Sustainable Approach To Industrialized H

Sustainable Approach to Industrialized Housing;
Prefabrication, Design for Deconstruction, and Material Reuse
Mahshid Fadaei
Feb. 2016
Submitted to Professional-Scientific Community of Urban Planning and

Architecture of Iran, 54th Cycle, Feb. 2016
Sustainable Approach to Industrialized Housing; Prefabrication, Design for
Deconstruction, and Material Reuse, Mahshid Fadaei, Feb. 2016
Introduction
Background
Growing population of people in developing countries attracts government

budget toward residential-centered urban development in order to solve
several problems occurred to industrialized cities including extra en-
ergy demand, environmental pollution, social informality, and economic
crisis. Highly dense urban areas, pollution of air and water, out of
boarder extension of city, city informality and divide, slums, and low
quality of life reflects small part of the main trouble followed by hous-
ing. All that contribute to economy by imposing extra expenses on energy
supply, refurbishment of infrastructure, expansion of city services, and
ultimately renovation, revitalization, re-habitation, and re-housing of
low-income. Industrialized face of housing surrounded developing cities
could be defined as below: complex, redundant, and haphazard order of box-
es massed up out of scale. Thus, reviving living condition and enhancing
quality of life have made the main concern of governments ( and priority
in budget allocation) of developing countries. The quality of life relies
on the quality of products of the construction industry, water and sewer
management, and other infrastructure.
Construction products—buildings and infrastructure—provide shelter, wa-

ter, and power, and they support commerce, education, recreation, mobil-
ity, and connectivity. They also have significant environmental impacts,
annually accounting for 40 percent of primary energy use in the most of
the countries and 40 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions linked
to global climate change [Modular Building Institution, 2010]. However,
few of urban planning strategies in sustainable development of communi-
ty factor in architecture design effects, and reversely, architectural
decision-making process often misses to assess the project within urban
scale sustainable development. Thus, By limiting the criteria to one
of the disciplines, design theories lacks sustainability indicators for
pragmatic residential development. The dynamic community, on the other
hand, is a finite statistic, and its efficient natural flow depends funda-
mentally on vivid interaction between physical spaces. Density, divide,
uniformity, efficiency in energy, versatility, flexibility, adaptation of
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spaces are factors that stimulates efficient flow during the whole life
cycle of the community, while practical design solutions to re-hous-
ing originates from integration between architectural design and urban
planning. A sustainable design strategy must accommodate future chang-
es in decision-making process, and propose re-programmable layout for
every private and public function. Sustainable housing in large scale
of urban living presents community with condition to act as a region
of efficiency from energy perspective. This scale involves developments
of discrete groups of dwellings, including a mix of uses, and can vary
in size from an individual block to a large estate _Consideration will
need to be given to adapting the public realm and spaces between build-
ings and developments [Shaw, R., Colley, M., and Connell, R., 2007].
Private open spaces flowing public open agricultural activities (as a
backup for resource deficiency) also enhance design efficiency during the
whole life cycle of the community. Adaptive alternatives correspondent
to future demand comply with newly developed industrial production, and
stress out the importance of flexibility and convertibility defined under
the terms of deconstruction and reuse. Smaller developments including
individual dwellings, apartment blocks or commercial buildings provide
opportunities for integrating climate change adaptation into or around
buildings. Attention will need to be given to the design of the building,
its surroundings, and how it is used and managed, in order to maximize
current and future climate adaptation potential [Shaw, R., Colley, M.,
and Connell, R., 2007]. Residential cells as components of functions
play substantial role in urban development, and therefore, ae the main
contributor of urban divide and informality. From wider perspective, in-
tegration of spatial planning of private and public places is responsi-
ble for extension up on future needs. A versatile and technical design
framework, thus, seems inevitable to re-housing (unique to sustainable
residential community).
In case of sustainable housing, principles governing sustainable commu-

nities besides industrialization and green building techniques provides
architects and urban designers with comprehensive outlook to incorporat-
ing into sustainable development through energy efficient housing. The
main question to answer is what sustainability indicator contributes to
design strategies when it comes to revival of physical living condition,
and how implementation of sustainability components leads to mutual
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interaction between living condition and scientific-technologic advance-

