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Module 10

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AVIATION LEGISLATION

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Copyright © 2015 by Aviotrace Swiss SA

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or

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transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or

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other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the

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publisher.

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Table of Contents

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10.1 Regulatory Framework

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10.2 Part 66 Certifying Staff

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10.3 Approved Maintenance Organizations
10.4 Air operations

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10.5 Certification of aircraft, parts and appliances

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10.6 Continuing airworthiness

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10.7 National regulations

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Chapter 10.1

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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

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Role of ICAO

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International Civil Aviation Organization

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(ICAO)

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International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) was founded during the International

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Civil Aviation Conference (ICAC) in Chicago in
December 1944, where 54 nations met in

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response to the invitation of the United States

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Government. In 1947 the ICAO becomes a
branch of UNO (United Nation Organization)

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ICAO is an association of states that

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establishes international standards and

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recommends operating practices and

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procedures covering the technical field of
aviation, leveraging its unifying influence in
developing a code of international air law for
190 countries (at present).

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Role of ICAO

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International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) – structure

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The Organization is made up of the following elements:

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1. The ASSEMBLY: it is composed by the Member States and meets every 3 years to

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review documents, define policies for future years and approve budgets;
2. The COUNCIL: it is elected by the Assembly and remains in office for 3 years. It is

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composed by representatives of 36 countries. The Council is the main governing

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body; it manages the Agency’s work and updates the Annexes with standards and

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Agency’s recommendations, leveraging the expertise of technical directorates;

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3. The SECRETARIAT: it is composed by the permanent framework of professionals;

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and it is divided into five main divisions: the Air Navigation Bureau, the Air Transport

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Bureau, the Technical Co-operation Bureau, the Legal Bureau, and the Bureau of
Administration and Services;
4. The chief officers are the President of the Council and the Secretary General

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Role of ICAO

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International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) establishes and updates the annexes:

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Annex 1 – Personnel Licensing
Annex 2 – Rules of the Air

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Annex 3 – Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation

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Annex 4 – Aeronautical Charts
Annex 5 – Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations

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Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft.
Annex 7 – Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
Annex 8 – Airworthiness of Aircraft

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Annex 9 – Facilitation: it defines and regulates the Crew Member Certificate. It also covers the transportation of passengers with
disabilities and expresses recommended practices for the accessibility of airports and aviation transport in general

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Annex 10 – Aeronautical Telecommunications
Annex 11 – Air Traffic Services

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Annex 12 – Search and Rescue
Annex 13 – Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation

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Annex 14 – Aerodromes: With respect to safety of operations, the annex 14 states in detail and thoroughly the facilities of airport;

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this annex states in detail and thoroughly the requirements and standards of the airport facilities, in order to ensure safety
operations

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Annex 15 – Aeronautical Information Services

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Annex 16 – Environmental Protection: it lays down rules for the certification of aircraft in reference to the better protection of the
environment in terms of noise pollution and discharges of liquids (oils and fuels)
Annex 17 – Security - Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Interference: it prescribes the necessary
steps to prevent hostile action in the air transport field
Annex 18 – The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air.
Annex 19 – Safety Management

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Role of ICAO

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In addition to the annexes, ICAO publishes standards and guidance documents

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including the most relevant Docs, which are explanatory of some annexes.

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ICAO standards and other provisions are developed in the following forms:

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• Standards and Recommended Practices

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• Procedures for Air Navigation Services

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• Regional Supplementary Procedures

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• Guidance Material.

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Role of European commission

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• The European Union was established after the Second World War to bring peace,

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stability and prosperity in Europe.

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The EU is more than just a confederation of countries, but it is not a federal state.
• It is a unique economic and political partnership between 27 democratic European

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countries.

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• Regulations, directives, decisions and recommendations adopted by the EU are
the result of work of the institutional triangle consisting of:

• European Parliament

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Council of the European Union
• European Commission

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Role of European commission

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• The European Parliament: it is the elected body that represents the EU’s citizens. It

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exercises political supervision over the EU’s activities and takes part in the

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legislative process.

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• The Council of the European Union (also known as the Council of Ministers): it is the

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EU’s main decision-making body. The EU member states take it in turns to hold the
Presidency of the Council for a period of six months. Every Council meeting is

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attended by one minister from each EU country. The Council has legislative power,

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which it shares with the European Parliament under the ‘co-decision procedure’.

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The European Commission: it is the EU’s executive arm. This means that it is the

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only institution that can propose new laws, on which the European Parliament and

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Council of the EU then vote.

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JAA

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JAA

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The Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) was
an association body of the European Civil

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Aviation Conference (ECAC) representing

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the civil aviation authorities of Member

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State which signed the "JAA
Arrangements", document established in

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the conference of Cyprus in 1990.

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The JAA Member States agreed to

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cooperate in developing and

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implementing common safety regulatory

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standards and procedures with the aim to
provide high and consistent standards of

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safety and the right conditions for equal

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competition in Europe.

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Role of EASA

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• The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is the European Union’s Agency

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which has the main role of promoting the highest common standards of safety and

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environmental protection in civil aviation.

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• The agency was established by the European Parliament Basic Regulation

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n.1592/2002 issued on 15/07/2002 (replaced by n.216/2008 issued on 20/02/2008).
This Regulation was done because of the need to provide common rules to the

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European civil aviation field on:

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1. Safety levels

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2. Quality standards

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3. Environmental compatibility

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4. Goods and services movement

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5. Cooperation with third Countries.

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Role of EASA

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Issue opinions addressed to the Commission on the following matters:

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a. The design, production, maintenance and operation of aeronautical products, parts

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and appliances, as well as personnel and organizations involved in the design,

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production and maintenance of such products, parts and appliances
b. Personnel and organizations involved in the operation of aircraft.

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• Issue certification specifications, including airworthiness codes an acceptable means

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of compliance, as well as any guidance material for the application of rules

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• Issue of the Type-Certificates or associated changes

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Issue certificates for parts and appliances
• Issue the appropriate Environmental Certificates

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Role of EASA

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Approval of Design Organisations

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• Approval of Production Organisations located within the territory of the Member
States, if requested by the Member State concerned

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• Approval of Production and Maintenance Organisations located outside the
territory of the Member State

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• Monitoring the application of rules by National Aviation Authorities (NAA)

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• Approval of Airworthiness Directives
• Define and negotiate bilateral agreements between states (BASA), previously

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treated independently by each Member State.

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• The EASA Regulation in not applicable to

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products/parts/appliances/staff/organisation involved in military, custom, police

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organisation or similar

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Structure of the rules

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European aviation regulatory framework – regulatory levels

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Structure of the rules

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European aviation regulatory framework:

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Commission regulation (EU) No 748/2012 (Initial Airworthiness Requirements):
this regulation concerns the processes of certification of aeronautical products,

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production companies and design companies. This regulation also contains Part 21 that

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establishes the requirements and the procedures for the certification of airplanes,
products, parts and appliances, production and design organizations.

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Commission regulation (EU) No 1321/2014 (Continuing Airworthiness Requirements):

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this regulation concerns the airworthiness and maintenance of aeronautical products,

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moreover, the certification of organisations and maintenance staff. It contains the
following Annexes (Parts):

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o Annex I Part M: Continuing Airworthiness requirements

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o Annex II Part 145: Maintenance Organization certification
o Annex III Part 66: Aircraft Maintenance License (AML) regulation
o Annex IV Part 147: Training organization regulation.

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Relationship between Part-M, Part-145, Part-66 and Part-147

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Federal office of civil aviation (FOCA) - Bundesamt Für

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Zivilluftfahrt (BAZL)

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The Federal Office of Civil

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Aviation (FOCA) is the

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Swiss National Aviation

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Authority, a Swiss

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government organisation
and is part of the Federal

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Department of

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Environment, Transport,

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Energy and

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Communications (DETEC).

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It is responsible for
ensuring that civil aviation

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in Switzerland has a high

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safety standard and that it
is in keeping with
sustainable development.

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Federal office of civil aviation (FOCA) - Bundesamt Für

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Zivilluftfahrt (BAZL)

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Chapter 10.2

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PART-66 CERTIFYING STAFF

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General description

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In Europe, Aircraft Maintenance Certifying Personnel have to comply with the
Annex III (Part 66) of the Regulations document (EC) 1321/2014, which concerns

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the staff responsible for certification of aircraft maintenance.

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• Part 66 provides, therefore, the requirements for the technical qualification of

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such personnel, mainly in terms of knowledge and experience. The certification of

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personnel who meet these requirements is attested by the issuance of a Aircraft
Maintenance License (AML).

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The Aircraft Maintenance License (AML), according to Part 66, is consistent with
the requirements of ICAO’s Annex I.
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Part 66 structure

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As all the annexes of the Implementing Rules, also the Part 66 is structured in two
sections and related appendixes as follow:

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• Section A: contains the technical requirements that must be satisfied for the issue of

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an aircraft maintenance licence

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• Section B: contains the procedures that must be followed by competent authorities.

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• Appendix I: Basic Knowledge requirements

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Appendix II: Basic Examination Standard

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• Appendix III: Aircraft Type Training and Examination Standard On the Job Training

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Appendix IV: Experience requirements for extending a Part-66 AML

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• Appendix V: Application Form — EASA Form 19
• Appendix VI: Aircraft Maintenance Licence referred to in Annex III (Part-66) – EASA
Form 26

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Section A –Technical requirements

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Part 66 Section A - subparts

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Section A –Technical requirements

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Aircraft maintenance licences

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include the following categories:

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Category A - Line Maintenance
Certifying Mechanic

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Category B1 - Maintenance

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Certifying Technician –
Mechanical

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Category B2 - Maintenance

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Certifying Technician – Avionic

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Category B3 - Maintenance

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Certifying Technician – for the

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maintenance of piston-engine
non-pressurised aeroplanes of

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2000 kg MTOM

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Category C - Base Maintenance
Certifying Engineer.

