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1.) Igneous Rocks – volcanic rocks c.) Bioclastic – deceased animals and shells
Quality of Breakages:
a.) Metallic
b.) Non-Metallic ENERGY RESEOURCES
Loam – ideal agricultural soil because of its good minerals (eluviation) and leaching
aeriation and drainage properties with nutrient B Horizon – subsoil; accumulated clay and other
retention and water-holding abilities nutrients from the layers above it
Nicolas L. Galvez – Dean of Filipino Soil Scientists C Horizon – substratum; partially altered parent
1.) Granular: looks like cookie crumbs R Horizon – not soil; regolith
b.) Histosols – wet, high organic content 1.) Increasing Soil Organic Matter – improves
c.) Spodosols – sandy and acidic soils in moist soil structure and enhances water and
climates that often support dense forests nutrient-holding abilities
d.) Andisols – volcanic ash 2.) Keeping the Soil Covered and Vegetated –
e.) Oxisols – very weathered and common in protects the soil and provides habitats for
tropical climates organisms
f.) Vertisols – claylike soil that shrink and swell 3.) Avoiding Excessive Tillage – avoids
g.) Aridisols – very dry soils in arid regions loosening of surface soil and breaking up
h.) Ultisols – weathered soils of soil structure
i.) Mollisols – deep and fertile soils 4.) Managing Pests and Nutrient Efficiently –
j.) Alfisols – moderately weathered productive applying only necessary chemicals at the
soils in temperate and humid regions right time and place
k.) Inceptisols – slightly developed, young soils 5.) Promoting Crop Rotation – changing
in steep slopes and mountain ranges vegetation over time allows the soil to
l.) Entisols – newly-formed soils in steep rocky recover
lands 6.) Reducing Erosion and Preventing Soil
Human Activities that Degrade Soil Quality Compacting – restricting human activities
to designated areas and pathways
1.) Soil Erosion – loss of topsoil and nutrients
in the soil Mining – removal of non-renewable resources
Controlling Soil Erosion: planting rows of such as iron, copper, and coal from the land
- Hydration: water is absorbed into the Wind – carries fine, dry sediments over
- Lichens: algae and fungi living as a single Glaciers: large ice fields that slowly flow downhill
unit remove minerals and weaken rock by over time
releasing acids
DEPOSITION
- Burrowing animals: can increase
weathering 1.) Fluvial – Humid Regions: braided streams,
sand bars, floodplains, natural levees,
Talus – pieces of rock at the bottom of a rock fall
distributaries, deltas
Erosion – process of removing earth materials - Arid Regions: alluvial fans, bajadas,
from their original sites through weathering and piedmont alluvial plains, playas, playa lakes,
transport Salinas
Types of Sorting
DEPOSITION
Causes of Erosion
- Effects:
a.) Reshaped surfaces
b.) Sandstorms
c.) Dust storms
3.) Water – carries sediments along as it
moves down stream
- The faster the water, the more and the The heaviest sediments are dropped first
heavier material it can carry
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
- Effects:
a.) Karst Landscape – area of land that’s Geomorphic Processes – physical processes which
mostly made of limestone and because create and modify landforms on the surface of the
- Sandbar mountains
- Floodplains escarpments
Volcanic Material
Rock Type
The most obvious way to generate the force is maintained over a long
Rock Deformation
Faults
3.) Non-Boundary Mountains
Formed by hotspots or regional
c.) Continental-Continental
extension or stretching
Convergence
EARTHQUAKES
Seismic Waves
Energy released in an
earthquake travels in waves
1.) Primary Waves
a.) P Waves – compression waves
- Squeeze and stretch rock (push and
pull)
- Can travel through any material
- Travels the fastest
Measuring Earthquakes
Locating Earthquakes
Measurements
2.) Surface Waves – travel along the
Earth’s surface 1.) Magnitude – one per earthquake
Plates: