig Down Temp. Lighting 160 X 160 X
Dismantle Cable/Hose-Cutting/Welding Equipment 161 X 161
System 01 WELHEAD FLOWLINES 162 X 162
Piping 163 163
Install Sampling Connection at 15 Flowlines 164 164
Oil Production 165 X 165 X
Tie-In Pipe Spools PL Lines 166 166
RT PL Lines 167 X 167 X
Hydrotest PL Lines 168 X 168
Gas Lift 169 X 169
Tie-in Pipe Spools PG Lines 170 170
RT PG Lines 171 X 171 X
HydrotestPG Lines 172 X 172
 107

Result of 8th Stage of After Partitioning Analysis

Activity 151 152 163 153 154 155 156 157 160 161 167 168 171 172 165 169 158 162 170 166 164 159
Hook-Up 151 151
General Preparation 152 152
Piping 163 163
Rig/Set Up Construction Equipment 153 153
Rig/Set Up Temp. Lighting 154 X 154 X
Run Cable/Hose-Cutting/Welding Equipment 155 X 155 X
Run and Power Up Cable SASA Deck Lighting 156 X 156 X
Run and Power Up Cable Temp. Lighting 157 X 157 X
Rig Down Temp. Lighting 160 160 X X
Dismantle Cable/Hose-Cutting/Welding Equipment 161 X 161
RT PL Lines 167 167 X X
Hydrotest PL Lines 168 X 168
RT PG Lines 171 171 X X
HydrotestPG Lines 172 X 172
Oil Production 165 X 165 X
Gas Lift 169 169
Demob/Housekeeping 158 X X 158
System 01 WELHEAD FLOWLINES 162 162
Tie-in Pipe Spools PG Lines 170 170
Tie-In Pipe Spools PL Lines 166 166
Install Sampling Connection at 15 Flowlines 164 164
Rig Down Construction Equipment 159 159
 108

Result of 9th Stage of Before Partitioning Analysis

Activity 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202
Gas Production 173 173 X
Tie-in Pipe Spools PG Lines 174 174
RT PG Lines 175 X 175 X
HydrotestPG Lines 176 X 176
Water Injection 177 X 177 X
Tie-in Pipe Spools WI Lines 178 178
RT WI Lines 179 X 179 X
Hydrotest WI Lines 180 X 180
Blowdown 181 X 181
Tie-in Pipe Spools B Lines 182 182
RT B Lines 183 X 183 X
Hydrotest B Lines 184 X 184
Instrument 185 185
Install Instrument Tubing Tray in Welhead Area 186 186
Process Gas Flowline Instrument 187 X 187 X
Instrument Air Lines (Air Distribution Manifold to HCV) 188 X 188 X
Instrument Impulse Lines (Corrosion Inhibitor CI Package) 189 X 189 X
Instrument Hydraulic Lines 190 X 190
System 29 IMPORT/EXPORT 191 191
Erection of Scaffolding 192 192
Scaffolding Works Riser Area 193 193
Piping 194 X 194 X
Install Pipe Support 195 195
Tie-In Pipe Spools PL Lines 196 X 196 X
Tie-in Pipe Spools WI Lines 197 X 197 X
RT PL Lines 198 X 198 X
RT WI Lines 199 X 199 X
Hydrotest / Touch Up Paint 200 X 200
Dismantle of Scaffolding 201 X 201
Dismantle Scaffolding Riser Area 202 202
 109

