Electrical Fires, PEC & Grounding

IIEE Regional Conference – Region IV
DAP, Tagaytay City, March 28-29,2008
Electrical Fires,
Philippine Electrical Code,
& Grounding
Jaime V. Mendoza, PEE, MTM

Board Member
BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
IIEE Regional Conference 2
ELECTRICAL FIRES
 If a fault develops, the current (and heat energy)
can increase to the extent that either the appliance
burns out, the connecting wiring overheats and
melts the plastic insulation or the plug and socket
may burn out.
 An electrical fire then occur where the overheated
wiring, motor, plug, etc. are in contact with or close
to flammable or combustible material.
 ELECTRICAL FIRE can be defined as a fire where an
electric current or electrical fault is found to have
been the source of ignition.

Electrical Fires, PEC & Grounding
ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC. Region IV- Tagaytay City, March 28, 2008
Electrical Cause of Fire

a. Lightning strike
b. Overloaded wiring
c. Loose wiring Connections
d. Electrical “arcing” (or sparking)
d. Appliance Fire

Electrically Related Fire

 Fires can also be caused where there is no
electrical fault, but there has been
inappropriate use or faulty installation of
electrical wiring and appliances or
components.
Examples:
 Insufficient ventilation around recessed
lights in the ceiling, which can set fire to
debris, timer or insulation material.
 Heater being placed to close to clothes or
furnishings.

Where are Electrical Fires

likely to occur
 Electrical fires in a building can start in a number of
locations, some of these are more prone than others
because of the number of connections or risk of
damage.
 That electrical fires will not generally occur in
continuous runs of cable unless something has
caused physical damage to the insulation.
 Electrical fires most commonly occur at “weak
points” in the system. These are where the cables
have been cut and joined, or where they have been
cut and connected to a point of power, light or
similar.


likely to occur
1. Service lines – The overhead wiring from
the street to the “Point of Attachment” on
the front of the house.
2. Point of Attachment – junction box or
terminals on the front of the house which
connect the “Service Line” to the
“Consumers Mains”.
Water entry and aging insulation breakdown, arcing
can occur inside the conduit and burn through to
timber roof material.


likely to occur


likely to occur


likely to occur


likely to occur
3. Consumers Mains – these are the cables that run
from the point of attachment down to the
switchboard, in many cases via the roof space then
down inside the wall cavity.
Some possible causes of damage –
 rats or other vermin in the roof chewing the
insulation
 deliberate act, attempts to bypass kwhr meter
 insulation deterioration with age and heat
under tin roof


likely to occur


likely to occur
4. Main Switchboard – contains main service
fuses, and fuses or circuit breakers for light
and power circuits.
Possible causes:
- Loose connection to fuses
- Faults usually start with the smaller
light and power circuit wiring.
- Overloaded circuit and overheated
wiring


likely to occur
Integrity of Electrical Equipment
Section 1.10.1.12 ( C )


likely to occur


likely to occur


likely to occur
5. Sub circuit wiring & Connections –
comprises the circuits for lights, power
points, water heaters , air conditioners
etc., and is usually rated at 15 to 20 A.
a) Wiring Above the Ceiling-
Always look for other possible ignition
sources above the ceiling before
concluding that an electrical or wiring fault
occurred.
If multiple arc damage is found along a
length of wiring after a fire it suggest that
this was a result of fire and not the cause .

likely to occur
Conductor Termination
Conductor Termination
One Wire Per Terminal
Section 1.10.1.14 (a) One Wire Per Terminal
Section 1.10.1.14 (a)


likely to occur
b. Connections to Light Fittings – Highly likely “weak
point” as a result of:
- loose connection into the top of the lamp
holder, or heat from the lamp below causing
deterioration of the wiring insulation.
- accumulation of dirt or moisture on top of
exposed terminals, eventual “tracking” between
terminals – eventual ignition
- mice, possums, rats – nests often built above
surface mounted lights which warm the underside
of the ceiling, also can cause wiring insulation
damage.
Note: Look for arc damage to brass connectors or
screws at the back of the light after the fire.

likely to occur


likely to occur
c. Connections to Junction
Boxes in the ceiling
d. Ceiling Fans
e. Power outlets


likely to occur


likely to occur


likely to occur


likely to occur


likely to occur
Fixture wires must not be lowered than 18 AWG


likely to occur


likely to occur


likely to occur


likely to occur


likely to occur


likely to occur


likely to occur


likely to occur
Faulty or inadequate decorative lighting causes the majority of

Christmas tree fires. ( Do not used indoor Christmas lights for
outside or outdoor decorative lightings.)

likely to occur
BUNDLED NON -CONDUITED

NON-CONDUITED
WIRES ON A STEEL TRUSS

likely to occur

Causes of US Residential Fires

Cause of Fire Percent
Fixed Wiring 34.7
Cords and plugs 17.2
Lighting Fixtures 12.4
Switches, receptacles, and outlets 11.4
Lamps and light bulbs 8.3
Fuses, circuit breakers 5.6
Meter and meter boxes 2.2
Transformers 1.0
Note: Due to electrical distribution
THE PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE

KEY TO SAFETY AND FIRE PREVENTION
PURPOSE OF PEC
The primary objective of the code is to
establish basic materials quality and electrical
works standards for the safe use of electricity
for light, heat, power, communications,
signaling and for other purposes.
“Practical safeguarding of persons and
property from hazards arising from the use of
electricity”
COMPLIANCE TO THE PEC WILL ENSURE SAFETY AND
PREVENT ELECTRICAL FIRES

The National Electrical Code

 The first NEC was developed in 1897, eighteen after the
invention of incandescent light bulb by Thomas A. Edison.
 Since 1911, the NFPA of Quincy, Massachussets, has been
responsible for the maintenance and publication of the
NEC.
 Regularly revised (every three years) to reflect the
evolution of products, materials, and installation
techniques.
 21 Separate Committee, each consisting of 15-20 persons.
Members of each committee meet several times, discuss
proposed changes, accepting some and rejecting others,
and rewrite (as required) the sections of the Code that
were assigned to their committee.


The PEC is a safety standard,
not a design guide. Electrical
designs must comply with
the requirements of PEC to
ensure safety.
Energy management,
maintenance, and power
quality issues aren’t within
the scope of the PEC.
Consideration should be
given for future expansion
of electrical systems but this
is not a Code requirement.
CLASSIFICATION OF CODE RULES

1. Wiring Design Rules
2. Installation Rules
3. Manufacturing Rules

Wiring design rules used to determine

sizes and rating of circuit conductors and
devices.
Example:
1. Branch circuit conductors supplying a single
motor shall have an ampacity not less than
125% of the full-load current. Section 4.30.2.2
2. The disconnecting means for motor circuits shall
have an ampere rating of at least 115% of the
full-load current rating of the motor. Section
4.30.10.10(a)
Installation rules
Example:
1. A disconnecting means shall be located within
sight from the motor controller. Section
4.30.102
2. In class II Division I Locations, motors,
generators, and other rotating electric
machinery shall be dust ignition proof or totally
enclosed pipe ventilated and shall be approved
for class II locations. Sections 5.02.8

Manufacturing rules
Example:
Section 4.30.1.7
A motor shall be marked with the following
information:
1) Manufacturer’s Name
2) Rated Volts and Full-load Amperes
3) Rated Frequency and Number of Phases, if
an alternating current motor,
etc.
4) Rated full-load speed
Accessible, Readily
Accessible, Readily

Wiring Methods

Wiring Methods

Wiring Methods

Definitions
1. Ground
2. Grounded
3. Grounded Conductor
4. Grounding Conductor
5. Grounding Electrode
6. Grounding Electrode Conductor
7. Equipment Grounding Conductor
8. Effectively Grounded
9. Solidly Grounded
10. (Grounded) Neutral Conductor
11. Bonding
12. Bonding Jumper

Ground
PEC 1.0.1
Grounded
PEC 1.0.1

Ground, Grounded
PEC1.0.1 Ground,
Grounded, and
Effectively Grounded

Grounded Conductor
PEC 1.0.1

Grounding Conductor

Grounding Conductor
PEC 1.0.1

Grounding Electrode
PEC-
2.50.3

Grounding Electrode,
Grounding Electrode Conductor
PEC 1.0.1

Equipment Grounding Conductor

 Equipment Grounding
Conductor – the
conductor used to
connect the non-
carrying metal parts of
equipment, raceways,
and the other
enclosures to the
system grounded
conductor, the
grounding electrode
conductor, or both, at
the service equipment
or at the source of a
separately derived
system.

Effectively Grounded
 Intentionally connected to earth
through a ground connection or
connections of sufficiently low
impedance and having sufficient
current-carrying capacity to prevent
the buildup of voltages that may
result in undue hazards to connected
equipment or to persons.

Solidly Grounded
In reality, solidly grounded means the bonding of the

system to the metal case of the derived system in acc.
with 250.30(A)(1)
Neutral Conductor
(PEC 2.50.2.17(b))

Grounded Conductor
Not a “neutral” because it is not a 3 0r 4 wire system.

Grounded Conductor

Bonding or Bonded

Bonding Jumper

NEC 250 =
PEC 2.50
B.13 Grounding and bonding

at the service equipment

Why Grounding is Used?

PEC-2.50.1.2(a)
 To limit voltage imposed by
1. Lightning
2. Line surges
3. Unintentional contact with higher
voltage lines
 Stabilize the voltage to ground during
normal operations.
 Facilitate overcurrent device operation in
case of ground fault on a solidly grounded
system.

1. To limit the voltages imposed

by lightning or line surge
PEC-2.50.1.2(a)

1. To limit the voltages imposed

by lightning or line surge

2. Facilitate overcurrent device

operation in case of ground fault
Metal parts of premises wiring are bonded to an effective

Ground-fault current path that has sufficiently low impedance
To quickly clear line-to-case faults by opening the circuit
Protection device.

2.50.1.6 Objectionable Current

Over Grounding Conductors
A. Preventing Objectionable Current
To prevent a fire, electric shock, or
improper operation of circuit-
protection devices or sensitive
equipment, electrical systems and
equipment must be installed in a
manner that prevents objectionable
current from flowing on conductive
materials, electrical equipment, or
grounding and bonding paths.


Section 2.50.1.6(a)


Section 2.50.1.6(a)


Section 2.50.1.6(a)


Section 2.50.1.6(a)


Section 2.50.1.6(a)


Section 2.50.1.6(a)


Section 2.50.16(a)


Section 2.50.1.6(a)


Section 2.50.1.6(c)

Means of Identifying Grounded

Conductor
 The basic rule in PEC- 2.1.1.6(a) requires
the grounded conductor Sizes 14 mm2 (6
AWG) or Smaller to be identified by:
1. A white color
2. A gray color
3. Three continuous white stripes, on other
than green insulation, extending along
the entire length of the conductor
Prior to the PEC-2000 Code, the gray color was
`permitted to be used as a hot conductor.

Means of Identifying
Grounded Conductor
PEC 2.1.1.6(a)
This means that you can use either white or gray to identify
the grounded neutral conductor of a single wiring system
Grounded Conductor
PEC 2.1.1.6(a)

Grounded Conductor
 Insulated grounded conductor larger than 6
AWG or 14 mm2 to be identified by the one
of the following methods: PEC 2.1.1.6(b)
1. By a white or gray outer finish
2. By three continuous white stripes, on
other than green insulation, running
along the entire length of conductor
3. By a distinctive white marking ,encircling
the conductor, placed there at the time
of installation, and the identifying the
grounded conductor at each termination
(The identification may be by tagging,
marking, painting or other effective
means)
Grounded Conductor

