Sample Theory & Que. - UGC NET GP-1 Data Interpretation (UNIT-7) PDF

UGC NET
General Paper On Teaching &

Research Aptitude
SAMPLE
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General Paper-I (Sample Theory)
Data Interpretation
1. DATA INTERPRETATION
Data is Information in raw or unorganised form (such as alphabets, numbers, or Symbols) or

represent, conditions, ideas or objects. It is limitless and present everywhere in the universe.
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest,
in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The data collection component of research is common to all fields
of study including physical and social sciences, humanities, business, etc. While methods vary by
discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same.
Data Acquisition and Processing
Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions
and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer.
Data acquisition systems, abbreviated by the acronyms DAS or DAQ, typically convert analogy waveforms
into digital values for processing. The components of data acquisition systems include:
 Sensors, to convert physical parameters to electrical signals.
 Signal conditioning circuitry, to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted
to digital values.
 Ana log-to-digital converters, to convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values.
Data processing is simply the conversion of raw data to meaningful information through a
process. It is the series of operations that are carried out on data, especially by computers, in order
to present, interpret, or obtain information.
Steps of Data Acquisition and Processing
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Sources of Data
Normally we can gather data from two sources namely primary and secondary. Data gathered
through perception or questionnaire review in a characteristic setting are illustrations of data obtained
in an uncontrolled situation. Secondary data is the data acquired from optional sources like magazines,
books, documents, journals, reports, the web and more. The chart below describes the flow of the
sources of data collection.
Primary data is the data collected by the researcher themselves, i.e.
1. interview
2. observation
3. action research
4. case studies
5. life histories
6. questionnaires
7. ethnographic research
8. longitudinal studies
Secondary sources are data that already exists
1. Previous research
2. Official statistics
3. Mass media products
4. Diaries
5. Letters
6. Government reports
7. Web information
8. Historical data and information
The importance of ensuring accurate and appropriate data collection
Regardless of the field of study or preference for defining data (quantitative, qualitative), accurate
data collection is essential to maintaining the integrity of research. Both the selection of appropriate data
collection instruments (existing, modified, or newly developed) and clearly delineated instructions for
their correct use reduce the likelihood of errors occurring.
Consequences from improperly collected data include
 Inability to answer research questions accurately
 Inability to repeat and validate the study
 Distorted findings resulting in wasted resources
 Misleading other researchers to pursue fruitless avenues of investigation
 Compromising decisions for public policy
 Causing harm to human participants and animal subjects

Quick Facts Examples

Requires use of statistical analysis An evaluator may wish to measure
Variables can be identified and relationships the knowledge of social skills
measured amongst program participants.
Quantitative Counted or expressed numerically He/she may administer surveys to
Data Often perceived as a more objective method of participants to test their knowledge
data analysis of these social skills.
Typically collected with surveys or questionnaires
Often represented visually using graphs or charts
Examines non-numerical data for patterns and Evaluators may wish to look at the
meanings level of engagement of after school
Often described as being more "rich" than staff in program trainings. He/she
quantitative data might conduct interviews of these
Quanlitative
Is gathered and analyzed by an individual, it can staff members to capture the level
Data
be more subjective of engagement that each staff
Can be collected through methods such as member feels they have during the
observation techniques, focus groups, interviews, trainings.
and case studies
May increase the validity of your evaluation You may administer a survey to
May explain unexpected results obtained using participants which solicits answers
only one approach (quantitative or qualitative) that are eligible for statistical
Mixed
Help you capture both process and outcome analysis as well as conduct a
Methods
results focus group with a sampling of
Data
May strengthen you analysis participants to capture any
nuances the survey may have
missed.
Classification of Data
According to Secrist, “Classification is the process of arranging data into sequences and
groups according to their common characteristics”.
In other words, classification of data is the process of organizing data into groups according to
various parameters. The most crucial parameter is the similarities that exist among data.
For example, the number of students who have registered for a sports event can be classified
on the following basis :
 Gender
 Age
 Weight
 Height
 Institutions/Colleges
 Sports played by them etc.
Functions of Classification of Data
Classifying data have the following functions :
Studying Relations : Classifying the collected data helps analyse and study the relationships
between them. Moreover, the organization of statistical data can enable effective decision making.
Condense the Data : Sometimes the data collected for statistical manipulations are wide and
raw. In order to make decisions based on the data, it is crucial to make the data more comprehensive.
This can be done with the help of tabulation. Hence, classifying the data provides a condensed form of
it that can be easily comprehensible.

