SCALES

1. SCALES

a. Reducing Scales
• For objects drawn smaller than their actual size

b. Enlarging Scales
• For objects drawn larger than their actual size
2. Representative Fraction (R.F.)

• The ratio of the length of the drawing to the actual length of the object
represented

• Represented in the form of X : Y

• X is the unit on the drawing whereas Y is the representation on the

actual object.

• A scale of 1:2 means 1 unit of length on the drawing representing 2

units of length of the object.

• A scale of 2:1 means 2 units of length on the drawing representing 1

unit of length of the object.
3. TYPES OF SCALES

a. Metric Scales
• Based on the decimal system
• Reducing scales usually used are:
1:2, 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:25, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:250 etc.
• Enlarging scales usually used are:
2:1, 2.5:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 25:1, 50:1, 100:1, 200:1, 250:1 etc.

b. Inch-Foot (English) Scales

• Based on decimal and fraction system
• Reducing and Enlarging scales have similar R.F. to Metric scales
in the decimal system.
• Fraction system has R.Fs of the type
1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:6, 1:12 etc. or vice versa.
4. INCH DIVISIONS

a. Fractions (8ths)

1
4. INCH DIVISIONS

a. Fractions (8ths)

1/2
4. INCH DIVISIONS

a. Fractions (8ths)

1/4
4. INCH DIVISIONS

a. Fractions (8ths)

1/8
4. INCH DIVISIONS

a. Fractions (8ths)

1/16
4. INCH DIVISIONS

a. Fractions (8ths)

1/32
b. Decimal (10ths)

1
b. Decimal (10ths)

0.5
b. Decimal (10ths)

0.1
5. DIAGONAL SCALES

a. Decimal Based Diagonal Scale

• To measure dimensions in 1/100th of an inch.
5. DIAGONAL SCALES

a. Decimal Based Diagonal Scale

• To measure dimensions in 1/100th of an inch.
5. DIAGONAL SCALES

a. Decimal Based Diagonal Scale

• To measure dimensions in 1/100th of an inch.
5. DIAGONAL SCALES

a. Decimal Based Diagonal Scale

• To measure dimensions in 1/100th of an inch.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
5. DIAGONAL SCALES

a. Decimal Based Diagonal Scale

• To measure dimensions in 1/100th of an inch.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
5. DIAGONAL SCALES

a. Decimal Based Diagonal Scale

• To measure dimensions in 1/100th of an inch.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
5. DIAGONAL SCALES

a. Decimal Based Diagonal Scale

• To measure dimensions in 1/100th of an inch.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
5. DIAGONAL SCALES

a. Decimal Based Diagonal Scale

• To measure dimensions in 1/100th of an inch.

0.37
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
5. DIAGONAL SCALES

a. Decimal Based Diagonal Scale

• To measure dimensions in 1/100th of an inch.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
5. DIAGONAL SCALES

a. Decimal Based Diagonal Scale

• To measure dimensions in 1/100th of an inch.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
5. DIAGONAL SCALES

a. Decimal Based Diagonal Scale

• To measure dimensions in 1/100th of an inch.

1.37
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
5. DIAGONAL SCALES

a. Decimal Based Diagonal Scale

• To measure dimensions in 1/100th of an inch.

2.64
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
b. Fraction Based Diagonal Scale
• To measure dimensions with the least count of 1/64th of an inch
or smaller.
b. Fraction Based Diagonal Scale
• To measure dimensions with the least count of 1/64th of an inch
or smaller.
b. Fraction Based Diagonal Scale
• To measure dimensions with the least count of 1/64th of an inch
or smaller.
 b. Fraction Based Diagonal Scale
• To measure dimensions with the least count of 1/64th of an inch
or smaller.

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
 b. Fraction Based Diagonal Scale
• To measure dimensions with the least count of 1/64th of an inch
or smaller.

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
 b. Fraction Based Diagonal Scale
• To measure dimensions with the least count of 1/64th of an inch
or smaller.

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
 b. Fraction Based Diagonal Scale
• To measure dimensions with the least count of 1/64th of an inch
or smaller.

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
 b. Fraction Based Diagonal Scale
• To measure dimensions with the least count of 1/64th of an inch
or smaller.

45/64

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
 b. Fraction Based Diagonal Scale
• To measure dimensions with the least count of 1/64th of an inch
or smaller.

45/64
56 48 40 32 24 16 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
56 48 40 32 24 16 8
 b. Fraction Based Diagonal Scale
• To measure dimensions with the least count of 1/64th of an inch
or smaller.

56 48 40 32 24 16 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
56 48 40 32 24 16 8
 b. Fraction Based Diagonal Scale
• To measure dimensions with the least count of 1/64th of an inch
or smaller.

56 48 40 32 24 16 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
56 48 40 32 24 16 8
 b. Fraction Based Diagonal Scale
• To measure dimensions with the least count of 1/64th of an inch
or smaller.

1 45/64
56 48 40 32 24 16 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
56 48 40 32 24 16 8
 b. Fraction Based Diagonal Scale
• To measure dimensions with the least count of 1/64th of an inch
or smaller.

2 27/64
56 48 40 32 24 16 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
56 48 40 32 24 16 8
 • Diagonal scale with the least count of 1/128th of an inch

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
 • Diagonal scale with the least count of 1/128th of an inch

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
 • Diagonal scale with the least count of 1/128th of an inch

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
 • Diagonal scale with the least count of 1/128th of an inch

83/128

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
 • Diagonal scale with the least count of 1/128th of an inch

83/128

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
 • Diagonal scale with the least count of 1/128th of an inch

83/128
112 96 80 64 48 32 16
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
112 96 80 64 48 32 16
 • Diagonal scale with the least count of 1/128th of an inch

1 83/128
112 96 80 64 48 32 16
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
112 96 80 64 48 32 16
 SOME BASIC GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Problem 12:
To draw an arc of a given radius, touching a given straight line and passing
through a given point.

A B
 SOME BASIC GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Problem 12:
To draw an arc of a given radius, touching a given straight line and passing
through a given point.

R
A B
 SOME BASIC GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Problem 12:
To draw an arc of a given radius, touching a given straight line and passing
through a given point.

P
R

R
A B
 SOME BASIC GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Problem 12:
To draw an arc of a given radius, touching a given straight line and passing
through a given point.

P
R

R
A B
 SOME BASIC GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Problem 12:
To draw an arc of a given radius, touching a given straight line and passing
through a given point.

P R

O
R

R
A B
 SOME BASIC GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Problem 12:
To draw an arc of a given radius, touching a given straight line and passing
through a given point.

P R

R O
R

R
A B
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C Q

E
A
Problem 18:
To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs passing through any number of given
points not in a straight line.

B
C Q

E
A
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

P
6

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

P
6

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

P
6

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

P
6

5
4

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

10
9
8
7 P
6

5
4

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

10
9
8
7 P
6

5
4

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

10
9
8
7 P
6
C
5
4

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

10
9
8
7 P
6
C
5
4

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

10
9
8
7 P
6
C
5
4

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

F D

10
9
8
7 P
6
C
5
4

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

F D

10
9
8
7 P
6
G C
5
4

A B
Problem 22:
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

F D

10
9
8
7 P
6
G C
5
4

A B
Problem 46:
To draw a circle to touch a given circle and a given line at a given point on it.

A P B
Problem 46:
To draw a circle to touch a given circle and a given line at a given point on it.

A P B
Problem 46:
To draw a circle to touch a given circle and a given line at a given point on it.

C
G

A P B
Problem 46:
To draw a circle to touch a given circle and a given line at a given point on it.

C
G

A P B
Problem 46:
To draw a circle to touch a given circle and a given line at a given point on it.

C
G
O

A P B
Problem 46:
To draw a circle to touch a given circle and a given line at a given point on it.

C
G
O

A P B
Problem 46:
To draw a circle to touch a given circle and a given line at a given point on it.

C
G
O

E
G'

A P B
Problem 46:
To draw a circle to touch a given circle and a given line at a given point on it.

O'

C
G
O

E
G'

A P B
Problem 46:
To draw a circle to touch a given circle and a given line at a given point on it.

O'

C
G
O

E
G'

A P B