Text Structures

for DIFFERENT TYPES OF WRITING

By Dr. Deborah Wahlstrom

www.DataDeb.wordpress.com
 Contents
How to Use the
Content Cards 3

Overview of Types of Texts

in the Common Core 4
State Standards
Three Types of Writing and
Five Text Structures 5-7
Basic Parts of the
Content Cards 8

Compare 9-10

Contrast 11-12

Cause/Effect 13-14

Problem/Solution 15-16

Sequence 17-18

Description 19-20

DataDeb.Wordpress.com Content Cards for Text Structures 2

 This packet includes a set of content cards for
common text structures including compare and
contrast, cause and effect, problem and solution,
sequence/order, and description. These are the
basic text structures laid out in the Common Core
State Standards and reflect the key structures
students should be able to deal with in different
types of writing (i.e., argumentative, informational,
narrative). This is not to say that these are the only
text structures you’ll want students to learn, but
this is a very good list of the key structures students
should master.

Printing the Content Cards

I’ve designed this set so you can print the
content cards on one side of a sheet of
paper and its corresponding standards on
the reverse side.

DataDeb.Wordpress.com Content Cards for Text Structures 3

 Overview of Types of Writing
Common Core State Standards, Grades 9-11

DataDeb.Wordpress.com Content Cards for Text Structures 4

 W.9-10.1/W.11-12.1
3 Types of Writing
W.9-10.2/W.11-12.2 W.9-10.3/W.11-12.3

Argumentative Informational Narrative

40% 40% 20%

5 Text Structures
Compare Problem
Cause and Effect Sequence Description
and Contrast and Solution
How are things What is the cause? What is the What is the order? What are all the
alike? How are they What is its effect? problem? How can
parts of the idea?
different? it be solved?
Graphic Organizers
Content Cards

DataDeb.Wordpress.com Content Cards for Text Structures 5

 W.9-10.1/W.11-12.1
3 Types of Writing
Argumentative
40%
W.9-10.1 Write arguments to
support claims in an analysis
of substantive topics or texts,
using valid reasoning and
relevant and sufficient
evidence.
W.11-12.1 Write arguments
to support claims in an
analysis of substantive topics
or texts, using valid reasoning
and relevant and sufficient
evidence.
CoreStandards.org
DataDeb.Wordpress.com
W.9-10.2/W.11-12.2
Informational
40%
W.9-10.2 Write
informative/explanatory
texts to examine and convey
complex ideas, concepts, and
information clearly and
accurately through the
effective selection,
organization, and analysis of
content.
W.11-12.2 Write
informative/explanatory
texts to examine and convey
complex ideas, concepts, and
information clearly and
accurately through the
effective selection,
organization, and analysis of
content.
Content Cards for Text Structures
W.9-10.3/W.11-12.2
Narrative
20%
W.9-10.3 Write narratives to
develop real or imagined
experiences or events using
effective technique, well-
chosen details, and well-
structured event sequences.
W.11-12.3 Write narratives
to develop real or imagined
experiences or events using
effective technique, well-
chosen details, and well-
structured event sequences.
6
 W.9-10.1/W.11-12.1
3 Types of Writing
W.9-10.2/W.11-12.2 W.9-10.3/W.11-12.3

Argumentative Informational Narrative

40% 40% 20%

5 Text Structures
Compare Problem
Cause and Effect Sequence Description
and Contrast and Solution
How are things What is the cause? What is the What is the order? What are all the
alike? How are they What was its effect? problem? How can
parts of the idea?
different? it be solved?
RI.9-10.2.07 RI.9-10.2.07 W.9-10.2.A.09 RI.9-10.2.07 RI.9-10.2.07
RI.9-10.7.03 RI.11-12.5.01 RI.9-10.2.07 RI.11-12.5.01 RI.11-12.5.01
Unpacked W.9-10.1.C.03 W.9-10.1.C.03 W.9-10.1.C.03 W.9-10.1.C.03 W.9-10.1.C.03
Common W.9-10.2.A.09 W.9-10.2.A.09 RI.11-12.5.01 W.9-10.2.A.09 W.9-10.2.A.09
Core W.9-10.2.C.03 W.9-10.2.C.03 W.9-10.2.A.09 W.9-10.2.C.03 W.9-10.2.A.09.01
Standards W.9-10.2.C.09 W.9-10.2.C.09 W.9-10.2.C.03 W.9-10.2.C.09 W.91-10.2.C.09
RL.11-12.9.03 W.11-12.2.C.3 W.9-10.2.C.09 W.11-12.2.C.3 W.11-12.2.C.3
W.11-12.2.C.3 SL.11-12.6.03 W.11-12.2.C.3 SL.11-12.6.03 RI.9-10.3.05
RI.11-12.5.01 W.11-12.3.C.1 SL.11-12.6.03 RI.9-10.3.05 W.9-10.2.B.07
RI.9-10.3.05 RI.9-10.3.05 RI.9-10.3.01 W.9-10.3.B.01
W.9-10.3.C.01 W.9-10.1.A.12 RI.9-10.2.02 W.9-10.3.B.04
W.9-10.2.F.03 RI.9-10.3.08 W.9-10.2.C.03
W.11-12.2.F.3 RI.11-12.3.02

