ENEE 3530 – C&D SnS

Chapter 5

ENEE 3530
Continuous and Discrete Signals and System Analysis

Dr. Alsamman 1
 ENEE 3530 – C&D SnS

Advantages of Fourier Analysis

❖ CTFS breaks down complex functions into sinusoids
➢ Easy to process and manipulate sinusoids
➢ Math in frequency domain is easier
▪ E.g. power calculations and convolution
➢ LTIC: response of system to a sum of sinusoid = sum of the response to each
individual sinusoid
❖ Problem: CTFS is for periodic signals only
❖ Solution: Consider a non-periodic signal to be a periodic but with infinite period

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 ENEE 3530 – C&D SnS

Non-Periodic CTFS

lim 𝑥෤ 𝑇 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑇0 →∞

∞
෩𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑥෤ 𝑇 𝑡 = ෍ 𝐷
𝑛=−∞

1
෩𝑛 = න 𝑥෤ 𝑇 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝑛𝜔0𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐷
𝑇0 𝑇0

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❖ CTFS: Discrete sum of harmonics

➢ Fundamental frequency = fo = 1/To
➢ Harmonics = n fo
➢ Coefficients = Dn at harmonics
➢ Df = spacing in Hz between adjacent harmonics

❖ As T →  , Df → 0
➢ Df = n – (n-1) f0 = f0

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lim 𝑥 𝑡 = lim ෍ 𝐷𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡

T→∞ T→∞
𝑛=−∞
∞

= lim ෍ 𝐷𝑛 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑓0 𝑡
𝑓0 →0
𝑛=−∞
∞

= lim ෍ 𝐷𝑛 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑛Δ𝑓𝑡
Δ𝑓→0
𝑛=−∞
∞ ∞
𝐷𝑛 𝑗2𝜋𝑛Δ𝑓𝑡 𝐷𝑛 𝑗2𝜋𝑛Δ𝑓𝑡
= lim ෍ 𝑒 Δ𝑓 = ෍ lim 𝑒 Δ𝑓
Δ𝑓→0 Δ𝑓 Δ𝑓→0 Δ𝑓
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
∞ ∞
𝐷𝑛
=න lim 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑓 = න 𝑋(𝑓) 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑓
−∞ Δ𝑓→0 Δ𝑓 −∞
1 ∞
= න 𝑋(𝜔) 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔
2𝜋 −∞
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1 −𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑓0 𝑡 −𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑓0 𝑡
𝐷𝑛 ‫׬‬ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 𝑑𝑡 Δ𝑓 ‫׬‬ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 𝑇0 𝑇0
lim = lim = lim
Δ𝑓→0 Δ𝑓 Δ𝑓→0 Δ𝑓 Δ𝑓→0 Δ𝑓
= lim න 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑓0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = lim න 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑛Δ𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Δ𝑓→0 𝑇0 Δ𝑓→0 1/𝑓0
∞
=න 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔t 𝑑𝑡
1/𝑓0 −∞

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 ENEE 3530 – C&D SnS

CT Fourier Transform
❖ A CT signal, x(t), can be transformed from the time to the frequency domain
signal, X(w):
∞
𝑋(𝜔) = න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔t 𝑑𝑡
−∞
∞
1
𝑥 𝑡 = න 𝑋 𝜔 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔
2𝜋 −∞
➢ CTFT aka forward transform
➢ x(t) equation aka inverse CTFT

❖ CTFS: Infinite function is decomposed into discrete sum of sinusoids

❖ CTFT: finite function is decomposed into a continuous sum of sinusoids.

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Example 1
❖ Find the CTFT of a x(t) = 1
1 x(t) = 1

t
0


X(w) =2(w)

|X(w)|
< X(w) = 0
w
0

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 ENEE 3530 – C&D SnS

Example
Find CTFT of x(t) = exp(-at)u(t), a  R+. Find |X(w)|, F(w).
x1(t)

t
0

∞ ∞
𝑋 𝜔 = ℑ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 = න 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑒 − 𝑎+𝑗𝜔 𝑡
𝑢 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞ ∞
1 𝑎+𝑗𝜔 𝑡 ∞
1 1
=− 𝑒− =− 0−1 =
𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔 0 𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔 𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔

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1a X 1 (w)

w
0

< X1(w)
/2

w
0
−/2

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Example
❖ Find X(w), |X(w)|, F(w) of x(t) = exp(-a|t|)

x2(t)

t
0

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< X2(w) = 0
2/a X 2 (w) /2

w w
0 0

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 ENEE 3530 – C&D SnS

Example
❖ Find X(w), |X(w)|, F(w) of x(t) = rect(t/t)
 (tt )
f (t ) = rect

t
− t 0 t
2 2

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t F (w) = tsinc (wt2 )

w
− 2t 0 2
t

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Real x(t)
❖ Real-valued functions:
𝑋 −𝜔 = 𝑋 ∗ 𝜔
𝑋 −𝜔 = 𝑋 ∗ 𝜔 = 𝑋 𝜔
∠𝑋 𝜔 = ∠ − 𝑋 −𝜔
➢ CTFT is double sided
➢ Magnitude of CTFT is a mirrored around y-axis (even)
➢ Phase of CTFT is mirrored around origin (odd)
➢ Real part of CTFT is even
➢ Imaginary part of CTFT is odd

