PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND

DESIGNING
OF SHOPPING MALL

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
DHINAKARAN.P 732113103006
LOGESH.K 732113103027
SRINIVASAN.V 732113103045
VINEETH.B 732113103051

in partial fulfilment for the requirement of award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NANDHA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,

ERODE 638052
(An Institution affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 600 025

OCTOBER - 2016
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project work titled, “PLANNING,

DESIGNING AND ANALYSIS OF SHOPPING MALL” is the bonafide work
of

DHINAKARAN.P 732113103006
LOGESH.K 732113103027
SRINIVASAN.V 732113103045
VINEETH.B 732113103051
who carried out the project work under my supervision.

Mr. N. ATTHIKUMARAN.M.E., Mr. C.MOHANASUNDARAM, M.E.,

Head of the department Supervisor, Assistant professor
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Nandha College of Technology Nandha College of Technology

Submitted for the Project viva-voice examination held on __________

---------------------- ----------------------
Internal Examiner External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to acknowledge our heartfelt thanks to our parents and our
friends who supported us with their unconditional love and encouragement.
We express our thanks to our beloved chairman of Sri Nandha Educational
Trust Thiru. V.Shanmugan and our beloved secretaries Thiru.
S.Nandhakumar Pradeep of Sri Nandha educational trust and Thiru.
S.Thirumoorthi of Nandha Educational Institutions for their support in
successful of our project work.
We specially thank Dr. S. Arumugam, Chief Executive Officer of Nandha
Educational Institutions for his affection and support in all aspects made as to
complete the course successfully.
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to our beloved
principal Dr. R. Nallusamy, M.E., Ph.D., for the excellent facilities and
continual support provided during the course study and project.
We articulate our genuine and sincere thanks to our dear hearted Head of
the Department Mr. N. Atthikumaran, M.E., who has been the key spring of
motivation to us throughout the completion of our course and our project work.
We are grateful to our Project Coordinator, Assistant Professor
Mr. C.Mohanasundaram, M.E., Civil Engineering Department for providing
us support for our project. We are very much gratified to all the teaching and non-
teaching staff of our department who was direct and indirect stroke throughout
our progress. We would like to acknowledge our heartfelt thanks to our parents
and our friends who supported us with their unconditional love and
encouragement. Finally, we would like to thank the Almighty for his blessings.
 ABSTRACT

In this project planning, analysis and structural design has been done for a
commercial building of shopping mall based on all Indian Standard Codes of
practice. Detailing drawings pertaining to the structural design of shopping mall
are presented.

Analysis of the structure was done using STAAD.Pro V8i.

All the structural members like slabs, beams, columns and footings are
designed using Indian Standard Code IS 456-2000, IS-875 and design aid SP-16.
The structural components are designed by limit state method.

Materials were used as specified by National Building Code. Concrete

M20 grade and Fe415 steel bars were considered for all the design. Brick walls
are worked in C.M 1:5 mix 230 mm thick.

The mall is built with almost all the amenities required for the people to get
entertained in their busy schedule. This structure is going to be designed with the
view that all the entertainment facilities should be made available under one roof.
The overall plot area of the mall is 90,000 sq.ft. and the built area is around 30,000
sq.ft.
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

A – Area
Ag – Gross section of section
As – Area of flexural steel
Asc – Area of compression steel
Ast – Area of tension Steel
Asv – Area of vertical stirrup
Av – Area of vertical stirrup
b – Width of a section
bf – Width of flange
bw – Width of web
c – Distance of neutral axis from compression surface
d – Effective depth of a section
D – Overall depth of a section
Df – Depth of flange
e – Eccentricity
E – Modulus of elasticity
fck –Compressive strength of concrete – IS 456:2000
fs – Stress in tension steel
fy – Tensile strength of steel – IS 456:2000
k – Effective length factor for columns
L – Length of a section
l – Length of column
leff – Effective length of a section
lu – Unsupported length of column
Mu – Factored moment
Mux – Moment about xx-axis
Muy – Moment about yy-axis
Pt – Percentage of steel
P – Unfactored concentrated load
Po – Axial strength of a concentrically loaded column
Pu – Factored axial load
r – Radius of gyration
St – Tie spacing
Sv – Spacing for vertical stirrups
Vus – Shear to be resisted by stirrup
Xu – Neutral axis depth
α – ratio of stiffness
β – Reinforcement ratio
ε – Strain
εt – Tensile strain
ζ – Shear stress of concrete
λ – Slenderness ratio
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIG.NO DRAWINGS PAGE
NO.

