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A Review of Lac Production in India during XI plan

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Anil Kumar Jaiswal Jai Singh

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Indian Forester, 140 (9) : 907-920, 2014 ISSN No. 0019-4816 (Print)
http://www.indianforester.co.in ISSN No. 2321-094X (Online)
A REVIEW OF LAC PRODUCTION IN INDIA DURING XI PLAN

A. K. JAISWAL* AND J. P. SINGH

Division of Transfer of Technology

Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi 834 010
Email: jaiswalak59@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Analysis of year wise lac production data in India during XI Plan (2007-2008 to 2011-2012) indicated average
production by the country to the tune of 16.246 thousand tonnes. The Jharkhand state registered highest average
annual production (6.306 thousand tonnes), sharing 38.82 per cent of total lac produced in the country. This is
followed by Chhattisgarh (30.21%), Madhya Pradesh (13.66 %), West Bengal (6.97%), Maharashtra (4.96%), Odisha
(2.27%), Uttar Pradesh (1.94 %), Assam (0.52%), Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat (0.30% each) and Meghalaya (0.06 %).
In respect of state wise growth rate in lac production, the country registered negative growth rate to the tune of
8.38 per cent per annum. Amongst the major lac producing states, Jharkhand and West Bengal recorded positive
growth of 12.19 and 9.94 per cent per annum respectively, during this period. Amongst the declining trend state,
Madhya Pradesh recorded highest negative growth (-32.41 %) followed by Uttar Pradesh (-29.37%), Chhattisgarh (-
26.76%), Maharashtra (-10.62%) and Odisha (-9.92%). The other minor lac producing states namely Assam, Gujarat,
Meghalaya also registered declining trend during the period. Strain wise analysis of production data for various
states was also carried out in an attempt to identify which type of lac suffered most during this period.
Keyword: Lac Production. Growth rate, XI plan period
Introduction
India is the world leader in production of lac and
quality of lac is also unmatchable. In India lac is mainly
produced by two strains of lac insect, Kerria lacca Kerr.
These are "rangeeni" and "kusmi". The rangeeni lac is
mainly produced on trees of Butea monosperma, the
flame of forest and Ziziphus mauritiana, the Indian plum
tree. The kusmi lac is mainly produced on Schleichera
oleosa, the lac tree and to some extent on plum tree also.
There are two crops by each strain of lac. The rangeeni lac
has summer and rainy season crop, commonly called
baisakhi and katki, each of 8 and 4 months duration
respectively. The kusmi lac has also two crops, the
summer and winter commonly called jethwi and aghani,
each of around six months duration. The main commercial
crop of rangeeni is summer crop, commonly called
"baisakhiari" and for "kusmi", the commercial crop is
winter season crop commonly called aghani.
The production of commercial summer crop of
rangeeni lac largely depend on preceding rainy season
crop as the rainy season crop act as a broodlac for
commercial summer crop, raised in October-November.
Similarly production of "kusmi" winter crop (aghani)
which is main commercial crop largely depends on
preceding summer season crop which act as a broodlac
(Jaiswal and Saha, 1993). For commercial crop of
"rangeeni" (baisakhiari), the plum tree is the major host
tree which is harvested sometimes in May. However, if
plum trees are not available in the area, B. monosperma is
also utilized for the same purpose. Hence, B.
monosperma is main source of rangeeni broodlac as both
summer and rainy season crop may be developed on this
host tree successfully. Normally kusmi commercial crop is
taken from S. oleosa but recently, Z. mauritiana has been
also being utilized for this crop wherever, the new
technology of lac cultivation reached. The kusmi-summer
and winter crop is normally harvested in June-July and
December-February respectively. Recently several studies
have been carried out in respect of growth rate for lac
production in a few states of India giving a sort of
preliminary picture of the trend in lac production in the
country (Jaiswal et al., 2011 a, b, 2012).
The status of lac production in terms of minimum,
maximum, mean and growth rate for various lac growing
states, districts, strain and crop wise will be helpful in
formulating policy related to identification of factors
acting on lac production in the country and how to further
enhance lac production in the country.
Material and Methods
District and crop wise data on lac production,
form 2007-2008 to 2011-12 have been collected from
published information (Pal et al., 2008, 2009, 2010a,
2011, 2012). Minimum, maximum, mean values and
growth rate (simple) were considered as standard
Lac production in India during XI Plan (2007-2008 to 2011-2012) was 16.246 thousand tonnes with
Jharkhand being the highest (6.306 thousand tonnes) producing state.
908 The Indian Forester [September

parameters for each district and crop wise simple
growth rate (SGR) for lac production have been
calculated by using formula (SGR= b/y*100) as given by
Pandey and Guglani (1990) and Jaiswal et al. (1999),
where 'b' is the regression co-efficient over time and y
is the average production during period. The study
covers all lac producing states of India and its districts.
Result and Discussion
The analysis of data (Table 1) indicated that on an
average the country produce 16,246 tonnes of lac every
year. Highest production was recorded by Jharkhand
accounting 38.82 per cent share followed by Chhattisgarh
(30.21%), Madhya Pradesh (13.66%), West Bengal
(6.97%), Maharashtra (4.96%), Odisha (2.27%), Uttar
Pradesh (1.94%), Assam (0.52%), Andhra Pradesh (0.30%),
Gujarat (0.30%) and Meghalaya (0.06%). A comparison of
growth rate by different states indicated that Jharkhand,
West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh registered positive
growth rate to the extent of 12.19, 9.94 and 31.98 per
cent per annum respectively whereas states which
registered negative growth rate include Chhattisgarh (-
26.76%), Madhya Pradesh (-32.41%), Maharashtra (-
10.62%), Odisha (-9.92%), Uttar Pradesh (-29.37%), Assam
(-1.18%), Gujarat (-12.24%) and Meghalaya (-28.26%).
Comparison of growth rate for the country vis-a-vis other
states showed that all the state except Assam with
negative growth rate, registered higher growth rate than
registered by the country (-8.38%) during XIth plan period.
Further analysis of data up to district, strain of
insect and crop season level will help to identify the
most suffered district and crop.
Jharkhand
Seven districts of Jharkhand may be considered
to be lac growing and few others are also there where
only nominal production has been observed. Out of
total annual production of lac to the tune of 6306
tonnes,highest lac production has been reported in
Ranchi, sharing 30.21 per cent followed by Simdega
(28.05%), Gumla (19.55%), West Singbhum (10.97%),
Palamau (4.31%), Garhwa (1.98%), Latehar (1.33%) and
other minor lac producing districts to the extent of 4.22
per cent per annum (Table 2).
Ranchi, Gumla and Simdega districts which
together contributes areas 78% of the state total lac,
registered positive growth of 22.55, 23.01 and 7.42 per
cent per annum respectively (Table 2). Rest of the
districts registered negative growth.Highest negative
growth was witnessed in Latehar (-52.38%) followed by
Garhwa (-45.60%), Palamu (-31.99%) and West
Singbhum (-4.91%) district. The other lac producing
districts together also registered positive growth
(15.41%). Ranchi, Gumla and other minor lac producing
districts registered positive and higher growth rate than
the state overall growth rate (12.19%).
A perusal of crop wise data for the state
indicated that out of total mean production of 6,306
tonnes, kusmi lac contributes 75.45 per cent and rest
by rangeeni lac. There is increasing trend in kusmi lac
production which registered a growth rate of 21.56 per
cent per annum. However, there is declining trend of
rangeeni lac production to the tune of 16.60 per cent
per annum. For kusmi lac, both summer and winter
crop registered positive growth of 27.5 and 15.72 per
cent per annum respectively. In contrast, for rangeeni
lac, the overall summer crop remained more of less
static (growth rate -0.71%) while there is sharp decline
in rainy season crop, registering negative growth of
32.75 per cent per annum during this plan period.
Out of seven major lac producing districts of
Jharkhand, Palamau, Garhwa and Lateharare mainly
rangeeni lac producing while Simdega, Gumla and West
Singbhum are chiefly kusmi lac producing districts with
82-95% contribution in each district. In Ranchi district,

Table 1: State wise production of lac (in tons) and growth rate (per cent) during XI plan period

State Minimum Maximum Mean % Share

Jharkhand 3980 10240 6306 38.82

Chhattisgarh 1985 7198 4908 30.21
Madhya Pradesh 685 3755 2220 13.66
West Bengal 830 1435 1132 6.97
Maharashtra 435 1070 805 4.96
Odisha 230 435 368 2.27
Uttar Pradesh 175 500 315 1.94
Assam 50 100 85 0.52
Andhra Pradesh 20 120 49 0.30
Gujarat 35 65 49 0.30
Meghalaya 5 15 9 0.06
India - - 16,246 100
2014] A review of lac production in India during XI plan 909

Table 2: Districtwise production of lac (in tons) and growth rate (per cent) during XI plan period

Districts Minimum Maximum Mean % Share Growth rate

Jharkhand
Ranchi 875 4250 1905 30.21 22.55
Simdega 750 3145 1769 28.05 23.01
Gumla 580 1875 1233 19.55 7.42
W Singhbhum 310 1060 692 10.97 -4.91
Palamau 150 550 272 4.31 -31.99
Garhwa 50 300 125 1.98 -45.60
Latehar 20 300 84 1.33 -52.38
Others 190 460 266 4.22 15.41
Whole State 3980 10240 6306 100 12.19
Chhattisgarh
Korba 550 2600 1669 34.01 -27.14
Kanker 435 1260 893 18.20 -19.54
Rajnandgaon 140 1100 587 11.96 -45.32
Raipur 200 680 429 8.74 -16.55
Bilaspur 120 720 342 6.97 -37.43
Dhamtari 70 300 173 3.53 -38.15
Janjgir- Champa 105 200 156 3.18 -16.35
Surguja 55 250 136 2.77 0.85
Mahasamund 55 190 134 2.73 0.59
Bastar 80 110 96.6 1.97 -0.31
Durg 15 80 37 0.75 -33.78
Others 160 360 255 5.20 -21.57
Whole State 1,985 7,198 4907.6 100 -26.76
Madhya Pradesh
Seoni 225 1375 948 42.70 -28.74
Balaghat 217 1400 718.8 32.38 -36.21
Hosangabad 60 250 135 6.08 -32.22
Mandla 50 300 133 5.99 -39.10
Chhindwara 15 140 72 3.24 -43.75
Narsinghpur 13 100 50.25 2.26 -39.20
Dindori 20 50 33.4 1.50 -26.95
Anooppur-Sahdol 15 30 23.6 1.06 -10.59
Others 35 180 116 5.23 -24.57
Whole State 685 3755 2220 100 -32.41
Odisha
Nabrangpur 90 165 137 37.23 -6.57
Mayurbhanj 30 85 62 16.85 -26.61
Baleshwar 40 70 57 15.49 1.75
Koraput 20 50 38 10.33 -15.79
Keonjhar&Others 50 85 71 19.29 -8.45
Whole State 230 435 368 100 -9.92
West Bengal
Midnapur 550 1280 806 73.27 11.91
Purulia 95 935 187 17.00 7.75
Bankura 10 40 39 3.55 7.69
Others 25 70 55 5.00 5.45
Whole State 830 1435 1100 100 10.23
kusmi lac contributes rate for rangeeni lac was
around 65% of the total recorded in Latehar
lac produced and rest by district (-60.0% per
rangeeni. There is sharp annum), followed by
decline in rangeeni lac Garhwa (-45.60%), Gumla
production in all the (-34.34%), Palamu
seven main lac producing (31.99%), Simdega (-
districts. However, in 31.76%), Ranchi (-7.51%)
minor lac producing and West Singbhum (-
districts an increasing 4.84%). Out of four major
trend recorded with kusmi lac producing
growth rate of 38.33 per districts, West Singbhum
cent per annum. This may in the only district which
be due to increase in area registers a negative
of lac production as a growth of 4.93 per cent
result of intervention and per annum. Whereas
support by the state govt. highest and positive
The highest negative growth rate recorded in
growth Ranchi district (38.44%)
followed
910 The Indian Forester [September

by Simdega (12.77%) and
Gumla (10.43%). In
respect of crop season,
the rainy season crop of
rangeeni suffered
severely. Negative growth
rate recorded in all seven
districts. Highest negative
growth rate was
registered in Gumla
district (-58.82%) followed
by Latehar (-58.00%),
Simdega (51.00%),
Garhwa (-50.63%),
Palamau (-34.48%),
Ranchi (-26.50%) and
West Singbhum (-24.14%).
However, minor lac
producing districts of the
state together registered
positive growth of 23.08
per cent per annum.
Unlike rangeeni rainy
season crop, the summer
crop of rangeeni lac
registered positive growth
rate in Ranchi, Gumla and
West Singbhum district.
The highest was recorded
in West Singbhum
(12.12%) followed by
Ranchi (6.78%) and Gumla
(4.69%). Highest negative
growth was recorded in
Latehar district (-63.33%)
followed by Garhwa (-
39.96%), Palamau (-
29.13%) and Simdega
(04.29%). The declining
trend of rangeeni summer
crop may be attributed
due to large scale
mortality of lac insect
sometimes in late
February and March
(reason unknown) or due
to early high temperature
sometimes in March as
sunrays directly fall on
culture. This is to be
noted that palas trees
remained naked during
this period due to leaf fall.
Similarly, downward trend
of rangeeni rainy crop
may be due to (a) short is more than half and
supply of broodlac for thus may be considered
limited only. Highest
rainy season crop as a as rangeeni dominant
district. production of lac was
result of large scale pre-
registered in Korba
summer mortality in Around 11 districts
district (34.01%)
several areas or of Chhattisgarh
followed by Kanker
(b) high incidence of pest considered to be lac
(18.20%), Rajnandgaon
and disease during growing and in few
(11.96%), Raipur
rainy season others where production
(8.74%), Bilaspur
(c) large scale artificial is
(6.97%), Dhamtari
inoculation resulting loss
(3.53%) Janjgir-Champa
of emerging lac larvae
(3.18%), Surguja (2.77%),
due to continuous and
Mahasamund (2.73%),
heavy rain at critical time
Bastar (1.97%), Durg
in July.
(0.75%) and other
Contrary to belief districts together
for risk of rangeeni lac (5.20%). So, around 64%
crop failure due to its of the state production is
cultivation in kusmi lac in three districts namely
growing areas, due to Korba, Kanker and
shifting of parasite Rajnandgaon (Table 2).
population, in the
Unlike in
present study it was
found that the negative Jharkhand, all lac growing
districts registered
growth rate was higher
in the districts where negative growth rate
(Table 4). The overall
there is no kusmi lac
cultivation as in case of trend in Surguja,
Mahasamund and Bastar
Palamu, Garhwa and
Latehar. Whereas in districts remained stable
as growth rate was 0.85,
areas where kusmi is
also cultivated, the 0.59 and -0.31 per cent
negative growth rate of per annum respectively.
rangeeni is relatively less Highest negative growth
as in case of Ranchi, rate was recorded in
Gumla and West Rajanandgaon (-45.32%)
Singhbhum. The followed by Dhamtari (-
potential and status of 38.15%), Bilaspur (-
lac production in 37.43%), Durg (-33.78%),
Jharkhand state has Korba (-27.14%), Kanker (-
been explored by Baboo 19.54%), Raipur (-16.55%)
et al. (2009). and Janjgiri-Champa (-
Chhattisgarh 16.35%). The district
which registered higher
The state as a
negative growth rate than
whole produced around
55 per cent rangeeni and average ((-26.76%)
45 per cent kusmi lac. include Korba,
Surguja and Durg district Rajnandgaon, Bilaspur,
may be considered as Dhamtari and Durg.
purely rangeeni crop Summer and winter crop
growing districts while of kusmi contributed
other districts produced 23.72 and 21.40 per cent
both rangeeni and kusmi respectively. All lac
lac. Korba, Rajnandgaon, growing districts except
Bilaspur, Janjgir-Champa Bastar and Surguja in
are the districts where Chhattisgarh registered
the share of rangeeni lac negative growth rate for
rangeeni lac production. Lac is produced
The rangeeni lac mainly is eight districts.
production remained Highest production was
static in Surguja during recorded in Seoni district
these periods registering (42.70%) followed by
only 0.85 per cent growth. Balaghat (32.38%),
However, Bastar district Hosangabad (6.08%),
registered 37.3 per cent Mandla (5.99%),
growth per annum. In Chindwara (3.24%),
Korba, Rajnandgaon, Narsinghpur (2.26%),
Dhamtari, Janjgiri-Champa Dindori (1.50%) and
and Durg the downward Anooppur-Sahdol (1.6%).
trend for rangeeni rainy The other minor lac
season crop is more than producing districts
summer season crop. together
Whereas in Kanker,
Raipur, Bilaspur,
Mahasamund and Bastar,
downward trend for
rangeeni summer crop is
more than rangeeni
summer crop. The
districts which registered
negative and higher
growth rate than state
average (-43.33%) for
rangeeni lac production
includes Korba,
Rajnandgaon and Bilaspur
while other districts
registered lower than this.
Similarly, Kanker,
Rajnandgaon, Dhamtari,
Mahasamundregistered
higher negative growth
rate for kusmi lac
production than states
average kusmi lac
production growth rate (-
17.55%).

Analysis of result of
the two main districts
which contributed more
than 52% in state
production namely Korba
and Kanker indicated that
it is mainly rangeeni lac
crop which suffered
heavily resulting relatively
higher negative growth
rate than kusmi in these
two districts.
Madhya Pradesh
2014] A review of lac production in India during XI plan 911
 lac production. Seoni and though there is decline in
Balaghat are mainly rainy season crop.
contribute 5.23 per cent (16.85%), Baleshwar
rangeeni lac producing Odisha
of the state total lac (15.49%) and Koraput
districts and production of
production (Table 2). The Four districts of (10.33%). Keonjhar and
kusmi is only nominal to
state registered negative Odisha may be other districts together
the extent of 1.18 and
growth of 32.41 per cent considered to be main contributed 19.29 percent
per annum. Highest 0.77 per cent of the total
lac growing area. Highest of state total lac
negative growth rate was district production.
was recorded in production. Three districts
recorded in Chindwara Highest negative growth
Nabrangpur districts and other minor lac
district followed by for kusmi lac production (37.23%) followed by producing districts
Narasinghpur, Mandla, was registered in Mandla Mayurbhanj registered negative
Balaghat, Hosangabad, district followed by
growth rate. Highest
Seoni, Dindori and Narsinghpur, Dindori,
negative growth rate was
Anooppur-Sahdol district. Hosangabad, Chindwara
recorded in Mayurbhanj
The districts which and Anooppur-Sahdol
followed by Koraput,
registered negative and district (Table 5). The
Keonjhar, others and
higher growth rate than district which registered
Nabrangpur district.
state (-32.41%) include negative and higher
Baleshwar is the only
Chindwara (-43.75%), growth rate than state
district where positive
Narsinghpur (-39.20%), average (-45.64%) include
growth has been
Mandla (-39.10%) and Mandla (-59.43%) and
registered (Table 6).
Balaghat (-36.21%). The Narsinghpur (-56.55%)
only. The decreasing trend A perusal of data
downward trend in Seoni
of both summer and indicated that the all the
district which contributes
substantial in states winter crop was four districts registered
production (42.70%) was witnessed more or less negative growth rate for
relatively less than other equal in both districts. kusmi lac production.
main lac producing Similarly rangeeni lac Highest was recorded in
districts. production also recorded Koraput (-25.0%) followed
negative growth rate in all by Mayurbhanj (-21.62%),
The state as a
districts except Baleshwar (-20.31%) and
whole recorded 83.4 per
Narsinghpur which Nabrangpur (-3.03%). In
cent production from
registered a positive contrast, Keonjhar and
rangeeni lac and rest
growth of 7.44 per cent other districts together
16.6 per cent from kusmi
per annum. The highest registered positive growth
lac. Both kusmi and
rangeeni lac registered negative growth was rate (6.98%) and this
negative growth rate to registered in Balaghat increasing trend was
the extent of 45.64 and district followed by recorded for both
34.93 per cent per Hosangabad, Seoni, summer (5.26%) and
annum indicating the Mandla, Chindwara and winter crop (8.33%). Thus
downfall of kusmi lac at Anooppur-Sahdol. The Mayurbhanj, Baleshwar
a relatively faster rate. districts which registered and Koraput districts
Like, Chhattisgarh, both negative and higher witnessed negative and
summer (-31.30%) and growth rate for rangeeni higher growth rate than
rainy season crop lac production in respect state kusmi lac production
(29.10%) of rangeeni as of state growth rate (- (-8.52%). Similarly
well as summer (- 34.93%) include Balaghat, rangeeni lac production
43.55%), winter crop (- (-42.26%) and registered negative
39.60%) of kusmi Hosangabad (-35.19%) growth rate in
registered negative Nabrangpur, Mayurbhanj,
The positive growth rate
growth. Koraput and Keonjhar
of rangeeni lac production
All districts of the in Narsinghpur district districts. Highest was
state except Seoni and was due to increasing recorded in Mayurbhanj (-
Balaghat registered trend of summer crop, 34.00%) followed by
negative growth for kusmi Keonjhar(-32.14%),
Nabrangpur (-15.79%), district (22.09%) followed
Koraput (-5.56%). Positive by Midnapur (11.91%)
growth was recorded for and Bankura (7.69%).
rangeeni lac production Kusmi lac production is
only is Baleshwar districts mainly from Purulia
(-30.0%). Thus district (average 144
Nabrangpur, Mayurbhanj tonnes per annum) and
and Keonjhor district from few other districts
registered negative and only nominal production
higher growth rate than (average 19 tonnes per
states rangeeni lac annum) is there. A growth
production growth rate (- of 3.47
12.23%).
West Bengal
Only three districts
of West Bengal may be
considered as main lac
growing areas of West
Bengal. Out of 1132
tonnes annual production
from West Bengal,
Midnapur districts
contributed maximum for
the state (73.27%)
followed by Purulia
(17.0%), Bankura (3.55%)
and rest by other districts
(Table 2). West Bengal
was the only state in the
country where all lac
growing districts
registered positive growth
rate for lac production
(Table 7) and highest was
for Midnapur (11.91%)
followed by Purulia
(7.75%), Bankura (7.69%)
and other districts
together (5.45%). The
crop wise data indicated
declining trend of only
rainy season crop in
Midnapur district (-
18.12% per annum). This
is to be noted that
Midnapur and Bankura
are rangeeni lac growing
areas whereas Purulia
districts mainly kusmi, as
it contributed around 77%
of total lac produced in
the districts. Highest
positive growth rate for
rangeeni lac production
was recorded in Purulia
912 The Indian Forester
per cent per annum was recorded for kusmi lac
production in Purulia district. Both summer and winter
crop showed increasing trend of 3.75 and 3.13 per cent
per annum but in other areas the overall trend for
kusmi lac production was static.
The method of lac production estimates has
been standardized (Pal et al., 2010b). Several studies
on growth analysis of lac production have been carried
out from time to time (Saha and Jaiswal, 1993a,b;
Jaiswal and Saha, 1993; 1998; Jaiswal et al., 1999;
2011). During XI plan period, many steps and policy
decisions have been taken for enhancing lac production
in the country. Several visible changes have been
observed which are difficult to quantify.
Some major research accomplishment/technology
developed during X plan
Assuming that the technologies developed during X
plan may have some impact on increase in production; it
is desirable to identify the same. These include
methodology for DNA isolation and PCR protocol for lac
insect, descriptors for Butea monosperma, Schleichera
oleosa and Ziziphus mauritiana, identification of four
productive breeds of kusmi lac insect, identification of
Proposis juliflora as kusmi lac host, identification of newer
insecticides viz, ethofenprox, cartap hydrochloride for
management of insect predators of lac, identification of
biological control agents Trichogramma spp. for
management of lepidopteran pests, and microbial Bacillus
thuringiensis as potential pest management products of
lac and development of several lac cultivation tools.
Similarly, a small lac processing units (100 kg capacity per
day) consist of four components have been also
developed. Under the product and vale addition, spiritless
varnish, water thinnable shellac based paint for cemented
surface have been also developed and transferred to
entrepreneurs.
Some identified intervention and events related to lac
production during XI plan
Capacity building on lac production: Capacity building
programme was made as integral part of various
Government supported schemes. Both master trainers
and farmers training have been provided extensively. A
brief information for capacity building programme
organized by the Indian Institute of Natural Resins and
Gums, Ranchi (India) have been given in Table 8 and 9.
Financial support from government department: Govt
supported scheme for promotion of lac production in
Chhattisgarh (CG) was launched by forest department,
CG State Minor Forest Produce Federation Ltd, Raipur,
Zila Panchayat, etc. Prominent districts covered include
Raipur, Dhamtari, Mahasamund, Durg, Kavardha,
[September
Rajnandgaon, Bilaspur, Korba, Raigarh, Kanker,
Narayanpur, Kondagaon, Surguja, Jaspur, Jagdalpur,
Bijapur, Sukma, Dantewara etc. Similarly, lac production
was introduced in some new districts on relatively larger
scale e.g. Jagdalpur of Chhattisgarh; Vishakhapatnam of
Andhra Pradesh; Dumka, Jamtara of Jharkhand, etc. These
developmental projects covered under Swarnjayanti
Gramin Swarojgar Yojna, Zila Panchayat, National
Agricultural Innovation Project implemented by Indian
Council of Agricultural Research in Betul, Mandla district
of Madhya Pradesh, Kanker, Jagdalpur and Narayanpur
district of Chhattisgarh, Dumka and Jamtara district of
Jharkhand. Besides, a National Action plan project on Lac
production in Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh,
Ranchi district of Jharkhand, Sundergarh district of
Odisha, Purulia district of West Bengal was also
implemented by TRIFED for tribal in collaboration with
Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi. These
welfare schemes not only showed the technological
strength of lac production in above areas but motivated
line departments to allocate money in this sector for poor
and resource constrained farmers living specially in forest
and sub forest areas for better opportunity of livelihood.
Research accomplishment during XI plan
In respect of lac production, major research
accomplished includes a) F. semialata-early kusmi
breed combination b) ber-late kusmi breed
combination c) yellow kusmi breed of Kerrialacca and
management of soil fertility for winter season kusmi lac
production on ber.
New technologies developed during XI plan:
During the period some new technologies and
practices which may affect the production and
productivity have been developed by the Indian Institute
of Natural Resins and Gums. In respect of lac production
these are a) laccultivation on 'arhar' (Cajanus cajan). b)
kusmi lac production technology on Prosopis juliflora
during winter crop season. c) kusmi lac production
technology on Albizia procera. d) development of high
density plantation of berfor lac cultivation. e) summer
season (jethwi) sticklac production on ber trees with the
help of pitcher irrigation. f) moisture conservation
through organic mulching for establishment of ber
(Ziziphus mauritiana) plantation under rainfed condition.
g) lac crop protection by newer low volume and safer
pesticides namely indoxacarb, fipronil and spinosad. h)
eco- friendly pest control for lac crop through bio-
pesticide and egg parasitoids. Similarly, with regards to
process and product development, the technologies are a)
lac-based water-thinnable interior paint. b) lac based fruit
coating formulation for kinnow. c) shellac based
2014] A review of lac production in India during XI plan 913
dental plates. d) lac based nail polish. e) lac dye based
natural Altaand f) aleuritic acid (technical grade)
manufacturing with improved yield (Anonymous, 2012).
The process and product development technology
will create demand for lac indirectly. The focus
technologies which may have visible impact include
utilisation of Z. mauritiana trees for kusmi broodlac
production instead of rangeeni stick lac. Intensive lac
cultivation on Flemingia semialata, a bushy host, insect-
pest and disease management through newer and low
volume insecticides. These technologies/practices though
adopted in many lac growing states like Chhattisgarh.
Jharkhand, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra
Pradesh, Odisha, etc but a visible impact has