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Even CTFT
∞ ∞
𝑋 𝜔 = න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔t 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑥 𝑡 [cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑗 sin 𝜔𝑡]𝑑𝑡
−∞ −∞

❖ Even functions:
∞ ∞
𝑋 𝜔 = න 𝑥 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 න 𝑥 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞ 0
➢ X(w) is real and even
➢ |X(w)| = |X(-w)|
➢ X = 0 (X> 0);  (X<0, w>0); - (X<0, w<0)

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 ENEE 3530 – C&D SnS

Odd CTFT
∞ ∞
𝑋 𝜔 = න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔t 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑥 𝑡 [cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑗 sin 𝜔𝑡]𝑑𝑡
−∞ −∞

❖ Odd functions:
∞ ∞
𝑋 𝜔 = −𝑗 න 𝑥 𝑡 sin𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑗2 න 𝑥 𝑡 sin𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞ 0
➢ X(w) is imaginary and odd
➢ X(w) = -X(-w)
➢ X = /2 (Im(X) > 0); -/2 (Im(X) < 0)

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x1 (t )
Example
2

t
−2 −1 0 1 2

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x 2 (t )
Example
2

t
−2 −1 0 1 2
−2

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 ENEE 3530 – C&D SnS

Properties of CFTF

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Linearity
𝛼𝑥1 𝑡 + 𝛽𝑥1 𝑡 ↔ 𝛼𝑋1 𝜔 + 𝛽𝑋2 𝜔

❖ Helps solve (inverse) CTFT by breaking it into parts

➢ Works for forwards and backward CTFT

❖ Example: Find the inverse CTFT of

𝑗5𝜔 + 30
𝑋 𝜔 =
𝑗𝜔 3 + 17 𝑗𝜔 2 + 80 𝑗𝜔 + 100
𝐴
𝐴𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 ↔
𝑗𝜔 + 𝑎
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3
𝑋 𝜔 = + +
𝑗𝜔 + 2 𝑗𝜔 + 5 𝑗𝜔 + 10

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 ENEE 3530 – C&D SnS

𝑗5𝜔 + 30 5
𝑘1 = 𝑋 𝜔 × 𝑗𝜔 + 2 ቚ = ቤ =
𝑗𝜔=−2 (𝑗𝜔 + 5)(𝑗𝜔 + 10) 𝑗𝜔=−2 6

1
𝑘2 = 𝑋 𝜔 𝑗𝜔 + 5 ቚ =−
𝑗𝜔=−5 3
5 1 1 1 1 2
𝑋 𝜔 = − −
6 𝑗𝜔 + 2 3 𝑗𝜔 + 5 2 𝑗𝜔 + 10

5 −2𝑡 1 −5𝑡 1 −10𝑡

𝑋(𝜔) = 𝑒 − 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑢(𝑡)
6 3 2

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Duality
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑡 ↔ 𝑋 𝜔 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑋 𝑡 → 2𝜋𝑥 −𝜔


x(t) = 1 X(w) =2(w)
1
|X(w)|
< X(w) = 0
t w
0 0

 X(w) = 1
x(t) = (t) 1 |X(w)|

< X(w) = 0
t w
0 0

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 ENEE 3530 – C&D SnS

Time Scale & Shift

❖ Time shift results in linear phase
𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡0 ↔ 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡0 𝑋(𝜔)
➢ Magnitude is unaffected
❖ Scale in time domain causes inverse in Frequency domain
1 𝜔
𝑥 𝑎𝑡 ↔ 𝑋
𝑎 𝑎
➢ a>1 compress time, expand freq
➢ a<1 expands time, compress freq
❖ Frequency Bandwdith = fmax – fmin
➢ Periodic signals
➢ Smooth signals
➢ Discontinuous signals

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Example
g (t ) 2𝑡 0≤𝑡<1
2 𝑔 𝑡 = ቐ2 1≤𝑡<2
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
t
0 1 2

1
𝑔 𝑡 ↔ 𝐺 𝜔 = 2 [𝑗𝜔𝑒 −𝑗2𝜔 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 − 1]
𝜔
5
f(t)
3

t
−3 0 3 7 10 13

5 6
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑡−7 ↔
2 2
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Sinusoid Amplitude Modulation

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 cos(𝜔0 𝑡)
❖ Multiplication in time domain = convolution in freq domain
1
𝑋 𝜔 = 𝐹 𝜔 ∗ ℱ{cos(𝜔0 𝑡)}
2𝜋
1
𝑋 𝜔 = 𝐹 𝜔 ∗ 𝜋 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔0 + 𝛿 𝜔 − 𝜔0
2𝜋

❖ Property : 𝑥 𝑡 ∗ 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡0 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡0

1 1
𝑋 𝜔 = 𝐹 𝜔 + 𝜔0 + 𝐹(𝜔 − 𝜔0 )
2 2

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Example
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋100𝑡)

𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔)
𝜔0 = 2𝜋100
𝑋 𝜔 = 𝜋𝛿 𝜔 + 200𝜋 + 𝜋𝛿 𝜔 + 200𝜋
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