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Section A –Technical requirements

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Application for AML

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The application for an aircraft

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maintenance licence, or for any
extensions (changes) to such

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licence has to be made on an
EASA Form 19 and submitted

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to the competent authority in

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the manner specified by it.

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When an applicant requests an

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extension of an AML to the

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authority of a Member State
other than the Member State in

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which he/she first qualified, the
application will be forwarded to
the competent authority that
issued the licence.

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Section A –Technical requirements

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The certification privileges of the categories mentioned are as follows:
• A category A aircraft maintenance licence permits the holder to issue certificates of

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release to service (CRS) following minor scheduled line maintenance and simple
defect rectification within the limits of tasks specifically endorsed on the

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authorisation. The certification privileges are restricted to work that the licence

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holder has personally performed in the maintenance organisation that issued the
certification authorisation .

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• A category B1 aircraft maintenance licence shall permit the holder to issue

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certificates of release to service and to act as B1 support staff following:

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1. Maintenance performed on aircraft structure, powerplant and mechanical and

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electrical systems

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2. Work on avionic systems requiring only simple tests to prove their serviceability and

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not requiring troubleshooting.
• Category B1 includes the corresponding A subcategory.

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Section A –Technical requirements

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A category B2 aircraft maintenance licence shall permit the holder:

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• to issue certificates of release to service and to act as B2 support staff for following:

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1. Maintenance performed on avionic and electrical systems

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2. Electrical and avionics tasks within powerplant and mechanical systems, requiring
only simple tests to prove their serviceability.

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• The category B2 licence does not include any A subcategory.

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Section A –Technical requirements

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A Category B3 - Maintenance Certifying Technician has been introduced by COMMISSION
REGULATION (EU) IR No 1149/2011.

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Category B3 Certifying Staff is applicable to piston-engine non-pressurised aeroplanes
of 2 000 kg MTOM to issue certificates of release to service and to act as B3 support

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staff for:

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1. maintenance performed on aeroplane structure, powerplant and mechanical and

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electrical systems

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2. work on avionic systems requiring only simple tests to prove their serviceability and
not requiring troubleshooting.

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Section A –Technical requirements

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A category C aircraft maintenance licence shall permit the holder to issue
certificates of release to service following base maintenance on aircraft.

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The privileges apply to the aircraft in its entirety.

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• B1 and B2 Staff also acts as required Support Staff for a category C to release to

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service aircraft after base maintenance works on Large Aircraft. In fact, for aircraft

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classified as Other Than Large not used for commercial transport, technicians of

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category B are sufficient.

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Section A –Technical requirements

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66.A.20 - Privileges of Certifying Staff

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66.A.25 - Basic knowledge requirements for the issue of an AML

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Section A –Technical requirements

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66.A.25 - Basic knowledge levels

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• Level 1: Familiarization with main topics of the subject

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• Level 2: General knowledge of theoretical and practical aspects of the subject and
capacity to apply this knowledge

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• Level 3: Detailed knowledge of theoretical and practical aspects of the subject.

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66.A.45 - Type/task training and ratings – cat. A, cat.B1/B2

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• The holder of a Category A aircraft maintenance licence may only exercise

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certification privileges on a specific aircraft type following the satisfactory completion

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of the relevant category A Aircraft Task Training carried out by an appropriately
approved Part-145 or Part-147 organisation.

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The Task training shall consist of:

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1. Practical hands on training

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2. Theoretical training as appropriate for each task authorised.

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• Satisfactory completion of training shall be demonstrated by an examination and/or
by workplace assessment carried out by an appropriately approved Part 145 or Part-
147 organisation.
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Section A –Technical requirements

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• For Large Aircraft, the holder of a category B1, B2 or C aircraft maintenance licence

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can only exercise certification privileges on a specific aircraft type when the AML is

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endorsed with the appropriate Aircraft Type Rating, which is granted by satisfactory

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completion of the relevant category B1, B2 or C Aircraft Type Training approved by the

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competent authority or conducted by an appropriately approved Part-147
maintenance training organisation.

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• Category B1 and B2 approved Type training shall be made up of:

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1. Theoretical training: detailed theoretical knowledge of the aircraft, its main parts,

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systems, equipment and applicable components, including training in the systems in

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use for technical manuals and maintenance procedures.

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2. Practical training element (only cat. B): the practical element should include a cross

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section of maintenance tasks. The practical training must comprise a period of 4
months for applicants with no recent recorded previous practical experience of aircraft
of comparable construction and systems, including the engines, but this can be
reduced to a minimum of 2 weeks for applicant with such previous experience.
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Section A –Technical requirements

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66.B.500 - Revocation, suspension or limitation of the Aircraft Maintenance Licence

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• Possible causes of revocation, suspension or limitation of the AML:

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1. Obtaining the aircraft maintenance licence and/or the certification privileges by falsification of

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submitted documentary evidence
2. Failing to carry out requested maintenance combined with failure to report such fact to the

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organisation or person who requested the maintenance

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3. Failing to carry out required maintenance resulting from own inspection combined with failure to
report such fact to the organisation or person for whom the maintenance was intended to be carried

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out

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4. Negligent maintenance

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5. Falsification of the maintenance record
6. Issuing a certificate of release to service knowing that the maintenance specified on the certificate of

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release to service has not been carried out or without verifying that such maintenance has been

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carried out
7. Carrying out maintenance or issuing a certificate of release to service when adversely affected by
alcohol or drugs
8. Issuing certificate of release to service while not in compliance with this Part
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Chapter 10.3

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APPROVED MAINTENANCE

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ORGANISATIONS

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Introduction

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• In Europe, Aircraft Maintenance Organizations have to comply with the Annex I (Part

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M) of the Regulations document (EC) 1321/2014, which concerns the measures to be
taken to ensure that airworthiness is maintained, including maintenance. It also

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specifies the conditions to be met by the persons or organizations involved in such

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continuing airworthiness management.
• Maintenance organization approval for non commercial and/or small aircraft is

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treated in subpart F of part M. Maintenance of large aircraft, aircraft used for

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commercial air transport and components thereof shall be carried out by a Part-145
approved maintenance organisation. In this case, maintenance organizations have to

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comply to the annex II of EU Regulation 1321/2014 (Part 145).

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• The approval, released according to Part 145, gives to maintenance organizations the

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privilege to carry out maintenance, and the subsequent release to service, of large

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aircraft or of aircraft used for commercial air transport, as well as engines and

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components installed on them.

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Part M Section A – subpart F - Maintenance Organisations

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Part M Subpart F: Maintenance organisation

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Part M Section A – subpart F - Maintenance Organisations

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This subpart includes the following topics:
1. The scope (M.A.601)

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2. The application (M.A.602)

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3. The extent of approval (M.A.603)
4. The maintenance organization manual (M.A.604)

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5. The facilities (M.A.605)

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6. The personal requirements (M.A.606)

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7. The certifying staff (M.A.607)

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8. The components, equipment and tools (M.A.608)

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9. The maintenance data (M.A.609)

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Part M Section A – subpart F - Maintenance Organisations

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11. The maintenance standards (M.A.611)

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12. The aircraft certificate or release to service (M.A.612)

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13. The component certificate of release to service (M.A.613)

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14. The maintenance records (M.A.614)
15. The privileges of the organization (M.A.615)

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16. The organizational review (M.A.616)

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17. The changes to the approved maintenance organization (M.A.617)

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18. The continued validity of approval (M.A.618)
19. The findings (M.A.619)

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Part M Section A – subpart F - Maintenance Organisations

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The maintenance organization manual has to provide the following information:

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• 1. A statement signed by the accountable manager to confirm that the organisation

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will continuously work in accordance with Part-M and the manual at all times
• 2. The organisation’s scope of work

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• 3. The title(s) and name(s) of person(s) referred to in M.A.606(b)

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• 4. An organisation chart showing associated chains of responsibility between the

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person(s) referred to in M.A.606(b)

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• 5. A list of certifying staff with their scope of approval

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• 6. A list of locations where maintenance is carried out, together with a general

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description of the facilities

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• 7. Procedures specifying how the maintenance organisation ensures compliance
with this Part
• 8. The maintenance organisation manual amendment procedure(s).

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Part M Section A – subpart F - Maintenance Organisations

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Personnel requirements

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Part M Section A – subpart F - Maintenance Organisations

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The extent of maintenance records can be summarized as follow:

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• The approved maintenance organisation shall record all details of work carried out.

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Records necessary to prove all requirements have been met for issuance of the
certificate of release to service including the sub-contractor’s release documents

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shall be retained

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• The approved maintenance organisation shall provide a copy of each certificate of

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release to service to the aircraft owner, together with a copy of any specific

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approved repair/modification data used for repairs/modifications carried out

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• The approved maintenance organisation shall retain a copy of all maintenance
records and any associated maintenance data for three years from the date the

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aircraft or aircraft component to which the work relates was released from the

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approved maintenance organization

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Part 145 - Structure

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Part 145

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As all the annexes of Regulation 1321/2014, also the Part 145 is structured in two
sections and related appendixes as follow:

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1. Section A: concerns technical requirements that must be satisfied for the issue of an

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aircraft maintenance licence

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2. Section B: contains the procedures that must be followed by competent authorities

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• Appendix I: Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1

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• Appendix II: Class and Ratings System used for the Approval of Maintenance
Organisations referred to in Annex I (Part-M) Subpart F and Annex II (Part-145)

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• Appendix III: Maintenance Organisation Approval referred to in Annex II (Part-145)
• Appendix IV: Conditions for the use of staff not qualified to Part-66 in accordance
with 145A.30(J) 1 and 2.

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Definition of Line and Base maintenance

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• Line Maintenance should be understood as any maintenance that is carried out

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before flight to ensure that the aircraft is fit for the intended flight, so it may include:

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a. Troubleshooting

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b. Defect rectification

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c. Component replacement with use of external test equipment if required.

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Component replacement may include components such as engines and propellers

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d. Scheduled maintenance and/or checks including visual inspections that will detect

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obvious unsatisfactory conditions/discrepancies but do not require extensive in

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depth inspection. It may also include internal structure, systems and powerplant

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items which are visible through quick opening access panels/doors

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e. Minor repairs and modifications which do not require extensive disassembly and can
be accomplished by simple means.

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For temporary or occasional

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cases (AD's, SB's) the Quality

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Manager may accept base

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maintenance tasks to be

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performed by a line maintenance
organisation provided all

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requirements are fulfilled as

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defined by the competent

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authority.

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Base Maintenance: all other
maintenance tasks are

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considered to be Base
Maintenance.

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MOE (Maintenance Organisation Exposition) is the document or documents that
contain the material specifying the scope of work deemed to constitute approval

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and showing how the organisation intends to comply with this Part.

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• The MOE has to be amended as necessary to remain an up-to-date description of

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the organisation. The exposition and any subsequent amendment shall be approved

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by the competent authority (minor amendments to the exposition may be approved
through an exposition procedure called indirect approval).

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An application for the issue or change of an Maintenance Approval must be made to
the competent authority in a form and manner established by such authority (EASA

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Form 2).

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• The EASA Form 2 is valid for the application for M.A. Subpart F, Part-145 and M.A.

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Subpart G organisations. Organisations applying for several approvals may do so by
using a single EASA Form 2.

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145.A.20 Terms of Approval:

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Within the approval class(es) and rating(s) granted, the scope of work specified in the MOE defines the
exact limits of approval. The Class and Ratings System, used for the Approval of Maintenance

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Organisations, is based on four categories (refer to Part M appendix IV):

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• A category A class rating means that the approved maintenance organisation may carry out

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maintenance on the aircraft and any component (including engines and/or Auxiliary Power Units), in
accordance with aircraft maintenance data or, if agreed by the competent authority, in accordance

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with component maintenance data, only whilst such components are fitted to the aircraft. This will be
subject to a control procedure in the MOE to be approved by the competent authority.

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• A category B class rating means that the approved maintenance organisation may carry out

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maintenance on the uninstalled engine and/or APU and engine and/or APU components, in accordance

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with their maintenance data or, if agreed by the competent authority, in accordance with component

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maintenance data, only whilst such components are fitted to the engine and/or APU.

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• A category C class rating means that the approved maintenance organisation may carry out
maintenance on uninstalled components (excluding engines and APUs). Maintenance organisation

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with this rating may also carry out maintenance on an installed component during “base” and “line”
maintenance
• A category D class rating is a self contained class rating not necessarily related to a specific aircraft,
engine or other component. The D1 — Non Destructive Testing (NDT) rating is only necessary for an
approved maintenance organisation that carries out NDT as a particular task for another organisation.
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145.A.25 – Facility requirements – hangar and office

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145.A.25 – Facility requirements – working environment

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145.A.30 – Personnel requirements – Accountable manager

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The organisation shall appoint an accountable manager who has corporate authority for ensuring

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that all maintenance required by the customer can be financed and carried out to the standard
required by this Part.

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The accountable manager shall:
• Ensure that all necessary resources are available to accomplish maintenance to support the

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organisation approval

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• Establish and promote the safety and quality policy

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• Demonstrate a basic understanding of Part-145.

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The accountable manager may be the accountable manager for more than one organisation and is

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not required to be necessarily knowledgeable on technical matters as the MOE defines the
maintenance standards

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145.A.30 – Personnel requirements – Maintenance manager

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The organisation shall nominate a group of persons, whose responsibilities include ensuring that the

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organisation complies with Part-145.
Dependent upon the size of the organisation, the Part-145 functions may be subdivided under

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individual managers or combined in any number of ways, and all of whom should report to the

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accountable manager except in small Part-145 organisation.

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The organisation should have, dependent upon the extent of approval, the following managers:

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• Base Maintenance Manager: he/she is responsible for ensuring that all maintenance required to be

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carried out in the hangar, plus any defect rectification carried out during base maintenance, is

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carried out to the design and quality standards. The Base Maintenance Manager is also responsible
for any corrective action resulting from the quality compliance monitoring

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• Line Maintenance Manager: he/she is responsible for ensuring that all maintenance required to be

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carried out on the line including line defect rectification is carried out to the standards and also
responsible for any corrective action resulting from the quality compliance monitoring.

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145.A.30 – Personnel requirements – Workshop and Quality manager

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• Workshop Manager: he/she is responsible for ensuring that all work on aircraft

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components is carried out to the standards and also responsible for any corrective action

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resulting from the quality compliance monitoring

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• Quality Manager: he/she is responsible for monitoring the quality system, including the

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associated feedback system. The appointed person shall have direct access to the

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accountable manager to ensure that the him is kept properly informed on quality and

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compliance matters.

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145.A.30 – Personnel requirements – overview

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145.A.35 – Certifying staff line / base maintenance

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The organisation shall retain the record for at least 3 years after the staff referred to in this
paragraph have ceased employment with the organisation or as soon as the authorisation has

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been withdrawn. In addition, upon request, the maintenance organisation shall furnish the

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staff referred to in this paragraph with a copy of their personal record on leaving the

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organisation.

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• The staff referred to in this paragraph shall be given access on request to their personal

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records as detailed above.

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• The organisation shall provide certifying staff with a copy of their certification authorisation

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in either a documented or electronic format.

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• Certifying staff shall produce their certification authorisation to any authorised person within

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24 hours.

• The minimum age for certifying staff and category B1 and B2 support staff is 21 years.

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145.A.50 – Certification of maintenance - Certificate of Release to Service (CRS)

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• A Certificate of Release to Service (CRS) shall be issued by appropriately authorised certifying

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staff on behalf of the organisation when it has been verified that all maintenance ordered has
been properly carried out by the organisation in accordance with the procedures specified in

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point 145.A.70, taking into account the availability and use of the maintenance data specified in
point 145.A.45 and that there are no non-compliances which are known to endanger flight

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safety.

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• A CRS shall be issued before flight at the completion of any maintenance.

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Where the aircraft operator is unable to complete all maintenance ordered, it may issue a CRS

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within the approved aircraft limitations.

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• A CRS shall be issued at the completion of any maintenance on a component using the EASA

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FORM 1 referring to the Part 145 release box 14a .

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• In the case of an aircraft grounded at a different location than the primary line or base

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maintenance stations due to the non-availability of a component with the appropriate release
certificate, it is allow to temporarily fit a component without appropriate release certificate for
a period until the aircraft returns provided the component has a suitable release certificate.

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An EASA Form 1 may be issued for

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an aircraft component which has
been:

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• Maintained before Part-145
became effective or manufactured

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before Part-21 became effective
• Used on an aircraft and removed

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in a serviceable condition. Examples

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include leased and loaned aircraft
components

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• Removed from aircraft which have

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been withdrawn from service, or

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from aircraft which have been
involved in abnormal occurrences

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such as accidents, incidents, heavy
landings or lightning strikes
• Components maintained by an
unapproved organisation.

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145.A.60 – Occurrence reporting – The organisation shall report to:

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1. The competent authority;

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2. The state of registry;
3. The organization responsible for the design of the aircraft or component (TCHolder); any

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condition of the aircraft or component identified by the organization that has resulted or may

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result in an unsafe condition that hazards seriously the flight safety.

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The aim of Occurrence Reporting is to identify the factors contributing to incidents, and to make

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the system resistant to similar errors.

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The organization shall establish an internal occurrence reporting system as detailed in the
exposition to enable the collection and evaluation of such reports, including the assessment and

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extraction of those occurrences to be reported under paragraph (a). This procedure shall identify

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adverse trends, corrective actions taken or to be taken by the organization to address deficiencies
and include evaluation of all known relevant information relating to such occurrences and a method
to circulate the information as necessary.

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The organisation shall make such reports in a form and manner established by the Agency and

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ensure that they contain all pertinent information about the condition and evaluation results

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known to the organisation.

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Where the organisation is contracted by a commercial operator to carry out maintenance, the
organisation shall also report to the operator any such condition affecting the operator's aircraft or

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component.

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The organisation shall produce and submit such reports as soon as practicable but in any case

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within 72 hours of the organisation identifying the condition to which the report relates.

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145.A.65 - Safety and quality policy and quality system

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• The organisation shall establish a safety and quality policy for the organisation.
• The organisation shall establish a Quality System whose the primary objectives are to enable

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the organisation to ensure that it can deliver a safe product and that organisation remains in
compliance with the requirements, that includes:

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• Independent audits in order to monitor compliance with required aircraft/aircraft component

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standards and adequacy of the procedures to ensure that such procedures invoke good

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maintenance practices and airworthy aircraft/aircraft components. In the smallest

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organisations the independent audit part of the quality system may be contracted to another

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organisation approved under this Part or a person with appropriate technical knowledge and

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proven satisfactory audit experience

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A quality feedback reporting system to the person or group of persons and ultimately to the

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accountable manager that ensures proper and timely corrective action is taken in response to
reports resulting from the independent audits established to meet paragraph

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145.A.75 - Privileges of the organisation and subcontracting

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• Subcontracting is allowed when there is an higher requested manpower than
normally expected, except in the cases of base maintenance and engine overhaul.

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Part 145 - Structure

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Findings:

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• A level 1 finding is any significant non-compliance with Part-145 requirements which

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lowers the safety standard and hazards seriously the flight safety.
• A level 2 finding is any non-compliance with the Part-145 requirements which could

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lower the safety standard and possibly hazard the flight safety.

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• After receipt of notification of findings according to 145.B.50, the holder of the

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maintenance organisation approval shall define a corrective action plan and
demonstrate corrective action to the satisfaction of the competent authority within

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a period agreed with this authority.

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Chapter 10.4

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AIR OPERATIONS

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AIR-OPS - introduction

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AirOPS prescribes common technical requirements and administrative procedures

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applicable to commercial transportation aircraft.

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• An operator shall comply with the applicable retroactive airworthiness

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requirements for aero planes operated for the purpose of commercial air
transportation. Each airplane (or helicopter) must be operated in compliance with

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the terms of its Certificate of Airworthiness and within the approved limitations

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contained in its Airplane Flight Manual (or Helicopter Flight Manual).

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AirOPS prescribes requirements applicable to the operation of any civil airplane for

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the purpose of commercial air transportation by any operator, whose principal place

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of business and registered office is located in a Member State.

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• AirOPS supersedes equivalent national legislation in EU member states and in

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Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, although in EU member states, implementation

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of regulatory oversight remains with the designed NAA.

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AIR-OPS - introduction

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AIR-OPS – current regulation

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• Regulation (EC) 965/2012 of the European Commission lays down detailed rules for

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commercial air transport operations with aeroplanes and helicopters, including ramp
inspections of aircraft of operators under the safety oversight of another State when landed at

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aerodromes located in the territory subject to the provisions of the Treaty.

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This new regulation, which is generally known as IR-OPS (Implementing Rules – Operations),
replaces EU-OPS (IR 859/2008). IR-OPS came in to force on 28 October 2012; however, it is

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understood that all EASA Member States have been authorized to delay implementation until

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October 2014.

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• IR OPS ‘Air Operations’ and has four subparts as follows:

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1. OPS.ARO (Authority Requirements for Air Operations)

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2. OPS.ORO (Organisation Requirements for Air Operations)

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3. OPS.CAT (Commercial Air Transport Operations)
4. OPS.SPA (Specific Approval)

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AIR-OPS covers all ‘Air Operations’ and has four subparts as follows:

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• Part OPS.ARO - Authority Requirements for Air Operations - establishes requirements for the

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administration and management systems to be fulfilled by the Agency and Member States for
the implementation and enforcement of IR-OPS

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• Part OPS.ORO - Organisation Requirements for Air Operations – establishes requirements to be

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followed by an air operator conducting commercial air transport operations
• Part OPS.CAT - Commercial Air Transport Operations - contains general requirements for

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commercial air transport operations, including Operating Procedures, Aircraft Performance,

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Mass and Balance, instruments and equipment requirements, etc

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• Part OPS.SPA - Specific Approvals - contains requirements for specific approvals, such as

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Performance-based Navigation, Minimum Navigation Performance (MNPS), Reduced Vertical

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Separation Minima (RVSM), Low Visibility Operations (LVO), Extended Range Twin Engine

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Operations (ETOPS), Transport of Dangerous Goods (DG), and certain specified helicopter

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operations.

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MEL

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ORO.MLR.105 Minimum equipment list

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• An operator shall establish, for each aeroplane, a Minimum Equipment List (MEL) approved by

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the Authority. This shall be based upon, but no less restrictive than, the relevant Master
Minimum Equipment List MMEL (if this exists) accepted by the Authority

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• An operator shall not operate an aeroplane other than in accordance with the MEL unless

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permitted by the Authority. Any such permission will in no circumstances permit operation
outside the constraints of the MMEL.

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• The MMEL is usually issued by a design organization (the Type Certificate holder) and identifies

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the equipment or functions which may be inoperative for operation. All the items related to

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airworthiness not included must be operative, while all non-safety-related equipment (for

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example, galleys) is excluded.

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• The MEL is issued by the operator, and it may not be less restrictive than the MMEL. In any

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case, the MEL must be approved by the certificating authority (NAA). An MEL is similar in

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content to the MMEL except that it is specific to a particular operator and to individual aircraft.
• An operator's MEL must be based on the MMEL for the particular aircraft type and model
which has been approved by the certificating authority which issued the type certificate used as
the basis for type acceptance.

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MEL

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For each item, the MMEL / MEL specify:

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1. The required minimum equipment, function or system for dispatch

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2. The related maintenance action, according to other aircraft documentation, indicated with the
letter “(M)”

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3. The specific operation procedure that must be accomplished by the flight crew,

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4. indicated with the letter “(O)”

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5. The time intervals, which specifies through a letter the allowed period for rectification.

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• Time intervals letters have the following meaning:

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1. A: no standard interval specified. However, items in this category shall be rectified in

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accordance with the conditions stated in the Remarks (or Exceptions) of the MEL. Where a time
period is specified it shall start at 00:01 on the calendar day following the day of discovery.

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2. B: the rectification shall be executed within 3 days from discovery
3. C: the rectification shall be executed within 10 days from discovery
4. D: the rectification shall be executed within 120 days from discovery

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CDL

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CDL : Configuration Deviation List

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• In MMEL / MEL it is also included a specific section, named Configuration Deviation List (CDL)

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that is a listing of EASA-approved non-structural external parts that may be missing but the

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airplane remains airworthy.
• To qualify an item onto the CDL, a restrictive set of conditions must be met, in order to assure

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that the list remained small and purposeful. Some of these conditions include:

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• The effect of the missing part upon adjacent structure and systems (the configuration of the
airplane must not pose an obvious threat to the airplane)

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• The effect upon airplane performance (for example, the drag penalty imposed upon the

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airplane when flying with the part missing, and its effect on operating weights)

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• The combined effect upon the airplane when more than one CDL item is present on the
airplane (combinations of some items could create a hazardous condition).

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• CDL test flights are scheduled into the test plan, and most items on the CDL are qualified
during the initial certification of the airplane and. A list of items, based upon experience with
previous designs, is selected during initial airplane design phase.

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AOC

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ORO.AOC.135 Personnel requirements

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(a) In accordance with ORO.GEN.210(b), the operator shall nominate persons responsible for the management and supervision of the
following areas:

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• (1) flight operations;

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• (2) crew training;
• (3) ground operations; and

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• (4) continuing airworthiness in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1321/2014

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(b) Adequacy and competency of personnel

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(1) The operator shall employ sufficient personnel for the planned ground and flight operations.
• (2) All personnel assigned to, or directly involved in, ground and flight operations shall:

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a
(i) be properly trained;
• (ii) demonstrate their capabilities in the performance of their assigned duties; and

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• (iii) be aware of their responsibilities and the relationship of their duties to the operation as a whole

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(c) Supervision of personnel

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(1) The operator shall appoint a sufficient number of personnel supervisors, taking into account the structure of the operator’s
organisation and the number of personnel employed.
• (2) The duties and responsibilities of these supervisors shall be defined, and any other necessary arrangements shall be made to
ensure that they can discharge their supervisory responsibilities.
• (3) The supervision of crew members and personnel involved in the operation shall be exercised by individuals with adequate
experience and the skills to ensure the attainment of the standards specified in the operations manual.

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AOC

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The most important topic is related to the contents and the conditions of the Air

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Operator Certificate (AOC). The management must be performed in accordance with

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the scope of the operator.

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Documents to be carried on board

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SPO.GEN.140 Documents, manuals and information to be carried on board.

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(a) The following documents, manuals and information shall be carried on each flight as originals or copies unless otherwise

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specified below:
(1) the AFM, or equivalent document(s);

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(2) the original certificate of registration;

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(3) the original certificate of airworthiness (CofA);
(4) the noise certificate, if applicable;

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(5) a copy of the declaration as specified in ORO.DEC.100 and, if applicable, a copy of the authorisation as specified in
ORO.SPO.110;
(6) the list of specific approvals, if applicable;

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(7) the aircraft radio licence, if applicable;
(8) the third party liability insurance certificate(s);

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(9) the journey log, or equivalent, for the aircraft;
(10) the aircraft technical log, in accordance with Annex I (Part-M) to Regulation (EC) No 1321/2014, if applicable;

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(11) details of the filed ATS flight plan, if applicable;
(12) current and suitable aeronautical charts for the route/area of the proposed flight and all routes along which it is reasonable to

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expect that the flight may be diverted;

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(13) procedures and visual signals information for use by intercepting and intercepted aircraft;
(14) information concerning search and rescue services for the area of the intended flight;

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(15) the current parts of the operations manual and/or SOP or AFM that are relevant to the duties of crew members and task

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specialists, which shall be easily accessible to them;
(16) the MEL or CDL, if applicable;
(17) appropriate notices to airmen (NOTAMs) and aeronautical information service (AIS) briefing documentation;
(18) appropriate meteorological information, if applicable;
(19) cargo manifests, if applicable; and
(20) any other documentation that may be pertinent to the flight or is required by the States concerned with the flight.

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ETOPS

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• The introduction of ETOPS rules allows twin-engine aircraft to fly long-distance

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routes that were previously off-limits to twin-engine aircraft.

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• Without ETOPS approval, the maximum distance from an aerodrome for two-engine

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aero planes is the distance flown in 60 minutes at the One-Engine-Inoperative (OEI)

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cruise speed.

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In brief, ETOPS provides the possibility for twin engine aircraft to operate routes
which were previously denied to them under the 60-minutes rule (the distance may

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be increased to 120, 180 or more minutes). Eventually this means that a smaller twin

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could be used on routes between two city pairs where passenger numbers are not

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economically viable for large aircraft to operate them.

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SPA.ETOPS.100 ETOPS

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In commercial air transport operations, two-engined aeroplanes shall only be operated beyond the
threshold distance determined in accordance with CAT.OP.MPA.140 if the operator has been

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granted an ETOPS operational approval by the competent authority.

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SPA.ETOPS.105 ETOPS operational approval

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To obtain an ETOPS operational approval from the competent authority, the operator shall provide
evidence that:

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(a) the aeroplane/engine combination holds an ETOPS type design and reliability approval for the

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intended operation;

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(b) a training programme for the flight crew members and all other operations personnel involved

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in these operations has been established and the flight crew members and all other operations
personnel involved are suitably qualified to conduct the intended operation;

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(c) the operator’s organisation and experience are appropriate to support the intended operation;

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(d) operating procedures have been established.

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OPS part 1 subpart D

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Occurrence reporting

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ORO.GEN.160 Occurrence reporting

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Another important aspect treated is referred to the occurrence reporting. First, it is

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introduced the correct terminology:
1. “Incident” is an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of

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an aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operation

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2. “Serious Incident” is an incident involving circumstances indicating that an accident

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nearly occurred

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3. “Accident” is an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft

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• In case of accident or serious incident, the commander or the operator of an
airplane shall submit a report to the authority in the State of the operator within 72

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hours of the time when the accident or serious incident occurred.

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Aircraft markings and placards

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Furthermore it is important to underline that an aircraft must contain:
• The specified marking and placards
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• Any additional information, instrument marking and placards required for the safe

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operation (if there are unusual design, operation or handling characteristic).

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• About this topic, the reference regulation is the Certification Specification (CS)

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25.1541. In addition, each marking and placard prescribed:

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• Must be displayed in a conspicuous place and

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• May not be easily erased, disfigured or obstructed.

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• Marking or placards should be placed close to or on the instrument or control with

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which they are associated. The information reported must be consistent with

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those reported in the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM).

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CERTIFICATION OF AIRCRAFT, PARTS AND

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APPLIANCES

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Introduction

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• The European Regulation (EC) No. 1592/2002, which was subsequently replaced by

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Regulation (EC) n. 216/2008 laying down in article 4 (1) that all aircraft, including
the respective products, parts and appliances installed, if so designed, constructed

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or registered in a European Union Member State or registered in a third country but

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supervised by an operator from a Member State, or even if registered in a third
country and supervised by an operator from a third country but with traffic to and

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from a Member State, must comply with the same rules.

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For parts and appliances these certification may be issued when specific
certifications have proven to meet airworthiness specifications established to

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ensure compliance with the essential requirements.

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• All organizations design products, parts and appliances shall demonstrate their

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skills as well as to be able to assume the responsibilities associated with the

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privileges that are recognized through a process of design organization approval.

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Introduction

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Synthetic summary of initial airworthiness approval:

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Part 21 - Regulation

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• The commission regulation (EC) No 748/2012 is laying down implementing rules for

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the airworthiness and environmental certification of aircraft and related products,

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parts and appliances, as well as for the certification of design and production

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organizations. The following five articles describe the main content of this

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regulation.

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• As all the annexes of the Implementing Rules, also the Part 21 is structured in two

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sections:

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a. Section A: contains the requirements for the applicants and acquired rights and

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obligations

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b. Section B: contains the procedures for competent authorities.

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Part 21 Structure and purpose

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Section A and section B are divided in subparts that defines specific topics:

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• Subpart A – General

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• Subpart B – Type certificates and restricted type certificates:

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• Subpart C – Not applicable

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• Subpart D – Changes to type certificates and restricted type certificates
• Subpart E – Supplemental type certificates

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• Subpart F – Production without production organisation approval

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Subpart G – Production organization approval (POA)
• Subpart H – Certificate of airworthiness and restricted certificates of airworthiness

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• Subpart I – Noise certificates

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• Subpart J - Design organisation approval (DOA)

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• Subpart K - Parts and appliances
• Subpart L - Not applicable

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Subpart M – Repairs
• Subpart N - Not applicable
• Subpart O - European Technical Standard Order authorisations (ETSO)
• Subpart P- Permit to fly
• Subpart Q - Identification of products, parts and appliances
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Type Certificate and Supplemental Type Certificate issuing (Part

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21 subparts B, D, E)

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• Any natural or legal person that has demonstrated, or is in the process of demonstrating, its

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capability in accordance with Part 21 (21.A.14) shall be eligible as an applicant for a type-

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certificate or a restricted type-certificate under the conditions laid down in Subpart B.

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• The type-certificate and restricted type-certificate are both considered to include the type
design, the operating limitations, the type-certificate data sheet for airworthiness and

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emissions, the applicable type-certification basis and environmental protection requirements
with which the Agency records compliance.

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• Changes in type design are treated in subpart D.

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• Type design changes are classified as follows in two categories:

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1. Minor change

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2. Major change

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• Only the type-certificate holder may apply for approval of a major change to a type design
under this Subpart; all other applicants for a major change to a type design shall apply under
Subpart E for a Supplemental Type Certificate STC.

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Type Certificate and Supplemental Type Certificate issuing (Part

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21 subparts B, D, E)

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A type-certificate and restricted type-certificate shall be issued

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for an unlimited duration. They shall remain valid subject to:
1. The holder remaining in compliance with this Annex 1 (Part 21)

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2. The certificate not being surrendered or revoked under the

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applicable administrative procedures established by the Agency.

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• The holder of a type-certificate or restricted type-certificate
shall produce, maintain and update master copies of all manuals

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required by the applicable type-certification basis and
environmental protection requirements for the product, and

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provide copies, on request, to the Agency.
• The holder of the type-certificate or restricted type-certificate

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shall furnish at least one set of complete Instructions for

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Continued Airworthiness (ICA), comprising descriptive data and

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accomplishment instructions prepared in accordance with the
applicable type-certification basis, to each known owner of one
or more aircraft, engine or propeller upon its delivery or upon

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issue of the first certificate of airworthiness for the affected
aircraft, whichever occurs later and thereafter make those
instructions available on request to any other person required to
comply with any of the terms of those instructions.

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Production organizations approval (Part 21 subpart G)

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Part 21 – Subpart G – POA – Approval requirements and POE (production organization exposition)

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Production organizations approval (Part 21 subpart G)

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Part 21 – Subpart G – POA – Holder Obligations and privileges

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Design organizations approval (Part 21 subpart J)

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Part 21 – Subpart J –DOA – Scope and privileges

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• The DOA shall be entitled to perform design activities refer to its scope of

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approval under Part 21 subpart J.

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• The DOA shall be entitled to approve minor changes to type design and minor

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repairs, and classify changes to the type design and repairs (major or minor).
• The DOA shall be entitled to approve and issue minor revisions to the AFM and

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supplements, approve the design of major repairs to products or APU for which it

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holds the TC or the STC or ETSO authorization.

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• The DOA shall approve the conditions under which a permit to flight can be issued

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in accordance with Part 21.

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• The DOA shall issue a permit to fly in accordance with Part 21 for an aircraft it has
designed or modified, when managing the aircraft configuration and attesting

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conformity with the design conditions approved for the flight.

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Design organizations approval (Part 21 subpart J)

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Part 21 – Subpart J –DOA – Scope and privileges

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Design organizations approval (Part 21 subpart J)

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Part 21 – Subpart J –DOA – Design assurance system

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EASA certification specifications CS-23, 25, 27, 29

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Part 21 – Certification Specification (CS) list

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• The Agency shall issue in accordance with Article 14 of the basic Regulation
airworthiness codes, or Certification Specification, as standard means to show

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compliance of products, parts and appliances with the essential requirements of

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Annex I to the basic Regulation.
• Such codes shall be sufficiently detailed and specific to indicate to applicants the

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conditions under which certificates will be issued.

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• In brief, the CS are airworthiness standards that define the technical requirements

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for the approval of retail products (formerly JAR 23, 25, 27, 29 E, APU, P, etc..), which

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have been revised and issued.

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• Each CS is structured as follows:

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1. Book 1: Codes of Airworthiness (standard technical interpretations of the essential
requirements contained in Annex 1 of Regulation (EC) 216/2008)
2. Book 2: AMC and GM to the applicable requirements of CS.
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EASA certification specifications CS-23, 25, 27, 29

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Certificate of Airworthiness, restricted certificates of

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airworthiness and permit to fly

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The Certificate of Airworthiness, restricted certificates of airworthiness and permit to fly issuing
regulation are treated in Part 21 as follows:

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1. Part 21 Subpart H – Certificate of airworthiness and restricted certificates of airworthiness
2. Part 21 Subpart P – Permit to fly.

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• An airworthiness certificate shall be issued for an unlimited duration. The Certificate of
Airworthiness must be accessible and stored with other airworthiness certificate in the cockpit.

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• Permits to fly shall be issued in accordance with this Subpart to aircrafts for some of the

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following purposes:

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a. Development

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b. Showing compliance with regulations or certification specifications

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c. Production flight testing of new production aircraft
d. Flying the aircraft for customer acceptance

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e. Flying the aircraft for Authority acceptance
f. Flying the aircraft to a location where maintenance or airworthiness review are to be
performed, or to a place of storage

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Certificate of registration

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certificate
registration must be
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accessible and stored with
other airworthiness

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certificates in the cockpit.

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Each aircraft must have its
own aircraft registration

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based on rules and

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regulation of the

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respective country of

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registration.

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Noise certificate

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a. Any natural or legal person under whose name an aircraft is registered or will be registered in a Member State

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(Member State of registry), or its representative, shall be eligible as an applicant for a noise certificate for that

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aircraft under Part 21 Subpart I.
b. Pursuant to 21.A.203, an application for a noise certificate shall be made in a form and manner established by

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the competent authority of the Member State of registry.

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Each application shall include:
1. With regard to new aircraft: A statement of conformity, the noise information determined in accordance with the

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applicable noise requirements.

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2. With regard to used aircraft: The noise information determined in accordance with the applicable noise
requirements, historical records to establish the production, modification, and maintenance standard of the aircraft.

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Unless otherwise agreed, the statements referred to in point (b)(1) shall be issued no more than 60 days before
presentation of the aircraft to the competent authority of the Member State of registry.

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A noise certificate may be amended or modified only by the competent authority of the Member State of registry.

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Where ownership of an aircraft has changed:

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a) If the aircraft remains on the same register, the noise certificate shall be transferred together with the aircraft
b) If the aircraft moves to the register of another Member State, the noise certificate shall be issued upon
presentation of the former noise certificate.

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Other documentation: weight schedule and radio station license

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and approval

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• An operator shall specify, in the operations manual, the principles and methods
involved in the loading and in the mass and balance system that meet the

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requirements of current OPS regulation. The system must cover all types of

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intended operations.
• Each weight change has to be recorded and registered in the weight and balance

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sheet of the aircraft.

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• A scheduled aircraft weighing has to be established. For every flight a weight

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calculation (load sheet) must be performed and signed by the pilot

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• The aircraft station licence must be accessible and stored with other airworthiness

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certificates in the cockpit. Aircraft communication for COM and NAV needs a licence
issued by the Swiss Federal Office of Communication.

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Chapter 10.6

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CONTINUING AIRWORTHINESS

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Introduction

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• Continuing airworthiness covers all of the processes ensuring that, at any time in

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their operating life, all aircraft comply with the airworthiness requirements in force
and are in a condition for safe operation.

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• No aircraft may be operated unless in airworthy condition. Two conditions must be

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met before an aircraft can be consider “airworthy”:

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1. The aircraft conforms to type design

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2. The aircraft is in condition for safe operation

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• The first condition is attained when required and proper components are installed,

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and they are consistent with drawings, specifications and other data that are part of

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the Type Certificate, included Supplemental Type Certificates and approved

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changes. The second condition is refers to the condition of the aircraft with relation
to wear and deterioration that occurs during its operative life.

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Introduction

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Continuing airworthiness includes, under the control of the respective National
Aviation Authorities (NAA) of the State of Design and the State of Registry, eight

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basic requirements:

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1. Design criteria, that provide the necessary accessibility for inspection and let the use

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of established processes and practices for the accomplishment of maintenance
2. Maintenance requirements, that involves the preparation by the organization

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responsible for the type design of the specifications, methods, procedures and tasks

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necessary to maintain the aircraft and publication of this information in a format

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that can be readily adapted for use by an operator

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3. Company Maintenance Programme (CMP), as seen as the adoption by each operator

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of specifications, methods, procedures and tasks using the information provided by

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the organization responsible for the type design, and preparing that material in the
form of a maintenance programme suitable for its operation

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Introduction

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4. Reporting, considering the reporting of defects and other significant maintenance and

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operational information by the operator to the organization responsible for the type design in
accordance with the requirements of the State of Registry

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5. Defect analysis and rectification, as the analysis of defect, accident and other maintenance
and operational information by the organization responsible for the type design, the State of

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Design and the State of Registry and the initiation and transmission of information and

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recommended or mandatory action to be taken in response to that analysis
6. Local compliance, that oblige the operator to review all service information and take

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appropriate action

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7. Compliance with life limits, that is the accomplishment by the operator of all mandatory

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requirements concerning the aircraft with particular reference to fatigue life limits and any

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special tests or inspections required by the certification process or subsequently found

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necessary to ensure structural integrity

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8. Compliance with Structural Inspection Program (SIP), with preparation of and compliance

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with Supplemental Structural Inspection Programmes and subsequent requirements related
to aging aircraft.

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Initial Airworthiness (Part-21 provisions) related to continuing

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airworthiness

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• The continuing airworthiness functions under Article 20(1)(j) shall be performed in accordance
with the provisions of Annex I to the Basic Regulation and Annex Part 21 to Commission

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Regulation (EC) No. 748/2012 laying down implementing rules for the airworthiness and

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environmental certification of aircraft and related products, parts and appliances, in particular its

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paragraphs, 21.A.3 and 21.A.3B, and the related Acceptable Means of Compliance (“AMC”) and
Guidance Material (“GM”).

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• ADs are issued by EASA, acting in accordance with the Basic Regulation on behalf of the
European Community, its Member States and of the European third countries that participate in

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the activities of EASA. The dissemination of airworthiness directives to aircraft owners is a

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responsibility of the State of Registry and does not belong to the Agency.

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If a certified aircraft has outstanding airworthiness directives that have not been complied with,

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the aircraft is not considered airworthy. Thus, it is mandatory for an aircraft operator to comply
with an AD. An AD mandates actions to be performed on an aircraft to restore an acceptable

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level of safety, when evidence shows that the safety level of this aircraft may otherwise be

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compromised.

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Initial Airworthiness (Part-21 provisions) related to continuing

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airworthiness

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Part M - General description

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In Europe, Aircraft Maintenance Organizations have to comply with the Annex I
(Part M) of the Regulations document (EC) 1321/2014, which concerns the measures

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to be taken to ensure that airworthiness is maintained, including maintenance. It
also specifies the conditions to be met by the persons or organizations involved in

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such continuing airworthiness management

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• This regulation establishes common technical requirements and administrative
procedures for ensuring the continuing airworthiness of aircraft, including any

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component for installation thereto, which are:

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1. Registered in a EASA Member State

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2. Registered in a third country and used by an operator for which a Member State

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ensures oversight of operations.

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Part M - Structure and purpose

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• As all the annexes of the Implementing Rules, also the Part M is structured in two sections:

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a. Section A: contains the technical requirements that must be satisfied for the continuing

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airworthiness organizations

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b. Section B: contains the procedures that must be followed by competent authorities.

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• Section A and section B are divided in subparts that define specific topics:

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1. Subpart A – General

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2. Subpart B – Accountability

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3. Subpart C – Continuing Airworthiness

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4. Subpart D – Maintenance Standards

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5. Subpart E – Components
6. Subpart F – Maintenance Organisation

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7. Subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness Management Organisation (CAMO)
8. Subpart H – Certificate of Release to Service (CRS)
9. Subpart I – Airworthiness Review Certificate

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Part M - Structure and purpose

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The Part-M also includes eight appendixes as follow:

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2.

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Appendix I: Continuing Airworthiness Arrangement
Appendix II: Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1

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3. Appendix III: Airworthiness Review Certificate — EASA Form 15

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4. Appendix IV: Class and Ratings System used for the Approval of Maintenance

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Organisations referred to in Annex I (Part-M) Subpart F and in Annex II (Part-145)

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5. Appendix V: Maintenance Organisation Approval referred to in Annex I (Part-M)

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Subpart F

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6. Appendix VI: Continuing Airworthiness Management Organisation Approval
referred to in Annex I (Part-M) Subpart G

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7. Appendix VII: Complex Maintenance Tasks
8. Appendix VIII: Limited Pilot Owner Maintenance

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Part M Section A - subpart A/B – General/Accountability

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Part M Section A - subpart A – General

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• This Section (M.A.101) establishes the measures to be taken to ensure that
airworthiness is maintained, including maintenance. It also specifies the conditions to

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be met by the persons or organisations involved in such continuing airworthiness

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management.

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Part M Section A - subpart B – Accountability

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• This subpart includes the following topics:

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1. The responsibilities of the owner for the continuing airworthiness of an aircraft

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(M.A.201)

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2. The related occurrence reporting (M.A.202).

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Part M Section A - subpart C – Continuing Airworthiness

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Part M Section A - subpart C – Continuing Airworthiness

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An owner or operator shall ensure that a system has been established to

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keep the following records for the periods specified:

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1. All detailed maintenance records in respect of the aircraft and any
service life limited component fitted thereto, not less than 36 months

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after the aircraft or component has been released to service
2. The total time in service (hours, calendar time, cycles and landings) of

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the aircraft and all service life-limited components, at least 12 months
after the aircraft or component has been permanently withdrawn from

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service

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3. The time in service (hours, calendar time, cycles and landings) as
appropriate, since last scheduled maintenance of the component

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subjected to a service life limit,

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4. The current status of compliance with maintenance programme

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5. The current status of airworthiness directives applicable to the aircraft

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and components, at least 12 months after the aircraft or component has
been permanently withdrawn from service
6. Details of current modifications and repairs to the aircraft, engine(s),
propeller(s) and any other component vital to flight safety, at least 12
months after they have been permanently withdrawn from service.

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Part M Section A - subpart C – Continuing Airworthiness

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• In the case of commercial air transport an operator shall use an aircraft technical log

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system containing the following information for each aircraft:

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1. Information about each flight, necessary to ensure continued flight safety, and;

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2. The current aircraft certificate of release to service

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3. The current maintenance statement giving the aircraft maintenance status of what

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scheduled and out of phase maintenance is next due except that the competent
authority may agree to the maintenance statement being kept elsewhere, and;

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4. All outstanding deferred defects rectifications that affect the operation of the

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aircraft

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5. Any necessary guidance instructions on maintenance support arrangements.

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6. An operator shall ensure that the aircraft technical log is retained for 36 months

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after the date of the last entry.

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Part M Section A - subpart D/E/F - Maintenance Standards/

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Components/Maintenance Organization

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Part M Section A - subpart D – Maintenance Standards

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This subpart includes the following topics:

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1. The maintenance data (M.A.401)

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2. The performance of maintenance (M.A.402)

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3. The aircraft defects (M.A.403).

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Part M Section A - subpart E – Components

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This subpart includes the following topics:

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1. The installation (M.A.501)

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2. The component maintenance (M.A.502)

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3. The service life limited components (M.A.503)
4. The control of unserviceable components (M.A.504).

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Part M Section A - subpart F – Maintenance Organization
The scope of this Subpart is to establish the requirements to be met by an organisation to qualify for
the issue or continuation of an approval for the maintenance of aircraft and components not listed in
point M.A.201(g).
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Part M Section A - subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness

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Management Organisation

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Part M Section A - subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness

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Management Organisation

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• Part M Subpart G of this regulation concerns the management of continuing
airworthiness of EASA aircraft.

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• Organisations approved to Part M Subpart G can additionally be approved to make
recommendations to a competent authority that an Airworthiness Review

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Certificate (EASA Form 15a) may be issued or in certain cases issue and extend an

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Airworthiness Review Certificate (EASA Form 15b) under the terms of their
approval.

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• The scope of this subpart is to establish the requirements to be met by an

a s
organisation to qualify for the issue or continuation of an approval for the

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management of aircraft continuing airworthiness.

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• An application for issue or change of a continuing airworthiness management

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organisation approval shall be made on a form and in a manner established by the

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competent authority using the EASA Form 2.

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Part M Section A - subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness

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Management Organisation

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a) The organisation shall appoint an accountable manager, who has corporate authority for ensuring that all continuing

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airworthiness management activities can be financed and carried out in accordance with this Part.
• b) For commercial air transport the paragraph (a) accountable manager shall be the person who also has corporate

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authority for ensuring that all the operations of the operator can be financed and carried out to the standard required

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for the issue of an air operator’s certificate
• c) A person or group of persons shall be nominated with the responsibility of ensuring that the organisation is always in

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compliance with this Subpart. Such person(s) shall be ultimately responsible to the accountable manager
• d) For commercial air transport, the accountable manager shall designate a nominated post holder. This person shall be

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responsible for the management and supervision of continuing airworthiness activities, pursuant to paragraph (c)
• e) The nominated post holder referred to in paragraph (d) shall not be employed by a Part- 145 approved organisation

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under contract to the operator, unless specifically agreed by the competent authority

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• f) The organisation shall have sufficient appropriately qualified staff for the expected work

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• g) All paragraph (c) and (d) persons shall be able to show relevant knowledge, background and appropriate experience

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related to aircraft continuing airworthiness

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• h) The qualification of all personnel involved in continuing airworthiness management shall be recorded
• i) For organisations extending airworthiness review certificates in accordance with points M.A.711(a)4 and M.A.901(f),

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the organisation shall nominate persons authorised to do so, subject to approval by the competent authority

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• j) The organisation shall define and keep updated in the continuing airworthiness management exposition the title(s)
and name(s) of person(s) referred to in points M.A.706(a), M.A.706(c), M.A.706(d) and M.A.706(i)
• k) For all large aircraft and for aircraft used for commercial air transport the organisation shall establish and control the
competence of personnel involved in the continuing airworthiness management, airworthiness review and/or quality
audits in accordance with a procedure and to a standard agreed by the competent authority.
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Part M Section A - subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness

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Management Organisation

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Part M Section A - subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness

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Management Organisation

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Part M Section A - subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness

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Management Organisation

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• Each Part-M approved organisation is subjected to the controls by the competent

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authority. Every 2 years a complete audit is performed by the authority in order to

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verify the compliance of the organization with this Part

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During an audit finding could be issued by the authority. The findings can be

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summarized as follow:

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a. A level 1 finding is any significant non-compliance with Part-M requirements which

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lowers the safety standard and hazards seriously the flight safety

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b. A level 2 finding is any non-compliance with the Part-M requirements which could

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lower the safety standard and possibly hazard the flight safety

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Part M Section A - subpart H – Certificate of Release to Service

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CRS

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Part M Section A - subpart

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H – Certificate of Release to

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Service CRS

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This subpart includes the
following topics:

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1.The aircraft certificate of

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release to service (M.A.801)

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2.The component

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certificate of release to

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service (M.A.802)

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3.The pilot owner

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authorisation (M.A.803).

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Part M Section A - subpart I – Airworthiness Review Certificate

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Part M Section A - subpart I – Airworthiness

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Review Certificate

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This subpart includes the following topics:

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1.The aircraft airworthiness review
(M.A.901)

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2.The validity of the airworthiness review

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certificate (M.A.902)

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3.The transfer of aircraft registration

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within the EU (M.A.903)

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4.The airworthiness review of aircraft
imported into EU (M.A.904)

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5.The findings (M.A.905).

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Chapter 10.7

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NATIONAL REGULATIONS

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Introduction

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• Switzerland, which was founding member of Joint Aviation Authority (JAA), is an

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EASA member country, also if it is not European Union (EU) member.
• The Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA) is responsible for aviation development

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and the supervision of civil aviation activities in Switzerland. The FOCA is part of
the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and

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Communications (DETEC) and is charged with ensuring that the high safety

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standards in civil aviation in Switzerland are maintained, and with pursuing a
policy of sustainable development.

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• The FOCA aims to ensure the safe and best possible and environmentally friendly

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use of the infrastructure, which includes airspace, air traffic control and

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aerodromes.

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• The FOCA also supervises aviation companies to which it issues an operating

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license based on a technical, operational and financial evaluation.

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Introduction

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The FOCA issues the advisory and guidance material and explanatory and instruction

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publications on procedure, as:

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• Airworthiness directives (AD)

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• FOCA Technical communications (TC): they contain announcements from the FOCA

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regarding issues of airworthiness
• Aircraft documents

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• Standard journey log-books

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• FOCA Technical folder (airworthiness records)

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• FOCA forms.

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Introduction

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The classification of TCs to date is to be simplified following a decision by the DETEC Appeals

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Committee as:
1. Instructions (TC-I)

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2. Directives (TC-D)
3. Communications (TC-C)

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4. Information (TC-INFO).

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TC-Ds are recommendations or explanations and are therefore not legally binding. They set out – in
the sense of 'acceptable means of compliance' or 'interpretative and explanatory material‘.

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TC-Cs consist of information of a general nature and do not usually have a direct bearing on

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airworthiness, e.g. on the organization and procedures in technical supervision by the FOCA.

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The remaining Swiss airworthiness regulations include:

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1. Federal Aviation Law, that states principles and responsibilities of handling aviation matters
2. Ordinances and decrees, which include specific regulations (for example, airworthiness
operations, airspace use, certifying staff, maintenance organizations, charges and taxes).

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Air navigation ordinance

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Air navigation ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 - 748.01 - Luftfahrtverordnung, LFV)

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• LFV ordinance treats the following main topics:
1. Definition of aircraft by groups and categories

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2. Requirements for registration in the Swiss aircraft register, related to Swiss owner and/or
operator aircraft that are not in any other register

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3. Definition of aircraft documents to be carried on board.

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LFV is including the following nine parts:

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• Part 1: Aircraft

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• Part 2: Flying objects

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• Part 3: Aeronautical personnel

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• Part 5: Air traffic and rules

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• Part 6: Commercial air navigation

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• Part 7: Civil liability
• Part 8: Aeronautical information
• Part 9: Administrative regulations.

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Air navigation ordinance

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• Swiss government aircraft are considered to be military aircraft, the customs and cantonal or

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federal police or those that the Federal Council has expressly designated as such.
• Aircraft without passengers’ restrictions:

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1. The operation of airplanes with occupants, whose wing loading is less than 20 kg/m2 is
prohibited.

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2. The FOCA may grant individual permissions for test flights and other special cases.

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Registration marking may be rejected when the aircraft does not respond in a clear way to the
suitable Swiss flight attitude requirements, nor to disposals on environment protection

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• Registration of an aircraft must be requested by the aircraft owner

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Registration must contain, at least, the following data:

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1. a. Registration date

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2. b. Registration marking
3. c. Manufacturer

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4. d. Aircraft type
5. e. Organization serial production number
6. f. Name and address of the user.
• The FOCA brings to the aircraft owner a certificate confirming the registration.
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Aircraft maintenance personnel licenses and authorizations

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ordinance

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Aircraft maintenance personnel licenses and authorizations ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 - 748.127.2 -

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Verordnung Luftfahrzeug-Instandhaltepersonal, VLIp)

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• VLIp ordinance treats the aircraft maintenance personnel licenses and authorizations topic. VLIp current

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ordinance (issue 01/08/2008) is divided in the following chapters and sections:

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1. Chapter 1: Application field and definition

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2. Chapter 2: General rules relating to personnel licenses
3. Chapter 3: Special provisions relating to licenses and personal authorizations

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4. Chapter 4: Technical communications

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5. Chapter 5: Final provisions

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• The present agreement is intended for:
• a. Personnel authorized to certify (certifying staff)

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• b. Components

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• c. Personnel authorization
• d. Maintenance works
• e. Complex and non complex maintenance works
• f. Certificate of Readmission in Service (CRS)
• g. Maintenance documents
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Aircraft maintenance personnel licenses and authorizations

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Art. 5 Foreign licenses ordinance

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• Anyone who wishes to pursue a lasting activity subject to licensing must request a written authorization

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validation foreign to FOCA. This validation is issued for two years maximum, provided that the third
party to grant reciprocity

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Art. 6 License type and personal authorizations
• The FOCA issues the following permits maintenance personnel:

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a. Aircraft mechanic

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b. Specialist.
Art. 13 Examination results

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• The expert shall prepare a report on the conduct of the examination.

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• Tests that have not been passed may be repeated twice. The second and third examination is limited to

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those matters in which the candidate did not respond properly at least 75 percent of the questions in

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the first exam
• The FOCA establishes the period within which the candidate may reappear examination. Normally, this

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term is at least of three months.

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Art. 17 Duration of validity of license and authorization personnel
• The period of validity of the license and authorization is five years. On request, license and
authorization are from time to time extended by five years.

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Aircraft maintenance organization approvals ordinance

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Aircraft maintenance organization approvals ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 -

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748.127.4 - Verordnung Luftfahrzeug-Instandhaltungsbetriebe, VLIb)

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• VLIb ordinance treats the aircraft maintenance organization approvals topic.

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• VLIb current ordinance (issue 01/08/2008) is divided in the following sections:

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1. Section 1: General
2. Section 2: Maintenance licenses

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3. Section 3: Conditions for issuance of a maintenance license

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4. Section 4: Inspection of maintenance organization and maintenance license

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5. Section 5: Rights of maintenance organization
6. Section 6: Duties of maintenance organization

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7. Section 7: Final provisions

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Inspection of maintenance organization and maintenance license

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Art. 15 Maintenance organization examination
• 1. The FOCA, after receiving and checking the documentation referred to in art.8, make an

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inspection of the maintenance in the presence of a representative of the latter
• 2. The date of the inspection is scheduled by the FOCA

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• 3. The FOCA may call on external experts for inspection

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• 4. The results of the inspection shall be recorded and communicated to the applicant.
• 5. If the inspection shows that not all the conditions for the issuance of a license maintenance,

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the FOCA shall notify the applicant of the additional measures

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• 6. If the applicant fails to take the necessary measures within the time limit, the inspection is

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considered not exceeded.

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Art. 16 Maintenance license
• 1. If all conditions are met, the FOCA issue the maintenance license, as set out on the field or

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fields of activities permitted in accordance with the maintenance organization exposition
• 2. The maintenance license has unlimited duration.
• 3. The FOCA performs an inspection at least every 24 months for each organization according to
art.15 in order to verify compliance with the current requirements.

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Aircraft design and production organization approval ordinance

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Aircraft design and production organization approval ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR

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748 - 748.127.5 - Verordnung Luftfahrzeug-Herstellerbetriebe, VLHb)

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• VLHb ordinance treats about the aircraft design and production organization

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approval.

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• VLHb current ordinance (issue 01/08/2008) is divided in the following chapters:

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1. Chapter 1: General

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2. Chapter 2: Aircraft design and production organization

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3. Chapter 3: Other regulations, directives and communications

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4. Chapter 4: Final provisions

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Applicant prepares an exposition of the organization where disciplines:
• a. Organization of the design and production organization
• b. Execution, surveillance and certification of manufacture works.

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In the present regulation:

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• a. Design and production documentation: workshop drawings, parts list, description
of the processes for constructing products in accordance with the type, inspection

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reports, likewise technical communications and decisions from the FOCA

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• b. Products: aircraft, engines, propellers, aircraft parts and equipments
• c. Workshop certificate: acknowledgment that the product is accordant with design

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and production documentation.

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Validity of a design and production organization license:

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• Design and production organization license has unlimited duration

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• In particular cases, the FOCA may limit the period of validity.

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Aircraft airworthiness ordinance

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Aircraft airworthiness ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 - 748.215.1 - Verordnung

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Lufttüchtigkeit von Luftfahrzeugen, VLL)

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VLL ordinance treats the aircraft airworthiness matter.

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The current ordinance (issue 01/04/2011) is divided in the following chapters:

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1. Chapter 1: Application field and rules

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2. Chapter 2: Aircraft development and manufacturing
3. Chapter 3: Admission of aircraft

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4. Chapter 4: Admission of aircraft components and equipment

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5. Chapter 5: Assignment and other documentation

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6. Chapter 6: Continuing airworthiness

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7. Chapter 7: Modifies CT 02.020-60

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8. Chapter 8: Certificate of airworthiness for exportation
9. Chapter 9: Publication and duty to be informed
10. Chapter 10: Withdrawal of certificates and authorizations
11. Chapter 11: Final provisions.
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Art. 22 Documents to be carried

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on board

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In any aircraft admitted to

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circulation the following

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documents to be carried on board
and files must be found as the

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following table.

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Art. 25 Maintenance principles:

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a. Maintenance plans (Maintenance Review Board Reports/Documents) expected from the type
certificate and declared valid by the FOCA

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b. Operating limits assigned or recommended by the owner of the type certificate. In the single
case, the FOCA may assign exceptions and tolerances to operating limits (technical

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communications, art. 50)
c. Maintenance programs, work instructions, control sheets and repair instructions worked out by

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the owner of the type certificate; in the single case, the FOCA may assign exceptions and

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tolerances compared to what determined in the maintenance programs (Technical
communications, art. 50)

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d. Orders on airworthiness and other instructions issued by the FOCA

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e. Maintenance programs of air navigation industries approved by the FOCA.

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Art. 37 Certificate of Release to Service

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At the end of the maintenance work on aircraft and engines, propellers, parts of aircraft and
equipment that are mounted, a person authorized confirmed by a certificate of release to service

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Aircraft examination ordinance

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Aircraft examination ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 - 748.215.2 - Verordnung

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Prüfung von Luftfahrzeugen - VPL)
• This ordinance treats the aircraft examination topic. VPL current ordinance (issue

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01/08/2008) is divided in the following chapters:

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1. Chapter 1: Application field and rules

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2. Chapter 2: Extension of examination

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3. Chapter 3: Type of examination

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4. Chapter 4: Examination procedure

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Aircraft emissions ordinance

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Aircraft emissions ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 - 748.215.3 - Verordnung

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Emissionen von Luftfahrzeugen, VEL)

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• This ordinance treats the aircraft emissions topic.

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• VEL current ordinance (issue 01/08/2009) is divided in the following sections:

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1. Section 1: Emission limit values and noise certificates of aircraft registered in

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Switzerland

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2. Section 2: Operating restrictions for aircraft not registered in Switzerland

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3. Section 3: Final provisions

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Art. 3 Ecolight category aircraft

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• By derogation from section 10, paragraph 10.4 of Annex 16, Volume I of the Chicago Convention,
the noise level of airplanes in the category ecolight cannot exceed 65 dB (A)

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• The power of its engines, as measured on the engine actually installed on the aircraft concerned

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(installed capacity, power axis), must not exceed 90 kW (121 PS) under International Standard

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Atmosphere (International Standard Atmosphere, ISA)
• The aircraft of the category ecolight equipped with internal combustion engines must be able to

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work with unleaded fuel, according to Annex 5 of the Ordinance of 16 December 1985 against air

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pollution.

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Art. 5 Noise certificates

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• The FOCA issues the following certificates for aircraft noise that are not certified as required by

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the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1702/2003 or Annex 16, Volume I, of the Chicago

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Convention:

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• 1. In the case of aircraft, a noise certificate in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 6 or
Chapter 10, of annex 16, Volume I, of the Chicago Convention
• 2. In the case of helicopters, a noise certificate in accordance with the requirements of Chapter
11 of Annex 16, Volume I, of the Chicago Convention.
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Aircraft registration ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 - 748.216.1 - Verordnung Kennzeichen

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der Luftfahrzeuge, VKZ)
• This ordinance treats the aircraft registration marking. VKZ current ordinance (issue

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01/04/2011) is divided into the following sections:

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1. Section 1: Aircraft marking of registered aircraft

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2. Section 2: Aircraft marking of not-registered aircraft

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3. Section 3: Final provisions.

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Section 1: Aircraft marking of registered aircraft

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Art. 1 Registration

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Art. 2 Mark of nationality

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Art. 3 Aircraft registration marking
(The letters HB, three letters and the Swiss confederation flag)

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Art. 4 Identification
Art. 5 Affixing the letters and the numbers
Art. 6 Affixing the emblem (Swiss flag)
Art. 7 Affixing the registration on aircraft, motor sailplanes, gliders and airships
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Art. 8 Affixing the registration on balloons

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Art. 9 Affixing the registration on other aircraft
Art. 10 Special cases

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Art 11
• 1. All aircraft except gliders will be equipped with a plate of identification

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• 2. The identification plate shall be of a material whose melting point is higher than 1300°C

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• 3. The identification plate will measure 10 cm long and 3 inches wide, and will show the letters HB
and the registration marks of a

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• 4. The identification plate must be visible and set near the entrance or in the tail of a fixed part of

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the aircraft.

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• 5. On the balloons, the plate is fixed to the basket.

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Section 2: Aircraft marking of not-registered aircraft

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• Art. 11a Hang gliders

Section 3: Final provisions:


• Art. 12 Repeal of existing legislation, Art. 13 Transitional provisions, Art. 14 Entering into force
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