ment in future. Sustainable development of housing is affected by other
determinations too; residential units expend great deal of city budget
for several purposes including energy services, waste and water manage-
ment, food supply, and resource and material use. Prefabrication, here,
should be viewed as a lifecycle investment, perhaps costing more ini-
tially, but providing better value in the long term [Modular Building
Institution, 2010]. However, prefabrication, preassembly, modulariza-
tion, and off–site fabrication involve assembly of systems at off-site
locations, installation of components at appropriate time, and disassem-
ble at the end of life cycle, and these steps requires promising design
layout and thorough decision-making process. The design framework, thus,
should have been a methodology of management.
In response, this paper frames sustainability from two perspective; sus-

tainable housing development and industrialization in architecture– at
the scale of building and neighborhood with a focus on design for ad-
aptation and deconstruction. Its objective is to outline sustainabil-
ity indicators to offer design criteria for housing under the term of
adaptability, and upgrade residential community so that local potentials
bring about city-level sustainability in multiple social, economic and
environmental dimensions.It considers the following questions:
What indicators of sustainable community development contributes to

adaptive and resource efficient architecture and physical planning?
Which architectural and construction design systems make design layout

responsible for the whole life cycle of building,
And which allows for adaptation and convertibility in accordance to fu-

ture changes?
Providing a bottom to up framework for sustainable housing is central to

the research. In order to do so, the research methodology follows sus-
tainability criteria form reverse scales; first, explore determinates of
sustainable housing in urban planning, then, discuss climatic risks and
adaptation option from architectural and urban perspective, and then
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outline industrialization fundamentals and techniques under the terms

of disassemble and adaptive reuse. At the end, it presents a table of
design principles and options for housing within indicators from both
scale. From urban planning approach, it aimed to develop uniform commu-
nity with common interest through integration in physical and spatial
planning, expansion of interactive public spaces, and technical water
and waste management strategies , while From architectural approach,
this research paper investigates the possibilities up on assemble and
disassemble, pre-fabrication and modularization of building components.
Prefabrication allows for production of lower embody-energy building
components, and modularization proposes multiple layouts for distribu-
tion of functions and extension in future. Simplification of structural
components reduces on-site energy and resource consumption. Assemble of
factory-made residential cells follows certain distribution network cor-
respondent to technical design decision. Distribution network, in urban
scale, allows for multiple design alternative, as well as implementation
of energy service. Integrated layout of units, composition, and struc-
tural components _all in one frame_ scales a platform for built environ-
ment management and improve multi-layer integration of building elements
preserving diversity, and variability in built environment. Integration
in all dimension, further, causes private and semi-public places to in-
teract with public and green spaces.
Sustainable Housing Development
Prime Minister of Norway, in the World Commission on Environment and

Development (WCED) in 1987 under a report entitled “Our Common Future”
defines sustainability as follow: ‘Development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs’. In general, the community’s needs are responded
in the context of urban communities that is a combination of socio-cul-
tural, economic and physical relations, and the main structure of the
city is framed by residential neighborhoods adjacent together. Houses
are the smallest cells of an urban community that expected to accommodate
socio-cultural, economic and physical needs, and the main structure of
housing is formed during its architectural revolution. Several implica-
tions are attributes to architectural concept of sustainable community.
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Here are those that directly affect architectural and spatial planning
of residential.
Anne Power
Power factor in the following as the principles governing sustainable

communities:
Meeting the needs of today and future generations;
• Creating a balance and safety between environmental, economic,

and social components of the same community.
• Respecting and accepting the needs of other communities on a

larger scale and a comprehensive approach to ensure sustainability
of the community.
• Meeting the needs of individuals in the community, He intro-

duced the criteria of community sustainability as follows: Active,
inclusive and safe; Fair for everyone; Environmentally sensitive;
Well designed and built; Well served; Well connected.
Sustainable communities are diverse, dynamic, and safe context that

take advantages of local in confronting changes of climatic, ecologic
or social [Power, A. 2004]. From architecture point of view, sustainable
residential should be a resilience community open to changes. In such
respect, the smallest parts plays crucial role in delivering portabil-
ity, disassemble, and reuse. In other world, structure of residential
should be detachable relies on decoupling potential of infrastructure
and neighborhood, and embody a self-sustainable local community replac-
ing city services with centralized infrastructure, and allows for par-
ticipatory management of waste and water.
Claire Bonham-Carter
The main components of a sustainable community are:
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Density and transit; Mix of uses; Variety of housing types and tenures;
Walkability and cycleability; Water-sensitive urban design; Energy effi-
ciency; Ecology and open space; Public realm; Cultural responsiveness.
[Bohman-Carter, C., 2010]
These components brings about several implication for architectural de-

sign decision-making:
1. Make the low-carbone transportation the most attractive option of de-

velopment by increasing density along main transit routes, so open spaces
conserved, and energy sources can be shared.
2. Expanding neighborhoods in a local context interaction, which means

small version of city services predicted in spatial planning for keeping
the community in the neighborhood and avoiding needs for transportation.
3. Allow for a community of multiple sectors in order to preserve diver-

sity. Safe and attractive flow of spaces into each other through circula-
tion plan of routes open and end to public places.
4. Management of water cycle, and wastewater minimization in neighbor-

hood scale by using the potentials of residential communities of local.
5. Reducing energy demand through appropriate design of building com-

ponents (envelope, parts, modules, structural elements and MEP core),
allow for Implementation of passive and active energy systems as well as
optimization models, and supplying remaining needs in a context of effi-
cient use of resource through low or zero-carbon techniques with a focus
on providing community-level systems.
6. Extension of open spaces in all dimensions and from small scales of

residential units to larger scale of neighborhood through sequential or-
der (private, semi private, semipublic, and public) Make the built envi-
ronment resilient, reduces the heat island effect, enables water-sensi-
tive urban design, provides the potential for carbon sequestration, and
preserves habitat primarily for wildlife but also for recreation.
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7. Establish distinctive sense of place that stimulate cooperative man-

agement of resources, material, waste and water as well as implementation
of efficient energy systems when it comes to community governance.
8. Communities must be planned and designed in dialogue with their past,

and adjacent communities in order to raise public incorporation in urban
resilience.
Building Green
Design for Adaptation
Given the long lifetime and high cost of the built environment, it is
imperative that we plan for and create communities that are robust in
the face of climate change. New developments must be designed to cope
with future rather than historical climates [Shaw, R., Colley, M., and
Connell, R., 2007]. Climatic changes including temperature, precipita-
tion, sea level, and soil moisture affect different aspects of spatial
planning, and the built environment including external building fab-
ric, structural integrity, internal environments, service infrastructure
(drainage, water, waste, energy, transport and telecommunications), open
spaces, human comfort, and the way people use indoor and outdoor space.
The TCPA organization in a guild for sustainable community, 2007 quantify
these impacts and develop tools to assist decision makers make informed
choices. Table 1 describe some of the adaptation option according to
climate risk at different spatial scales (neighborhood, and building).
Building Industrialization
In a complete definition, industrialization is general organization based

on quantity presenting a personalized and complete product [Richard, R.
B., 2005]. In building industrialization, the standard components based
on structural frame are different in each case. Final product is prefer-
ably a constructible system. A construction system is a set of building
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Risk
High Temperature Water Resource and Quality Ground Condition
Adaptation Option
Neighborhood Scale
1. Increasing ventilation 1. Separate drainage systems for 1. Control and maintenance

through orientation and surface water and foul water of drainage systems
2. Urban morphology 2. Water reclamation and reuse 2. Surface erosion control
3. Cool pavement mate- Sustainable Drainage Systems structures
rials 3. Utilization of low grade aqui- 3. Deeper, stronger, better
4. Cool or reflective fers for irrigation of trees and drained retaining structures
building materials on green spaces in urban areas 4. Location and operation of
roofs or façades soak ways
Building Scale
1. Building envelope 1. Grey water recycling 1. Infill of foundations

insulation (Active or 2. Rainwater harvesting and stor- 2. Underpinning
mechanical cooling) age 3. Deeper, stronger founda-
2. Thermal storage or tions
thermal mass 4. Vegetation management
5. Moisture control systems
or soil rehydration
Table 1) Climatic risks and Design Option, TCPA, 2007
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and structural components with different load bearing characteristic

and performance. Any process or construction method should fulfill two
demands of production simplicity and proposal of intelligent labor dis-
tribution between the factory and the site [Richard, R. B., 2005].
International Council of Building (CIB) in 1994 defined the purpose of

sustainable architecture creating and innovate an artificial healthy en-
vironment based on ecologic design and resources efficiency. The emphasis
is placed on decision-making process of selection of construction method
and materials (industrial production and pre-construction methods), and
application of new building engineering systems. One of the most import-
ant aspects of sustainable development goals in constructed environment
is adaptability with social environmental conditions and one of its im-
portant characteristics is efficient planning, consistency facilitation,
and design for change, reducing costs and protection and improving nat-
ural and environmental values [Bani, M., 2007].
Pre-fabrication and industrialization are one of sustainable build-

ing solutions [Kamar, K.A.M., et al., 2010]. Generally, constructional
industrial systems are accountable more than construction methods to
sustainability principles and goals [Olia et al., 2010]. The industri-
alized construction systems advantages from sustainability aspects are
as the followings: Reducing waste, increasing building life span, in-
creasing quality, simplicity and rapid construction and renovation pro-
cess, reduction of environmental pollution, reduction of using natural
materials and resources, better quality control and reduction of energy
consumption [Olia, J., et al., 2010]. Different aspects of design, man-
agement of material and production are ensured to achieve advantages of
reducing waste by industrialization [Kamar K.A..M., et al., 2010; Rich-
ard, R. B., 2006]. The capability of re-assembly fulfills sustainability
goals. By re-application of similar components during re-combination or
displacement time, any destruction is avoided (destruction contrary to
sustainability) (Richard, 2006a). Pre-fabricated systems such as struc-
tural insulated panels, open and closed panelized systems, non-rigid
steel frames and combinational panels have high potential in reducing
environmental pollution impacts, waste reduction , recovery and re-use
of materials and components, lowering energy consumption. From Technical
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Approach, adaptability, modulation and standardization, simplification of

production process and optimization of design are decision-making indi-
cators of industrial sustainability.
Modularization and Prefabrication
Recently, the National Research Council of U.S (NRC) identified five break-
throughs to improve the efficiency and productivity of the construction
industry, including breakthrough number three: “Greater use of prefab-
rication, preassembly, modularization, and off-site fabrication tech-
niques and processes.” It defines efficiency improvements as ways to cut
waste in time, costs, materials, energy, skills, and labor. Being time
saving, modular systems attract construction industry for multi-story,
steel framed structures as resource-efficient, inherently greener process.
Standardize module cause construction physically easier to perform, eas-
ier to control, more precise, and safer for workers. Prefabrication al-
lows for changes in materials, and can reduce the weight of construction
components, which in turn can make them easier to handle, and install.
Off–site assemble allows for controlled conditions and improvement of
quality and precision in the fabrication of the component [Ryan E. Smith,
2010] Efficient performance of building systems, aesthetics aspects of
elements, durability of finishes, and other design elements of a project
are directly affected by decisions of a balance between the factors of
cost/schedule/scope and quality. Prefabrication has been touted as being
more cost efficient than other onsite methods of construction. [Ryan E.
Smith, 2010] This is because cost consists of three aspects for which
prefabrication conceptually has solutions: material, labor, and time.
Prefabrication compensate higher initial cost (capital cost) by low life
cycle cost (better value in a long period). Structural, mechanical, and
fabricators design are often part of the design process from the be-
ginning in prefab construction, thus, duration of the project could be
reach nearly half for the modular system. Unlike on-site process, the
conditioned, dry interior environment of the factory provides safety of
workers. On-site installation, later, would become easier and quicker
according to non-rigid connections. Long term and reliable supply chain
for material, reduced maintenance and operations, higher level of de-
tailing, adaptive layout, and prototype designing for assemble, less
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material consumption, integrated design and construction process, low-

er waste, air and water pollution, fewer joints in structural design is
other principles of prefabricated modular systems [Ryan E. Smith, 2010].
Fundamental and constructional principles
Elements of prefabrication
Components, panels, and Modules are general categories in which build-

ings are fabricated or manufactured offsite and assembled. In general,
it is desirable from an efficiency standpoint to move to manufacturing
larger elements to a greater degree of finish so that onsite erection is
faster [Ryan E. Smith, 2010]. Panel construction has levels of finish at
60 percent while most modular systems are finished to 85 percent. Fully
finished modules have a level of prefabrication up to 95 percent, leaving
the remaining 5 percent for onsite foundation work and utility hookups
[Ryan E. Smith, 2010].
Componentized
prefabrication allows for the greatest degree of customization and flex-

ibility within the design and execution phases. Componentization should
be well defined from the beginning. This may require a design method sus-
tains elements (structure, enclosure, and so forth) accounting, commu-
nication, and relationship with minimum joint. Design with light panel
system of structural walls, floors, and roofs, load-bearing or non-load-
bearing enclosures, and interior partitions are of building components
that correspond to modularization and prefabrication. Wood penalization,
structural Insulated Panels (SIPs), and light gauge metal frame panels;
non-load-bearing exterior glazing units and cladding panels; and tilt up
concrete construction are of common material to componentization.
Modules
Modular architecture is often associated with design proposals that were

temporary, mobile, and used new materials and techniques of erection and
disassembly. Modular construction is employed for standard construction
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as well, to reduce project durations and increase quality. In the spectrum

of degree to which prefabrication is finished, modular is the greatest,
offering the possibility of constituting upward of 95 percent complete
before setting of the structure onsite[Ryan E. Smith, 2010]. Residential
scopes are of two classifications of temporary and permanent module. Tem-
porary modules are portable, and depend on the structural design criteria
enclosed by non-load bearing detacheable layers or are load bearing (such
as casted concrete) dismountable modules.
Assemble
In prefabricated construction, assemble of parts (standalone material)

and subassemblies (components, panels, or modules) leads to both waste
reduction and value generation. Offsite fabrication in buildings sug-
gests that parts come together in the factory to a level in which assem-
bly can occur with ease onsite. The drawback is that buildings are not
standardized [Ryan E. Smith, 2010]. Productivity could be increased by
improvement of prefabricated component’s interchangeability.
Assemble strategies
According to Smith the two most important strategies in designing for

assembly include:
• Reduce the number of operations in assembly onsite to benefit:
• Reducing assembly time and cost depending on methods and pro-

cesses
• Potential for less failures resulting in less expensive pro-

duction rates
• Higher product reliability
• Lower manufacturing cost
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• Faster implementation
• Ability to assemble logistically
• Reduce the number of parts in a subassembly and the number of

subassemblies in an assembly.
The reason that too many products are presented for an assembly can be
attributed to:
Cost of fewer parts and subassemblies is higher than more parts in an

assembly. This is not the rule, however, as manufacturing has shown that
the continual reduction of parts in an assembly overall will yield a
project at lower cost [Ryan E. Smith, 2010].
Sustainability and Prefabrication
In the book Prefab Green, Michelle Kaufmann put the two concepts in one
phrase; Prefabrication does not necessarily mean sustainable building,
nor does sustainable building imply the use of prefab. Prefabrication
used as auxiliary to sustainable construction from the perspective of the
total lifecycle of a facility. Therefore, Buildings designed with specif-
ic lifetimes include strategies that are synonymous with prefabrication
[Ryan E. Smith, 2010].
• Designed for disassembly
Designing for assembly and disassembly is a strategy for the ultimate

cradle-to-cradle cycle. Elements are assembled in a factory, and then re-
assembled as larger components onsite. At the end of their useful linear
lifecycle, these same components could be disassembled for rebuilding—
reuse and recycle_ entering a cyclical lifetime. Therefore, buildings
would become organisms of growth, change, decay, and re-growth. It bor-
rows the principles of Open Building Housing, Kendall and Teicher based
on two central theory: The user is center in the process of design and
construction; and, Design and construction are open, adaptable,
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changable, and flexible. Disposal of production and construction process-

es could be absorbed into the use stream of new construction. In housing
detachable units allows users to specify their dwelling during design
and future occupants may replace it upon changeover. The old unit is
recycled or relocate where the previous user can re-inhabit it [Ryan E.
Smith, 2010].
• Designed for reuse
Phillip Crowther, in his paper “Designing for Disassembly,” conceptually

outlines four possible strategies of end-of-life scenarios for build-
ings: building reuse or relocation, component reuse or relocation in a
new building, material reuse in the manufacture of new components, and
material recycling into new materials. Referring to Crowther, in order
for buildings to have a lower embodied energy in their reprocessing,
recycle, and reuse, as well as be able to be disassembled more easily,
architects and contractors should consider these strategies:
1. Use recycled or recyclable materials, 2. Use a few materials and

components, 3.Use natural and non-toxic materials, 4.Use easily separa-
ble materials, 5. Use mechanical or natural finishes, 6. Use mechanical
or natural finishes, 7. Use mechanical connections, 8. Use a changeable
adaptable system, 9. Use modules, panels, or components, 10. Use standard
construction methods, 11. Separate building systems, 12. Make materi-
als able to be handled, 13. Use fewer connections, 14. Provide paral-
lel sequencing disassembly, 15. Use a structural/assembly grid, 16. Use
lightweight materials and components, 17. Provide spare parts and onsite
storage.
• Designed for temporality
Movable and temporary construction consist of manufactured components