2.3 SITE PLAN 7

2.3.1 GROUND FLOOR PLAN 8

2.3.2 FIRST FLOOR PLAN 8

2.3.3 SECOND FLOOR PLAN 9

2.3.4 THIRD FLOOR PLAN 9

2.3.5 SECTIONAL PLAN 10

2.4 ELEVATION 10

3.2.1 STAAD.Pro RENDERING VIEW 12

3.2.2 BEAM STRESS CONTOUR 12

3.2.3 BENDING MOMENT ALONG Z AXIS 13

3.2.4 BENDING MOMENT ALONG Z & Y AXIS 13

4.2.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SLAB 28

4.3.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF BEAM 33

4.4.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF COLUMN 36

4.5.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING DESIGN OF

42
FOOTING
4.6.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF STAIRCASE 48

4.7.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SEPTIC TANK 52

 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.No TITLE PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES 1
1.3 SCOPE 1
1.4 SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY 2
2 PLANNING 3
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.2 REGULATIONS OF NATIONAL BUILDING 5
CODE OF INDIA
2.3 PLAN 7
2.4 ELEVATION 10
3 ANALYSIS 11
3.1 GENERAL 11
3.2 ANALYSIS REPORT 12
4 DESIGN 16
4.1 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 16
4.2 SLAB 17
4.2.1 DEFINITION 17
4.2.2 TYPES OF SLAB 17
4.2.3 DESIGN 18
4.2.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SLAB 28
3.3 BEAM 29
4.3.1 DEFINITION 29
4.3.2 TYPES OF BEAM 29
4.3.3 DESIGN 30
4.3.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF BEAM 33
 4.4 COLUMN 34
4.4.1 DEFINITION 34
4.4.2 TYPES OF COLUMN 34
4.4.3 DESIGN 35
4.4.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF COLUMN 36
4.5 FOOTING 37
4.5.1 DEFINITION 37
4.5.2 TYPES OF FOOTING 37
4.5.3 DESIGN 38
4.5.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF FOOTING 42
4.6 STAIR CASE 43
4.6.1 DEFINITION 43
4.6.2 TYPES OF STAIR CASE 43
4.6.3 DESIGN 45
4.6.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF 48
STAIRCASE
4.7 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK 49
4.7.1 DEFINITION 49
4.7.2 DESIGN 52
4.7.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF 52
SEPTIC TANK

5 CONCLUSION 53
6 REFERENCES 54
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1GENERAL
This project deals with the design of planning, analysis and designing of a
Shopping mall. A Shopping Mall is a building designed for entertaining the
people.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
 Planning of shopping building with proper ventilation and sunlight.
 Analysis of frame by STAAD.Pro.
 Designing of all structural members based on limit state method of
design.
 Designing of other miscellaneous structures like septic tank by working
stress method.
 To suggest a cost effective building.
1.3 SCOPE
 Design of slab by using limit state method.
 Preliminary design of beam and slab is done to adopt the beam and
column size for the respective designs.
 Analysis of frame is done using STAAD.Pro V8i
 Design of beam is done as per IS code.
 Design of column is done according to SP-16.
 Design of footing is done by using limit state method.
 Design of dog-legged and open wall staircase.
 Design of septic tank as per NBC requirements.

1
1.4 SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY
Selection of plot is very important for building a shopping mall. Site should
be in good place where there is community and service is convenient but not so
closed that becomes a source of inconvenience or noisy. The conventional
transportation is important not only because of present needs but for the retention
of property value in future closely related to are transportation, shopping,
facilities also necessary. One should observe the road condition whether there is
indication of future development or not in case of undeveloped area.
The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows:-
• Access to park & playground.
• Agriculture polytonality of the land.
• Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity
& sewage disposal.
• Contour of land in relation to the building cost and cost of land.
• Distance from places of work.
• Ease of drainage.
• Location with respect to Shopping Mall, college & public
buildings.
• Nature of use of adjacent area.
• Transport facilities.
• Wind velocity and direction.

2
 CHAPTER 2
PLANNING

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

 Brunner and Mason (1968): investigated the importance of driving time
upon the preferences of consumers towards regional shopping centers.
They expressed that although it is recognized that population, purchasing
power, population density, newspaper circulation, and other factors are
influential in determining the shopping habits of consumers, a factor which
is generally overlooked is the driving time required to reach the center. In
this study, it was established that the driving time required to reach a center
is highly influential in determining consumer shopping center preferences.
The most consistent and significant driving time dimension in delineating

 Huff (1964 and 1966): concluded that the comparative size of the centers
and the convenience of access were the primary characteristics that
consumers sought when choosing a shopping center to visit.
 Cox and Cooke (1970): determined customer preference for shopping
centers and the importance of driving time. The authors concluded that
location and attractiveness are important determinants of consumer
shopping center preferences.
 Mehrabian and Russell (1974): noted that the response that store
atmosphere elicits from consumers, varies along three dimensions of
pleasantness, arousal and dominance.
 Kang and Kim (1999): also conducted surveys at three malls in San
Diego, Cleveland and Atlanta to examine the impact of ‘entertainment as
motivation for shopping.’ Their survey asked mall patrons to rate.
 ULI–the Urban Land Institute, Michael D. Beyard, Mary Beth
Corrigan, Anita Kramer, Michael Pawlukiewicz, and Alexa Bach: In
addition to having possible code problems, many building systems are not

3
 sized adequately for current demands; serviceable but aging systems have
been known. To literally fall apart when worked on extensively. Water,
gas, electrical, fire sprinkler, Sewer, and smoke-control systems may not
withstand extensive rework without overall reconstruction. It is crucial to
assess building systems and utility demands, and to work with utility
companies early many older malls predate current standards for hazardous
materials, such as asbestos. These materials can be difficult to discover
before construction starts. Hazardous-materials abatement is expensive and
time-consuming. Unfortunately, if abatement is needed, it is likely to take.
 Sonia Longjam1, S. Aravindan: As traffic congestion reaches crisis
proportions in many locations, the vaunted convenience of mall shopping
is disappearing. Most malls can be reached by only one means—the
automobile—and, in more and more metropolitan areas, this puts them at
a disadvantage in relation to locations that are walkable or linked to public
transit, and that offer more multidimensional urban environments. While
it’s probably true that most customers will always drive to the mall, their
busy lives are reducing the time they are willing to spend shopping.
2.1.1 General
A building should be planned to make it comfortable economical and to
meet all requirements. All the requirements should be taken up and the number
of alternative proposal should be prepared. On comparing its advantage and
disadvantage the best one should be adopted. Planning mainly depends upon the
climatic condition.
2.1.2 Orientation
The next step is orientation of the shopping complex building, which
means fixing the direction of the building in such a way than it derives maximum
benefit from sun, air and nature. In some places orientation of the shopping
complex is not at the choice of the designer because a limited area is only allotted.