Table 3: District-wise, crop-wise and strain-wise production of lac (in tons) and growth rate (per cent) during XI plan period - Jharkhand

District Parameter Rangeeni lac Kusmi lac Grand

Summer Rainy Total* Summer Winter Total* Total*
crop crop crop crop
Ranchi Minimum 75 15 90 200 250 550 875
Maximum 800 700 1400 2100 1000 2280 2280
Mean 376 283 659 706 540 1246 1905
% Share 19.74 14.86 34.59 37.06 28.35 65.41 100
Growth rate 6.78 -26.50 -7.51 54.39 17.59 38.44 22.55
Simdega Minimum 15 15 30 250 400 650 750
Maximum 50 125 175 2400 1070 3100 3145
Mean 35 50 85 1000 684 1684 1769
% Share 1.98 2.83 4.80 56.53 38.67 95.20 100
Growth rate -4.29 -51.00 -31.76 28.50 21.78 25.77 23.01
Gumla Minimum 20 10 30 250 300 550 580
Maximum 50 150 190 1100 700 1800 1875
Mean 32 51 83 700 450 1150 1233
% Share 2.60 4.14 6.73 56.77 36.50 93.27 100
Growth rate 4.69 -58.82 -34.34 12.86 6.67 10.43 7.42
WestSinghbhum Minimum 20 20 60 100 100 250 310
Maximum 140 100 190 900 350 1000 1060
Mean 66 58 124 338 230 568 692
% Share 9.54 8.38 17.92 48.84 33.24 82.08 100
Growth rate 12.12 -24.14 -4.84 2.07 -15.22 -4.93 -4.91
Palamu Minimum 70 25 150
Maximum 250 300 550
Mean 127.00 145.00 272.00
% Share 46.69 53.31 100.00
Growth rate -29.13 -34.48 -31.99
Garhwa Minimum 20 25 50
Maximum 100 200 300
Mean 46 79 125
% Share 36.80 65 100
Growth rate -39.96 -50.63 -45.60
Latehar Minimum 10 10 20
Maximum 100 150 250
Mean 30 50 80
% Share 37.50 62.50 100.00
Growth rate -63.33 -58.00 -60.00
Others Minimum 20 20 60 50 40 190 190
Maximum 200 100 300 120 60 460 870
Mean 38 42 80 46 108 154 234
% Share 16.24 17.95 34.19 19.66 46.15 65.81 100
Growth rate 50 23.08 38.33 -12.82 10.42 -4.39 -23.56
State total Minimum 385 140 525 1400 1190 2790 3980
Maximum 1370 1765 3135 5110 5000 8200 10240
Mean 780.00 768 1548 2360 2398 4758 6306
% Share 12.37 12.18 24.55 37.42 30.03 75.45 100
Growth rate -0.71 -32.75 -16.60 27.50 15.72 21.56 12.19

*The figures mentioned in total and grand total columns are the sum of actual figures during the periods, not the average figures mentioned in the table
for individual crop (summer/rainy/winter)
914 The Indian Forester [September

Table 4: District-wise, crop –wise and strain-wise production of lac (in tons) and growth rate (per cent) during XI plan period in Chhattisgarh