Treatment of Data : Data collected from various sources is meaningless by itself. The data so
collected should undergo manipulation in order to be useful for decision making. It becomes difficult to
treat raw and unclassified data and is hence important to classify the data before doing so. Classification
of data helps facilitate the statistical treatment of the data.
Comparisons : Wide, raw and unclassified data is impossible to deal with and arrive at any
conclusion. Conclusions cannot be arrived at without treating the data and making a statistical analysis.
Hence, classified/organized/tabulated data enables analysts to make meaningful comparisons on various
criteria.
Rules For Classifying Data
Classification of the collected data is a very important technique while performing statistical
treatments. It is all the more important to remember the rules of classifying the data. These rules form
the backbone and act as guiding principles for well-classified data. These rules are mentioned below :
Unambiguous : The classes should be rigid and unambiguous (clear). An unclear classification
can have severe consequences and can also impact all further statistical treatments.
Exhaustive : Every classified data must be exhaustive in the sense that they should belong to
one of the classes or categories.
Stability : In order to facilitate effective comparisons of data, it is important that the classified
data are stable. Classified data should be stable in the sense that the same classification pattern must
be adopted throughout the analysis. Adopting different classification techniques for the same analysis
would lead to ambiguity.
Suitable for The Purpose : it is crucial to remember the objective of the report or analysis while
classifying data. Avoid classifying the data in a manner that does not suit the purpose of the inquiry.
Flexibility : It is important to classify data in a manner that allows future modification. Due to
changing conditions, there may arise the need to change the statistical methods and data classifications.
In such a situation, a flexible classification of data would solve many issues.
Representation of Data
A graph is the representation of data by using graphical symbols such as lines, bars, pie
slices, dots etc. A graph does represent a numerical data in the form of a qualitative structure and
provides important information. Let us go ahead and study about various types of graphical
representations of the data.
The data describe the properties of the phenomena they represent. They are collected from a
variety of sources. The geographers, economists, resource scientists and the decision makers use a lot
of data these days. Besides the tabular form, the data may also be presented in some graphic or
diagrammatic form. The transformation of data through visual methods like graphs, diagrams, maps and
charts is called representation of data. Such a form of the presentation of data makes it easy to understand
the patterns of population growth, distribution and the density, sex ratio, age–sex composition, occupational
structure, etc. within a geographical territory. There is a Chinese proverb that ‘a picture is equivalent to
thousands of words’. Hence, the graphic method of the representation of data enhances our understanding,
and makes the comparisons easy. Besides, such methods create an imprint on mind for a longer time.
General Rules for Drawing Graphs, Diagrams and Maps
1. Selection of a Suitable Method
2. Selection of Suitable Scale
3. Design
 Title : The title of the diagram/map indicates the name of the area, reference year of the
data used and the caption of the diagram.
 Legend : A legend or index is an important component of any diagram/map. It explains
the colours, shades, symbols and signs used in the map and diagram.
 Direction : The maps, being a representation of the part of the earth’s surface, need be
oriented to the directions.
Mapping of Data
Representation of Data by Maps is Called Mapping. They are used to represent data may be
shown either by points or crossing or writing the actual figure. The road, tank , school, post office etc.
Data mapping in its simplest term is to map source data fields to their related target data fields. For
example the value of let’s say a source data field A goes into a target data field X. Data Mapping tools
allow developers to code these conversion rules to achieve the expected target output.
Data Mapping Specifications are particularly valuable in the following types of projects :
 Data Migration : When source data is migrated to a new target data repository.
 Data Integration : When source data is sent to a target data repository on a regular
basis and the two data sources do not share a common data model. The integration can happen hourly,
daily, weekly, monthly, or even in real-time as is typically required for a system integration.
Types of Data Interpretation
Data interpretation is divided into two major parts:
(A) Table
(B) Graphs and Diagrams
(A) Table : Tables are often used in reports, magazines and newspaper to present a set of
numerical facts. They enable the reader to make comparisons and to draw quick conclusions. It is one
of the easiest and most accurate ways of presenting data. They require much closer reading than graphs
of charts and hence are difficult and time consuming to interpret. One of the main purposes of tables
is to make complicated information easier to understand. The advantage of presenting data in a table
is that one can see the information at a glance. While answering questions based on tables, carefully
read the table title and the column headings. The title of the table gives you a general idea of the type
and often the purpose of the information presented. The column headings tell you the specific kind of
information given in that column. Both the table title and the column headings are usually very straight
forward. In the table zero is represented by 0. A symbol of dash (-) or blank should never be interpreted
as zero. It just represents that the corresponding data are missing.
(a) Head Note : Usually, the head note specifies the unit of the measurement of the table.
(b) Title of The Table : The description of the contents of the table is given by the title. It
precisely defines the kind of data and the period for which they occurred.
(c) Heading of The Column : The information contained in the various columns is defined by
the heading of the column. In some cases, it also specifies the unit of measurement.
(d) Foot Note : To point out any exceptions in arriving at the data, Foot Notes are used.
(B) Graphs and Diagrams : In report the most of selecting and representation data in form of :
 Bar Chart
 Multi- Range Bar Chart
 Stacked Bar Chart
 Gantt Chart
 Histrogram
 Line Chart
 Pie Chart
 Polygraphs
 Maps
 Pictograms
 Flowchart and organizational chart
We select one that best communicates Visual aids to understand for reader.