4
2.1.3 Ventilation
Unless there are windows reaching the top of the wall and capable of being
opened, ventilators are necessary near the top of the wall. The ventilators should
be regularly distributed in the same way as windows.

2.2 REGULATIONS OF NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

The National Building code of India is a single document in which, like a
network, the information contained in various Indian Standards is woven into a
pattern of continuity and cogency with the interdependent requirements of
sections carefully analysed and fitted into make the whole document a cogent
continuous volume.
A continuous thread of ‘preplanning’ is woven which, in itself, contributes
considerably to the economies in construction particularly in building and
plumbing services.
2.2.1 Plinth Regulations
No plinth or any part of the building should be less than 30cm above the
determined level of:
 The center part of abutting street.
 The foot path of the abutting street.
 The highest part of the service lane which determines the drainage of
the premises.
 Any portion of the ground within 3m distance of such a building.
 Undulating or slopping land 1.2m above the drainage or country water
level.
2.2.2 Rest Room
 The height of the water closets measure from the surface of the floor to
the lowest point to the ceiling shall not be less than 2m.
 The area of water closet shall be 1.1m with the minimum width of 0.9m.

5
  It should have a ventilator opening to the shaft of open pace of area not
less than 0.3m2 with side not less than 0.3m.
2.2.3 Parapet Wall
 Parapet walls and handrails provided on the edge of roof terrace shall
not be less than 1.05m and not more than 1.2m in height from finished
floor level.
2.2.4 Boundary Wall
 Except from with special permission of the authority, the maximum
height of the compound wall shall be 1.5m above the centre line of the
front street.
 Compound wall up to 2.4m height may be permitted if the top 0.9m is
of the open type, the construction of the design is to be approved by the
authority.
 In case of corner plot, the height of the boundary wall shall be restricted
to 0.75m for a length of 10m on the front and side of the intersections
and the balance height of 0.75m if required in accordance with open
type constructions and the design is to be approved by the authority.
2.2.5 Septic Tank
 Septic tank have minimum width of 75cm, a minimum depth of 1m
below the water level and the minimum liquid capacity of 1m3.
 The length of the tank shall be 3 to 4 times the width.
 The ventilation pipe shall have extend to a height on which would cause
to smell nuisance to any building in that area.
2.2.6 Stair case
 For shopping complex building the minimum width of stair case is 1.2m
 The rise should not be more than 200 mm and the tread should not be
less than 200mm

6
2.3 PLAN:
2.3.1 SITE PLAN

7
2.3.1 Ground Floor Plan

2.3.2 First Floor Plan

2.3.3 Second Floor

8
2.3.3 Second Floor Plan

2.3.4 Third Floor Plan

2.3.4 Third Floor

9
2.3.5 Section Plan

2.4 ELEVATION:

10
 CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS
3.1 GENERAL
The analysis of the structure that is determination of the internal forces like
bending moment, shear force, etc. in the component members, for which these
members have to be designed, under the action of given external loads. This
process requires the knowledge of structural mechanics which includes
mechanics of rigid bodies (i.e. mechanics of forces), mechanics of deformable
bodies (i.e. mechanics of deformations) and the theory of structures (i.e. the
science dealing with response of structural system to external loads). A brief
review is taken of structural analysis to refresh the basic principles.

11
3.2 ANANLYSIS REPORT
The bending moments in the beam and columns of a substitute frame may be
computed by STAAD.Pro

3.2.1 Rendering view:

3.2.2 Beam Stress Contour

12
3.2.3 Bending Moment along Z axis

3.2.4 Bending Moment along Y axis

13
Job Information

Engineer Checked Approved

Name:
Date: 18-Sep-16

Structure Type SPACE FRAME

Number of Nodes 654 Highest Node 664

Number of 1308 Highest Beam 1735
Elementsof Plates
Number 374 Highest Plate 1712

Number of Basic Load Cases 2

Number of Combination Load Cases 1

Included in this printout are data for:

All The Whole Structure

Section Properties

Area Iyy Izz J

Prop Section Material
(cm2) (cm4) (cm4) (cm4)
1 Rect 0.60x0.30 18.0E 3 1.15E 6 1.15E 6 1.94E 6

Included in this printout are results for load cases:

Type L/C Name

Primary 1 DEAD LOAD
Primary 2 LIVE LOAD
Combination 3 COMBINATION LOAD CASE 5

14
15
 CHAPTER 4
DESIGN
STRUCTURAL DESIGN:
Structural design is an art and science of understanding the
behaviour of structural members subjected to loads and designing them with
economy and elegance to give a safe, serviceable and durable structure
4.1 STRUCTURAL COMPONETS
Design of slab
Design of beam
Design of column
Design of footing
Design of stair case
Design of septic tank