DataDeb.Wordpress.com Content Cards for Text Structures 7

 Basic Parts of the Content Cards
Examples of words that
provide a signal to others of
the text structure you are
using.

Text Structure
More
Short Definition examples of
wording for
Short the text
Description of structure.
the text
structure

Examples of
ways to use the
text structure in
the opening of
a paper.

Examples of
ways to use the
text structure in
the closing of a
paper.

Examples of the types of questions you

Note: The content cards differ in the type might answer in your paper for this
of information included. text structure.
DataDeb.Wordpress.com Content Cards for Text Structures 8
 Examples of Statements that
Signal Words and Phrases
Compare alike
along the same lines
in similar fashion
just as
Compare
• First, they both have _____.
• Second, they both have ____.
HOW THINGS ARE ALIKE also just like
least
• Another way they are alike is
at the same time _____.
and less than • One thing they both have in
When you compare two or more as like common is that they ____.
things, you show how they are as well as likewise
• Just like ____, ____ rode the bus
more than
alike, or similar.
both
most important
to school every day.
by the same token
can be compared neither • ____ and ____ have an equal
comparable resemble position on the issue.
Examples of Opening Statements • Neither one believes that ___.
comparatively same
• There are several ways that ___ and ____
compare same as • Both twins have brown hair and
are alike.
correspondingly share brown eyes.
• ___ and ____ have several things in each similar • That is the best band I have ever
common. equal, equally similar to seen.
• ____ and ____ are alike in several ways. even similarly • He is the funniest person in our
• ____ and ____ are alike because _____. in common so too class. (Quality, best/better)
in comparison the same
• I have as many issues as her.
In like manner the same as
Examples of How to Bring a too
• She is as tall as her sister. (Height,
in the same manner
Conclusion to a Comparison in the same way twin short/tall)
• Both like to ___ • Dogs are usually friendlier than
• Both seem to ___ cats. (Compare sentences talk
Questions
• They agree. Neither one likes it. about the same adjective.)
• What two or more things are being
• Each has ___. • Renee is wiser than Deb.
compared?
• Neither is ____. • Music is as important to Justin as
• What feature or features of the things
• Both contain ____. reading is to Deb. (Hobbies,
are being compared?
music/reading)
• In what ways are these things alike?
• In what ways are ____ and ____
similar?