Bar Charts
The simple bar chart (also called Single – Range bar chart) is an effective graphic device for
quantities. The length of the bars whether they are horizontal or vertical, indicates quantity as shown
as figure.
Fig. : Simple Bar Chart

Multi – Range Bar Chart
The Multi Range bar chart also called comparative or cluster bar chart is useful for expressing
data that change over time, the multiple range bar chart is especially effective in comparing more than
one quantity (set of data) at h point along the x-axis, figure above compare the frequency of reported
injuries at three plants over an entire year
Fig. : Multiple-Range Bar Chart is Useful for Comparing More than One Quantity over Time
Stacked Bar Chart
The stacked–bar chart also called segment bar chart. It shows different facts (Components)
contribute to a total figure. This graphics is particularly useful when components for more than one
period are being compared.

Fig. : Stacked-Bar Chart Shows How Proportional Relationships Change Over

Time Results of Operations : Fiscal Year, 1989-1992
Gantt Chart
Gantt chart is a type of the Bar Chart that shows the start and finish dates of several elements
of the project and defining several elements of a project. A Gantt Chart is a horizontal bar chart that
graphically displays time relationship. Time is displayed on the horizontal axis and tasks are shown on
the vertical axis. Gantt charts were developed by mechanical engineer Henry Gantt. The reason is
that they are simple and intuitive to create and use, but display a considerable amount of information
at a glance.
In difficult operation we provide a useful tool for planning, allocating and schedule resources it
is particularly valuable in scheduling because any graphs in a in a schedule are very conspicuous. If
the operations have more than one Phase a Gantt chart can be invaluable.
PREPARADE PRADE GAME PARTY POST PARTY

24.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
Time
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
1.00
2.00
CROWD CROWD
Unit 1
CONTROL CONTROL
Unit 2 CROWD CONTROL
TRAFFIC CROWD
Unit 3
CONTROL CONTROL
TRAFFIC CROWD
Unit 4
CONTROL CONTROL
Fig. : Gantt Chart for Scheduling Activities Schedule of Duties for New Year’s Day Festivities

Histogram
A histogram is a graphical representation that organizes a group of data points into user-
specified ranges. It is similar in appearance to a bar graph. The histogram condenses a data series
into an easily interpreted visual by taking many data points and grouping them into logical ranges or
bins.
Mean : The mean (or average) of a set of data values is the sum of all of the data values
divided by the number of data values.
Sum of all data values x1  x 2  ...  xn

Mean(x)  
Number of data values n
For example, if we want to find the mean of the data set 5, 6, 2, 4, 7, 8, 3, 5, 6, 6. Then it can
be calculated as
x1  x 2  ...  x n 5  6  2  4  7  8  3  5  6  6 52
Mean(x)     5.2.
n 10 10
Median : The median of a set of data values is the middle value of the data set when it has been
arranged in ascending order. That is, from the smallest value to the highest value. If we denote ordered
observations (arranged in increasing order) by x(1), x(2), x(n), then median of available observations is:
 x  n1 ; n is odd,
  2 

Median   x n  x n
   
  2   1
2 
 ; n is even.
 2
1
If the number of values in the data set is odd then the median = (n + 1), where n is the number
2
of data values in the sample.
If the number of values in the data set is even, then the median is the average of the two middle
values.
For example, if we want to find the median of the following data set: 12 18 16 21 10 13 17 19.
Then it can be calculated as:
Arrange the data values in order from the lowest value to the highest value:
10 12 13 16 17 18 19 21
The number of values in the data set is 8, which is even. So, the median is the average of the
two middle values.
4 th data value  5 th data value 16  17 33

Median     16.5.
2 2 2
Mode : The mode of a set of data values is the value(s) that occurs most often. It is represented
by MO.
For example, if we want to find the mode of the following distribution: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5.
Here, MO = 4, which occurs three times in the data set.
Important facts
If a group has two or more scores with the same frequency and that frequency is the maximum,
the distribution is bimodal or multimodal, that is to say, it has several modes.
For example, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 7, 8, 9, 9, 9.
Here, MO = 1, 5, 9, which occur the same in number. So, it is the bimodal.
When the scores of a group all have the same frequency, there is no mode.
For example, if we take the following data set: 2, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 9, 9.
If two adjacent values are the maximum frequency, the average of the two adjacent scores is the
mode.
For example, 0, 1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 8. Here, MO = 4.
Histograms vs Bar Charts
 In bar graphs, each bar represents one value or category. On the other hand in a
histogram, each bar will represent a continuous data
 In a bar graph, the x-axis need not always be a numerical value. It can also be a
category. However, in a histogram, the X-axis is always quantitative data and it is
continuous data.
 Due to the above factor, a histogram can be observed for its skewness i.e. a pattern
or tendency of data to fall in more on the low end or high end etc. Same cannot be
done for a bar chart
Line Chart
Line chart show only the total amount for a time period. It indicates the variation of a quantity with
respect to two parameters calibrated on x-axis and Y- axis parameters. These are very useful for
determining the trends and rates of changes.
When constructing line chart follow general guideline.
 Use the vertical axis for amount and the horizontal axis for time.
 Begin the vertical axis at zero.
 Divide the vertical and horizontal scales into equal increments.
35
30
25
Millions of Units
20
15
10
5
0
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June

Fig. : Line Chart Expresses Changes Over Time
Northridge Industries : Budgeted and Actual Sales Volume Six Months Ended June 30, 1993
Fig. : Area Chart Shows How Proportional Relationship Change Over Time

Pie Chart
As the name indicates, the whole is represented as pie, with the parts becoming Slices of the
pie. Pie charts are effective for showing percentage (parts of a whole) but they are ineffective in showing
quantities totals or comparisons.
We draw a circle of any radius to represent the data by a pie chart. The total angle at the centre
of the circle is 360o.
The following formula can be used to calculate the angle of each item.
Value of item
Angle of item   360o
Total value
Angles in the circle may be organised in increasing or decreasing. Various sectors of pie diagrams
should be coloured or shaded in different pattern.
Construct of Pie Chart
Polygraph
Poly graph is a line graph in which two or more than two variables are shown on a same diagram
by different lines. It helps comprising the data such as growth rate of GDP, sex ratio, death rates and
life expectancy.
Pictograms
Pictograms use Pictures to illustrate numerical relationship. It is a way of representing statistical
data using symbolic figures to match the frequencies of different kinds of data. It is necessary to insure
that all symbols are of same size so that true relationships are not distorted.
For Example
The pictograph shows the number of varieties of apples stored at a supermarket.