District Parameter Rangeeni lac Kusmi lac Grand

Summer Rainy Total* Summer Winter Total total*
crop crop crop crop
Korba Minimum 150 110 275 175 100 275 550
Maximum 1200 750 1850 400 400 750 2600
Mean 830 347 1177 265 195 460 1637
% Share 50.70 21.20 71.90 16.19 11.91 28.10 100
Growth rate -33.13 -43.95 -36.32 -6.60 -3.52 -5.18 -27.14
Kanker Minimum 20 15 55 250 125 375 435
Maximum 100 100 200 500 700 1150 1260
Mean 50 53 103 410 380 790 893
% Share 5.60 5.94 11.53 45.91 42.55 88.47 100
Growth rate -30.00 -22.64 -26.21 -14.63 -23.03 -18.67 -19.54
Rajnandgaon Minimum 80 30 110 20 10 30 140
Maximum 500 350 800 150 150 300 1100
Mean 296 156 452 74 61 135 587
% Share 50.43 26.58 77.00 12.61 10.39 23.00 100
Growth rate -37.84 -53.85 -43.36 -45.95 -59.02 -51.85 -45.32
Raipur Minimum 20 20 40 100 60 160 200
Maximum 60 40 100 275 350 600 680
Mean 42 28 70 189 170 359 429
% Share 9.79 6.53 16.32 44.06 39.63 83.68 100
Growth rate -16.67 -14.29 -15.71 -16.40 -17.06 -16.71 -16.55
Bilaspur Minimum 50 25 80 15 35 35 120
Maximum 500 200 650 40 70 70 720
Mean 199 91 290 25 27 52 342
% Share 58.19 26.61 84.80 7.31 7.89 15.20 100.00
Growth rate -43.22 -40.66 -42.41 -24.00 3.70 -9.62 -37.43
Dhamtari Minimum 20 5 30 30 10 40 70
Maximum 60 50 110 90 120 200 300
Mean 40 25 65 58 50 108 173
% Share 23.12 14.45 37.57 33.53 28.90 62.43 100
Growth rate -20.00 -48.00 -30.77 -29.31 -58.00 -42.59 -38.15
Jang-Champ Minimum 40 10 55 30 20 50 105
Maximum 80 50 120 50 40 80 200
Mean 62 26 88 40 28 68 156
% Share 39.74 16.67 56.41 25.64 17.95 43.59 100
Growth rate -12.90 -32.69 -18.75 -12.50 -14.29 -13.24 -16.35
Surguja Minimum 30 25 55
Maximum 200 60 250
Mean 88 40 128
% Share 68.75 31.25 100.00
Growth rate -0.02 0.36 0.85
Mahasamund Minimum 20 25 45 5 5 10 55
Maximum 100 50 150 20 25 40 190
Mean 70 39 109 13 12 19 128
% Share 54.69 30.47 85.16 10.16 9.38 14.84 100
Growth rate -22.86 -3.85 -16.06 -34.62 -41.67 -41.30 -24.11
Bastar Minimum 2 1 3 40 30 70 80
Maximum 20 10 30 50 50 100 115
Mean 7.4 5.2 12.6 45 39 84 96.6
% Share 7.66 5.38 13.04 46.58 40.37 86.96 100
Growth rate 44.59 26.92 37.30 -2.22 -10.26 -5.95 -0.31
Durg Minimum 10 0 15
Maximum 40 40 80
Mean 23 14 37
% Share 62.16 37.84 100.00
Growth rate -23.91 -50.00 -33.78
*The figures mentioned in total and grand total columns are the sum of actual figures during the periods, not the average figures mentioned in the table
for individual crop (summer/rainy/winter)
2014] A review of lac production in India during XI plan 915

Table 5:District-wise, crop –wise and strain-wise production of lac (in tons) and growth rate (per cent) during XIplan period- Madhya Pradesh

District Parameter Rangeeni lac Kusmi lac Grand

Summer Rainy Total* Summer Winter Total total*
crop crop crop crop
Seoni Minimum 125 60 210 5 5 10 225
Maximum 1300 300 1360 10 5 15 1375
Mean 795 140 838 8 5 10 848
% Share 93.75 16.51 98.82 0.94 0.59 1.18 100.00
Growth rate -29.87 -26.07 -32.70 18.75 0.00 15.00 -28.74
Balaghat Minimum 120 90 210 0 0 0 217
Maximum 900 800 1400 5 5 10 1400
Mean 364 348 620 4 2.8 4.8 624.8
% Share 58.26 55.70 99.23 0.64 0.45 0.77 100.00
Growth rate -39.29 -34.20 -42.26 25.00 25.00 35.42 -36.21
Hosangabad Minimum 10 5 15 50 15 45 60
Maximum 30 20 50 120 80 200 250
Mean 19 11 27 64 41 96 123
% Share 15.45 8.94 21.95 52.03 33.33 78.05 100.00
Growth rate -26.32 -40.91 -35.19 -31.25 -34.15 -35.42 -32.22
Mandla Minimum 20 15 35 5 10 15 50
Maximum 100 40 140 80 80 160 300
Mean 48 28 64 28 29 53 117
% Share 41.03 23.93 54.70 23.93 24.79 45.30 100.00
Growth rate -33.33 -16.07 -32.03 -57.14 -53.45 -59.43 -39.10
Chindwara Minimum 3 2 5 5 5 10 15
Maximum 10 10 20 80 40 120 140
Mean 7.6 6.4 12 33 25 54 66
% Share 11.52 9.70 18.18 50.00 37.88 81.82 100.00
Growth rate -22.37 -18.75 -14.71 -20.00 -7.41 -14.52 -43.75
Narsinghpur Minimum 5 3 8 2 3 5 13
Maximum 10 5 15 60 30 90 100
Mean 6.25 4.5 10.75 24.25 12 36.25 46.5
% Share 13.44 9.68 23.12 52.15 25.81 77.96 100.00
Growth rate 16.00 -4.44 7.44 -59.38 -50.83 -56.55 -39.20
Dindori Minimum 5 5 7 5 5 10 20
Maximum 5 5 10 20 20 40 50
Mean 5 4.4 7.4 12 12 22 29.4
% Share 17.01 14.97 25.17 40.82 40.82 74.83 100.00
Growth rate 0.00 0.00 0.00 -37.50 -37.50 -40.91 -26.95
Anooppur- Minimum 5 5 10 2 1 4
Sahdol 15
Maximum 15 10 20 5 5 10 30
Mean 9.6 7.6 14 3.6 2.8 5.6 19.6
% Share 48.98 38.78 71.43 18.37 14.29 28.57 100.00
Growth rate -9.38 -11.84 -12.86 0.00 -25.00 -12.50 -10.59
Others Minimum 35 5 25 5 5 10 35
Maximum 50 40 80 70 50 120 180
Mean 37 32 75 36 38 74 149
% Share 24.83 21.48 50.34 24.16 25.50 49.66 100.00
Growth rate -2.70 1.56 -0.67 -43.06 -32.89 -37.84 -24.57
Whole State Minimum 313 205 528 90 64 157 685
Maximum 2095 1040 3010 437 308 745 3755
Mean 1291.2 573.6 1634.6 198.4 156.8 325.4 1960
% Share 65.88 29.27 83.40 10.12 8.00 16.60 100.00
Growth rate -31.30 -29.10 -34.93 -43.55 -39.60 -45.64 -32.41