Identifying Grounded Neutral

Conductors of Different Systems
PEC 2.1.1.6(d)





Sizing the AC Grounding

Electrode Conductors
 When sizing electrical ungrounded
conductors, the ampacity of the conductor
is the main consideration. This is not the
case when sizing electrode conductor, it is
sized according to cross-sectional area of
the service-entrance conductor.
 The size of the grounding electrode
conductor is taken directly from PEC Table
2.50.3.17, when the size of the service
entrance conductors is not larger than 1100
kcmil cu. Or 1750 kcmil aluminum.


 When the service entrance
conductors are larger than
1100 kcmil copper or 1750
kcmil aluminum, the
grounded conductor shall be
12 ½ % of the largest phase
conductor.

Table 2.50.3.17 Grounding Electrode Conductor for

Alternating-Current Systems
Size of Largest Ungrounded Service-Entrance Size of Grounding Electrode

Conductor or Equivalent Area for Conductor
Parallel Conductorsa (AWG/kcmil) (AWG/kcmil)
Aluminum or
Copper-
Aluminum or Clad
Copper-Clad Aluminum
Copper Aluminum Copper b
2 or smaller 1/0 or smaller 8 6

1 or 1/0 2/0 or 3/0 6 4
2/0 or 3/0 4/0 or 250 4 2
Over 3/0 through 350 Over 250 through 2 1/0
500
Over 350 through 600 Over 500 through 1/0 3/0

900
Over 600 through Over 900 through 2/0 4/0

1100 1750
Over 1100 Over 1750 3/0 250

Notes:
1. Where multiple sets of service-entrance conductors are used as permitted in 2.30.4.1, Exception No. 2, the equivalent size of the largest
service-entrance conductor shall be determined by the largest sum of the areas of the corresponding conductors of each set.
2. Where there are no service-entrance conductors, the grounding electrode conductor size shall be determined by the equivalent size of the
largest service-entrance conductor required for the load to be served.
aThis table also applies to the derived conductors of separately derived ac systems.
bSee installation restrictions in 2.50.3.15(a).




 What are the sizes of the grounding
electrode conductors of the following if
the service entrance conductors used are:
1. 500 kcmil copper
2. 500 kcmil aluminum
3. 1/0 copper
4. 2 copper

Earth is Not an Effective Ground-

Fault Current Path

Identification of Equipment
Grounding Conductors
PEC 2.50.6.10

Identification of Equipment
Grounding Conductors
 But, for a grounding conductor larger than No. 6
AWG or 14 mm2, an insulated conductor of other
than green color or green with yellow stripes may be
used provided one of the following steps is taken:
PEC-2.50.6.10(a)
1. Stripping the insulation from an insulated
conductor of another color (say black) for the
entire length that is exposed on the box or
other enclosure so that the conductor appear
as a bare conductor.
2. Painting the exposed insulation green for its
entire length within the enclosure.
3. Wrapping the entire length of exposed insulation
with green-colored tape or green-colored
adhesive labels.

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
 GFCI – A device intended for the protection

of personnel that functions to deenergize a
circuit or portion thereof within an
established period of time when a current
to ground exceeds the values established
for a device.
 The GCFI does not protect someone against
receiving a electrical shock, but it does limit
the time hazards exists. Hazard exist only
during period of time fault is there.




A GFCI is designed to protect persons against electric shock.

It operates on the principles of monitoring the unbalanced current
Between the ungrounded and the grounded neutral conductor.

GCFI CAN ELIMINATE THIS!

GFCI Protection for Personnel

1. Dwelling Bathroom Receptacle
and /or 250 V


2. Dwelling Garage Receptacle


2. Dwelling Garage Receptacle
All 15 and 20 A, 125/250 V receptacles in accessory

buildings and similar work areas must be GFCI protected.