Flow Chart and Organization Chart

A flowchart and organization chart is a powerful business tool. With proper design and construction,
it communicates the steps in a process very effectively and efficiently. If we need to show physical or
conceptual Relationships rather than numerical information. We might want to use a flow chart or an
organization chart.
Flow Chart Symbols
Maps
Maps help readers visualize geographic relationships which useful provide information about
location of home, office, retail stores, within geographically region.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
Directions (Q. 1 to 5) : Answer the questions based on the following Information
Are based on the following table Growth & Pattern of Company Expenditure. (In Rs. Lakhs)
Revenue
Year Capital Expenditure Total Expenditure
Expenditure
2010-11 492.65 288.75 781.40
2011-12 704.10 435.90 1140.00
2012-13 1090.36 732.941 1823.30
2013-14 1992.24 2324.26 4316.50
2014-15 3489.90 2783.60 6273.50
2015-16 4011.54 4448.96 8460.50
2016-17 13766.35 5847.65 9614.00
1. The year during which the percentage of capital Expenditure is largest is
(A) 2012-13 (B) 2016-17
(C) 2013-14 (D) 2010-11.
Sol. (C) Percentage of capital expenditure = (2324.26)/(4316.50) × 100 = 53.85 % during 2013-14.
2. The percentage increase in revenue expenditure over the period is most nearly.
(A) 27% (B) 269%
(C) 2600% (D) 2700%
Sol. (D) Percentage increase between 2010-11 and 2016-17
[(13766.35 – 492.65) / 492.65] × 100
= 2694.35 or 2700 % ( Approx.)
3. The maximum Percentage increases in the Total Expenditure between successive year is–
(A) 136.74% (B) 34.86%
(C) 45.89% (D) 45.34%
Sol. (A) 2013 -14 = [(4316.5 – 1823.3)/1823.3] × 100 = 136.74 %
4. The least difference between revenue and capital expenditure is—

(A) Rs. 200 Lakhs (B) Rs. 268.2 Lakhs
(C) 332.02 Lakhs (D) Rs. 203.9 Lakhs
Sol. (D) 2010 -11 = 492.65 – 288.75 = 203.9 lakhs
5. Which of the following Statement is true ?

(A) Both Revenue and Capital expenditure increases by the same percentage over the period.
(B) The year during which the percentage of revenue expenditure is the least is 2013-14.
(C) Throughout the period revenue expenditure is greater than capital expenditure.
(D) None of these
Sol. (C)
Directions(Q. 6 to 10) : Answer the questions based on the following Information

Annual Dividend offered by two companies over the years.
6. Ram Prasad Invested total amount of Rs. 25,000 in 2011 for one year in two companies together
and got a total dividend of Rs. 3340. What was the amount invested in company A ?
(A) Rs. 12,000 (B) Rs. 9,000
(C) Rs. 16,000 (D) None of these
Sol. (B) Suppose Ram Prasad invested Rs. x in company A

x  14  2500  x 
+  × 13 = 3340
100  100 
14x 13x
+ 3250 – = 3340
100 100
x
OR = 90 or x = 9000 Rs.
100
7. Vinay invested Rs. 35,000 in company B in 2013. After one year she transferred the entire
amount with dividend to company A in 2014 for one year. What amount will be received back by
Vinay including dividend ?
(A) Rs. 49,980 (B) Rs. 49,000
(C) Rs. 48,300 (D) Rs. 49563.50
(E) None of these
Sol. (A) Amount of dividend received by Vinay in 2013 from Company-B.
35000  19
= 6650
100
Total amount invested by Vinay in 2014 from Company-A.
35000 + 6650 = 41650
Required Amount
120
= 41650 × = 49980 Rs.
100
8. A amount of Rs. 18,000 was invested in company A in 2014. After one year the same amount
was re-invested for one more year. What was the total dividend received at the end of two years?
(A) Rs. 5805 (B) Rs. 7063.20
(C) Rs. 6480 (D) Rs. 6840
(E) None of these
Sol. (E) Total Dividend
 20 15 
= 18000 ×    = 6300 Rs.
 100 100 
9. Rajan invested different amounts in companies A and B in 2017 in the ratio of 5 :8. What will be
the ratio between amounts of dividends received from companies A and B respectively ?
(A) Rs. 2 : 3 (B) 5: 6
(C) 3: 4 (D) Cannot be determined
(E) None of these
Sol. (C) Required Ratio
5  12 60 3
= = = or 3 : 4
8  10 80 4

10. In the year 2016 Rohini invested Rs. 56,000 in company B. How much More or less dividends
would she received, had the amount been invested in company A ?
(A) Rs. 1640 more (B) Rs. 1640 less
(C) Rs. 1860 less (D) Rs. 1680 more
(E) None of these
Sol. (D) Rohini will get fewer dividends in 2016 from Company A than from B.
56000  16  13 
Req. Less amount = = 1680 Rs.
100
Directions (Q. 11 to 15) : Answer the questions based on the following Information
The gross investments of Life Insurance Corporation of India in different sectors are shown in
the pie chart below Answer questions on the basis of the, information given.
11. The percentage of gross investment in state government securities is nearly :

(A) 9.2% (B) 8.6%
(C) 7.8% (D) 7.1%
Sol. (D) State Govt. Securities = 110 Crore,
Gross Investment = (454 + 183 + 107 + 458 + 227 + 110) = 1539 Crore
110
% of gross investment in state govt. is =  100 = 7.1
1539
12. The magnitude of angel AOC is nearly :

(A) 123 (B) 132
(C) 126 (D) 115
565
Sol. (B) AOC = × 360° = 132.1 = 132
1539
13. The investment in socially oriented sectors (plan and non-plan) is _____ than the investment in
government securities (central and state) by ______
(A) More, 4 crore (B) More, 1 crore
(C) More, 111 crore (D) Less, 106 crore
Sol. (B) The investment in socially oriented sectors plan and Non Plan = 565 Crore …(1)
Investment in govt. Securities in control and State 564 Crore …(2)
(1) is more than (2) by 1 Crore.
14. The investment in Private sector is nearly _______ percent higher than the investment in state
Government securities ?
(A) 66% (B) 54%
(C) 46% (D) 40%
Sol. (A) Investment in Private Sector = 183 Crore which is higher than the govt. investment
securities by 73 Crore
(183  110) 7300
P% =  100 = = 66%
110 110
15. The ratio of the area of the circle above COF to the area of the circle below it is nearly–
(A) 1 (B) 0 .966
(C) 0.94 (D) 0 .92
Area of the Circle above COF 747
Sol. (C) Area of the Circle below COF = 792 = 0.94
Directions (Q.16 to 19) : Answer the questions based on the following Information
Directions : Study the following graph carefully and answer the questions:
16. What is the percentage difference of the production of toys for the month of May as regard the
production for the month march and July taken together ?
(A) 2.8% (B) 3.8%
(C) 2.5% (D) 7%
Sol. (A) May  3700
March and July  1300 + 2300 = 3600
3700  3600
Percentage difference = × 100 = 2.8%
3600
17. How many months have production more than the average production for the given period ?
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) None of these
Sol. (C) 3
2300  3400  3700  2900  1300  2400  1700

Average production =  2528.57
7

18. By how much is the average production of the last four month more than the average production
of the first three months ?
(A) 2000 (B) 1742
(C) 2545 (D) 1275
Sol. (D) So these are three Month (April, May, June) which have shown More production of toys
then the average production.
Reg. value
2900  3700  3400  2300 1700  2400  1300
= –
4 3
= 3075 – 1800 = 1275
19. What is the average production for the given period ?

(A) 2745.71 (B) 2528.57
(C) 2888.42 (D) 25,271
Sol. (B) Average Production for the given period
1700  2400  1300  2900  3700  3400  2300
= 2528.57
7
Directions (Q.20 to 24) : Answer the questions based on the following Information
Refer to the graph shown below :
In millions
250
212
200 Population
180
135 152
150
123
106
92
100
76
50
0
1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
20. What is the approximates percentage increase in population from 1941 to 2011 :
(A) 250% (B) 180%
(C) 110% (D) 67%
Sol. (B) Population in 1941 was 76 million and in 2011 was 212 million. Hence percentage increases
212  76
is  100  178.94  180%
76
21. In how many years after 1941 did the population double ?
(A) 20 (B) 30
(C) 40 (D) 50
Sol. (D) Population in 1941 was 76 million. Double of this i.e. 152 million was 1991 i.e. in 50 year.

22. The largest Increase in Population was in the decade ending in the year
(A) 2011 (B) 2001
(C) 1991 (D) 1981
Sol. (A) Largest increase in population was from 2001 to 2011 was 32 million. Hence the decade
ending 2011 is the correct answer.
23. The smallest increase in Population was in the ending :

(A) 2001 (B) 1991
(C) 1981 (D) 1971
Sol. (C) The smallest increase in population was in the decade 1971 to 1981. Hence 1981 is the
correct answer.
24. The ratio of Population in 2001 to 1981 is approximately :

(A) 6: 8 (B) 4: 3
(C) 2: 3 (D) 3: 2
Sol. (B) Population in 2001 was 180 million and 1981 was 135 million.
Hence the ratio is 180 : 135 = 4 : 3

General Paper-I (Sample Questions)
Sample Questions With Solutions
Direction (1-5) : Study the following line graph and answer the questions
Exports from Three Companies Over the Years (in Rs. crore)
1. For which of the following pairs of years the total exports from the three Companies together are
equal ?
(A) 1995 and 1998 (B) 1996 and 1998
(C) 1997 and 1998 (D) 1995 and 1996
2. Average annual exports during the given period for Company Y is approximately what percent of
the average annual exports for Company Z ?
(A) 87.12% (B) 89.64%
(C) 91.21% (D) 93.33%
3. In which year was the difference between the exports from Companies X and Y the minimum ?
(A) 1994 (B) 1995
(C) 1996 (D) 1997
4. What was the difference between the average exports of the three Companies in 1993 and the
average exports in 1998 ?
(A) Rs. 15.33 crores (B) Rs. 18.67 crores
(C) Rs. 20 crores (D) Rs. 22.17 crores
5. In how many of the given years, were the exports from Company Z more than the average annual
exports over the given years ?
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 5
Direction (6-10) : The following pie-chart shows the percentage distribution of the expenditure incurred
in publishing a book. Study the pie-chart and the answer the questions based on it.Various Expenditures
(in percentage) Incurred in Publishing a Book
6. If for a certain quantity of books, the publisher has to pay Rs. 30,600 as printing cost, then what
will be amount of royalty to be paid for these books ?
(A) Rs. 19,450 (B) Rs. 21,200
(C) Rs. 22,950 (D) Rs. 26,150
7. What is the central angle of the sector corresponding to the expenditure incurred on Royalty ?
(A) 15º (B) 24º
(C) 54º (D) 48º
8. The price of the book is marked 20% above the C.P. If the marked price of the book is Rs. 180,
then what is the cost of the paper used in a single copy of the book ?
(A) Rs. 36 (B) Rs. 37.50
(C) Rs. 42 (D) Rs. 44.25
9. If 5500 copies are published and the transportation cost on them amounts to Rs. 82500, then
what should be the selling price of the book so that the publisher can earn a profit of 25% ?
(A) Rs. 187.50 (B) Rs. 191.50
(C) Rs. 175.00 (D) Rs. 180.00
10. Royalty on the book is less than the printing cost by :

(A) 5.0% (B) 33.5%
(C) 20.0% (D) 25.0%
ANSWER KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D C C C C C B A D

SOLUTIONS
1. (D) Total exports of the three Companies X, Y and Z together, during various years are :
In 1993 = Rs. (30 + 80 + 60) crores = Rs. 170 crores.
Clearly, the total exports of the three Companies X, Y and Z together are same during the
years 1995 and 1996.
2. (D) Analysis of the graph : From the graph it is clear that
1. The amount of exports of Company X (in crore Rs.) in the years 1993, 1994, 1995,
1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 are 30, 60, 40, 70, 100, 50 and 120 respectively.
2. The amount of exports of Company Y (in crore Rs.) in the years 1993, 1994, 1995,
1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 are 80, 40, 60, 60, 80, 100 and 140 respectively.
3. The amount of exports of Company Z (in crore Rs.) in the years 1993, 1994, 1995,
1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 are 60, 90,, 120, 90, 60, 80 and 100 respectively.
Average annual exports (in Rs. crore) of Company Y during the given period
1 560
= × (80 + 40 + 60 + 60 + 80 + 100 + 140) = = 80.
7 7
Average annual exports (in Rs. crore) of Company Z during the given period
1  600 
= × (60 + 90 + 120 + 90 + 60 + 80 + 100) =  .
7  7 
 