Result of 9th Stage of After Partitioning Analysis

Activity 185 191 193 202 175 176 179 180 181 183 184 187 188 189 190 196 197 198 199 200 194 201 173 177 195 192 186 182 178 174
Instrument 185 185
System 29 IMPORT/EXPORT 191 191
Scaffolding Works Riser Area 193 193
Dismantle Scaffolding Riser Area 202 202
RT PG Lines 175 175 X X
HydrotestPG Lines 176 X 176
RT WI Lines 179 179 X X
Hydrotest WI Lines 180 X 180
Blowdown 181 181 X
RT B Lines 183 183 X X
Hydrotest B Lines 184 X 184
Process Gas Flowline Instrument 187 187 X X
Instrument Air Lines (Air Distribution Manifold to HCV) 188 X 188 X
Instrument Impulse Lines (Corrosion Inhibitor CI Package) 189 X 189 X
Instrument Hydraulic Lines 190 X 190
Tie-In Pipe Spools PL Lines 196 196 X X
Tie-in Pipe Spools WI Lines 197 X 197 X
RT PL Lines 198 X 198 X
RT WI Lines 199 X 199 X
Hydrotest / Touch Up Paint 200 X 200
Piping 194 X 194 X
Dismantle of Scaffolding 201 201
Gas Production 173 X 173
Water Injection 177 177
Install Pipe Support 195 195
Erection of Scaffolding 192 192
Install Instrument Tubing Tray in Welhead Area 186 186
Tie-in Pipe Spools B Lines 182 182
Tie-in Pipe Spools WI Lines 178 178
Tie-in Pipe Spools PG Lines 174 174
 110

Result of 10th Stage of Before Partitioning Analysis

Activity 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233
System 53 FIXED FIREWATER SYSTEM 203 203 X
Piping 204 204
Install Pipe Spools FW Lines 205 205
Install Pipe Support 206 X 206 X
Hydrotest / Touch Up Paint 207 X 207
System 62 HP FLARE SYSTEM 208 X 208 X
Erection of Scaffolding 209 209
Welhead Blowdown Piping Area 210 210
Piping 211 X 211 X
Install Pipe Support 212 212
Tie-in Pipe Spools B Lines at Welhead 213 X 213 X
RT B Lines 214 X 214 X
Hydrotest / Touch Up Paint 215 X 215
Dismantle of Scaffolding 216 X 216
Dismantle Scaffolding of Welhead Blowdown Piping Area 217 217
System 65 OPEN DRAIN 218 X 218
Erection of Scaffolding 219 219
Drain Caisson Piping at Sub-Cellar Area 220 220
Piping 221 X 221
Tie-in Pipe Spools DN Lines 222 222
Tie-in Pipe Spools DH Lines 223 X 223 X
RT DN Lines 224 X 224 X
Tie-in Pipe Spools DC Lines 225 X 225 X
RT DH Lines 226 X 226 X
Tie-in Pipe Spools VA Lines 227 X 227 X
RT DC Lines 228 X 228 X
Tie-in Pipe Spools WS Lines 229 X 229 X
RT VA Lines 230 X 230 X
Install Pipe Support 231 X 231 X
Hydrotest / Touch Up Paint / Reinstate 232 X 232 X
Install Blind Flange 233 X 233
 111

Result of 10th Stage of After Partitioning Analysis

Activity 204 210 220 221 206 207 213 214 215 218 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 211 216 203 208 222 219 217 212 209 205
Piping 204 204
Welhead Blowdown Piping Area 210 210
Drain Caisson Piping at Sub-Cellar Area 220 220
Piping 221 221 X
Install Pipe Support 206 206 X X
Hydrotest / Touch Up Paint 207 X 207
Tie-in Pipe Spools B Lines at Welhead 213 213 X X
RT B Lines 214 X 214 X
Hydrotest / Touch Up Paint 215 X 215
System 65 OPEN DRAIN 218 218 X
Tie-in Pipe Spools DH Lines 223 223 X X
RT DN Lines 224 X 224 X
Tie-in Pipe Spools DC Lines 225 X 225 X
RT DH Lines 226 X 226 X
Tie-in Pipe Spools VA Lines 227 X 227 X
RT DC Lines 228 X 228 X
Tie-in Pipe Spools WS Lines 229 X 229 X
RT VA Lines 230 X 230 X
Install Pipe Support 231 X 231 X
Hydrotest / Touch Up Paint / Reinstate 232 X 232 X
Install Blind Flange 233 X 233
Piping 211 X 211 X
Dismantle of Scaffolding 216 216
System 53 FIXED FIREWATER SYSTEM 203 X 203
System 62 HP FLARE SYSTEM 208 208
Tie-in Pipe Spools DN Lines 222 222
Erection of Scaffolding 219 219
Dismantle Scaffolding of Welhead Blowdown Piping Area 217 217
Install Pipe Support 212 212
Erection of Scaffolding 209 209
Install Pipe Spools FW Lines 205 205
 112