detachable, and packable. It helps the community of residents to rebuild
themselves elsewhere, at any time.
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• Design for change
In Schneider and Till’s book Flexible Housing, the authors state that
architects and builders should be developing and designing for “housing
that can respond to the volatility of dwelling.” Accommodating the future
needs of society is uncertain, but for a truly sustainable theory, this
must be considered. Flexible housing allows future generations to choose
their destination, that unforeseen technologies, and future systems may
be introduced, accommodating social and economic aspects of sustainabil-
ity [Ryan E. Smith, 2010]. According to Crowther, some ways for design
for adaptability, flexibility, changeability include the following sug-
gestions:
- Design for indeterminacy: designing spaces to accommodate di-

verse functions
- Raw space: design a specific frame and general space allowing

for no over-designed architecture
- Excess or slack space: spaces that are not predetermined but

allow the user to employ at a later time, or unfinished space that
the user may use as needed
- Additions: offer the potential of adding on over time, give

natural addition spots with regard to site orientation and place-
ment as well as technical connections with structural supports in
the correct location
- Expanding within: space that can be joined with another room to

make a larger space suggesting walls that are moveable or demount-
able to be reconfigured
- Systems determinants: which systems structure, skin, services,

and space should be changed out and how
- Location of circulation: centralized but generic location for

vertical circulation
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- Moveable parts: design sliding, rotating, or collapsing
Design for Adaptive Reuse
Rescuing building from demolition through cyclical life span by adapting

it and changing its function called design for adaptive reuse. The build-
ing’s capacity for adaptability is usually affected by its structural
design, the different services within, its finishes, the internal layout,
and its external appearance [Tarek, S., 2009]. Accordingly, a building’s
adaptive reuse is considered based on three levels [29]:
• Adaptability within user – the extent of which a building can

adapt to support the needs of the existing users with minor and in-
frequent modifications or renovations
• Adaptability within use – the ease with which the building can
adapt to the needs of different occupiers from the same user group
without major refurbishment or upgrading
• Adaptability across user – the flexibility of the building to

adjust to a whole new function and adapt to the requirements of a
new use type, for example a switch from a commercial type to a res-
idential type.
Designing a building for adaptability bases on the theory of Building

Layers by Francis Duffy, which necessitates the separation of layers in
a way that transformation of one does not affect others. According to
Duffy, building layers includes shell (foundation or structure), service
layer, scenery layer (internal partitions, ceiling, and finishes), set
layer. Designing for adaptive reuse, flowingly, suggests that architects
and engineers should separate different parts of the building with dis-
tinct service life. This way none of the layers could be considered func-
tioning in a permanent way, so it would be replaced, or upgraded instead
of demolished.
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A study prepared by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) found

that the most important principle in designing for adaptive reuse is
the independence of different systems and layers within the building. It
strongly emphasized that the more independent and uncoupled that differ-
ent systems are, the more adaptable the building is.
Design for Deconstruction
The concept is borrowed from the field of design for disassemble, and
design for adaptive reuse. However, it focus is on waste reduction,
and reuse stream of construction production. Disassembly of building
components, reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling is central in design
for deconstruction. The overall objective is reduction in environmental
pollution, and it employ design practices that facilitates recovery of
material through systematic destruction.
Some of common design principle for deconstruction and material reuse

are provided here:
- Design for prefabrication, preassembly and modular construc-

tion
- Simplify and standardize connection details
- Simplify and separate building systems
- Consider worker safety during deconstruction & construction
- Minimize building components and materials
- Select fittings, fasteners, adhesives and sealants that allow

for quicker disassembly and facilitate the removal of reusable ma-
terials
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- Design to accommodate deconstruction logistics
- Reduce building complexity
- Design to reusable materials
- Design for flexibility and adaptability
[Pulaski, M., Horman, M., 2003]
Conclusion
According to the study, urban development strategies has numerous impli-

cation in sustainable housing development _at the scale of neighborhood_
while industrialization in architecture– at the scale of building _ with
a focus on cyclical life span of built environment, affects sustainable
growth of communities. Design principles, unique to sustainable hous-
ing development, in relationship with systems of design and construc-
tion such as prefabrication, modularization, design for adaptation, and
deconstruction frame the key criteria for bottom to up design strategy
based on local potential. Putting all sustainability components in one
frame is what this research intended to do is. The given design cri-
teria could be seen as an assessment criteria for housing design pro-
grams under the terms of adaptation, disassembly, reuse, temporality,
and change that upgrade residential community so local potentials bring
about city-level sustainability in multiple social, economic and envi-
ronmental dimensions.
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Design Principle Design Options