 80 
 Required percentage =   100  %  93.33%.
  600  
  7  
 
3. (C) The difference between the exports from the Companies X and Y during the various years
are:
In 1993 = Rs. (80 – 30) crores = Rs. 50 crores.
Clearly, the difference is minimum in the year 1996.
4. (C) Average exports of the three Companies X, Y and Z in 1993
1   170 
= Rs.   (30  80  60) crores = Rs.   crores.
3   3 

Average exports of the three Companies X, Y and Z in 1998
1   230 
= Rs.   (50  100  80) crores = Rs.   crores.
3   3 
 230   170  
Difference = Rs.     crores
 3   3  
 60 
= Rs.   crores
 3 
= Rs. 20 crores.
5. (C) Average annual exports of Company Z during the given period
1
= × (60 + 90 + 120 + 90 + 60 + 80 + 100)
7
 600 
= Rs.   crores
 7 
= Rs. 85.71 crores.
From the analysis of graph the exports of Company Z are more than the average annual
exports of Company Z (i.e., Rs. 85.71 crores) during the years 1994, 1995, 1996 and
1999.
6. (C) Let the amount of Royalty to be paid for these books be Rs. r
Then, 20 : 15 = 30600:r
30600  15
r = Rs. = Rs. 22,950.
20
7. (C) Central angle corresponding to Royalty
= 15% of 360º
15
= × 360° = 54º.
100
8. (B) Clearly, marked price of the book = 120% of C.P.
Also, cost of paper = 25% of C.P
Let the cost of paper for a single book be Rs. n.
Then, 120 : 25 = 180 : n
25  180
n = Rs. = Rs. 37.50
120
9. (A) For the publisher to earn a profit of 25%, S.P. = 125% of C.P.
Also Transportation Cost = 10% of C.P.
Let the S.P. of 5500 books be Rs. x.
Then, 10 : 125 = 82500 : x
125  82500
x = Rs. = Rs. 1031250.
10
S.P. of one book
1031250
= Rs. = Rs. 187.50
5500

10. (D) Printing Cost of book = 20% of C.P.

Royalty on book = 15% of C.P.
Difference = (20% of C.P.) – (15% of C.P) = 5% of C.P.
Percentage difference
Difference
= × 100%
Pr int ing Cost
5
= × 100%
20
= 25%.

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General Paper On Teaching &

Data is Information in raw or unorganised form (such as alphabets, numbers, or Symbols) or

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Quick Facts Examples

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Fig. : Simple Bar Chart

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Fig. : Stacked-Bar Chart Shows How Proportional Relationships Change Over

PREPARADE PRADE GAME PARTY POST PARTY

Unit 2 CROWD CONTROL

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Sum of all data values x1  x 2  ...  xn

4 th data value  5 th data value 16  17 33

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June

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Flow Chart and Organization Chart

4. The least difference between revenue and capital expenditure is—

5. Which of the following Statement is true ?

Directions(Q. 6 to 10) : Answer the questions based on the following Information

Sol. (B) Suppose Ram Prasad invested Rs. x in company A

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11. The percentage of gross investment in state government securities is nearly :

12. The magnitude of angel AOC is nearly :

2300  3400  3700  2900  1300  2400  1700

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19. What is the average production for the given period ?

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23. The smallest increase in Population was in the ending :

24. The ratio of Population in 2001 to 1981 is approximately :

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Sample Questions With Solutions

10. Royalty on the book is less than the printing cost by :

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Average exports of the three Companies X, Y and Z in 1998

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10. (D) Printing Cost of book = 20% of C.P.

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