OTC 4640

Overall Dynamic Characteristics of Tension Leg Platforms

by Cenap Oran,· Brown & Root Inc.
'Currently on faculty of King Abdulaziz U.

Copyright 1983 Offshore Technology Conference

This paper was presented allhe 15th Annual OTC in Houston. Texas, May 2-5, 1983. The material is subjecllo correction by the author Permission 10
copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words.

AS STRACT usually referred to briefly as the TLP and the

In TLP motion analysis, the problem is usually "guyed tower".
simplified by idealizing the tethers as weightless
springs. While this approximation appears to be A central issue in the design of an offshore
generally adequate for shallow waters, the relative platform is the dynamic behavior of the platform
tether/platform weight ratio increases very rapidly under the action of wave, current and wind loads.
as the water depth increases, thus maki ng it The wave cl imate at a specific geographic location
necessary to tre at the TLP as a cont i nuous system is usually represented by a "wave spectrum". A
rater than as a rigid body with only six degrees of review of wave spectra representi ng the conditions
freedom. The purpose of thi s paper is to examine at major offshore oi 1 production areas of the world
the vari ation of the overall dynamic response shows that the most critical wave period range is
characteri stics of a TLP as a function of the water approximately 5 to 20 seconds. Accordingly, in
depth, with particular emphasis on such important order to avoid possible resonant behavior, platforms
parameters as the tether/pl atform weight ratio, the are designed in such a way as not to have a natural
periods of the "principal modes" (i.e., heave, period within that particular critical range.
pitch, roll, surge, sway and yaw) and the shapes and
periods of the "secondary modes". In the case of a fixed pl atform, the relevant
vibration mode is the so-called "lowest mode", i.e.
INTRODUCTION the mode that corresponds to the lowest frequency
Offshore platform technology for relatively and, consequently, the largest period. It is clear
shallow water (approximately less than 1000 feet) is that, if the largest natural period of the platform
well established. However, as the demand for oil is kept below 5 seconds, the remalnlng natural
continues to increase, the industry is gradually periods will be even smaller so that one does not
forced to move into more hostile environments, need to worry abo ut them in the process of desi gn.
namely, deeper waters where conventional fixed In the case of a tension leg platform, however, the
pl atforms are no longer feasible and arctic regions situation is somewhat more compl icated as wi 11 be
where the engineers are faced with a variety of apparent in the following section.
ice-related problems. Two principal concepts have
thus far been advanced for oil product ion in deeper PRINCIPAL VS SECONDARY MODES
waters, namely, the "tension leg platform" which is In TLP motion analysis, the "tethers" (or
"tendons" as they are sometimes called) are often
References and illustrations at end of paper. idealized as weightless springs thus reducing the

507

..

~'..'- -- - -,-,.:.,.. ~--'~ - -- --. "=~:;;:;-~ _.... --'- -.. --=----

--=--~:.-~"-~-.:..:.:

--~'-~-.~
~-~~,:,_, . __ ;~-:~ ~~--~;-; ::c-~ c o- - - ~_-_~ ~
"~'--~.
~-~~- :...
problem to that of a rigid body motion with six analysis of such a complex phenomenon would normally
degrees of freedom. The corresponding vibration require an elaborate time domain approach (f.e.
modes are sometimes identified as the horizontal sophi sticated computer software and considerable
modes (s urge, sway and yaw) and the vert i ca 1 modes computer time) without necessarily addressing any
(heave, pitch and roll). In a properly designed vibration modes and frequencies. Explicit use of
TLP, the periods of ,11 these six modes do fall the concept of free vibrations implies that the
outside the spectrum ~ ~ve period range except that, problem has been linearized in some way by assuming,
unlike in the case of a fixed platform, they do not in particular, that the deformations are small.
all fall on the S1me side of the specturm.
Specifically, the periods of the three vertical
modes are approximately less than 5 seconds whereas AXIAL VIBRATIONS
the periods of the three horizontal modes are more Particularly significant among the free
than 20 seconds as illustrated in Fig. 1. vibration modes of the continuous tether-platform
system are those modes that invol ve either only
In reality, the TLP (Le. the tether-platform axial or only lateral displacements.
combi nation) is a continuous mechanical system with
an infinite number of degrees of freedom and, To study the axial modes, the TLP can be
consequently, an infinite number of free vibration represented by the simple model shown in Fig. 2 in
modes and frequencies. Accordingly, the six rigid which K is the spring constant associated with
b
body modes menti oned above are on ly approx imat ions changes in the buoyancy forces acting on the
to some of the true modes of the cont inuous hu ll-deck structure K and
repre sents the
t
tether-platform system. These modes may be referred stiffness of the tether system as a whole. In-house
to as the "principal modes" to distinguish them from studies at Brown and Root indicate that K is
b
the "secondary modes" which are closely related to usually of the order of 2 to 3% of K , thus
t
the so-called "tether dynamics", i.e. to the suggesting the assumption K !!! 0 for the
b
vibrations of the tethers within themselves with particular approximate analysis under
relatively small displacements on the part of the consideration. Assuming that the tethers are
platform. prismatic, the axial vibrations are governed by the
equation of motion
When the relative tether/platform weight ratio
is very small (i.e. in very shallow waters) the mu - Eu" = 0 ••• • • (1)
peri ods of the second ary modes are generally qu He
small and do fall outside the critical wave period subject to the following boundary conditions:
range. As the water depth increases, however, these
peri ods gradua lly i ncre ase, i. e. the frequenc ies u(o, t) = 0 • (2)
decrease, so that beyond a certai n water depth one
always finds one secondary period or more within the EAu' (L, t) + (M p + M )
av
u (L, t) '" 0 • • • • • • (3)
critical wave period range as illustrated in
Fig. 1. While this result suggests the possibility In these equations, m '" mass per unit volume of
of substantial wave-induced vibrations within the tether material, M
p mass of platform
tethers, the actual extent of such interaction in (i.e. hull-deck structure plus equipment plus
ai1Y particular TLP can only be determined from an eventual ballast), M '" added mass of platform in
av
independent analysis based on a sophi sticated vert ical motion, A '" total cross-section area of
mathematical model of the tether-pl atform system. tether system, E = modulus of elasticity, u(z, t) '"
It is important to emphasize at this point that the axial displacement, t = time, z '" axial coordinate
dynamic response of a TLP is a highly complex as shown in Fig. 2, and dot and prime superscripts
phenomenon that involves nonlinearities of both indicate differentiation with respect to t and z,
structural and hydrodynamic origins. An accurate respective ly.

508

--------------

--=-:_-~_ ..-- --~'-~-.~

~._.~--' ----,-=- . .._-.
--~~ _-~ :_-~ --- -.~
 Writing the general solution of Eq. 1 in the For a given value of e (i .e. for a given TLP
form configuration), Eq. 8 has an infinite number of
positive roots which may be ordered as
(4) a1 < a2 < a3" .etc. Note that a1
corresponds to the pri nci pa1 mode whereas the other
and substituting into the boundary conditions, one roots correspond to the secondary modes. Summarized
arrives at the following frequency equation: in Table 1 are the "exact" values of al obtained
from Eq. 8 by varying ~ in the interval
(AL) tan (AL) = ~ •. • • • • • •• (5) o < ~ < 1.0. Al so included in the table are
"approximate" values for a1 obtained by simply
in which w = circular frequency and lumping one third of the tether mass at the tether
top:

A
2
= ¥- (6)
a1 (approximate) ~~-~
1
• • • . . . . • • • • (12)
j1 + ~
mAL Mt
~ =M+ M - M+ M • • • • • • • • • • • • (7)
P av P av This approximation, which amounts to assuming
that the vertical accelerations vary linearly along
Note that Mt = mAL is the total mass of the tether the tether ax is, is seen to provide exce 11 ent
system. Alternately, Eq. 5 can be written as accuracy throughout the interval under consideration.

(a n ) tan (a IB ) = ~ • • • • • . • . • • • • (8) As previously indicated, Eq. 5 proves to be

more convenient than Eq. 8 when the attention is
in which focused mainly on the secondary modes. Numerical
studies based on Eq. 5 show that, for a < e < 1.0,
the range of AL is ~ < A L < 3.43 and 2~ < A L
2 3
a
2 ... ... - -. • • • . . • • (9) < 6.44, respective ly, for the first two secondary
modes. Inasmuch as the present study is concerned
primarily with simple approximate solutions, one can
Note that the parameter a can be reinterpreted as wri te

AL ~ (n-1)~ for n=2,3, • • • • . • . • • (13)

_ ~ _ Frequency with tether mass included () n
a - wch - Frequency wlth tether mass 19nored . . 10
Recalling that wT = 2~, and making use of Eqs.
6 and 13, the periods of the secondary axial modes
in which
can be expressed as

TAn ~
2L rm
TrHTJE . • • • • . . • (14)
• • . . • • • • • • • • • • (11)

In the case of steel with E = 30000 ksi and y =

is the circular frequency of the "conventional heave 3
mg = 489 lbs/ft , Eq. 14 gives
mode" of the TLP. (obtained by ignoring the tether
mass altogeth er) • As will become apparent short ly , L
TAn = 0.000119 Tn=IT for n=2,3, ••• • (15)
Eq. 8 is useful in studying the lowest (principal)
mode whereas Eq. 5 is more convenient in discussing
in whi ch TAn and L are in seconds and feet,
the general characteristics of the higher
respectively. It is seen that the periods of the
(secondary) modes.
secondary ax i a1 modes are genera lly extreme 1v small
509

- - - - - - - - - - -

--=-:_-~_ ..--
~._.~--' ----,-=- --~~.'--~"--'" :_-~ --- -.~

~-~~-
"~'--~-
:...
_.~'-~.--'-~--
.. ---,--- -
 (specifically,
depths I.@ to
less
6000
than
ft).
0.7
This
seconds
result,
for
in
water
turn,
hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces
platform. Specifically,
acting on
1 the

implies that no significant wave induced axial

TB(t)=T~+ Tw(t) . . . . . . . . . . ..(17)
vibrations are likely to occur within the tethers.

in which Ts = “static” pretension at the tether

LATERAL VIBRATIONS
top and Tw(t) = vertical wave force acting on the
The problem of the lateral vibrations of a TLP
platform.
is somewhat more complicated than that of the axial
vibrations and requires further simplifying
The differential equation of motion for lateral
assumptions to lend itself to a closed form
vibrations of the tether can now be written as
analytical treatment. It is important to note, in
particular, that the surge and pitch motions of a
(P +Pa)~-(TeY’)’ =0 . . . . . . . . . . ..(18)
TLP are in general, coupled. However, this coupling
is often ignored in the calculation of the
in which
fundamental frequencies since otherwise it would not

be possible to talk about separate surge and pitch y(z,t) = lateral deflection, P = MA = YA/g = mass of
frequencies. Also ignored in the analysis of free tether per unit length and
vibrations are the drag forces acting on the tethers Pa = CaAH YW19 with Ca = added mass
since these forces are proportional to the squares coefficient.
of the relative velocities and are, therefore,
nonlinear in nature. Extensive in-house studies at It is important to note that Te (z,t) is a
Brown and Root show that the bending stiffness of a function of both z and t. In an effort to solve the
tether, which is significant in the calculation of problem in a closed form (i.e. for the sake of
bending stresses near the ends, is negligible as far computational simplicity with little or no
as overall dynamic response is concerned. conceptual disadvantage) the effective tension will
Accordingly, the bending stiffness of the tether is be assumed to be approximately constant along the
neglected in the present study. The simple model tether and equal to its actual value at z = L/2,
used herein in the analysis of the lateral modes of
the TLP is shown in Fig. 3. It consists of an Te=To+Tw(t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . (19)
“equivalent” tether with a concentrated mass at the
tcQ representing the platform. The relevant where
properties of the equivalent tether are represented
by three quantities, namely, A = cross-sectional
To =Ts+AHywh +$(AHyw-Ay) . . . . . . . ..(20)
area of structure, AH = hydrodynamic cross-
sectional area (essentially, the area bounded by the
Eq. 18 can now be rewritten as
wet perimeter) and Te(z,t) = “effective tension”
at level z at time t. These three quantities are
(P+ Pa)y-(To+Tw)Y”=O . . . . . . . . ..(21)
defined as the sums of the respective quantities of
the individual tethers.
It is clear that the relevant properties of the
general solution of this equation depend on the
The effective tension can be expressed in the
specific nature of the time-dependent coefficient
form
Tw(t) . WhenTw is an arbitrarily prescribed

