CHAPTER 1 :

Fundamental Operation
of Arithmetic
1.1 Fraction
1.2 Ratio and Proportion
1.3 Percentage
1.1 FRACTION WHAT IS
FRACTION?

 Two numbers separated by a horizontal or

sloping line.
2 Numerator, N
 E.g. Two seventh = 2/7 =
7 Denominator, D
Types of fraction
Types Definition Examples

Proper fraction Numerator < denominator

Improper fraction Numerator = or >

denominator
Mixed fractions Whole number + common
fraction
Equivalent fractions Two fractions that have
equals values
1.1 FRACTION Conversion
improper to
mixed

IMPROPER MIXED
Divide N by D as far as possible Multiply the whole number by D,
and express remainder as a proper fraction add N. Place the total over N.
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
1. ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
Same Denominators
 Just add / minus the numerator

Different Denominators
 Find a common denominator, then add / minus and
simplified the answer to the lowest term.
 Example: Evaluate the followings; a) 1 + 3 + 6
5 5 5
3 1
b) +
7 5
2 2
c) −
5 3
3 2
d) 2 + 5
4 5
PRACTICE 1
1. Add together : 2. Subtract the following:
2 1 2 1
a) + a) −
3 5 3 4
5 1 3 2
b) + b) −
8 9 4 5
3 2 1 7 1
c) + + c) 5 −3
8 5 3 16 3
2 3 1 3
d) 3 + 4 d) 5 − 2
3 5 3 4
1 1 1 1 3
e) 5 + 4 + 3 e) 7 − 3
2 3 5
2 5
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
2. MULTIPLICATION 3. DIVISION
 Product of the numerators  Invert the divisor and
divide by the product of the change the division sign to
denominators. multiplication.
p r p×r
× = p r p s p× s
q s q×s
÷ = × =
q s q r q× r
 Can be simplified if possible
before multiplying.
 Mixed fractions have to be
converted into improper
fractions before multiply.
PRACTICE 2
Calculate each of the following:
5 4 1 3
1) × 6)1 ÷
8 7 8 4
5 2 1  1 2
2) ÷ 7) ÷ 1 × 
6 3 4  8 5
1 3  7 2 2
3) × 8) 1 × 2  − 3
4 5  8 5 5
3 5 2 2 1 1
4) 1 × 9) ×  −  +
4 8 5 3 4  2
7 3
5) ÷  2 1 4
8 4 10)  2 + 1  ÷ 5
 3 5 5
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
4. POWERS 5. SQUARE ROOTS
 Raise both the numerator &  Invert the divisor and
the denominator to that change the division sign to
power.  a  n a n multiplication. a a
  = n =
b b b b

Example; 16 = 16 = 4
3
 Example;  2  = 23 = 8 
5 5 3
125 81 81 9
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
6. PRACTICAL APPLICATION
 A girl spends 3/4 of her pocket money and has 90cents left. How
much did she have to start with? 3 1
1 − = = 90 cents
4 4
1 = 4 × 90 = 360 cents
∴ The girl had RM 3.60 to start with.

 A group, of school children went to a hamburger bar, 2/5 of them bought

hamburgers only, 1/4 bought chips only and the remainder bought drinks only
 What fraction bought food?
 What fraction bought drinks? 1)Food =
2 1 13
+ 2)Drink = 1 −
5 4 20
8 + 5 13 20 − 13 7
= = = =
20 20 20 20
PRACTICE 3
1. Jane takes 5 ¾ minutes to iron a blouse. How
many blouses can she iron in 23 minutes?
2. The profit of a business are RM 29 000. It is
shared between two partners A & B. If A
receives 9/20 of the profits, how much money
does B receive?
3. A man sells his car for RM 16 200 and as a
result, loses one tenth of the price he paid for it.
What price did he pay for it?
4. 5/8 of a fence has been built. If there is still 40
feet to be built, how long will the fence be?
5. A man left three eight of his money to his wife &
half the remainder to his son. The rest was
divided equally between his five daughters.
Determine what fraction of the money each
daughter received.
1.2 RATIO & WHAT IS
RATIO ?

PROPORTION
 Comparison of 2 numbers or quantities as quotient.
 Represent by x/y or x : y.
 Generally reduced to lowest terms like fraction (by
dividing the HCF of the numbers).
 Derived from quantities measured in the same units
 Its just number, don’t have unit.
 Its express the relationship between 2 or more
factors (or numbers)
1.2 RATIO & WHAT IS
RATIO ?

PROPORTION
 E.g. Simplify the ratio 200g : 1 kg (different units)
= 200g : 1000g
=1:5
 Example: Expressed the following ratio to the lowest
term; a) 78 : 52 =
78 3
=
52 2
5 3
b) : =
8 8
12 8
c) to
13 13
d) 10 cm 2 : 10 mm 2
1.2 RATIO & WHAT IS
PROPORTION ?

PROPORTION
 The equality of 2 ratios
 E.g. 5 : 2 = 25 : 10
 To solve problems dealing with proportion, we use
cross multiplication.
 Types of proportion:
1. Direct proportion 2. Inverse proportion
 If increase or decrease at the  If an increase (decrease) in one
same rate. quantity produces a decrease
 E.g. If we buy rice at RM 2 for 2 (increase) in a second quantity
kg, then we expect to pay RM 4 in the same time.
for 4 kg.  E.g. 5 men building a wall take
20 days. If 4 men, it will take
only 25 days.
1.2 RATIO & WHAT IS
PROPORTION ?

PROPORTION
 Examples:
5 x = 75
1. Find the value of x for 5 : 25 = 3 : x. 5 = 3 ⇒
25 x x = 15

2. If a : b = 5 : 3, find
a. b : a

b. a : (a – b)

c. b : (a + b)

d. (a – b) : (a + b)

1. If a : c = 3 : 4, and a : b = 4 : 5, find b : c
1.3 PERCENTAGE WHAT IS
PERCENTAGE
?

 Express a quantity as the number of parts in 100 parts.

 Written as fraction, e.g. 20 percent = 20 % = 20/100 = 0.20
 Conversion:
Then move dec. point
2 places to the right

÷ 100% x 100%

Fractions Percentage Decimal

x 100% ÷ 100% Then move dec. point

2 places to the left
1.3 PERCENTAGE
 Example: Express each number as a fraction, decimal
and percent.
a. 86% b. 5.6%
c. 8 ½% d. 0.025
e. 1.5 f. 9/8
g. 17/1000