Result of 11th Stage of Before Partitioning Analysis

Activity 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257
Electrical 234 234 X
Install RCU at OHD Caisson Pump 235 235
Uncoil / Pull / Gland and Terminate Cable 236 X 236 X
Install of Earth Boss and Earthing Cable at OHD Caisson 237 X 237
Instrument 238 X 238 X
Install of Pressure Gauge for OHD Caisson Pump 239 239
Install Level Transmitter 240 X 240
Dismantle of Scaffolding 241 241
Sub-Cellar Deck - Drain Caisson Piping 242 242
System 69 CHEMICAL INJECTION 243 243 X
Instrument 244 244
Layout Tubing from Chemical Injection Skid to Welheads 245 245
System 71 STRUCTURAL 246 X 246 X
Structural 247 247
Removal of all Padeyes & all Areas to be Ground Smooth & Painted 248 248
Reinstall Bolted Beams at Welhead Service Platform El (+) 14.9 249 X 249
Sub-Cellar Deck 250 X 250
Open Drain Caisson 251 251
System 77 SMALL POWER AND LIGHTING 252 X 252
Electrical 253 253
Pull / Gland and Terminate Cable 254 254
Install of Ex'e/IP66 Lighting JB A2580 at Boat 255 255
Install of 2X36W Flourescent Luminaire EE'x'e/IP66 c/w 1.5 hrs Battery 256 X 256 X
Install Pole Mounted Lighting 257 X 257
 113

Result of 11th Stage of After Partitioning Analysis

Activity 240 242 244 245 249 250 251 253 254 236 237 243 246 252 256 257 234 238 255 248 247 241 239 235
Install Level Transmitter 240 240 X
Sub-Cellar Deck - Drain Caisson Piping 242 242
Instrument 244 244
Layout Tubing from Chemical Injection Skid to Welheads 245 245
Reinstall Bolted Beams at Welhead Service Platform El (+) 14.9 249 249 X
Sub-Cellar Deck 250 250 X
Open Drain Caisson 251 251
Electrical 253 253
Pull / Gland and Terminate Cable 254 254
Uncoil / Pull / Gland and Terminate Cable 236 236 X X
Install of Earth Boss and Earthing Cable at OHD Caisson 237 X 237
System 69 CHEMICAL INJECTION 243 243 X
System 71 STRUCTURAL 246 X 246 X
System 77 SMALL POWER AND LIGHTING 252 X 252
Install of 2X36W Flourescent Luminaire EE'x'e/IP66 c/w 1.5 hrs Battery 256 256 X X
Install Pole Mounted Lighting 257 X 257
Electrical 234 X 234
Instrument 238 238
Install of Ex'e/IP66 Lighting JB A2580 at Boat 255 255
Removal of all Padeyes & all Areas to be Ground Smooth & Painted 248 248
Structural 247 247
Dismantle of Scaffolding 241 241
Install of Pressure Gauge for OHD Caisson Pump 239 239
Install RCU at OHD Caisson Pump 235 235
 114

Result of 12th Stage of Before Partitioning Analysis

Activity 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277
System 80 FIRE AND GAS DETECTION 258 258 X
Instrument 259 259
Install Fusible Plug Loop Tubing and Gas Detector in Welhead area 260 260
Perform Continuity Test Activity 261 261
Gas Detector (Infra-Red Type) at Welhead Area 262 262
Gas Detector (Open Path Type) at Welhead Area 263 263
System 89 NAV AIDS 264 264
Electrical 265 265
Pull / Gland and Terminate Coiled AOL Power Cable at Telecom 266 266
Perform Continuity Test & Insulation Resistance Test Activity 267 X 267
System 92 TELECOMMUNICATION 268 X 268
Erection of Scaffolding 269 269
Erection of Telecom Tower Scaffolding 270 270
Structural 271 X 271 X
Erect SA-SA Telecom Tower 272 272
Instrument 273 273
DMR Tie-In 274 X 274
Install DMR 275 275
Cable Pulling / Glanding / Termination 276 X 276 X
Perform Continuity Test & Insulation Resistance Test Activity 277 X 277
 115

Result of 12th Stage of After Partitioning Analysis

Activity 258 259 260 261 262 263 265 267 270 272 273 268 271 274 276 277 275 269 266 264
System 80 FIRE AND GAS DETECTION 258 258 X
Instrument 259 259
Install Fusible Plug Loop Tubing and Gas Detector in Welhead area 260 260
Perform Continuity Test Activity 261 261
Gas Detector (Infra-Red Type) at Welhead Area 262 262
Gas Detector (Open Path Type) at Welhead Area 263 263
Electrical 265 265
Perform Continuity Test & Insulation Resistance Test Activity 267 267 X
Erection of Telecom Tower Scaffolding 270 270
Erect SA-SA Telecom Tower 272 272
Instrument 273 273
System 92 TELECOMMUNICATION 268 268 X
Structural 271 271 X X
DMR Tie-In 274 X 274
Cable Pulling / Glanding / Termination 276 276 X X
Perform Continuity Test & Insulation Resistance Test Activity 277 X 277
Install DMR 275 275
Erection of Scaffolding 269 269
Pull / Gland and Terminate Coiled AOL Power Cable at Telecom 266 266
System 89 NAV AIDS 264 264
 116

Result of 13th Stage of Before Partitioning Analysis

Activity 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314
Commisioning 278 278
Leak Test by System 279 279
Leak Test Import-Export System 280 280
Production / Casing Blowdown and Test Header 281 X 281 X
Production and Test Separator 282 X 282 X
Low Temperature Separator 283 X 283 X
Metering Skid and Pump 284 X 284 X
Pig Launcher 285 X 285 X
Fuel Gas 286 X 286 X
Closed Drain Medium Pressure 287 X 287 X
Closed Drain Flare K.O Drum 288 X 288
Non-Hydrocarbon System 289 X 289 X
Fire Fighting Equipment 290 290
Rectify Defective Components 291 X 291 X
Service Sticking Valves (If Any) 292 X 292 X
Telecommunication and CCTVs 293 X 293 X
Diesel System 294 X 294 X
Rectify Pre-Comm Punch List 295 X 295 X
Crane Check 296 X 296 X
Energise Emergency Lighting 297 X 297 X
Energise Nav Aids 298 X 298 X
Energise UPS 299 X 299 X
Run HVAC System 300 X 300 X
Run Compressor 301 X 301 X
Power Up ICS 302 X 302 X
Non-Hydrocarbon System and Completion 303 X 303
Hydrocarbon System 304 X 304
Commissiong Metering Skid 305 305
Energised Utility Systems/Required for Initial Start-Up 306 X 306 X
Start Emergency Generator 307 X 307 X
Complete First Fill 308 X 308 X
Finalized MC-Including Loop Checks and Energisation of Equipment 309 X 309 X
Interface Testing-Cause and Effect Plus Fire and Gas Channel 310 X 310 X
Purge Flare System and Using LPG Ignite Flare Pilots 311 X 311 X
Start-Up WHCP / Mob Well Clean Up Vendor (by others) 312 X 312 X
Complete Process Commissioning of Flare Systems 313 X 313 X
Energise Gas Generators 314 X 314 X
 117