Te(z,t) = TB(t) + AHYwh + (L-Z) (AHYW-AY). . . . (16) function, Eq. 21 is difficult tO analYze” In
regular seas, when Tw is a harmonic function with
in which Y, Yw = weight per unit volume of tether a period equal to that of the waves, Eq. 21 can be
material, and water, respectively, h = depth of water shown to lead to “the well known Mathieu equation
at thether top, and TB(t) = sum of vertical thus suggesting the possibility of dynamic

Cin
.JIu

I
.
 instability for the TLP (which, however falls is the average axial stress in the tether, and
outside the intended scope of this paper). TLn, L and u. are in seconds, feet and ksi,
respectively. Numerical results obtained from Eq.
In what follows, the effective tension will be 26 for 60 = 10 to 40 ksi are summarized
assumed to be approximately time-independent, graphically in Fig. 4. The shaded area in the
Tw sO, thus reducing Eq. 21 to figure corresponds to the significant energy range
of the spectrum wave periods, i.e. the range within
(P +Oa)~-ToY’’ =0 . . . . . . . . . . ..(22) which strong wave-tether interaction can be expected.

subject to boundary conditions It is seen from these results that, for water
depths larger than approximately one thousand feet,
at least one secondary lateral mode, possibly more,
y(o,t)=O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (23) would have natural periods within the critical wave
period range thus suggesting the possibility of
Toy’(L,t) + (Mp+Mah)j(L,t) =0 . . . . . (24) strong wave-tether interaction. As previously
indicated, the actual extent of such interaction can
in which Mah = added mass of platform in only be determined from a sophisticated nonlinear
horizontal motion. Note that these three equations time domain analysis of the integrated tether-
are identical in form with Eqs. 1 through 3 with platform system.
(mA), (EA) and Mav replaced by (P + pa), To
and Mah, respectively. Accordingly, the results TETHER/PLATFORM WEIGHT RATIO
obtained previously for axial vibrations also apply An important consideration in the design of the
to lateral vibrations provided the various problem tether system is the effect of this system on the
parameters are reinterpreted properly. It follows heave and pitch periods of the platform.
that, as far as the principal lateral mode (i.e. the
surge mode) is concerned, an excellent approximation By lumping one third of the tether mass at the
can be obtained by simply lumping one third of the tether top as suggested in a previous section of
tether mass at the tether top. Also, by analogy to this paper, the “principal heave period” of the TLP
Eq..l4, the periods of the secondary lateral modes can be expressed as
can be approximated as

M +Mav+;Mt
J
P+Pa
T = 21r . . . . . . . . . . (28)
for n=2,3,... . . . (25) ph
‘Ln ‘1% ~ /p ?

In the special case of a solid circular tether Introducing the dimensionless mass parameters
(i.e. AH =A) with
M
av
. (29)
‘a=~” “ ““ “ ““ ““ “ “ “ “ “ ““ “ “ “
Y . 489 lbs/ft3, yw = 64 lbs/ft3 and Ca = 1, P
Eq. 25 gives

‘t
l.lt=~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (30)
T -—0.0218 L
for n=2,3,. .. . . . . . (26) P
Ln-& w

and recalling that Mt = AL y/g, Eq. 28 can be

in which
rewritten as

To
. . (27)
‘O=T ““ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “
‘Ph=’~’J$mJ31~

–, _::: -–_.: :_=: _ -.=. ..——. _. ___=_ _<_-. — —..-—–—

..- —_— —-—e. =
— _.. —__—
~.. . - -:_— .= _— ..–—- ---
— — ——.
.-—.—= n ::..* -_-==---- ——”~=. –—.—:, -–. - .— —_ _— -. -—
..-= .- :–—:.<. ,_____ _.. .——s= :—”_ ~.—- ._. - : >.–
.–— —- —————— ——...—— —. .— -
.—.— —-—.–— ,—___a._ ____ . . ..-. ___
—..——
.=. -
..—. -— ~ ———. e. .— .—:.. .— —-”
---- -– —- -=.— — _=.—-_
. . =. .— —_—_— _ __: <._ ___ ..
& — _

. ..- .— . . ..- .— .--: . . . .. . . . . . —

—— . . . . . ..- —.. .
----- - — — -. “—-=———
— —.
. . ..— =-—. “-.-——
—— —
.—

—.
--.—.
— ——— .— —
___,.-..=..-.
=---- --—--- .-—---- ,~.-.. ,.= .7,_.a —-—.~,====:..— . ..-. .-
.. . ,_. .> -_ +.. .,,
-- .-.
.-.——
.. . . -.—
.. ----- - _.
— -::. .-.=_,--- ‘- ,:- , _-s,.=c ---- .
-.. . -.-7. -=G—, =. .— ____
.._ -- .= ~:<...—<- . . . . _.. .
..
——. - .- ._ .= —....
_ ..- .--.