16
4.2 SLAB

4.2.1 DEFINITIONS
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings.
Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete, typically between 100 and 500
millimeters thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while
thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving.
4.2.2 TYPES OF SLAB
One way slab
An One way slab is a simply a very wide beam that’s span between supports.
A rectangular reinforced concrete slab which spans a distance very much greater
in one direction than the other; under these conditions, most of the load is carried
on the shorter span.
Ly/Lx > 2
Two way slab
A concrete lab supported by beams along all four edges and reinforced with
steel bar arranged perpendicularly.
 A concrete floor slab in which the main reinforcement runs in two direction
 Rectangular reinforced concrete slab having a span on long side.
Ly/Lx < 2

17
4.2.3 DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB:
Given:
Lx = 3048 mm
Ly = 9144 mm
Wall thickness = 230 mm
Fy = 415 N/mm2
Fck = 20 N/mm2
Weight of Floor finish = 1.5 kN/m2
Breadth = 1000 mm
Solution:
ly/lx =3>2
ly/lx>2 so it is one way slab
Step:1 Calculation of effective depth
Effective Depth = Span/32
D = 95.25 mm
Assume :
Cover = 15 mm
D = d + cover
D = 110.25 mm
Step:2 Load Calculation:
Density = 25 kN/m3
Dead load = 2.75625 kN/m
Live load = 4 kN/m
Total load w = 8.25626 kN/m
Factored load wu = 1.5 X W
Wu = 12.3844 kN/m

18
Step:3
Leff = L+d
= 3.143 m
Leff = c/c support
= 3.278 m
Leff = 3.143 m
Bending moment:
Mu = Wu x Leff2/8
= 10.1965 kNm
= 17197000 Nmm
Step:4 Check for effective depth
Mu lim = 0.138 x fck x bd2
d2 = 3694.203
d = 60.779
= 60.78 mm
D = 100 mm (minimum)
Overall depth D = 115 mm
Calculation of Ast:
From IS 456:2000 annexure G, clause 38.1, equation
Mu = 0.87xfyxAstxdx(1-((fyxAst)/(fckxbxd))
Ast = 301.226
Ast = 4518.051
Ast = 301.226 mm2
Assume :
Dia of bars = 10 mm
Ast = ᴨd2/4
= 78.5 mm2
No. of bars = Ast/ast

19
 = 3.83
= 4 bars
Spacing = 1000/no of bars
= 250 mm
Step:5 Check for spacing:
3 x eff depth = 300 mm
Provide 10mm dia of spacing 300 mm
Step:6 Design of distributory reinforcement:
Astd = 0.12% of crosss sectional area
= 138 mm2
assume :
D = 8 mm
Ast = 50.24 mm2
No of bars = 2.746
= 3 bars
Spacing = 300 mm
Step:7 Check for spacing:
5 x eff depth = 500 mm
Provide 3 number of 8 mm dia bars
Step:8 Shear calculation:
τv = vu/bd
vu = wu x Leff/2
= 19.463 kN
τv = 0.000194 N/mm2
τc max>τC>Τv Refer table 19 of IS 456-2000
Pt = 100 x (Ast/bd)
= 0.3012
= 0.3 %

20
 τc = 0.384 N/mm2
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Step:9 Check for deflection:
fs = 0.58 x fy x Ast/(No of bars x ast)
= 230.904 mm
Modification factor = 1.5 (from IS 456 page no 32)
(l/d)max = 30
(l/d)steel = 33.528
(l/d)steel > (l/d)max
Hence safe against deflection

21
DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB
Data: Lx = 3.048 m
Ly = 3.048 m
Wall thichness = 0.23 m
Imposed load = 4 kN/m2
Floor finish = 1.5 kN/m2
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Grade of concrete = 20 N/mm2
Grade of steel = 415 N/mm2
Check for slab:
ly/lx =1
ly/lx < 2 hence it is two way slab
Depth calculation:
Effective depth, d = (Span/32) = 95.25 mm
Assume diameter, φ = 10 mm
Clear cover = 15 mm
Effective cover, d' = 20 mm
Overall depth, D = 115.25 mm
Effective span for shorter span:
Least of as follows
1. c/c distance between support = 3.278 m
2. clear span + effective depth = 3.143 m

Effective span for shorter span lx = 3.143 m

Load calculation:
(From IS 456: 2000 Clause 22.2 )
Imposed load = 4 kN/m
Floor finish = 1.5 kN/m
Self-weight of slab = b x D x 25 = 2.881 kN/m

22
 Total load, W = 8.381 kN/m
Design load, Wu = 12.571 kN/m
Bending moment co-efficient:
Shorter span:
Positive moment co-efficient at mid span,
αxp = 0.024
Negative moment co-efficient at support,
αxn = 0.032

Longer span:
Positive moment co-efficient at mid span, αyp = 0.024
Negative moment co-efficient at support, αyn = 0.032
Design bending moment:
Shorter span:
Positive moment at mid span, Mxp = Co-eff x Load x Span x Span = 2.981 kN-m
Negative moment at support, Mxn = 3.974 kN-m
Longer Span:
Positive moment at mid span, Myp = 2.981 kN-m
Negative moment at support, Myn = 3.974 kN-m
Middle strip reinforcement:
width of middle strip in shorter span = 2.286 m
width of middle strip in longer span = 2.286 m
Shorter span:
Mid span reinforcement
Mxp = 0.87xfyxAstxd (1-(fy x Ast/fck x b x d))
Ast = 88.385
Ast = 4501.976
Ast = 88.385 mm2

23
Minimum reinforcement:
[For Fe415 grade steel]
Ast (min) = 0.12% bD
= 138.3 mm2
Spacing at midspan:
Assume diameter, φ = 10 mm
ast = 78.5 mm2
1 S = ast/Ast x 1000 = 568.75 mm
2 3d = 285.75 mm
3 300 = 300 mm
Spacing = 300 mm
Provide 10 mm dia bar @ 300 mm c-c spacing
Area of steel provided at mid span:
Ast (pro) = (ast/spacing) x 1000 = (78.5/300) x 1000
= 274.715 mm2
Support reinforcement:
Mxn =0.87 x fy x Ast x d (1-(fy x Ast/fck x b x d))
Ast = 118.644
Ast = 4471.716
Ast = 118.644 mm2
Spacing at supports:
Assume diameter, φ = 10 mm
ast = 78.5 mm2
1 ast/Ast x 1000 = 661.639 mm
2 3d = 285.36 mm
3 300 = 300 mm
Spacing = 300 mm
Provide 10 mm dia bar @ 300mm c-c spacing

24
Longer Span:
Midspan reinforcement:
Myp = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d (1-(fy x Ast/fck x b x d))
Ast = 88.385
Ast = 4501.976
Ast = 88.385 mm2
Spacing at midspan :
Assume diameter, φ = 10 mm
ast = 78.5 mm2
1 ast/Ast x 1000 = 567.26 mm
2 3d = 285.75 mm
3 300 = 300 mm
Spacing = 300 mm
Provide 10 mm dia bar @ 300 mm c-c spacing
Support reinforcement:
Myn = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d (1-(fy x Ast/fck x b x d))
Ast = 118.644
Ast = 4471.716
Ast = 118.644 mm2
Spacing at supports:
Assume diameter, φ = 10 mm
ast = 78.5 mm2
1 ast/Ast x 1000 = 567.264 mm
2 3d = 285.75 mm
3 300 = 300 mm
Spacing = 300 mm
Provide 10 mm dia bar @ 300 mm c-c spacing

25
Edge Strip reinforcement:
Distance of edge strip in shorter span = 0.381m
Distance of edge strip in longer span = 0.381 m
Area of steel required = 118.644 mm2
Spacing:
Assume diameter, φ = 10 mm
ast = 78.5 mm2
1 S = ast/Ast x 1000 = 661.64 mm
2 5d = 476.25 mm
3 300 = 300 mm
Spacing = 300 mm

Provide 10 mm dia bars @ 300 mm c/c edge strip in both direction.

Torsion Reinforcement::
Size of mesh = 0.2 x Lx = 0.609 m

area of steel provide @ mid span = 274.669mm2

Area of steel required per layer of torsion = 206.0367 mm2

Use 10 mm dia bar
Number of bars = 5 Nos

Length over which steel is provided = 0.61 m

Check for shear:
τv = vu/bd
vu = wl/2 = 19.7583 kN
τv = 0.197 N/mm2
Pt = 100Ast/bd = 0.124%
τc = 0.28 N/mm2
τv < τc hence it is safe under shear

26
Check for deflection:
l/d act = 26.44
Fs = 0.58 fy (Astreqd/Astprov)
= 164.35 N/mm2
Modification factor = 1.4 ( from graph IS 456:2000 )
l/d (max) = 28
l/d act<l/dmax hence safe under deflection.

Result: Overall depth ,D = 120 mm

Middle Strip reinforcement:

At middle of short span = 88.3853 mm2

At support of short span = 118.644 mm2

At middle of longer span = 88.3853 mm2

2
At support of longer span = 118.644 mm

Edge strip reinforcement = 118.644 mm2

Torsion Reinforcement = 274.715 mm2

27
4.2.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SLAB

28
4.3 BEAM

4.3.1 DEFINITION
Horizontal or inclined structural member spanning a distance
between one more supports, and carrying vertical loads across its longitudinal
axis as a girder, joist, purlin, or rafter.
4.3.2 TYPES OF BEAM
Cantilever Beam
A cantilever beam is one whose one end is fixed and the other end
carries a point or concentrated load.
Simply Supported Beam
A simply supported beam is one which carries two reaction forces at its
two ends & a point load at its mid-point.
Overhanging Beam
It is a type of simply supported beam which overhangs from its
supports. An overhanging beam may overhang on one side only or on both
sides of the supports.
Rigidly Fixed or Built-In-Beam
It is a type of beam in which both ends are fixed and carries a point load
at its centre.
Continuous Beam
It is a type of overhanging beam which consists of a numerous reaction
forces and point load

29
4.3.3 DESIGN OF BEAM
Data:
Clean Span l = 9.144 m
Wall thickness t = 230 mm
Concrete Grade fck = 20 N/mm²
Steel Grade fy = 415 N/mm²
Dia of Bars = 20 mm
Design:
Width of the beam = 300 mm
Overall depth of the beam = 600 mm
Effective depth d = 565 mm (approx)
Effective span calculation:
Effective Span
Leff = l + wall thickness = 9374 mm
Load calculation:
Total load on the slab = 15.938 kN/m
Wall load = 13.004 kN/m
Dead load (b x D x 25) = 4.5 kN/m
Total load W = 33.439 kN/m
Ultimate load Wu = 50.159 kN/m
Bending moment calculation:
From Analysis, Mumax= 364.07 kNm
Mu = Wu x l2/12 = 367.298 kNm
Mulim = 0.138 fck bd²
Mulim = 396.477 kNm
Since, Mulim>Mu The beam is designed as under reinforced beam

30
Main reinforcement design:
Tension zone:
From IS 456:2000 annex G, clause 38.1, equ b
Mu = 0.87xfy x Ast x d x(1-((fy x Ast)/(fck x b x d))
364070000 = 203993.25 Ast(1-0.000122 x 10-5Ast)
Ast = 2634.148 mm²
Ast = 5533.526 mm²
Ast = 2634.148 mm²
Assume: 20 mm dia bars
ast = 314 mm²
No of bars 'n'= Ast/ast
= 7.68
Spacing = (1/n) x 1000 = 119.203 mm
= 6 bars
Provide 8 no of bars in the tension zone
Check for shear:
Shear force = (Wu x l)/2
Vu = 235.009 kN
Nominal Shear stress, Ʈv
Ʈv = Vu/bd
= 1.386 N/mm²
Percentage of reinforcement, Pt
Pt = 100 Ast/bd
= 1.55 %
Design shear strength, Ʈc (from Table 19-IS 456:2000)
Ʈc = 0.64 N/mm²
x1 = 1.5 y1 = 0.72
x2 = 0.85 y2 = 0.642
x3 = 1.75 y3 = 0.75

31
 Ʈc > Ʈv
Hence the stress is within safe permissible limit
Shear reinforcement design:
Sv = ( 0.87 x fy x d xAsv)/(Vus)
Vus = Vu- Ʈcbd
Provide 8 mm dia bars of 2 legged stirrups
Asv = 2 x Area of bar mm²
Area of 8 mm bar = 50.24 mm²
= 100.48 mm²
Sv = 161.3192 mm
Maximum permitted spacing for vertical stirrups,
= 0.75d mm
= 225 mm = 230 mm

RESULT:
Main Reinforcement:
Using 16 mm Dia of bars,
Number of Bars n = 8 Nos
Shear Reinforcement:
Using 8 mm Dia of bars,
Number of bars n = 2 legged vertical stirrups
Spacing Sv = 230 mm c/c

32
4.3.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF BEAM

33
4.4 COLUMN
4.4.1 DEFINITION

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a vertical

structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure
above to other structural elements below.

Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the

upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture, “column” refers to such a
structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative features.

4.4.2 TYPES

Uniaxial column:
The column having axial lad acted in such a way that it is eccentric about
one axis of the plane column then it is called uni-axial column

Biaxial column:
If the load is eccentric about both the axes in the plane of column then it
is called biaxial column

34
4.4.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN:
Breadth of beam , b = 300 mm
Depth of beam D = 600 mm
Axial force , pu = 2046.3 kN
Grade of concrete, fck = 20 N/mm2
Grade of steel, fy = 415 N/mm2
Effective Length = 0.65 x 3.6
= 2354 mm
Slenderness Ratio = Leff/LLD
= 7.84 < 12
Hence designed as short column.
Longitudinal reinforcement:
pu = 0.4xfckxAg+(0.67xfy-0.4xfck)xAsc
Asc =(pu - 0.4xfckxAg)/(0.67xfy-0.4xfck)
= 2245.139mm2
Assume:
φm = 20 mm
asc = 314 mm2
No of bars n = 8 bars
Lateral spacing:
Diameter of lateral bars = (1/4) x φm
= 5 mm < 8 mm
Hence Provide dia φl = 8 mm
Spacing :
i) s = 300 mm
ii) s = 16 x φm = 320 mm
iii) s = 48 x φl mm
Spacing s = 960 mm
Provide 8 mm dia bars @ 300 mm c-c spacing.

35
4.4.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF COLUMN

36
4.5 FOOTING
4.5.1 DEFINITION

In a typical structure built on ground, the part which lies below the ground
is referred to as the substructure or the foundation structure. The purpose of
foundation to effectively support the superstructure. The foundation provided for
a RC column is called as column base or a column footing reinforced concrete
footing are designed to resist the design factored moments and shear force due to
the imposed loads. The area of the footing should be such that the bearing
pressure developed at the base of footing does not exceed the safe bearing
capacity of the soil.

4.5.2 TYPES OF FOOTING

Isolated footing
Combined footing
Wall footing
Spread footing
Raft or mat foundation
Strap footing
Cantilever footing
Pile footing

37
4.5.3 DESIGN OF FOOTING
Available data:
Width of column = 300 mm = 0.3 m
Depth of column = 600 mm = 0.6 m
Factored load Pu = 2246.93 kN
(including 10% of column load as self-weight of footing)
Safe bearing capacity of soil q = 200 kN/m2
Grade of concrete fck = 20 N/mm2
Grade of steel fy = 415 N/mm2
Solution:
Step 1: Size of footing
Area of footing A = (Load)/SBC
= 11.23 m2
Let, 6.5x X 4.73x = 11.23
X2 = 0.3652
X = 0.6043
Short side of footing = 4.73x = 4.75 x 0.6043
= 2.9 m
Long side of footing = 6.5x = 6.5 x 0.6043
= 3.9 m
Step 2: Determination of soil pressure
Soil pressure P = (load)/provided area
P = 200 kN/m2
Step 3: Bending Moment
Cantilever projection of short side of footing,
= 0.5(3.9-0.6) = 1.65 m
Cantilever projection of short side of footing,
= 0.5(2.9-0.3) = 1.3 m