Result of 13th Stage of After Partitioning Analysis

Activity 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 289 304 305 290 280 279 278
Production / Casing Blowdown and Test Header 281 281 X X
Production and Test Separator 282 X 282 X
Low Temperature Separator 283 X 283 X
Metering Skid and Pump 284 X 284 X
Pig Launcher 285 X 285 X
Fuel Gas 286 X 286 X
Closed Drain Medium Pressure 287 X 287 X
Closed Drain Flare K.O Drum 288 X 288
Rectify Defective Components 291 291 X X
Service Sticking Valves (If Any) 292 X 292 X
Telecommunication and CCTVs 293 X 293 X
Diesel System 294 X 294 X
Rectify Pre-Comm Punch List 295 X 295 X
Crane Check 296 X 296 X
Energise Emergency Lighting 297 X 297 X
Energise Nav Aids 298 X 298 X
Energise UPS 299 X 299 X
Run HVAC System 300 X 300 X
Run Compressor 301 X 301 X
Power Up ICS 302 X 302 X
Non-Hydrocarbon System and Completion 303 X 303
Energised Utility Systems/Required for Initial Start-Up 306 306 X X
Start Emergency Generator 307 X 307 X
Complete First Fill 308 X 308 X
Finalized MC-Including Loop Checks and Energisation of Equipment 309 X 309 X
Interface Testing-Cause and Effect Plus Fire and Gas Channel 310 X 310 X
Purge Flare System and Using LPG Ignite Flare Pilots 311 X 311 X
Start-Up WHCP / Mob Well Clean Up Vendor (by others) 312 X 312 X
Complete Process Commissioning of Flare Systems 313 X 313 X
Energise Gas Generators 314 X 314
Non-Hydrocarbon System 289 X 289 X
Hydrocarbon System 304 304
Commissiong Metering Skid 305 305
Fire Fighting Equipment 290 290
Leak Test Import-Export System 280 280
Leak Test by System 279 279
Commisioning 278 278 X
 118

APPENDIX D
USER INTERFACE PROGRAMMING
 119

Command Programming

Sub insert_data()

Range("A1").Value = "Number"

Range("A1").Interior.Color = RGB(146, 208, 80)

Range("A1").HorizontalAlignment = xlCenter

Range("B1").Value = "Activity"

Range("B1").Interior.Color = RGB(146, 208, 80)

Range("B1").HorizontalAlignment = xlCenter

Range("C1").Value = "Predecessor and Successor"

Range("C1").Interior.Color = RGB(146, 208, 80)

Range("C1").HorizontalAlignment = xlCenter

Range("D1").Value = "Durations"

Range("D1").Interior.Color = RGB(146, 208, 80)

Range("C1").HorizontalAlignment = xlCenter

End Sub
 120

Private Sub CmdUpdate_Click()

'we want to select sheet 2 and run module

Sheets("DSM Matrix").Activate

Module2.Matrix_DSM

Worksheets("Insert Data").Select

Range("B:B").EntireColumn.Copy

Worksheets("DSM Matrix").Range("A1").PasteSpecial

End Sub

Private Sub cmdEdit_Click()

TxtNo.Value = ""

TxtActivity.Text = ""

TxtPredecessor.Text = ""

TxtDurations.Value = ""

End Sub

Private Sub CmdEnd_Click()

Unload Me

End Sub
 121

Sub Matrix_DSM()

n = InputBox(prompt:="Please enter the number of DSM elements")

Worksheets("DSM Matrix").Select
Range(cells(1, 1), cells(200, 200)).Select
Selection.ClearContents
With Selection.Interior
ColorIndex = 2
.Pattern = xlPatternNone

End With

cells(1, 1) = "Activity"
For i = 1 To n
cells(i + 1, 2) = i
cells(1, i + 2) = i
cells(i + 1, i + 2).Select
With Selection.Interior
.ColorIndex = 1
.Pattern = xlSolid
End With
cells(i + 1, i + 2).Value = i
With Selection.Font
.ColorIndex = 2
End With
Next i
End Sub
 122

Private Sub CmdRun_Click()

Dim arraynumber(1 To 5) As Variant

For i = 1 To 200 ' Number of row

number(i) = Worksheets("Insert Data").cells(1 + i, 1)
activity(i) = Worksheets("Insert Data").cells(1 + i, 2)
Predecessor(i) = Worksheets("Insert Data").cells(1 + i, 3)
Next i

For i = 1 To 200 ' Number of activity

If Predecessor(i) = "" Then
Else
For j = 1 To 200 ' Number of Predecessor
If Predecessor(i) = "" Then
Worksheets("DSM Matrix").cells(i + 1, j + 2).Value = "X"
ElseIf Predecessor(i) = "" Then
Worksheets("DSM Matrix").cells(i + 1, j + 2).Value = "X"
ElseIf Predecessor(i) = "" Then
Worksheets("DSM Matrix").cells(i + 1, j + 2).Value = "X"
ElseIf Predecessor(i) = "" Then
Worksheets("DSM Matrix").cells(i + 1, j + 2).Value = "X"
End If
Next j

End If