Respect environment, economic, social components Center the residential core around a centralized infrastructure
of changes Create small version of city services predicted in spatial planning for
Physical & Spatial Planning
Meet other adjacent communities needs Extend units around the central city services
Meet individuals need within the community Extend private and public horticultural grower and home gardener
Allow for interaction of spaces open private spaces to semi-pubic and open spaces
Increasing density along main transit routes
Allow for integration of design
Maintain diverse, safe and attractive flow of spaces into each other
Minimize the need for transportation
Create sequential flow of spaces and activities (private, semi private,
Allow for adaptability with social environmental semipublic, and public)
conditions Extend open spaces in all dimensions and scales
Design within consistency facilitation Preserves habitat primarily for wildlife but also for recreation
Enables water-sensitive urban design Channelize and recycle neighborhood wet and dry waste at the center
Manage water cycle, and wastewater minimization Divert neighborhood water waste to the center to be recycled within
Water Resource Managment
Reduce water demand Use waste water for irrigation of horticulture and home garden
Apply waste water treatment strategies Harvest rain water from roof runoff in order to cut pressure on water
supply
Recycle or reuse dry and wet waste within the com-
Replace traditional runoff of building with sustainable drainage systems
munity
Reclaim rain water for use network through network of channels and
filters Channelize rain water to soak ways
Recycle gray water providing filtration and disinfection mechanism
Neigborhood Scale
Utilize low grade aquifers for irrigation of trees and green spaces in
urban areas
Separate drainage systems for surface water and foul water
Make the built environment resilient Plan Efficiency
Reduces the heat island effect Develop base on the low-carbone
Resource and Energy Control
Allow for installation of different energy systems Share energy source between units, and communities in case of genera-
Allow for implementation of optimization models tion
Design a circulation plan of routes open and end to public places
Sustain food and energy demand within adjacent
Use permeable and porous pavement material to gather surface water
communities
Install Cool pavement materials
Provides the potential for carbon sequestration
Expand natural green spaces
Increase evaporative cooling Space buildings to ease ventilation and air flow
Increasing ventilation Use Cool or reflective building materials on roofs or façades
Provide natural winter insulation and summer cooling Control Building structure attachment to ground
Reduce energy demand through appropriate orienta- Control building value in accordance to density
tion and allocation of building
Take advantages of local Make the neighborhood center cooperation center
Community Governance
Expand in a local context interaction Establish use stream within reuse market between adjacent communities
Add some components of the past in design to stimulate the sense of
Allow for a community of multiple sectors in order to
place
preserve
Stimulate cooperative management of resources, ma-
terial, waste and water
Raise public incorporation in urban resilience
Table 2) Design Criteria for sustainable housing under the terms of adaptation, disassemble, reuse, temporality, and change
19
Design Principle Design Options

Design for adaptability, flexibility, changeability Prototype designing for adaptive layout of future
Design separated and independence building layers prefabricated larger components, panels, and modules
includes shell (foundation or structure), service layer, Componentize building enclosure with light panels
scenery layer (internal partitions, ceiling, and finish- Modularize building components in a detachable way
es), set layer Use recycled or recyclable materials
Design for prefabrication, preassembly and modular Use a few materials and components
construction Separate building systems
Integrated design and construction process Use fewer connections
Provide parallel sequencing plot for disassembly
Design for disassemble
Use lightweight materials and components, 17. Provide spare parts and
Design the building in a cyclical life span instead of
onsite storage
linear
Determine which systems structure, skin, services, and space should be
Design for adaptation, change and flexibility in con- changed out and how
struction and deconstruction process Design distribution network of modules
Design building, components and material for reuse Design structural extension grid
Design
or relocation or recycle Design awaiting structure for extension