DataDeb.Wordpress.com Content Cards for Text Structures 9


Compare
HOW THINGS ARE ALIKE
The standards on this page
represent examples of those for
which the content card for the text
structure of compare (and contrast)
will be useful.
CoreStandards.org
DataDeb.Wordpress.com
RI.9-10.2.07 Identify text structures (e.g., sequence/chronological order,
classification, definition, process, description, comparison,
RI.9-10.7.03
problem/solution, cause/effect).
Compare and contrast coverage of the same event, person,
or story in different media and by different people.
Determine what details are emphasized in each account.
RL.11-12.9.03 Compare and contrast how authors from the same time
period deal with a particular theme or topic.
RI.11-12.5.01 Examine the structure (order of importance, cause and
effect, compare/contrast, etc.) chosen by the writer and
determine whether it enhances the work’s clarity or appeal.
W.9-10.1.C.03 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a
compare and contrast structure, students use words such as
however, even though, in contrast, similarly, etc.).
W.9-10.2.A.09 Use an organizational structure that is appropriate for the
topic and purpose of the paper. Examples of organizational
structures include: advantages/disadvantages,
problem/solutions, comparing and contrasting,
order/sequences, definitions, descriptions, cause and effect,
categories, hierarchy, investigation, inductive/deductive,
listing.
W.9-10.2.C.03 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a
compare and contrast structure, students use words such as
however, even though, in contrast, etc.).
W.9-10.2.C.09 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a
compare and contrast structure, students use words such as
however, even though, in contrast, similarly, etc.).
W.11-12.2.C.3 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a
compare and contrast structure, students use words such as
however, even though, in contrast, etc.).
Content Cards for Text Structures 10
 Examples of Statements of How
Things are Different
Contrast Signal Words and Phrases
although neither/nor
•
•
____ has ____ while ____ has _____.
____ does ____, but ____ does not.
HOW THINGS ARE DIFFERENT and yet nevertheless • ___ acted with honor, but ___ did not.
better nonetheless • They were opposites. ____ liked _____
but on the contrary
When you contrast two or more while ____ did not.
by contrast on the other hand •
things, you show how they are Unlike _____, _____ rode the bus to
conversely opposite
different. school every day.
despite otherwise • ____ has a different view.
differ regardless •
Contrasting does not always mean Mary liked ice cream but Howard liked
difference still
good vs. bad. It also means how one brownies.
different though •
thing is simply different from Dogs are usually friendlier than cats,
different from unequal
another. but cats are cleaner than dogs. (A
differently unless contrast sentence with different
either/or unlike adjectives – friendliness/cleanliness.)
Examples of Opening Statements even though variations • A different view is ___.
• There are several ways that ___ and however vary • Another way to view this is ___.
____ are different. in contrast whereas
• There are several ways that ____ and instead while
___ differ. former/latter yet
Questions
• ___ and ____ are different in several more/less than
• What two or more things are being
ways. contrasted?
• While ___ is the main difference Examples of Ending Statements • What are the details to show how they
between these two things (people, • People tend to prefer dogs as pets and differ?
events, places, etc.), there are others. adventure novels in books. • How do the things being contrasted
These include _____, ____, and • The setting in the book was fall, while differ?
_____. the setting in the movie was winter. • In what ways are these things different?
• ____ and ____ are different because • In what ways are ____ and ____
_____. different?

DataDeb.Wordpress.com Content Cards for Text Structures 11


Contrast
HOW THINGS ARE DIFFERENT
The standards on this page
represent examples of those for
which the content card for the text
structure of compare (and contrast)
will be useful.
CoreStandards.org
DataDeb.Wordpress.com
RI.9-10.2.07 Identify text structures (e.g., sequence/chronological order,
classification, definition, process, description, comparison,
RI.9-10.7.03
problem/solution, cause/effect).
Compare and contrast coverage of the same event, person,
or story in different media and by different people.
Determine what details are emphasized in each account.
RL.11-12.9.03 Compare and contrast how authors from the same time
period deal with a particular theme or topic.
RI.11-12.5.01 Examine the structure (order of importance, cause and
effect, compare/contrast, etc.) chosen by the writer and
determine whether it enhances the work’s clarity or appeal.
W.9-10.1.C.03 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a
compare and contrast structure, students use words such as
however, even though, in contrast, similarly, etc.).
W.9-10.2.A.09 Use an organizational structure that is appropriate for the
topic and purpose of the paper. Examples of organizational
structures include: advantages/disadvantages,
problem/solutions, comparing and contrasting,
order/sequences, definitions, descriptions, cause and effect,
categories, hierarchy, investigation, inductive/deductive,
listing.
W.9-10.2.C.03 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a
compare and contrast structure, students use words such as
however, even though, in contrast, etc.).
W.9-10.2.C.09 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a
compare and contrast structure, students use words such as
however, even though, in contrast, similarly, etc.).
W.11-12.2.C.3 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a
compare and contrast structure, students use words such as
however, even though, in contrast, etc.).
Content Cards for Text Structures 12
 The cause tells why

Cause/Effect something happened.