*The figures mentioned in total and grand total columns are the sum of actual figures during the periods, not the average figures mentioned in the
table for individual crop (summer/rainy/winter)

been observed in only few districts. There is paradigm cultivation instead of immature rangeeni summer
shift for utilisation of Indian plum tree for kusmi brood lac (baisakhiari) crop, which will fill up gap for demand of
916 The Indian Forester [September

kusmi broodlac during kusmi summer crop. This
practice alone is capable of enhancing farmers' income
around 2-2.5 times. The substantial increase in lac price
(rangeeni sticklac –Rs 600 per kg: kusmi = Rs 750 per
kg)during this period coupled with ensured lac crop
production due to refined technological intervention,
resulted more interest and attraction towards this
venture. Not only conventional lac growers restarted
lac production but several new farm families took up
this venture successfully.
Increase in number of service provider
There is substantial increase in number of service
providers (input suppliers and technological knowledge)
at village level. A number of entrepreneurs also come up
who are supplying broodlac (lac seed) in bulk. In view of
large number of Govt. sponsored scheme in several states,
the demand for broodlac has also increased. The demand
could not be fulfilled by simply collection from small
farmers but required bulk supply (in tonnes). These
service providers also made available other inputs like
Table 6:District-wise, crop –wise and strain-wise production of lac (in tons) and growth rate (per cent) during XI plan period- Odisha
pesticides, implements used in lac cultivation along
with know-how also.
Introduction of contract farming
The contract farming in lac cultivation started in
states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhandand West Bengal etc. A
few entrepreneurs/ traders made available all input to lac
farmers and output (broodlac/sticklac production) is
divided into half-half. Besides, there are other operational
modes with little deviation. The system of contract
farming differs from host tree and state to state. This will
not only help resource constrained poor farmers to have
their own broodlac for future crop but also learnt the
scientific technology of lac production besides art of
marketing to fetch better price.
Introduction of lac cultivation on agriculture land: Lac
production which was confined to forest and sub forest
areas now spreading to agriculture and waste land
adjacent to habitation. The plantation of F. semialata
spread quickly during this period in view of quick
multiplication of the species (through seed), very short

District Parameter Rangeeni lac Kusmi lac Grand

Summer Rainy Total* Summer Winter Total total*
crop crop crop crop
Nabrangpur Minimum 10 10 20 30 40 70 90
Maximum 25 25 50 50 70 120 165
Mean 19 19 38 45 54 99 137
% Share 14 14 28 33 39 72 100
Growth rate -18.42 -13.16 -15.79 -4.44 -1.85 -3.03 -6.57
Mayurbhanj Minimum 5 5 10 10 10 20 30
Maximum 25 20 40 25 30 50 85
Mean 12 13 25 18 19 37 62
% Share 19 21 40 29 31 60 100
Growth rate -41.67 -26.92 -34.00 -25.00 -18.42 -21.62 -26.61
Baleshwar Minimum 5 5 10 10 10 20 40
Maximum 10 15 25 20 25 45 60
Mean 11 14 25 15 17 32 57
% Share 19 25 44 26 30 56 100
Growth rate 27.27 32.14 30.00 -16.67 -23.53 -20.31 1.75
Koraput Minimum 5 5 10 5 5 10 20
Maximum 10 10 20 15 15 30 50
Mean 9 9 18 9 11 20 38
% Share 24 24 47 24 29 53 100
Growth rate -5.56 -5.56 -5.56 -22.22 -27.27 -25.00 -15.79
Koenjhar&Others Minimum 5 5 10 15 20 35 50
Maximum 30 20 50 20 30 50 85
Mean 15 13 28 19 24 43 71
% Share 21 18 39 27 34 61 100
Growth rate -36.67 -26.92 -32.14 5.26 8.33 6.98 -8.45
Total Minimum 35 35 70 75 85 160 230
Maximum 95 90 170 125 150 270 435
Mean 68 71 139 106 123 229 368
% Share 18 19 38 29 33 62 100
Growth rate -16.91 -7.75 -12.23 -9.43 -7.72 -8.52 -9.92
*The figures mentioned in total and grand total columns are the sum of actual figures during the periods, not the average figures mentioned in the table
for individual crop (summer/rainy/winter)
2014] A review of lac production in India during XI plan 917
gestation period between planting and lac cultivation
and also better remuneration from lac cultivation in
comparison to agriculture crop.
Lac crop losses due to changed climate
Substantial crop losses have been noticed specially
rangeeni summer crop in Jharkhand and parts of West
Bengal, adjoining to Jharkhand. Early high temperature in
March when palas trees are naked and there is direct heat
on lac culture by sun rays, causing significant loss to
rangeeni lac culture during three consecutive years of
2010,2011 and 2012. Similarly sometimes temperature
exceeds 470C during summer and water stressed condition
resulted into low level of production (Jaiswal and Singh,
2011; Singh and Jaiswal, 2011).
Bulk transport of broodlac to long distance:
Intra and Interstate linkages established during XI
plan resulted into bulk transport of broodlac as per need.
Areas having more suitable for summer crop (Jagdalpur,
Ambikapur districts of Chhattisgarh: Vishakhapatnam
district of Andhra Pradesh), have transported broodlac in
bulk to conventional areas where summer crop suffered
more (Purulia, West Bengal; Korba, Chhattisgarh; Palamau
and Latehar, Jharkhand, etc). Similarly, reverse
also happened where broodlac obtained from winter
crop have been transported to Jagdalpur,
Vishkhapatnam areas as in these areas there is
continuous rain in July and August due to which winter
crop suffered more. Large quantity of rangeeni
broodlac has been also transported from Seoni and
Balaghat districts of Madhya Pradesh tom any districts
of Jharkhand, West Bengal and new areas of adjoining
Maharashtra. So, the practice of bulk transport of
broodlac for long distance started during this period
due to better linkage and co-ordination between line
departments.
In order to minimise losses due to packaging of
broodlac, it is kept in specially designed well aerated
plastic crates instead of wrapping in gunny bags. Each
crate can accommodate 11 kg of kusmi or 5 kg rangeeni
broodlac. Around 10 quintals of kusmi broodlac can be
transported in medium sized truck without any adverse
effect on its quality. In view of relatively higher price of
broodlac, the improved system showed more practical
feasibility.
Increase in price of lac
The average price of seed lac was ` 136 per kg
Table 7: District-wise, crop –wise and strain-wise production of lac (in tons) and growth rate (per cent) during XI plan period- West Bengal

