CHAPTER 1 MOST COMMON METHODS
INTRODUCTION
-presents background of the research
-provides reasons why the topic is selected and
contains thesis statement
WRITING AN INTRODUCTION
1. Describe the importance (significance) of the
study why – was this worth doing in the first
place? Provide a broad context
2. Defend the model – why did you use this
particular organism or system? What are its
advantages? You might comment on its
suitability from a theoretical point of view as
well as indicate practical reasons for using it.
3. Provide rationale – State specific
hypothesis(ses) or objective(s) and describe the
reasoning that led you to select them.
4. Describe very briefly the experimental design
and how if accomplished the stated objectives.
STYLES IN WRITING INTRODUCTION
1. Use past tense except when referring to
established facts.
2. Organize ideas, making one major point with
each paragraph. If there are four points, there
should be four paragraphs.
3. Present background information only as
needed in order to support a position.
4. State the hypothesis/objective precisely. Don
not over simplify.
5. Spelling, clarity and appropriateness of
sentences and phrases.
DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES
-A good research employs an effective and
systematized data gathering procedure.
A. Interview Method
-involves the collection of data through
direct verbal interaction between the
interviewer and the respondent.
*TWO TYPES OF RESEARCH INTERVIEW
1. Structured – uses a set of
standardized questions which are asked in a
fixed and sequential manner
2. Unstructured – more flexible and
open; interviewer can modify, repeat and
elucidate the questions
WHY DO WE CONDUCT INTERVIEW?
1. To gain more reliable information
and insights into the study.
2. To be used as supplementary or
principal tool in gathering data
3. To get more comprehensive
explanation
B. Survey Method
-most frequently used method to
obtain information
-involves systematically asking people
about their attitudes, feeling, ideas, opinions
and values
-it makes use of questionnaires as a tool
QUESTIONNAIRES
-This is the set of orderly arranged and carefully
prepared questions designed to get
facts/information which are related to the
problem.
-One of the important research tools of data
collection
THREE COMMON FORMS OF QUESTIONS
1. Open-ended – allows respondents to answer
in any way he/she wishes
 -does not provide possible answers to
choose from.
2. Close-ended – respondents are offered a set
of answers from which they can choose
-easy to ask, answer, record; however,
it can limit or lead the respondents to the
choices of answers
*FORMAT
A. Multiple-choice
B. Checklist format – single question
can be answered with one or more options
3. Rating scale – a respondent is asked and
bases his rating on past observations or how
he/she perceives the object or situation
RUN-ONS
-2 independent clauses
-without adequate signals
FUSED SENTENCES
-punctuation at the end
COMMA SPLICE
-comma between 2 independent clauses
HOW TO CORRECT
1. Separate two independent clauses into two
sentences.
2. Connect two independent clauses with
comma and one conjunction. (FANBOYS)
3. Separate with semicolon (;)
-connecting words after “;”
Therefore, thus, however, nevertheless,
furthermore, also, for, moreover
MODIFIERS
-describes, limits or qualifies meaning
1. Misplaced – describes wrong word, change
meaning of the sentence
*Place modifiers near modified words
2. Dangling – describes a word that’s not in the
sentence
*insert subject at the beginning of the
sentence
*insert subject after “,”
LITERARY TERMS
Setting – the period in time or the place in
which the events of a story are said to occur
Denouement – the final stage or climax of a
series of events
Lyric – relating to poetry that often has a
musical quality and expresses personal
emotions or thoughts
Formal Essay – typically used for the discussion
of ideas and its purpose is generally to inform
or persuade
Informal Essay – complete freedom of writing
in the way of expressing your opinion
Point of view – the perspective on events of the
narrator or a character in a story
Plot – the story or sequence of events
Persona – an identity, character or role
Paragraph – a piece of writing that consists of
one or more sentences, begins on a new and
often indented line, and contains a distinct idea
or the words of one speaker
Irony – humor based on using words to suggest
the opposite of their literal meaning
Theme – subject of discussion or composition
Sonnet – fourteen-line rhyming poem with set
structure
GOOD LUCK SENIORS!
AUGUSTINE
-CGCM