The effect tells what
happened.
WHY SOMETHING HAPPENED/WHAT HAPPENED
Signal Words and Phrases

Cause Effect
why something happened What happened
because source accordingly it follows then
CAUSE QUESTIONS being that when all in all impact is
EFFECT QUESTIONS
• What happened? begins with is caused by . . . as a result of impact will be • What is the impact?
• Why did it happen? cause the cause is . . . on account of namely • Who or what is
due to the fact that may be due to . . . as a consequence outcome effected?
• To whom or what did it
for the simple reason the reason this as a result of result • What are the details
happen? that happened is as might be since
• When did it happen? for this reason on account of (cause), expected so
and examples that
• What brought about the forasmuch as this because so that show the effect?
action? gives rise to since (cause) because of this then • Was there one effect
if this happens happened . . . effect therefore or more than one?
• What else happened
inasmuch as this (cause) led to . . . effects of thereupon • If there was more
because of that event? in that actions leading to impact thus
• Is there more than one in view of the fact (effect) included . . outcome this (cause) led to ..
than one effect, was
cause? leads to . result this happened one stronger or more
• If there is more than one led to because (cause) results in because . . . important than the
may be due to happened as a result because of others?
cause, is one more
now that as a result of (cause) . consequence as a consequence, • What are the
powerful than the origin .. consequently (effect)
others? owing to the fact when ____ happened, due to happened.
consequences?
• What was the cause? reason .. for this reason as a result, (effect)
• What are the details and seeing that for this reason finally happened.
happened this led to (effect).
examples that explain
hence when
the causes? if . . . then . . . this results in
in consequence
it follows that

DataDeb.Wordpress.com Content Cards for Text Structures 13


Cause/Effect
WHY SOMETHING HAPPENED/WHAT HAPPENED
The standards on this page
represent examples of those for
which the content card for the text
structure of compare (and contrast)
will be useful.
CoreStandards.org
DataDeb.Wordpress.com
RI.9-10.2.07 Identify text structures (e.g., sequence/chronological order,
RI.11-12.5.01
classification, definition, process, description, comparison,
problem/solution, cause/effect).
Examine the structure (order of importance, cause and effect,
compare/contrast, etc.) chosen by the writer and determine whether it
enhances the work’s clarity or appeal.
W.9-10.1.C.03 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and
contrast structure, students use words such as however, even though,
in contrast, similarly, etc.).
W.9-10.2.A.09 Use an organizational structure that is appropriate for the topic and
purpose of the paper. Examples of organizational structures include:
advantages/disadvantages, problem/solutions, comparing and
contrasting, order/sequences, definitions, descriptions, cause and
effect, categories, hierarchy, investigation, inductive/deductive, listing.
W.9-10.2.C.03 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and
contrast structure, students use words such as however, even though,
in contrast, etc.).
W.9-10.2.C.09 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and
contrast structure, students use words such as however, even though,
in contrast, similarly, etc.).
W.11-12.2.C.3 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and
contrast structure, students use words such as however, even though,
in contrast, etc.).
SL.11-12.6.03 Choose appropriate delivery technique to best support topic/task (cause
and effect, chronological, persuasive, etc.).
W.11-12.3.C.1 Focus on the sequence of events-their causes and effects.
RI.9-10.3.05 Identify organizational patterns (e.g., cause/effect, chronological,
sequential, order of importance, compare/contrast, and logical.)
W.9-10.3.C.01 Focus on the sequence of events-their causes and effects.
Content Cards for Text Structures 14
 Problem/Solution
FIND THE ISSUE AND SOLVE IT

Problem and Solution signal

words help tell about a
problem or issue, why there is
a problem or issue, and then
gives one or more possible Signal Words and Phrases
solutions.
Problem Solution
conundrum answer
dilemma possibility
factor proposition
issue solution
problem remedy
problematic resolution
puzzle
quandry • A solution for this is ___.
question • This can be solved by
reason ___.
situation • One way to resolve this
is ___.
• A reason for the problem • One answer to this is
is ___. ___.
• Factors impacting this • Potential solutions
problem include ___. include ___.
• The issue being dealt
with is ___.
• This is a problem
because ___.

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Problem/Solution
FIND THE ISSUE AND SOLVE IT
The standards on this page
represent examples of those for
which the content card for the text
structure of compare (and contrast)
will be useful.
CoreStandards.org
DataDeb.Wordpress.com
RI.9-10.2.07 Identify text structures (e.g., sequence/chronological order, classification,
RI.11-12.5.01
definition, process, description, comparison, problem/solution, cause/effect).
Examine the structure (order of importance, cause and effect,
compare/contrast, etc.) chosen by the writer and determine whether it
enhances the work’s clarity or appeal.
W.9-10.1.C.03 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and contrast
structure, students use words such as however, even though, in contrast,
similarly, etc.).
W.9-10.2.A.09 Use an organizational structure that is appropriate for the topic and purpose of
the paper. Examples of organizational structures include:
advantages/disadvantages, problem/solutions, comparing and contrasting,
order/sequences, definitions, descriptions, cause and effect, categories,
hierarchy, investigation, inductive/deductive, listing.
W.9-10.2.C.03 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and contrast
structure, students use words such as however, even though, in contrast, etc.).
W.9-10.2.C.09 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and contrast
structure, students use words such as however, even though, in contrast,
similarly, etc.).
W.11-12.2.C.3 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and contrast
structure, students use words such as however, even though, in contrast, etc.).
SL.11-12.6.03 Choose appropriate delivery technique to best support topic/task (cause and
effect, chronological, persuasive, etc.).
RI.9-10.3.05 Identify organizational patterns (e.g., cause/effect, chronological, sequential,
order of importance, compare/contrast, and logical.)
W.9-10.1.A.12 Use an organizational structure that is appropriate for the claim/argument.
Examples include: advantages/disadvantages, expressing opinions/providing
solutions to problems, expressing arguments for and against a topic, comparing
and contrasting something or somebody.
W.9-10.2.F.03 Point out potential problems, results (when writing a conclusion).
W.11-12.2.F.3 Point out potential problems, results.
Content Cards for Text Structures 16
 Signal Words and Phrases Sequences

Sequence A, B, C
after
afterward
future
here, there
how to
on time
past
preceding
• First, second, third
• First of all, then,
meanwhile
• Former, latter
WORDS THAT BRING ORDER afterwards immediately present
• In the first place, in the
already in order presently
second place, . .
always in the future previously
Sequence words help show the order as soon as in the meantime prior • For one thing, ______.
of things. They help signal such at last In the past prior to
things as when something at length Initially recently Questions
happened, the steps in a sequence, at (time) into second • What is the sequence?
and the logical order of things. at that time last sequence • What kind of sequence is
at this point lastly shortly used? Time? Logical
at this time late since order? Step-by-step?
Examples of Opening Statements bedtime lately soon • What are the details
• There are several steps to this process.
before later subsequently and/or examples for each
The first is . . .
currently latter then part of the sequence?
• In the beginning, ____.
cycle lunchtime thereafter • Is there a reason for the
• In their recent work, ____.
daytime new third sequence?
• It’s never to early to ____.
dinnertime later time
during latter to Examples of Closing
Examples of When to Use a Sequence earlier lunchtime to this day
Statements
• Show the steps in something. early meanwhile today
• From beginning to end,
• Give the sequence of events in a story, eventually most important tomorrow
___.
novel, or informational piece. finally new ultimately
• This process showed the
• Show the timeline of what happened or first next until
four steps for ___.
will happen in an event or set of events. for one thing now when
• Sequence the evidence when making a former o’clock whenever
claim: general evidence to more specific formerly old while
evidence, least important pieces of from
evidence to more important pieces of
evidence.