District Parameter Rangeeni lac Kusmi lac Grand

Summer Rainy Total* Summer Winter Total total*
crop crop crop crop
Midnapur Minimum 250 300 550
Maximum 900 700 1280
Mean 392 414 806
% Share 49 51 100
Growth rate 43.62 -18.12 11.91
Purulia Minimum 10 15 25 15 30 65 95
Maximum 50 40 90 180 50 220 245
Mean 14 29 43 80 64 144 187
% Share 7 16 23 43 34 77 100
Growth rate 42.86 12.07 22.09 3.75 3.13 3.47 7.75
Bankura Minimum 5 5 10
Maximum 20 20 40
Mean 27 12 39
% Share 69 31 100
Growth rate 3.70 16.67 7.69
Others Minimum 5 5 15 5 5 10 25
Maximum 30 20 50 20 20 25 70
Mean 12 24 36 11 9 19 55
% Share 22 44 65 20 16 35 100
Growth rate 20.83 2.08 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.45
Whole state Minimum 275 335 610 20 40 75 830
Maximum 1000 750 1330 200 55 245 1435
Mean 566 443 1009 74 49 123 1132
% Share 50 39 89 7 4 11 100
Growth rate 31.89 -16.48 11.65 4.05 4.08 4.07 9.94
*The figures mentioned in total and grand total columns are the sum of actual figures during the periods, not the average figures mentioned in the table
for individual crop (summer/rainy/winter)
918 The Indian Forester
during 2007-2008, which increase to Rs 558 per kg
during 2011-2012. The increase in price was recorded
to the tune of 310 per cent during five years (Table 11).
Relatively low price of lac cause little interest in lac
production by the farmers but higher price results into
harvesting of immature lac crop due to fear of theft.
This not only cause shortage of broodlac for raising
next crop but also have long term effect on production.
Better demand of raw lac
There was consistent demand of raw lac by lac
processing units of the country. Many processing units
become non-functional due to scanty supply of raw lac.
The skilled labour working in this sector either become
jobless or shifted to other sector for their livelihood.
Most of the times, the big processing unit holders
assured growers to buy all lac in next five years in view
of high export demand but still sufficient raw lac was
not available to run the factory smoothly. Due to acute
shortage of raw lac, the price of lac goes as high as `
800 per kg during 2012-2013.
Better availability of Technical literature:
Several literatures in respect of basic knowledge of
lac cultivation, scientific lac production etc have been
published and distributed to Agriculture Universities, ICAR
institutes, Krishi Vigyan Kendra and to other related
government and non-government departments. The
major extension publications pertaining to lac cultivation
includes, “How to culture lac insect on a) Butea
monosperma b) Schleichera oleosa c) Ziziphus
[September
mauritiana and d) Flemingia semialata. Besides these
four, several technical bulletins useful for lac growers
include FAQ-Lac cultivation, Lac cultivation operation-
Why, When and How? have been also published
(Jaiswal, 2009; Jaiswal and Singh, 2009a,b; 2010a,b,c;
Jaiswal, 2011; Jaiswal and Sharma, 2011; Jaiswal et al.,
2011; Jaiswal and Singh, 2012a,b) and distributed in
large numbers. These technical bulletins (Hindi and
English version) are made available to all needy and
participants of training programme.
Conclusion
Despite several research accomplishment in the
field of lac production, processing and value addition
during X and XI plan period, the overall growth rate in the
lac production for the country witness declining trend. It
appears that developed technologies and extension
programme prevailing in the present situation needs re-
orientation. The emphasis should be given to solve
existing problems of lac growers and to prioritize the
research on applied aspects having direct impact on
overall production. There is need to assess each project in
terms of estimated contribution for enhancing lac
production on time scale. Though there is a major shift of
utilisation of ber trees for kusmi lac cultivation from
rangeeni production in several areas. This paradigm shift
not only enhanced availability of kusmi broodlac in
January-February but have a long term effect on kusmi lac
production as these broodlac will be utilised for raising
next crop on large scale specially unutilised trees of
Schleicheraoleosa. There is need for a quick growing
Table 8: Capacity building programme on scientific lac cultivation and processing for farmers and Master Trainers (2007-08 to 1011-2012)
byIINRG
State Districts No. of No. of Total
Farmers Master
Trainers
Andhra Pradesh Nizamabad, Vishakhapatnam 19 0 19
Bihar Jamui, Nalanda, Samastipur 3 2 5
Chhattisgarh Bastar, Bijapur, Bilaspur, Dhamtari, DantewaraDurg, 1021 1071 2092
Jagdalpur, Janjgir - ChampaJashpur, Kabirdham, Kanker,
KondagaonKorba, KoriyaMahasamund, Narayanpur,
Raigarh, Rajnandgaon Raipur, Sukhma, Surguja
Gujarat Narmada, Navsari, Dang, Valsad, Baroda 7 7
Jharkhand Chatra, Dhanbad, Dumka, East Singhbhum , Garhwa, 1754 26 1780
Giridih, Gumla, Hazaribag, Jamtara, Khunti, Latehar,
Lohardaga, Palamau, Ramgarh, Ranchi, Saraikela, Simdega,
West Singhbhum
Madhya Balaghat, Betul, Chindwara, Hosangabad, Mandla 111 3 114
Pradesh
Maharashtra Amravati, Ahmadnagar, Bhandara, Gadchiroli, Gondia, 58 95 153
Nagpur, Wardha, Yavatmal
Odhisa Bolangir, Kalahandi, Keonjhar, Koraput, Nabrangpur, 724 10 734
Sambhalpur, Sundergarh
West Bengal Bankura, Bardhwan, Howrah, Malda, Murshidabad, 234 13 247
Purulia, West Midnapur
Total 3924 1227 5151
2014] A review of lac production in India during XI plan 919

Table 9: Field level training Programme on Lac cultivation by IINRG

State Districts No. of stake
holders
Assam Guwhati 100
Chhattisgarh Dhamtari, Jashpur, Kanker, Korba, Koriya, Raigarh, Rajnandgaon, Surguja, 1527
Gujarat Godhra, Narmada, Surat, Vadodara, Valsad 850
Jharkhand Chatra, East Singhbhum, Garhwa, Gumla, Khunti, Latehar, Lohardaga, Palamau, 5182
Ranchi, Saraikela- Kharwaswan, Simdega,
Madhya Narsinghpur, Sahdol 1347
Pradesh
Maharashtra Amravati, Buldana, Gadchiroli, Gondia, Nanded,Yavatmal 4669
Odhisa Mayurbhanj 470
West Bengal Bankura 65
Total 14,210

Table 10: Year wise price of seedlac during XI plan

Year Average price of seedlac (` per kg)

Kusmi Rangeeni Average
2007-2008 122 149 136
2008-2009 144 167 156
2009-2010 205 165 185
2010-2011 460 385 423
2011-2012 600 516 558
host species which can sustain kusmi summer crop in a (plantation scale).
better way. Following steps may be undertaken on 5. Reform in dissemination system of lac production,
priority. processing and value addition technology as it is
1. Identification/ development of summer adopted in low profile by agriculture and forest
sustainable quick growing lac host trees, capable department. The present efforts are individual
of withstanding high temperature and water centric rather than system approach.
stress condition.
6. The tree based lac production model may be
2. Identification of high temperature tolerant undertaken by forest department and plant
genotype of lac insect. based by agriculture network of the state.
3. Remedial measures for preventing pre-summer The current production of lac is mainly tree
mortality of rangeeni lac insect. based. Introduction of Flemingia semialata, a potential
4. Cultivating lac on quick growing bushes Flemingiabushy plant will help agriculture sector to fetch more
semialata in homestead and intensive way income.

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