3. Dwelling Outdoor Receptacle


4. Dwelling Basement Receptacle


5. Dwelling Unfinished Basement


6. Kitchens for Countertop Appliances


6. Dwelling Laundry or Utility Sink


7. Dwelling Wet Bar Sinks


PEC-2.10.1.8 (a)
a) Dwelling Units
1. Bathrooms
2. Garages
3. Outdoors
4. Crawl spaces at or
below grade level
5. Unfinished
basements
6. Kitchens for
countertop
appliances
7. Wet bar sinks

Electric Shock
 Electric Shock
Severity
1. Path of Current
through Body
2. Length of Time
Current Flows
3. Amount of Current
through Body

Effects of AC Electric Shock
RMS Current Effects
1- 5 mA Threshold of sensation
10-20 mA Involuntary muscle contractions
20-100 mA Pain, breathing difficulties
100 - 300 mA Ventricular fibrillation, possible death
Respiratory paralysis, burns,

> 300 mA
unconsciousness

Sizing Equipment Grounding

Conductors
 The regulations for calculating the size of
equipment grounding conductor are:
1. Table 2.50.6.13 shall be used to size the
equipment conductor.
2. When ungrounded conductors are increased
in size and an equipment grounding is
installed with them, the equipment
grounding conductor is required to be
proportionately increased in size acc. To the
circular mil area of the ungrounded
conductors.

Table 2.50.6.13 Minimum Size Equipment Grounding Conductors

for Grounding Raceway and Equipment
Rating or Setting of Automatic Size (AWG or kcmil)

Overcurrent
Device in Circuit Ahead Copper
of Equipment, Conduit, etc., Not Aluminum or
Exceeding Copper-Clad
(Amperes) Copper Aluminum*
15 14 12
20 12 10
30 10 8
40 10 8
60 10 8
100 8 6
200 6 4
300 4 2
400 3 1
500 2 1/0
600 1 2/0
800 1/0 3/0
1000 2/0 4/0
1200 3/0 250
1600 4/0 350
2000 250 400
2500 350 600 Note: Where necessary to
3000 400 600 comply with 2.50.1.4(a)(5) or
(b)(4), the equipment
4000 500 800 grounding conductor shall be
5000 700 1200 sized larger than given in this
6000 800 1200 table.


Conductors
3. Where more than one circuit is installed in a
single raceway or cable, one equipment
grounding conductor can be installed in the
raceway or cable; it will be sized for the
largest overcurrent device protecting
conductors in the raceway or cable.
4. An equipment grounding conductor not
smaller than 18 AWG copper is permitted for
flexible cords when the flexible cord is
protected at or over 20 amperes.


Conductors
5. The equipment grounding conductor is never
required to be larger than the circuit
conductors.
6. Where the overcurrent protection is an
instantaneous circuit breaker or a motor
protector, the equipment grounding
conductor is sized according to the size of
the motor overload protective device.


Conductors
7. When conductors are run in parallel in more
than one raceway or cable , as permitted by
PEC 3.10.1.4, the equipment grounding
conductor is run in parallel. Each of the
paralleled equipment grounding conductors
is sized according to the ampere rating of the
overcurrent device protecting the conductors
in the raceway or cable.

Installation of Grounding Rods

 Basic Requirements for a rod or pipe
electrode are:
1. Minimum length of 2.5 m or 8 ft
2. When metal pipe or conduit is used for electrode, it
is required to be not smaller than trade size ¾
conduit.
3. Iron or steel pipe electrodes are required to have a
galvanized surface or other corrosive resistant
material.
4. Rod electrode may be iron, steel, or stainless steel
and are required to have a minimum diameter of
5/8 inch (16mm) diameter.
5. Nonferrous rods, or their equivalent are required to
have a minimum diameter of ½ inch (13 mm).