38
Bending moment @ short face of column,
= (P x Ly2)/2 = (200 x 1.652)/2
= 272.25 kNm
Bending moment @ long face of column,
= (P x Lx2)/2 = (200 x 1.32)/2
= 169 kNm
Step 4: Determination of depth of footing
1) Based on flexure
Mulim = 0.138 x fck x b x d2
d = √Mu/(0.138 x fck x b x d2)
d = 314.07 mm
2) Based on one way shear
Vu = Soil pressure x {(L/2-B/2)-d}
Vu = 200 x (1650 – d)
Permisible shear stress is taken from IS 456 2000
Take Pu=0.25% τper = 0.36 N/mm2
τc = Vu/bd
200(1650−d)
=
1000 x d
d = 600 mm
Depth of footing d = 0.6 m
D = 650 mm
Overall depth D = 0.65 mm
Step 5: Area of reinforcement
i) Longer Direction
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (1-(Ast x fy/(fck x b x d)))
272.25 x 106 = 216630 Ast -7.473 Ast2
Ast = 1315.2 mm2
No. of bars = Ast/ast

39
 20 mm bars ast = 314.15 mm2
No. of bars = 1315.2/314.15
= 5 Nos
Spacing = 1000/5 = 200 mm
Adopt 20 mm dia bars of 200 mm c/c
i) Short Direction
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (1-(Ast x fy/(fck x b x d)))
169 x 106 = 216630 Ast -7.473 Ast2
Ast = 802.339 mm2
No. of bars = Ast/ast
16 mm bars ast = 201.06 mm2
No. of bars = 802.339/201.06
= 4 Nos
Adopt 16 mm dia bars of 250 mm c/c
Step 6: Central Band
Central band width = width of footing = 2.9 m
Reinforcement in central band
= 2 / β+1
Total Reinforcement in short direction
β = 3.9/2.9 = 1.344
2
Reinforcement in central band 2.9 m = x 802.339 x 2.9
1.344+1
= 1985.30 mm2
Minimum reinforcement = 0.0012 x 1000 x 650
= 780 mm2
Provide 16 mm dia bars at 100 mm c/c spacing
Step 7: Check for shear
Shear force = 200(1650 – 600)/103
= 210 kN
Pt = 100Ast/bd

40
 100 x 1315.2
Pt =
1000 x 600
= 0.2192 mm2
ks x τc = 1 x 0.3354 = 0.3354 N/mm2
210 x 1000
Permissible shear stress = τv =
1000 x 600
= 0.35 N/mm2
Providing ks x τc = τv = 0.35 N/mm2
τv = 210 x 103/1000 x d
d = 600 mm
Provided depth is adequate

41
4.5.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF FOOTING

42
4.6 STAIR CASE
4.6.1 DEFINITION

Accessibility between various floors is afforded by various

structures such as stairs, lifts, ramps, ladders and escalators. A stair consists of a
number of steps leading from one floor to another. The main aim of providing
stairs is for an easy and quick access to different floors.

4.6.2TYPES OF STAIR CASE

Straight stairs
Quarter turn stairs
Dog legged stairs
Three Quarter turn stairs
Geometrical stairs
Bifurcated stairs
Multiple flight stairs

Straight stairs:

In this type of stairs there is no change in direction or any flight between

successive floors. These stairs may have

Straight run with a single flight between floors

Straight run with a series of flights without change in direction.
Quarter turn stairs:

These types of stairs are provided when there is need for change of
direction by 90’. The change in direction may be accompanied by providing either
introducing quarter space landing or by providing winders.

43
Dog legged stairs:

These types of stairs are provided with change of direction through 180’.
This type of stair is called as half turn stair.

Three quarter stairs:

These type of stairs are provided with change in direction through 270’.
That is the direction is changed three times.

Geometrical stairs:
These stairs have no newel post and may be of any geometrical shape. The
directional changes are effected by providing winders.

Bifurcated stairs:

These stairs with a wide flight. This is subdivided after the landing into two
narrow flights from either side of the landing.

Multiple flight stairs:

It is an open well type stair which has four flights each flight turn 90’. It
has an excellent view in a building.

44
4.6.3 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Data:

Type of staircase Dog-legged with waist slab, treads and risers.

Assume

Tread = 300mm

Rise = 150mm

Height of each flight = 3.6/2

= 1.8 m

No of rise require = 1.8/0.15 = 12

No of tread require = 12 - 1 = 11

Space occupied by tread = 11 x 300 = 3300mm

M25 grade concrete and Fe415 HYSD bars

Effective span:

Width of landing = 1000 mm

Effective span = 1000/2 + 3300 + 1000/2

= 4300 mm

Thickness of waist slab = Span/30 = 4300/30

=143.33mm~150mm

Overall depth D = 150 +15

= 165mm

Load Calculation:

R  T x25
2 2
w1
Self-weight of waist slab =
T

0.3  0.15 x25

2 2
5x
=
0 .3

= 5.59 kN/m

45
Self-weight of steps = 1 x R x25
2

= 1 x 0.150 x25
2

=1.875 kN/m

Finishes =1.5 kN/m

Live load = 4 kN/m

Total load = 12.96 kN/m

Bending moment Calculation:

Mu = Wu *l ^ 2
8

= 12.96 x 4.3^2/8

= 29.95 kNm

Check for depth:

d = √ (Mu/0.138 x fck x b)

= √(29.95x106/138x25)

= 93.17mm

Effective depth provided is 150mm

Hence safe

Main reinforcement Design:

415xAst
Mu = (0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150) [1- ]
1000x150x 25

Ast = 591.77mm2

Providing 12 mm dia bars at 200 mm c/c

Distribution reinforcement Design:

Distribution reinforcement = 0.12 percent of cross section

= (0.12 x 1000 x 165) / 100

46
 =270 mm2

Provide 8mm dia bars at 150 mm c/c

Check for shear:

Vu = 27.864 kN

‫ﺡ‬v = Vu/bd

= (27.864x1000)/ (1000x165)

= 0.17 N/mm2

% of Ast = (591.77)/(1000x165)x100

= 0.35%

‫ﺡ‬c = 0.40 N/mm2

‫ﺡ‬c >‫ ﺡ‬v

Hence safe.

Result:

Main reinforcement = 12mm dia bar@200mm c/c

Distribution rod = 8mm dia bar @ 150mm c/c

Tread = 300mm

Rise = 150mm

47
4.6.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF STAIRCASE

48
4.7 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK
4.7.1 DEFINITION

A septic tank is key component of the septic system, a small scale

sewage treatment system common in areas with no connection to main sewage
pipes. Septic are a type of on-site sewage facility

The term “septic” refers to the anaerobic bacterial environmental

that developers in the tank which decomposes or mineralizes the waste discharged
into the tank. Septic tanks can be coupled with other onsite wastewater treatment
units such as bio filters or aerobic systems involving artificial forced aeration.

Periodic preventive maintenance is required to remove the

irreducible solids that settle and gradually fill the tank, reducing its efficiency .in
most jurisdictions this maintenance by law, yet often not enforced.

49
4.7.2 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK
Data:
No of users = 1500 persons
Rate of water supply = 45 lit/day
Design:
Assume that whole quantity of water appears as sewage.
Flow of sewage per day = 45 x 1500/1000
= 67.5 m3/day
= 70 m3/day
Assume a detention period of 24 hours,
Tank capacity required = 70 x 24/24
= 70 m3.
Sludge storage at 0.0708 m3 = 0.0708x1500
= 106.2 m3.
For cleaning period at 2 years,
Total capacity = 70+106.2 = 176.2
Add 25% for future expansion = (25/100) x 176.2
= 44.05 m3.
Total design capacity = 230 m3
Plan area of tank = 230/5.
Z = 46 m2.
Provide tank dimensions = 10 m x 5m x 4.6m
Assume free board = 0.4 m
Total depth of tank = 6.4 m
The size of tank =10 m x 5 m x 6.4 m
Check for spaces:
1. Sedimentation volume for a clear span of 0.3 m deep.
V = clear span x surface area
= 0.3 x 50

50
 = 75 m3.
2. Sludge storage at 0.01m3/ capita
= 1500 x 0.01
= 15 m3.
3. Sludge digestion at 0.028 m3/ capita
= 0.028 x 1500
= 42 m3.
4. Sludge storage at 0.078 m3/ capita for two years interval,
= 1500 x 0.078 = 117 m3.
Total space = 75+15+42+117
= 189 m3.
Hence the design is safe.
Result:
Length = 10 m
Breadth = 5 m
Liquid depth = 5 m
Free board = 0.4 m.
DESIGN OF SOAK PIT
Flow of sewage per day = 189 m3
Extra flow taken for future expansion = 106.2 m3
Assume the percolation capacity of filter media of the pit as 2.25 m3
Volume of pit required = 295.2/2.25
= 127.2 m3
Assume the depth of pit as 6 m below the invert of the inlet pipe.
Area required = 127.2/6
= 21.2 m2
Diameter of pit, d = √21.2 x 4/π = 5.19 m
A sewage pit of diameter 5.19 m and 6 m deep below the inverted level of inlet
pipe may.

51
4.7.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SEPTIC TANK WITH SOAK PIT

52
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
The proposed Shopping Mall Building is planned to be constructed in
Gangapuram, Erode. In this building detailed plan on design are prepared as per
standard specification. We have designed the building according to IS 456:2000
and we have used the limit state concept for the members.

By this project the objective of entertaining the people under one roof is
met with the inclusion of all the amenities and requirements.

The attempt of this project made us to understand concepts of design of

slab, beam, column and footing we gained knowledge in softwares like
STAAD.Pro and AutoCADD and some codal provisions.

CHAPTER 6

53
 REFERENCES

1. National Building Code – 2005.

2. Design standards for urban infrastructure shopping centres and other
public urban spaces, Edition 1 Revision 0, page no: 17-4.
3. Ten Principles for Rethinking the Mall, Page No: 6.
4. Journal City Walk , page no: 6-8
5. Design Standards of Shopping Mall, April 1, 2009, page no: 95
6. IS 875 part 2, Design loads Table 26.
7. IS 456:2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete.
8. A text book of “Limit State Design of RC Structures”, by Jain, A.K.,
Nemchad Publications, Rourkee.

54