Design connections for mobility and temporality Design assemble and disassemble plot
Design for indeterminacy Design centralized but generic location for vertical circulation
Create Raw spaces, Excess or slack space Design sliding, rotating, or collapsing
Make Additions Design spaces to accommodate diverse functions
Create expanding frame within interiors Design a specific frame and general space allowing for no over-designed
architecture
Make Systems determinants
Building Scale
Design spaces that are not predetermined but allow the user to employ at
Location of circulation a later time, or unfinished space that the user may use as needed
Design Moveable parts Offer the potential of adding on over time, give natural addition spots
Simplify and standardize connection details with regard to site orientation and placement as well as technical connec-
Design to accommodate deconstruction logistics tions with structural supports in the correct location
Design to accommodate deconstruction logistics Design space that can be joined with another room to make a larger
space suggesting walls that are moveable or demountable to be reconfig-
Reduce building complexity ured
Design to reusable materials
Choose a system of time and cost efficiency Standardize, modularize and simplify prefabricated components of build-
Use a changeable adaptable system ing and consecution
Opt for a inherently green process Design for off-site assemble
Simplify and separate building systems Design in high level detailing
Use fewer joints
Make construction physically easier to
Make materials able to be handled
perform and control, and safe for worker
Use a structural/assembly grid
Construction
Reduce the weight of construction components Select fittings, fasteners, adhesives and sealants that allow for quicker
reduced maintenance disassembly and facilitate the removal of reusable materials
Reduce the number of operations on site or off-site Use natural and non-toxic materials
lower waste Use easily separable materials
lower air and water pollution Use mechanical or natural finishes
Faster implementation Use mechanical connections
Reduce the number of parts in a subassembly and the Consider worker safety during deconstruction & construction
number of subassemblies in assemble Minimize building components and materials
Less material consumption 20
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Sustainable Approach to Industrialized Housing;

Prefabrication, Design for Deconstruction, and Material Reuse

Submitted to Professional-Scientific Community of Urban Planning and

Growing population of people in developing countries attracts government

Construction products—buildings and infrastructure—provide shelter, wa-

In case of sustainable housing, principles governing sustainable commu-

interaction between living condition and scientific-technologic advance-

In response, this paper frames sustainability from two perspective; sus-

What indicators of sustainable community development contributes to

Which architectural and construction design systems make design layout

And which allows for adaptation and convertibility in accordance to fu-

Providing a bottom to up framework for sustainable housing is central to

outline industrialization fundamentals and techniques under the terms

Sustainable Housing Development

Prime Minister of Norway, in the World Commission on Environment and

Power factor in the following as the principles governing sustainable

Meeting the needs of today and future generations;

• Creating a balance and safety between environmental, economic,

• Respecting and accepting the needs of other communities on a

• Meeting the needs of individuals in the community, He intro-

Sustainable communities are diverse, dynamic, and safe context that

The main components of a sustainable community are:

These components brings about several implication for architectural de-

1. Make the low-carbone transportation the most attractive option of de-

2. Expanding neighborhoods in a local context interaction, which means

3. Allow for a community of multiple sectors in order to preserve diver-

4. Management of water cycle, and wastewater minimization in neighbor-

5. Reducing energy demand through appropriate design of building com-

6. Extension of open spaces in all dimensions and from small scales of

7. Establish distinctive sense of place that stimulate cooperative man-

8. Communities must be planned and designed in dialogue with their past,

Design for Adaptation

In a complete definition, industrialization is general organization based

High Temperature Water Resource and Quality Ground Condition

1. Increasing ventilation 1. Separate drainage systems for 1. Control and maintenance

1. Building envelope 1. Grey water recycling 1. Infill of foundations

Table 1) Climatic risks and Design Option, TCPA, 2007

and structural components with different load bearing characteristic

International Council of Building (CIB) in 1994 defined the purpose of

Pre-fabrication and industrialization are one of sustainable build-

Approach, adaptability, modulation and standardization, simplification of

Modularization and Prefabrication

material consumption, integrated design and construction process, low-

Fundamental and constructional principles

Components, panels, and Modules are general categories in which build-

prefabrication allows for the greatest degree of customization and flex-

Modular architecture is often associated with design proposals that were

as well, to reduce project durations and increase quality. In the spectrum

In prefabricated construction, assemble of parts (standalone material)

According to Smith the two most important strategies in designing for

• Reduce the number of operations in assembly onsite to benefit:

• Reducing assembly time and cost depending on methods and pro-

• Potential for less failures resulting in less expensive pro-

• Higher product reliability

• Lower manufacturing cost

• Ability to assemble logistically

• Reduce the number of parts in a subassembly and the number of

Cost of fewer parts and subassemblies is higher than more parts in an

Sustainability and Prefabrication

• Designed for disassembly

Designing for assembly and disassembly is a strategy for the ultimate

changable, and flexible. Disposal of production and construction process-

• Designed for reuse