. . . .
Solving this equation for Ut, Letting

l+l.la r2=5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (36)
M
~t= q”””””’””””””””” ““”(32) P

in which r = platform radius of gyration, and

in which recalling that A = Ut Mp g/YL> . 35 can be

rewritten as

‘h2
e. Q(+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(33)
41?2y
. . . . . . (37)
‘pf12TL k +
Note that I.It,which is a measure of the relative
tether/platform weight ratio, is quite sensitive to
in which
the added mass parameter pa. On the other hand,
Va appears to be related to the ratio

;t =Ut(:)z . . . . . . . . . “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ (38)

‘1
—= Volume of Columns . (34)
Volume of Pontoons “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “
‘2 I
;a=~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ “ “ “ “ “ “ (39)
P
Specifically, I.Ia decreases when Vll”z
increases. Numerical data extracted from limited
Finally, solving Eq. 37 for ;t,
in-house studies at Brown and Root seem to suggest a
practical range of 0.6 to 1.1 for pa, although
larger or smaller values are also possible. I+;a
;t=T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (40)
Numerical results obtained from Eqs. 32 and 33 -3

are summarized in Fig. 5 in the form of a

Pt/(l+ua) vs. (L/Tph) curve. It is seen that with

~t increases very rapidly as L increases. For a

design value ofTph in the 4 to 5 second range,

G=%*)*.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (41)
and for 0.6 < ~a < 1.1, the weight of the tethers 4n2y
is seen to approach that of the platform (i.e.
hull-deck structure plus equipment) at a water depth Note that Eq. 40 is identical in form with Eq. 32
of approximately 7000 to 9000 feet. thus implying that the curve shown in Fig. 5 is also
valid for the Lt/(l+La) vs. (L/Tpp)
By analogy to Eq. 28, the “princiPal pitch relationship.
period” of the TLP can be expressed as

For a given platform configuration (i.e. given

weight and geometry for both hull-deck structure and
equipment, and given water depth) Eqs. 32 and 40 are
‘p~2nW( 35) useful in obtaining a good estimate for the minimum
tether size that would be required to keep the heave

in which I = mass moment of inertia of platform and pitch periods of the TLP within acceptable
P
in pitch motion, Ia = added mass moment of limits. These equations are particularly

inertia, and (2b) = moment arm for tether forces interesting as they emphasize the influence of the

(i.e. distance between opposite sets of tethers). geometry of the hull (through the added mass

61!J
“..-

.
–-
parameters pa and ~a) on the dynamic response Mt . Total mass of tethers
characteristics of the TLP. r
‘ ~p=radi”sofgyrat’on
t . Time
SUMMARY To . Average tensfon in tether
The tension leg platform is a continuous Te(z,t) = Effective tension
mechanical system with an infinite number of free Principal heave period
‘ph =
vibration modes and frequencies. A good Tpp = Principal pitch periods
approximation for the frequencies of the six Periods of secondary axial vibrations
‘An =
“principal modes” can generally be obtained by Periods of secondary lateral
‘Ln =
lumping one third of the mass of each tether at the vibrations
top (i.e. at the tether-platform connection point) U(z,t) = Axial displacement
and treating the platform as a rigid body supported y(z,t) = Lateral displacement
by linearly elastic springs. As far as “secondary z . Axial coordinate
modes” are concerned, an adequate approximation can a . Parameter defined in Eqs. 9 and 10
generally be obtained by assuming that the tethers s . Mt/(Mp + Mav)
are fix~u at both ends (i.e. by assuming that the y . Weight of tether material per unit
platform remains immobile while the tethers vibrate) vo1ume
and neglecting the bending stiffness of the tethers. yw . Weight of water per unit volume
A ==
The periods of the secondary axial modes are U . Circular frequency
generally very small, so that these modes are not . To/A = Average tensile stress in
‘o
likely to be exited by the waves. As far as the tether
lateral modes are concerned, however, the situation p . mass of tether per unit length
is somewhat different. Beyond a certain water . Added mass per unit length
‘a
depth, one always finds one secondary lateral period ~t .
Mt’Mp
or more within the critical range, thus suggesting lla .
‘av’”p *
the possibility of strong wave-thether interaction. Tt . ~t(b/r)
The actual extent of such interaction would have to Ta = Ia/Ip
be determined from a sophisticated nonlinear 0 . Parameter defined in Eq. 33
time-domain analysis. F = Parameter defined in Eq. 41
@ . Phase angle
NOMENCLATURE
A — Area of tether cross-section ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
. Hydrodynamic corss-sectional area The author wishes to thank the management of
‘H
b . Half of moment arm of tether forces Brown and Root, Inc. for permitting the publication
Ca = Add mass coefficient of this paper. He also wishes to express his
E . Modulus of elasticity gratitude to his colleagues in the Marine Research
1P = Mass moment of inertia of platform and Development Department for their support in
Ia . Added mass moment of inertia general and for the numerous ideas that they have
L . Length of tether contributed to this project.
m . Mass per unit volume of tether
material
M — Mass of platform (i.e. hull-deck plus
P
equipment)
. Added mass of platform in horizontal
‘h
motion
M . Added mass of platform in vertical
av
motion

-J-
 L
‘C h

B EXACT APPROXIMATE

o 1.000 1.000
0.1 0.984 0.984

0.2 0.968 0.968

0.3 0.953 0.953
0.4 0.938 0.939

0.5 0.924 0.926

0.6 0.910 0.913

0.7 0.857 0.900

0.8 0.884 0.889

0.9 0.872 0.877

1.0 0.860 0.866

PRINCIPAL MODES

\ SURGE, SLVAY, YAW \HEAVE, PITCH, ROL~

SECONDARY MODES
4——————*
(sHALLOw wATER)

_ —— —— .— — ————
I

TYPICAL SEA SPECTRUM

WAVE FREQUENCY

FIG. l-NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF TLP

 q ~+Tw
$
.
t(b

EzZziF’ MP+MOV
4,1. h
1-
q
_J
B
Mp+ Mah

L A, AH
L I

77 .J777/ i,:)

A
~Y

‘IG, 2-TLP MODEL FOR AXIAL VIBRATIONS FIG, 3-TLP MODEL FOR LATERAL VIBRATIONS

‘Ln
(sEcONDs)
 1.5

I.C
or’,

Pt
(1+/ZJ

L 3 1( )0 1!
)0 2000 2:

L L
or, — ff/sec
Tph ‘PP

FIG. 5-VARIATION OF TETHER / PLATFORM WEIGHT RATIO

–, _::: -–_.: :_=: _ -.=. ..——. _. ___=_ _<_-. — —..-—–—

..- —_— —-—e. =
— _.. —__—
~.. . - -:_— .= _— ..–—- ---
— — ——.
.-—.—= n ::. .*-_== ==---- ——”~=. –—.—:, -–. - .— —_ _— -. -—
..-= .- :–—:.<. ,_____ _.. .——s= :—”_ ~.—- ._. - : >.–
.–— —- —————— ——...—— —. .— -
.—.— —-—.–— ,—___a._ ____ . . ..-. ___
—..——
.=. -
..—. -— ~
———. e. .— .—:.. .— —-”
. . =. ---- -– —- -=.— — _=. —-_ &.— _
.——_—_— ___: <._ __ . ..
—— . . . . . ..- —.. . . ..- .—. . ..- .— .--: . .. . . .. . . —
----- - —— -.-” —-—
— —. . . ..— =-—. “-.-——
—— —
.—

—. — .— —
___,.-.. --—--- .-—---- ,~.-.. ,.= .7,_.a —-—.~,====:
-..=..
. -.
=----
——— TG—, =. .— ____
--
. . . -- .-. .. . . -.— --.—. -.-7. ._ .= ~:<...—<- . . . . _.. . ..—. - ..-. .-
——. .- ._ .= —....
_ ..- .--._&
,_. .> -_ +.. .,, .-.—— .. ----- - _.
— -::. .-.=_,--- ‘- ,:- , _-s,.=c ---- . ..

. . . .