DataDeb.Wordpress.com Content Cards for Text Structures 17


Sequence
WORDS THAT BRING ORDER
The standards on this page
represent examples of those for
which the content card for the text
structure of compare (and contrast)
will be useful.
CoreStandards.org
DataDeb.Wordpress.com
RI.9-10.2.07 Identify text structures (e.g., sequence/chronological order, classification, definition,
RI.11-12.5.01
process, description, comparison, problem/solution, cause/effect).
Examine the structure (order of importance, cause and effect, compare/contrast,
etc.) chosen by the writer and determine whether it enhances the work’s clarity or
appeal.
W.9-10.1.C.03 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and contrast
structure, students use words such as however, even though, in contrast, similarly,
etc.).
W.9-10.2.A.09 Use an organizational structure that is appropriate for the topic and purpose of the
paper. Examples of organizational structures include: advantages/disadvantages,
problem/solutions, comparing and contrasting, order/sequences, definitions,
descriptions, cause and effect, categories, hierarchy, investigation,
inductive/deductive, listing.
W.9-10.2.C.03 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and contrast
structure, students use words such as however, even though, in contrast, etc.).
W.9-10.2.C.09 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and contrast
structure, students use words such as however, even though, in contrast, similarly,
etc.).
W.11-12.2.C.3 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and contrast
structure, students use words such as however, even though, in contrast, etc.).
SL.11-12.6.03 Choose appropriate delivery technique to best support topic/task (cause and effect,
chronological, persuasive, etc.).
RI.9-10.3.05 Identify organizational patterns (e.g., cause/effect, chronological, sequential, order of
importance, compare/contrast, and logical.)
RI.9-10.3.01 Identify how ideas are introduced, sequenced, and developed.
RI.9-10.2.02 Create a timeline or sequence of details that build the theme or central idea in a text.
RI.9-10.3.08 Examine how an author builds an opinion or a study with key details, paying close
attention to how the ideas are introduced, sequenced, and developed.
RI.11-12.3.02 Recognize how ideas, events, and individuals are woven together over the course of
the text.
Content Cards for Text Structures 18
 Taste Touch Sound
Description acidic
biting
bitter
burning
cold
damp
barking
bawling
bellow
noisy
outcry
pandemonium
tapping
tearing
thunderous
PROVIDE DETAILS AND EXAMPLES brackish
dirty
dry
feathery
blare
blasé
piercing
pounding
tight-lipped
tinkling
dry frosty cackle quiet tranquil
flavorful furry chatter racket tweet
Words and
phrases that Sight Smell fresh
fruity
fuzzy
gnarled
cheer
clash
rasping
raucous
uproar
vocalize
describe help to full-bodied gritty coo rhythmic voiceless
“paint a
black acidic gamy hairy cough ringing volume
blue acrid
picture” for the brilliant aromatic
gross hot din rumble wail
juicy knotted discordant rustle warble
reader about drab foul peppery leathery fizz scratching weeping
whatever it is flushed fragrant rank limp gasp scratchy whimpering
you are writing green fresh sharp lumpy grating scream whistling
– the topic.
indigo funky sour oily grunting screech wordless
large heady succulent ribbed jarring shout shriek yapping
opaque moldy sugary rough loud shrill yell
orange musky sweet slimy moaning snort yelp
Questions red nasty syrupy smooth mumbling sob yodel
• What is being ruddy noxious tangy splintered murmuring splash
described? sepia odor tart sticky
• Why is this thing shimmering perfumed zesty stinging after all
small piney wet an instance of this can In particular
being described? smoky pungent
• Is one thing or be seen in like
snowy rancid as portray
more than one translucent savory as an illustration reason . . . Is that
thing being transparent sharp by observing sensory words (i.e., sight,
described? twinkling smelly can be recognized by touch, feeling, taste,
white stinky
• For each thing violet stuffy
depicts smell
being described, describes some characteristics are
yellow sweaty develop some details include
what are the sweet e.g., spatial words (e.g., at,
details and features include above, below, beside,
examples that for example under, over
support the for instance specifically
description? for one thing such as
i.e., that is
illustrates to illustrate
DataDeb.Wordpress.com Content Cards for Text Structures 19

Description
PROVIDE DETAILS AND EXAMPLES
The standards on this page
represent examples of those for
which the content card for the text
structure of compare (and contrast)
will be useful.
CoreStandards.org
DataDeb.Wordpress.com
RI.9-10.2.07 Identify text structures (e.g., sequence/chronological order, classification, definition,
RI.11-12.5.01
process, description, comparison, problem/solution, cause/effect).
Examine the structure (order of importance, cause and effect, compare/contrast,
etc.) chosen by the writer and determine whether it enhances the work’s clarity or
appeal.
W.9-10.1.C.03 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and contrast
structure, students use words such as however, even though, in contrast, similarly,
etc.).
W.9-10.2.A.09 Use an organizational structure that is appropriate for the topic and purpose of the
paper. Examples of organizational structures include: advantages/disadvantages,
problem/solutions, comparing and contrasting, order/sequences, definitions,
descriptions, cause and effect, categories, hierarchy, investigation,
inductive/deductive, listing.
W.9-10.2.C.03 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and contrast
structure, students use words such as however, even though, in contrast, etc.).
W.9-10.2.A.09.01 Describe the topic. (I answered the questions from the prompt.)
W.9-10.2.C.09 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and contrast
structure, students use words such as however, even though, in contrast, similarly,
etc.).
W.11-12.2.C.3 Use transitions that match the text structure (e.g., in a compare and contrast
structure, students use words such as however, even though, in contrast, etc.).
RI.9-10.3.05 Identify organizational patterns (e.g., cause/effect, chronological, sequential, order of
importance, compare/contrast, and logical.)
W.9-10.2.B.07 Write extended definitions/descriptions for concepts that need clarity.
W.9-10.3.B.01 Distinguish the difference between different narrative techniques (e.g., dialogue,
pacing, description reflection, and multiple plot lines).
W.9-10.3.B.04 Use description and dialogue to signal important events and focus the reader by
speeding up or slowing down the action.
Content Cards for Text Structures 20