Installation of Grounding Rod

Main Bonding Jumper

Main Bonding Jumper

Bonded

Sizing the Main Bonding Jumper
 Three methods for sizing the main

bonding jumper are given in PEC 2.50.2.9
(d).
 When sizing the main bonding jumper,
the size and material of service entrance
conductors and material used for the
main bonding conductor are taken into
consideration.

 Three methods for sizing the main

bonding jumper are:
1. Basic Rule: Use Table 2.50.3.17, the
grounding electrode conductor table, is also
used for the main bonding jumper.
2. 12 ½ Percent Rule for Large Conductors.
When the total circular area of any service
entrance phase conductor exceeds the
maximum circular-mil area listed in Table
2.50.3.17, the main bonding jumper shall
not be smaller than 12 ½ % of the service
phase conductors.

Table 2.50.3.17 Grounding Electrode Conductor for

Alternating-Current Systems
Size of Largest Ungrounded Service-Entrance Size of Grounding Electrode

Conductor or Equivalent Area for Conductor
Parallel Conductorsa (AWG/kcmil) (AWG/kcmil)
Aluminum or
Copper-
Aluminum or Clad
Copper-Clad Aluminum
Copper Aluminum Copper b
2 or smaller 1/0 or smaller 8 6

1 or 1/0 2/0 or 3/0 6 4
2/0 or 3/0 4/0 or 250 4 2
Over 3/0 through 350 Over 250 through 2 1/0
500
Over 350 through 600 Over 500 through 1/0 3/0

900
Over 600 through Over 900 through 2/0 4/0

1100 1750
Over 1100 Over 1750 3/0 250

Notes:
1. Where multiple sets of service-entrance conductors are used as permitted in 2.30.4.1, Exception No. 2, the equivalent size of the largest
service-entrance conductor shall be determined by the largest sum of the areas of the corresponding conductors of each set.
2. Where there are no service-entrance conductors, the grounding electrode conductor size shall be determined by the equivalent size of the
largest service-entrance conductor required for the load to be served.
aThis table also applies to the derived conductors of separately derived ac systems.
bSee installation restrictions in 2.50.3.15(a).

 Three methods for sizing the main bonding

jumper are:
3. Rule for Using Different Materials. This rule applies
when the main bonding jumper is a different material
than the service-entrance conductors. One could be
aluminum and the other copper for example. In this
case, the minimum size of the main bonding jumper is
based on assuming that the service entrance
conductors are of the same material as the main
bonding jumper and that ampacity is equivalent to the
installed phase conductors.


What is Effective Grounding?

Effective Grounding
 A violation of PEC
Art. 2.50.3.11
which prohibits
using the same
grounding
electrode for a
lightning rod
system and a
system supply.

Effective Grounding
 PEC Art. 250.5.17

Lightning
Protection System.
The bonding of a
system grounding
electrode and a
lightning rod
grounding
electrode.

Effective Grounding
When different grounding electrodes are used for a

building and are not bonded together, a voltage
hazard will exist.
Effective Grounding

Effective Grounding

Effective Grounding

BEE Res. No. 2006 – 06 Series of 2006

 Reducing the Number of Examination Days of
the Registered Electrical Engineering
Licensure Examination from 3 Days to 2 Days
only. May 4 & 5 , 2008. May 6 for RME
 Day 1 – Mathematics – 8:00 AM to 1:00 PM
5 hrs
- Engineering Sc.- 2:00 PM to 6:00 PM
4hrs
 Day 2 – Electrical Eng. – 8:00 AM to 2:00 PM
8 Hrs
 Day 3 – for RME


Electrical Fires, PEC &amp; Grounding

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IIEE Regional Conference – Region IV

DAP, Tagaytay City, March 28-29,2008

Jaime V. Mendoza, PEE, MTM

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Electrical Cause of Fire

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Electrically Related Fire

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

Fixture wires must not be lowered than 18 AWG

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Where are Electrical Fires

Electrical Fires, PEC & Grounding

Electrical Fires, PEC & Grounding